语法讲义

四级语法讲义一：时态：所谓的"时态"，就是时间+状态。

谓语动词的时态见下表：1．主动形式2．被动形式CET-4 常考的三种时态：过去完成时；将来完成时；（现在/过去）完成进行时。

时间状语从句当中的时态：一般过去时 所有的过去 用 一般现在时 表示 现在和将来 现在完成时 现在完成和将来完成一．非谓语动词一．不定式：一）不定式的常考形式：1) 一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others. 被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do.语法功能： 表示与谓语动词同步发生2) 完成形式：He pretended not to have seen me. 被动形式：The book is said to have been translated into many languages.语法功能：表示发生在谓语动词之前 二）不定式常考的考点：1）不定式做定语----将要发生过去 现在 将来 过去将来 一般 diddowill/shall do should/would do进行 was/were doing am/is/are doing will/shall be doing /完成had donehave/has donewill/shall have doneshould/would have done 用于虚拟语气完成进行 had been doing have/has been doing //过去现在将来过去将来 一般 was/were given am/is/are givenwill/shall be givenshould/would be given进行 was/were being givenam/is/are being given//完成had been givenhave/has been givenwill/shall have been given should/would have been given完成进行 / //2）不定式做状语----目的3）不定式充当名词功能---To see is to believe.三)不定式的省略1)感官动词see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel+ do表示动作的完整性，真实性；+ doing表示动作的连续性，进行性I saw him work in the garden yesterday.昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。

一、时态、语态时态、语态需要掌握的要点：1.表达将来时的形式：(1)在时间、条件、让步从句中，一般现在时代替将来时，但要注意区别从句的类型，如：I’ll tell him when you will ring again. 我告诉他你什么时候再来电话。

(宾语从句)比较：I’ll tell him when you ring again.你再打电话时我告诉他。

(状语从句)(2)在make sure, make certain, see (to it) 后的that从句中，谓语动词用一般现在时代替将来时，如：See to it that you include in the paper whatever questions they didn’t know the answer to last time.(include 不能用will include或其他形式) 2.完成时是时态测试的重点，注意与完成时连用的句型和时间状语：(1)by/between/up to/till +过去时间、since、by the time/when +表示过去发生情况的从句，主句用过去完成时。

如：We had just had our breakfast when an old man came to the door.Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed had been produced.(表示1919年时已发生的情况) (2)by +将来时间、by the time/ when +谓语动词是一般现在时的从句，主句用将来完成时。

如：By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed in Europe for two weeks.I hope her health will have improved greatly by the time we come back next year.(3)by now、since +过去时间、in/during/for/over/the past/last few(或具体数字)years/days/months，主句用现在完成时,如：The changes that had taken place in air travel during the last sixty years would have seemed completely impossible to even the most brilliant scientists at the turn of the 19th century.但在it is +具体时间since/before这一句型中，主句更多的时候不用完成时。

(内部资料) 2018.1目录第一讲名词第二讲冠词第三讲代词第四讲数词第五讲介词第六讲形容词和副词第七讲连词第八讲情态动词第九讲非谓语动词第十讲时态第十一讲被动语态第十二讲祈使句、倒装句、反意疑问句和感叹句第十三讲宾语从句第十四讲定语从句第十五讲状语从句第十六讲主谓一致第十七讲情景交际第十八讲词义辨析附录I 重点短语概述一、概述语法是研究词形变化和句子结构的科学，研究词形变化的部分成为词法(名词的数、格，动词的时态、语态)，研究句子结构的部分称为句法(句子成分、语序，句子种类)。

二、英语词类词类英语作用在句中成分例词1名词n.表示人或物的名称主、宾、表、定、同位mother, son 2形容词adj.表示人或物的特征定、表、补、状big, small 3数词num.表示数目或顺序主、宾、nine, first 4代词pron.代替名词,数词主语宾语定语he, him, his 5动词v.表示动作或状态谓come, write 6副词adv.表示动作特征或性状特征状、表very, slowly 7冠词art.用在名词前说明其意义不做成分a, an, the8介词prep.用在名代前说明它与别的词之间的关系不做成分for, from, to 9连词conj.用来连接词与词或句与句不做成分and, but, if 10感叹词interj.表示说话时的感情或口气不做成分oh, ow三、句子成分句子中有两个最重要最基本的成分，主语和谓语。

除了主语和谓语，句子有时还有其他成分，宾语、定语、状语、表语等。

主语：一般位于句首，说明所要讲述的对象或主体，表示要说的“谁”或“什么”，一般由名词、代词或名词性的词类、短语或从句充当。

We often practise speaking English after class.Your father’s car is new.Watching English films is a good way to learn English.谓语：位于主语之后，说明主语的情况（动作或状态）---“做什么”“是什么”“怎么样”。

