考研英语语法定语
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考研英语语法总结经典版一、句子成分1.主语:句子中起名词或代词作用,通常位于句子的开头。
例:Tom likes to play basketball.(主语是Tom)2.谓语:句子中表示动作、状态或存在的部分,通常位于主语之后。
例:She is reading a book.(谓语是is reading)3.宾语:句子中接在动词后面的成分,回答“谁”或“什么”。
例:He bought a new car.(宾语是a new car)4.表语:句子中用来描述主语的成分,通常是形容词、名词或介词短语。
例:The weather is sunny.(表语是sunny)5.定语:句子中用来修饰名词或代词的成分,通常是形容词、数字、名词短语等。
例:The old man lives in the small house.(定语是the small house)6.状语:句子中用来修饰动词、形容词或副词的成分,通常是副词或介词短语。
例:She works hard.(状语是hard)7.同位语:句子中用来解释、说明或补充前面名词或代词的成分。
例:My best friend, Alice, is a doctor.(同位语是Alice)二、时态和语态1.时态:表示动作发生的时间或状态的时间。
-现在时:表示现在正在进行的动作或状态。
例:I am reading a book.-过去时:表示过去发生的动作或状态。
例:He bought a new car.-将来时:表示将来要发生的动作或状态。
例:I will go to the beach tomorrow.-过去完成时:表示过去一些时间之前已经完成的动作或状态。
例:She had finished her homework before dinner.2.语态:表示动作的主体和受体。
-主动语态:表示主语执行动作或状态。
例:He cleans the room every day.-被动语态:表示主语承受动作或状态。
考研英语短语作定语四类情况如何译要提升翻译技能就要熟悉语法,还要掌握不同类型的句式的译法。
定语是修饰名词或代词的句子成分。
英语的实词、短语及从句都可以作定语。
下面,小编为大家详细介绍翻译中短语作定语的几种情况。
1. 分词短语作定语2. 介词短语作定语3. 形容词、不定式短语作定语在翻译中,短语作定语常常翻译到中心词前,接下来具体举例说明其考查方式及翻译方法。
1.ing现在分词作定语2000 75)Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements ---------themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.ing现在分词作定语1) 在哪里划线断句?2) 这句话中ing现在分词作定语在哪?放在哪个中心词前面翻译?翻译:额外的社会压力也可能会产生由于人口爆炸和由大量人口流动所引起的各种问题。
如今,现代交通工具使得大量人口流动变得相对容易。
1998 73)Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures ,and may report their findings soon.中小学辅导网wangxiao.so/提示您:翻译:用在南极的路基探测器和气球携载仪器来工作的天体物理学家,正在越来越近的观察这样一些结构,不久就会报告他们的发现成果。
2.Ved过去分词短语作定语2003 63)The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.翻译:强调搜集第一手资料,加上在分析过去和现在的文化形态时采用的跨文化视角,使这一研究成为一门独特并且非常重要的社会科学。
考研英语语法:学会辨认六类从句从句类型在英语中,经常使用的从句有以下六类:1. 主语从句:一个句子在整个句子中充当主语的成分,该句子被称为主语从句。
2. 宾语从句:一个句子在整个句子中充当宾语的成分,该句子被称为宾语从句。
3. 表语从句:一个句子在整个句子中充当表语的成分,该句子被称为表语从句。
4. 定语从句:一个句子在整个句子中充当定语的成分,该句子被称为定语从句。
5. 状语从句:一个句子在整个句子中充当状语的成分,该句子被称为状语从句。
6. 同位语从句:一个句子在整个句子中充当同位语的成分,该句子被称为同位语从句。
►从句的辨认如果想辨认从句类型,学生们应该对从句的基本形式有所认识。
无论是哪种从句类型,在句子中充当成分的"句子"应该都具备以下特征:从句=从属连词+句子了解了从句的基本结构,那么应该如何辨别从句类型呢?学生可以在句子中通过简单的公式进行辨认。
常见的从句出现形式有四类:1. 名词+从属连词+句子=定语从句/同位语从句2. 动词+从属连词+句子=宾语从句/表语从句3. ×+从属连词+句子=状语从句4. 从属连词+句子+动词=主语从句对于以上四类从句出现形式有了一定的了解,那么今天就首先看看第一类从句出现形式的辨认方法和注意事项吧!1. 名词+从属连词+句子=定语从句/同位语从句例子1:Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers.(1997年Text2)从句类型:定语从句辨别方式:a virtue(名词)+that(从属连词)+many Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers(句子)译文:然而,表示友好是一种美德,美国人高度重视这种美德,并期望邻居和陌生人都能有这种美德。
三大从句一、定语从句定语从句,简言之,就是用来做定语的句子,即用于修饰名词或代词的一个具有完整主谓结构的句子。
