历年考研英语语法完全版归纳

英语语法总结全集

名词和主谓一致

一、名词的分类

英语中名词主要可以分为可数名词和不可数名词。

1．可数名词

可数名词一般都有单复数。单数时，名词前可加不定冠词a/an；复数时，前面可加数词，名词本身要改成复数形式。

可数名词的复数有规则和不规则两种变化。规则的名词，只要在单数名词之后加“s”，“es”或去“y”加“ies”就行，如：an umbrella, twelve umbrellas；a factory, three factories。不规则的名词变化则要靠积累记忆，如：a mouse, ten mice；a policeman, six policemen。

有少数可数名词，如sheep，works（工厂），Chinese等，它们的单复数同形：a sheep, four sheep；a chemical works, five chemical works。

此外，还有一些可数名词只有复数形式，如clothes，trousers，cattle，police，people(人，人民)等。

英语名词中还有一些合成词，它们的复数形式有三种可能：1）后面的部分变成复数形式：grown-ups，boy students，grandchildren。2）前面的部分变成复数形式：passers-by，lookers-on，sons-in-law。3）前、后都变成复数形式：men doctors，women drivers。

2．不可数名词

不可数名词没有单复数的变化，前面也不能加a/an，或数词。但是我们可以用量词来表示不可数名词的数量，单复数表现在量词上，如：a piece of paper；two pieces of paper。

在有些情况下，不可数名词也可用a/an，表“一种”、“某种”的意思，如have a wonderful time，receive a good education，be made into a fine paper。

有时为了表示量大，不可数名词的后面也可加“s”，如sands，ashes，waters等。

但是我们在学习不可数名词的时候，特别要记住英语中有一些名词，它们无论在什么情况下，前面都不能用a/an，后面也不可加“s”，如weather，information，等。

3．有的名词既可是可数名词，也可是不可数名词

英语中有相当一部分的名词，既可以是可数，也可以是不可数，它们的意义有时略有不同，有时则完全不同。如：difficulty, success, time, work，paper，glass，等。

4．用于表示可数与不可数名词的数量“多”“少”的常用词和词组

跟可数名词连用的如：few, a few, many。

跟不可数名词连用的如：little, a little, much。

可数与不可数都能用的是：a lot of , plenty of。

二、主谓一致

1．通常被看作单数的主语部分

1）不定式、动名词和主语从句。

eg.. To see is to believe.

Seeing is believing.

What he said was different from what he did.

2）表示“时间”“距离”“金钱数量”的名词。

eg. Twenty years is quite a long time.

10 kilometers doesn’t seem to be a long distance to Mira.

300 dollars is too much for this old coin.

3）数学式子。

eg. Two plus five is seven.

4）书报杂志、国家、单位的名字。

eg. The Times is published daily.

The United States is a big country.

5）前面用a kind of, a sort of或this kind of, this sort of等词组的名词。

eg. This kind of tree(s) often grows well in warm weather.

6）代词either, neither作主语。

eg. Either of the plans is good.

Neither of them was carrying a weapon.

7）many a/ more than one 加单数名词，或one out of加复数名词作主语。

eg. Many a young man has tried and failed.

More than one employee has been dismissed.

One out of ten thousand computers was infected with the virus.

2．通常被看作复数的主语部分

1）一些只有复数的名词如clothes, trousers, police等。

eg. These trousers are dirty.

但要注意比较：A new pair of trousers is what you need。

2）代词both作主语。

eg. Both of them have received high education.

3．需要进行分析才能确定的主语部分

1）代词all, some,作主语。

所代的名词是可数名词，就看作复数；是不可数名词，就看作单数。

eg. All is ready. (= Everything is ready.)

All are present. (= All the people/students... are present.)

2）a lot of, lots of, plenty of, some, any, 20% of, half of...等词组作主语。

所修饰的名词是可数名词，就看作复数；是不可数名词，就看作单数。

eg. 70% of the surface of the earth is covered with water.

90% of the graduates from the high school go to university.

3）关系代词who, which, that作主语。

由先行词决定单、复数。

eg. The student who is talking with the principal is Tom.

The students who have chosen physics will have a test tomorrow.

但要注意one of ...与only one of...所修饰的先行词。

eg. He is one of the students in our class who have been to Beijing.

He is the only one of the students who has been to London.

4）一些表示集体意义的名词如family, team, class等。

当这些名词强调的是一个整体时，看作单数；当它们强调的是这个集体中的成员时，看作复数。

eg. Happy families are all alike; every unhappy family is unhappy in its own way.

My family are all early risers.

4．出现在句首，用连词或介词连接的两个名词或词组

1）用both...and...连接的两个名词看作复数。

Both Kate and Jean are football players.

2）用or, either...or..., neither...nor..., not only...but also...连接的两个名词，由靠近动词的名词决定单复数。

Either you or I am to go.

Not only the students but also the teacher has to observe the rules.

3）用as well as, (together) with, like, besides, but, except等连接的两个名词，由第一个名词决定单复数。

eg. His eyebrows as well as his hair are now white.

No one but these two peasants has been there.

实际上这些都是介词短语提前，不是并列的主语。

4）用and连接的两个名词有几种情况：

a)看作复数。

eg. Tom and Mary are primary pupils.

b) 在有every ... and every ..., each ... and each ... 的时候；或用and连接的两个名词表示的是一件东西或一个人时，看作单数。

eg. Every boy and every girl in our country has the right to go to school.