语法课讲义（一）一学习目标1 不定冠词和定冠词的功能2 零冠词的几种情况二知识要点1 冠词在数量上只有3个，分类如下：不定冠词（a/an）冠词定冠词（the）：冠词不是单用词，其后必须跟名词，中间可加修饰词。

三具体应用不定冠词1位置单数可数名词前2 方法a+辅音音素an+元音音素功能1 表示“一”这个数量概念a book 一本书 a chair 一把椅子 a university 一所大学an orange 一个橙子an hour 一个小时an egg 一个鸡蛋2 表示“每一”这个频率概念I go to school five days a week. She usually cleans her house twice a week. The pork is 20 yuan a kilo.3 使抽象内容具体化have a cold=catch a cold 感冒have a good time 玩得开心不定冠词的常用短语a knife and fork 一副刀叉want a go 试一下as a result 因此in a word 总之take a break 休息一会儿all of a sudden 突然as a matter of fact 事实上have a swim 游泳take a walk = go for a walk 散步定冠词定冠词的功能与使用1 上文提到过的人或物再次提到There is a man. The man has a hen. The hen gives him a golden egg every day. This is a yo-yo and the yo-yo is Tom’s.2 特指双方都明白的人或物Look at the blackboard. The girl in pink is my sister.in the east in the south in the west in the northon the right on the leftin the past at the present in the future3 宇宙间“独一无二”的天体名称之前the sky the moon the sun the earth the world4 the 加姓的复数代表某某一家人，永远都当复数看The Whites are watching TV now.Mr. Kings often visit their neighbor on weekend.5 the 用在乐器名称前play the guitar play the piano play violin6 the加形容词代表一类人或事物通常谓语动词用复数the old 老人the young 年轻人the poor 穷人The old need our help and care. 老人需要我们的帮助和关怀。

名词含义：表示人、事物、地方、现象或抽象概念等的名称的词。

注：1.专有名词是指人、地方、团体、机构等特有的名称。

第一个字母必须大写。

专有名词前一般不加冠词。

2、有普通名词构成的专有名词前要用定冠词“the”，但它不大写。

3、有些不可数名词有时表示为具体的东西时，则变为可数名词，而且意思上也有了变化。

Eg ： beer ----a beer 一杯啤酒work--- a work 工厂，著作glass---a glass 一个玻璃杯room 空间---a room 一个房间二、 名词的数：表示可以计算数目的人或物称为可数名词。

可数名词有单、复数两种形式：可数名词的单数形式要在名词前加 “a 或an”；复数形式是在名词后加 “-s 或-es”。

名词复数形式有规则变化和不规则变化两种12. 可数名词复数的不规则变化① 改变单数名词中的元音字母eg. man--men, woman—women, tooth—teeth, foot—feet, mouse--mice② 单复数同形eg. Chinese-Chinese, deer-deer, fish-fish, sheep-sheep,③ 由man 和woman构成的合成词, 每个名词都要变复数eg. a man doctor— men doctors, a woman teacher--women teachers 注: 有些名词表示一种物体具有不可分割的相同的两部分,在使用时只有复数形式eg. trousers, clothes, glasses, shorts, etc;有些名词从形式上看是复数, 实际上是单数(其后的谓语动词要用单数).eg. maths , physics, politics, news3. 不可数名词：表示不能计算数目的人或物，称为不可数名词。

他们前面不能用a/an,没有复数形式。

物质名词和抽象名词都属于不可数名词。

不可数名词一般只有单数形式, 但有其特殊用法:(1)同一个词,变成复数形式, 意义不同。

第一部分虚拟语气的用法要点一．Should+动词原形型1.坚决要命型：在“建议”propose, suggest, advise，recommend，“决定”insist，decide，“要求，需要”require, demand, request, ask,“命令”order等动词后的宾语从句中要求用虚拟语气，其形式是should +动词原形，should可以省略。

1）He proposed that we (should) set up a committee to look into the matter. 他提议我们建立一个委员会来调查此事。

2）He wanted to go to Paris, but the doctor asked that he not go.他想去巴黎，但医生要他别去。

We advised that they should start early.我们建议他们及早开始。

I’m not the person to recommend how the job should be done.我不是能为做此事出主意的人。

2.与上述动词相关的主语从句及同位语从句中也要求用虚拟语气,其形式是should+动词原形,should可以省略。

如：It has been ordered that no one should go to bed until further information.命令说没有进一步的通知谁都不能休息。

It was suggested that measures be taken to minimize the damage.有人建议采取措施把损失降到最小。

My proposal is that he be in charge of the whole thing.我建议由他来负责整件事。

3.在含有形容词necessary（必需的，需要的）, important（重要的）, essential（必要的，不可缺少的），advisable（明智的，可取的）, strange（奇怪的）,incredible（难以置信的），vital（至关重要的）等的主语从句中及it’s a pity, it is a shame, it is no wonder等主语从句中要求用虚拟语气，其形式是should+动词原形，should可以省略。