这个被修饰的名词或代词因为总是在定语从句的前面,所以我们称之为先行词。
而引导定语从句的连词,叫关系词,分为关系代词和关系副词。
One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts education and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools.(一)定语从句的先行词先行词是定语从句所修饰的对象。
只有正确找出先行词,才能明白定语从句所修饰的究竟是什么成分,才能正确理解句子前后各部分的逻辑关系,分清句子结构,从而正确理解句子。
1. 一个词(通常是名词,也可以是代词)For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential.2. 一个短语During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realities.3. 一个从句The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse language could be.4. 一个完整的句子As can be seen from the comparison of these figures, the principle involves the active participation of the patient in the modification of this condition.They are invited to the state banquet, which was a great honor to them.(二)引导定语从句的关系词1.It is about YOU, and how you performed and what you accomplished in those past jobs –especially those accomplishments that are most relevant to the work you want to do next.She had recently left a job and had helped herself to copies of the company’s client data, which she intended to draw upon in starting her own business.At the same time, the American Law Institute – a group of judges, lawyers and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight – issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones.dream, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak.Now the tide appears to be turning. As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn’t have changed anything.Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.(三)定语从句与先行词的隔离考研英语中有很多复杂的定语从句,它们的先行词并不像常规那样紧靠着关系词,而是在先行词与关系词之间插入了很多成分。
考研英语基础语法汇总一、非谓语动词( V+ing, V+ed)1, 动名词(1)作主语和宾语Saying is easier than doing.说比做容易。
(2)作介词宾语We get pleasure from loving and being loved.我们从爱别人和被别人爱中得到快乐。
2,分词作定语(1)前置The beginning student should be given more encouragement.初学者应多给予鼓励。
A balanced diet provides nutrition for your body.均衡的食物使你的身体获得营养。
(2)后置Those living on a mountain live off the mountain.靠山吃山Children disciplined when they are young will become good citizen.小时候受过良好教育的儿童长大会成为好公民。
3,分词作状语Hearing the news, they immediately set off for Shanghai.听到这个消息,他们立即出发到上海去了。
Seen from the pagoda, the south foot of the Purple Mountain is a sea of trees.从这个塔上远眺,紫金山南麓是树的海洋。
Printed white, the house looks bigger.漆成白色后,这房子像是更大了。
Having written an important letter, I litsened to the music for a while.写完一封重要的信之后,我听了一会儿音乐。
Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.持极端观点的人认为,人与动物在各相关方面都不相同,所以对待动物无须考虑道德问题。
英语语法什么是定语定语(Adjective)是一种修饰名词或代词的词或词组。
它的作用是描述或限定名词或代词,提供更多的信息,帮助我们更准确地理解和描述所指的事物。
定语可以出现在名词的前面或后面,它可以是单个形容词,也可以是由其他词构成的短语或从句。
不过,无论出现在名词的前面还是后面,定语都与所修饰的名词或代词在性、数和格上保持一致。
下面是一些例子来说明定语的作用:1. The red apple.红色的苹果。
在这个例子中,"red"(红色)是一个单个形容词,它修饰名词"apple"(苹果),提供了苹果的颜色信息。
2. I live in a small house.我住在一所小房子里。
在这个例子中,"small"(小)是一个单个形容词,它修饰名词"house"(房子),提供了房子的大小信息。
3. The book on the table is mine.桌子上的那本书是我的。
在这个例子中,"on the table"(在桌子上)是一个由介词和名词构成的短语,它修饰名词"book"(书),提供了书的位置信息。
4. She is the girl who won the competition.她是那个赢得比赛的女孩。
在这个例子中,"who won the competition"(赢得比赛的)是一个从句,它修饰名词"girl"(女孩),提供了女孩的背景信息。
定语可以用于单个名词或代词,也可以用于名词短语、不定式、从句等。
它可以提供关于大小、颜色、形状、位置、数量、性质、归属等方面的信息。
总结一下,定语是一种修饰名词或代词的词或词组,它提供了关于所指事物的更多信息。
定语可以是单个形容词、短语或从句,它可以出现在名词的前面或后面。
通过使用定语,我们可以更准确地描述和理解所指事物。
考研英语【定语从句】典型例句剖析1. Active learning, in which students write essays or perform experiments and then have their work evaluated by an instructor, is far more beneficial for those who have not yet fully learned how to learn.【参考译文】积极的学习,即学生们写文章或做实验,然后让一位老师评估他们的作业,对那些还没有完全学会如何学习的学生来说要更为有益得多。
【结构分析】该句可分为两大部分:Active learning, (in which students write essays or perform experiments and then have their work evaluated by an instructor,)is far more beneficial for those who have not yet fully learned how to learn.括号外的内容是主句,括号里的内容是介词+which 模式的定语从句;主句的主语是Active learning,谓语是is,表语是beneficial,far more是状语,其中far是程度副词,相当于much,for those是状语,其后who引导的定语从句中,主语是who,谓体是have not yet fully learned,宾语结构是how to learn。
括号内的定语从句修饰前面的Active learning,由三部分构成,即or…and连接的三个并列句,第一个并列句的主语是students,谓语是write,宾语是essays,第二个并列句的谓语是perform,宾语是experiments,第三个并列句的谓语是have...evaluated,宾语是work,by an instructor是状语结构。
考研英语语法同位语从句和定语从句的区别英语语法中同位语从句和定语从句经常会被混淆。
下面是小编为大家带来的同位语从句和定语从句的区别的知识,欢迎阅读。
同位语从句和定语从句的区别同位语从句和定语从句的混淆点是:这两种从句都可以被that引导,而且先行词都是名词。
那么怎么区别呢?首先:先行词虽然都是名词,但是名词在定语从句中做先行词的范围要比同位语从句广泛很多。
同位语从句的先行词是表示信息、观点、主张、事实等(如:idea, view, thought, order, suggestion, news, truth, hope, promise, answer, belief, condition, doubt, fear, problem, proof, question)等抽象的名词,而定语从句的范围不仅仅是这些名词,换言之,如果是表示具体意义的先行词,那么后面的'从句是定语从句。
并且,连接词在从句中的作用也不一样。
连接词在同位语从句不做成分,因为同位语从句本身的作用是对前面的名词进行解释说明的补充作用;连接词在定语从句中做成分。
换言之,如果连接词如果在从句中做成分,则从句是同位语从句,如果连接词不在从句中做成分,则从句是定语从句。
另外,what, how, whether等不能用引导定语从句,但可用于引导同位从句。
接下来,就来看定语从句和同位语在考研英语翻译的应用。
首先,与that引导定语从句相比,that引导的同位语从句相对要少。
来看一下同位语从句的考察,划线部分为同位语从句,加粗的字体为先行词。