雅思英语语法材料第一章谓语动词第一讲时态一、时态表格（一）一般（现在、过去、将来、过去将来）现在时，并不难；表重复，表习惯；表状态，表客观；有频度，有次数；看主语，定单三。

（三）（现在、过去、将来、过去将来）完成（四）（现在、过去、将来、过去将来）完成进行二、基本时态演练Listening to the following conversation.(一) Task One: fill in the blanks.1. Interviewer: Your name?Peter: Peter __________. (1)2. Interviewer: ________ (2) you work or _________ (3) you a student?Peter: I’m studying really hard for my exams this month—I’m doing math’s at university—but I also________ (4) my parents out. They own a _________ (5) and I ________ (6) there as a waiter in the evenings, so I ____________ (7) a lot of free time during the week.My mom is always saying that I _____________ (8) enough in the restaurant! But I do manage to find some free time most days.3. Interviewer: Can you look at the _____ (9) and tell me whether you do any of these things and if so, how ____ (10)?Peter: I love music and I’m learning to play the piano. I ______ (11) really early and practice for an hour or so just about every day. I also play the guitar in a band with some other friends. We used to practice together at least _____________ (12) a week but these days we only manager to meet about once __________________ (13).4. Interviewer: What about the next thing on the list? -_________________ (14)?Peter: Well, I used to play them all the time but now I’m too busy studying and I _______ (15) miss them at all.5. Interviewer: Do you use a computer for other things?Peter: I use the Internet just about ________ (16) for my studies. And I also use it to _____________ (17) my friends and my family. My cousin is living in Thailand at the moment and he _______ (18) me regular emails to let me know how much fun he’s having! He’s always visiting exciting places.6. Interviewer: Now, how about _________________ (19)?Peter: Actually, I joined the local football team when I was at school and I still play _______________ (20) provided I can get to training. I much prefer playing football to watch it on TV, though I do ______________ (21) watch a match if there’s a big final or something.7. Interviewer: What about going to watch live matches?Peter: I’d love to be able to afford to go every week because I ____________ (22) my local team, but students don’t ____________ (23) have much money, you know! I can remember the ___________ (24) I went to a live match. Oh, sorry, I can see my friends—I ____________ (25)go now!（二）Task TwoRead through the conversation and find out:1. Present simple sentences:2. Present continuous:3. Past simple sentences:三、时态改错1. People should act according to what they are believing.2. In general, I think our government spent too much money on space travel.3. Nowadays, many people in my country have sent their children to single-sex schools.4. These days, more and more people traveling to very distant places for their holidays.5. I am hoping it is not too late to save the environment.6. The female hen laying on average 5 or 6 eggs per week.7. Younger drivers is more likely to be involved in a car accident.8. Most doctors are agreeing that the only way to lose weight is by doing more exercise.第二讲语态一、被动语态的形式二、被动语态使用情景（一）一般说来，当强调动作承受者，不必说出执行者或含糊不清的执行者时，多用被动式1. I agree with the statement that there should be no government restriction on creative artists who express themselves in the way they do and that they must be given freedom for the same. (IELTS 4, Band 7, p167)2. There is almost everything good in what is given to us through the media world which is made up of artists. (同上)3. In conclusion, I strongly agree with that children should be taught to cooperate rather than compete. (IELTS 5, Band 6, p167)4. It was opened in the year 1863, and it is already 140 years old. (IELTS 5, Band 7, p168)（二）在描述事件和客观事实的时候，被动语态用得更多1. The use of electricity in England is indispensed with. (IELTS 4, Band 6, p164)2. Demand for electricity in England during typical days in winter and summer is illustrated in the graph. (同上)3. The use of average English home is shown in the pie chart. (同上)（三）主语是泛指很多人或者大部分人这个方面1. A more dramatic rise is predicted between 2030 and 2040 in Japan, by which it is thought thatthe proportion of elderly people will be similar in the three countries. (IELTS 5, model answer, p162)2. It can be argued that…It is advised/believed/universally accepted/generally recognized that…It is said/reported/estimated that…（四）当上下文已经说明了动作执行者时：A law was introduced to help protect people in this situation.（五）动作的执行者并不重要时：In the factory, the shoes are cleaned and packed into boxes ready for sale.（六）需要体现动作的执行者时，加by-短语：A lot of waste materials could be recycled by large manufacturers.三、剑指考试1. To enrich vocabulary, we should read more authentic materials.可以改为：（1）（2）（3）2. It is important for nations all over the world to work hard together to control the environmental pollution.可以改为：3. I am not sure whether all the college graduates can find jobs after graduation.可以改为：4. 用适当的动词形式完成下列句子：（1）My home _____________ (locate) in the western part of the city.（2）These funds can _____________ (give) to the poorer people to help them.（3）We _____________ (not tell) that the rules had changed.（4）Children need to _____________ (teach) the correct way to behave in public.5. 句子改错：（1）The house was sell for over a million dollars.（2）The class has allowed to eat in the staff dining room during the renovations.（3）The potatoes carry along a conveyor belt to a room where they wash and peel. （4）The teacher told to take her class out of the school if the fire bell rang.（5）Smoking don’t allow in any part of the aeroplane.（6）The museum was being renovating when we were there, so we could not visit it. （7）Bus tickets can buy at any newsagents.（8）New employees have instructed not to operate the photocopier until they are trained.6. 把下面的句子改成被动语态，并决定是否需要带by-短语（1）A factory worker checks each box for quality.（2）The government does not permit children under 16 to work.（3）The washing machine is washing your clothes at the moment.（4）A mechanic will repair your car this afternoon.（5）The agent has sold our house at last.（6）Something tore the back of my coat.（7）The employer pay off the staff more for working at the weekend.（8）Burning tires give off highly toxic chemicals.第三讲虚拟语气请欣赏下列一首诗歌：If you were a teardrop in my eye,For fear of losing you, I would never cry.And if the golden sun should cease to shine its light,Just one smile from you would make my whole world bright.一、虚拟语气基本句型1. 与现在事实相反(1) If she were sick, she could stay at home and have a rest today.(2) If you watched more and talked less, we would both enjoy our film.2. 与过去事实相反(1) If they had studied earlier, they would have passed the IELTS.(2) Helen would have graduated with her class if she had been able to meet all the requirements in time.3. 与将来事实相反(1) If it snowed tomorrow, I would go skiing.(2) If it should snow tomorrow, I would go to make a snowman in front of our dormitory.(3) If you were to see your tutor, what would you tell him?4．错综的虚拟语气(1) If I were you, I wouldn’t have told that to her. （时间错综：从句现在，主句过去）(2) Had I taken my umbrella with me in the morning, I should not be wet now. (时间错综：从句过去，主句现在)5．虚拟语气的倒装可以把条件句中的if 省略掉，同时把should, were, had 等助动词提前，构成倒装句。