2004- (64) Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society.2007- (48) But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.2008- (48) On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning.2010-(46) Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them.2010-(48) Time was when biologists somewhat overworked the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on “worthless” species.2011-(46) Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share—that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts—and reveal its erroneous nature.(46) But even as the number of English speakers expands further there are signs that the global predominance of the language may fade within the foreseeable future.1997-(74) Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.再次,我们来看一下that引导的定语从句,举两个例子:2001-(71) There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.对于同位语从句,同位语的先行词不是定语成分,而是被定语所修饰的名词,翻译方法可以是“先行词+是+同位语从句”。
考研英语语法定语从句详解附译文定语从句是中国人学英语最重要的难点之一。
其实定语从句很有规律,总结如下:在关系代词中that既可指人又可指物、既可作主语又可作宾语,因此,除了在非限定性定语从句中,用that一般不会出问题。
关系副词的用法比较单一,它们从句中只起状语的作用,表示时间的就用who,表示地点的就用where,而why只修饰一个词,即reason。
定语从句所修饰的词叫“先行词”,因为它总是处在定语从句的前头,比定语从句先行一步。
引导定语从句的词叫关系词,包括关系代词和关系副词。
•关系代词:who,which,that作从句的主语whom,which,that作从句的宾语(可省略)whose从句中作定语以下情况只能用that,不能用which:i.先行词为不定代词all, little, none,any,every,no,much, anything, nothingii. 先行词有最高级和序数词修饰时(包括: the only, the very, the same, the last, the next等)iii.先行词既有人又有物的时候以下情况只能用which,不能用that;①引导非限制性定语从句(包括代表整个主句的意思时)②介词+关系代词的结构中•关系副词:when指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语where指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语why指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语,只修饰reason。
如果用定语从句把两个句子合二为一:首先找出两个句子当中相同的部分,定语从句修饰的就是这一部分。
要把其中一个句子变成定语从句,就要把这句中相同的那个部分用一个关系词来代替; 代替时,先看被代替的部分是指人还是指物、再看它作什么句成分。
指人并作主语的,就用who。
或that; 指人并作宾语的,就用whom或that; 指人并作定语的,就用whose。
指物并作主语的,就用which或that; 指物并作宾语的,还是用which或that; 指物并作定语的,就用whose或of which。
LECTURE 1 定语从句本堂目标学会识别定语从句的先行词、关系词,熟悉限制性与非限制性定语从句的区别,重点掌握几种特殊的关系词,识别并理解定语从句。
基础预习定语从句,简言之,就是用于修饰名词或代词的一个具有完整主谓结构的句子。
这个被修饰的名词或代词因为总是在定语从句的前面,所以我们称之为先行词。
而引导定语从句的连词,称为关联词,关联词包括关系代词或关系副词。
【例】(09-Part B)一、定语从句的先行词先行词是定语从句所修饰的对象。
只有正确找出先行词,才能明白定语从句所修饰的究竟是什么成分,才能正确理解句子前后各部分的逻辑关系,分清句子结构,从而正确理解句子。
先行词其实并不一定都是一个词,先行词可以是:1.一个词(通常是名词,也可以是代词)【例】2.一个短语【例】(07-Text 3)3.一个从句【例】(04-61)4.一个完整的句子【例】二、引导定语从句的关系词【例1】【例2】【例3】(07-Text 2)【例4】(99-Passage 1)【例4】(05-Part B)三、定语从句与先行词的隔离考研英语中有很多复杂的定语从句,它们的先行词并不像常规那样紧靠着关系词,而是在先行词与关系词之间插入了很多成分,这时靠近关系词前后的名词就不是先行词了,也就是说定语从句与其所修饰的先词词被分隔,这种分隔有以下三种情况:1.作主语的先行词+谓语部分+定语从句当修饰一个主语的定语从句很长,而此主语对应的谓语部分很短时,可以将这个定语从句与先行词分割开来放于谓语之后以保持句子的平衡。
这种被分割的定语从句要注意寻找其对应的先行词,否则容易出现理解错误。
【例1】2.先行词+其他定语+定语从句先行词同时带有多个定语,而其中定语从句比其他定语长,结构也较复杂,此时,按照英语尾重原则,把结构复杂的定语从句放在其他定语之后。
这种情形最为常见。
【例】(04-完形)3.先行词+状语+定语从句【例】(05-Text 4)四、带有插入语的定语从句有些定语从句的关系词后面往往紧跟一个“主谓结构”,如I know, I believe,he claimed, they assume等。