第一部分：词语知识储备：从词性的角度分，词语可以分为实词与虚词两大类。

一、实词实词包括6小类，分别是名词、动词、形容词、数词、量词、代词。

1.名词是表示人、事物或抽象概念名称的词。

如书本、桌子、儿童、雷锋、思维、政治等。

2.动词是表示人或事物的动作、存现（行为、心理活动）及发展趋势的词。

如走、跑、思考、学习、有、存在、能、会、愿意、可以、是等3.形容词是表示人或事物的性质、状态的词，例如：软、硬、甜、伟大、聪明、大方、雪白、笔直、水灵灵、绿油油等。

4.数词是表示数目和次序的词。

如一、十、五十多、第八、老大等。

5.量词是表示人或事物及动作的计量单位（又叫单位词）的词。

如个、件、幢、下、次、趟、阵、回、年等。

6.代词是用来指代人、事物、状态、过程的词。

有替代、指示作用。

如你、他们、这、那、彼、谁、哪、什么等。

二、虚词分副词、介词、连词、助词、叹词和拟声词六类。

1.副词是用来限制、修饰动词或形容词，表示时间、频率、范围、语气、程度等。

如：也、都、一共、马上、更加、亲自、必须、竟然等2.介词使用在名词、代词或名词性短语前，同这些词或短语一起表示时间、处所、方向、对象等。

例如：从、在、朝、根据、以、关于、把、将、比、除了等3.连词用来连接词、短语或句子，表示前后有并列、递进、转折、因果、假设等关系。

如：不但……而且……；既……又……；因此；或者等4.助词是用来表示词语之间的某种结构关系，或动作、行为的状态，或某种语气。

如：的、得、一般、一样、着、了、被、们、所等5.叹词是表示感叹、呼唤、应答等声音的词语。

如：哈哈、嘿嘿、哎呀、喔、嗯等。

6.拟声词是模拟人或事物发出的声音的词语。

如“叭、咣、轰隆、哗啦、乒乒乓乓、叽叽喳喳、噼里啪啦”等。

一、识别词性1、用横线画出句中的名词。

电脑跑步民主日历画家学生疼痛爸爸天气团结前进字典花园唱歌学习旁边昨天2、用横线画出下面的动词。

吃唱增加想法上课念头美术出来睡觉马虎国家希望能够担心考试拍现象他们愿意分析3、用横线画出下列语段中的形容词。