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博士研究生英语考试题型及试卷2018博士研究生英语考试题型及试卷博士研究生入学考试英语初试内容一般包括听力、词汇、语法、完形填空、阅读理解、语言运用(配伍题)、翻译(英译汉/汉译英/英汉互译)、写作等几个部分，各部分出题方式及题量分值由各招生院校自行确定，以下yjbys店铺列举部分院校试题结构供各位考生参考。
首都师范大学2008年博士研究生入学考试英语试卷Section I Vocabulary Test(20%)Directions：In this part, there are 20 incomplete sentences.Below each sentence, there are 4 choices respectively marked by letters A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase which best completes each sentence. There is only ONE right answer. Mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET l with a single line through the centre.1. After the snow storm, the government plans to ______the run-down houses in the rural area as soon as possible.A. reviveB. replaceC. renovateD. remove2. The doctor assured her that the pain would _________in a few days.A. die offB. wear offC. get offD. go off3. The speeding woman’s _______________for some mercy could not change the policeman’s decision to giv e her a fine.A. pleaB. flatteryC. distressD. demonstration4. Owing to lack of money, these experiments must now be _______before the objective has been achieved.A. transferredB. transformedC. terminatedD. testified5. Quite unexpectedly, the young man __________ with success, the problem which had baffled his forerunner.A. tickledB. trickedC. trickledD. tackled6. The Space Age _____ in October l957when the first artificial satellite—was launched by the Soviet Union.A. embarkedB. initialedC. commencedD. originated7. Indoor or roof space antennae do not ___________give satisfactory performance even in strong signal areas.A. faithfulB. invariablyC. voluntarilyD. habitually8. These old houses are in good state of ________ except for the wooden floors.A. preservationB. observationC. compensationD.conservation9. She works bard at her task before she felt sure that the result would ______her long effort.A. verifyB. rectifyC. testifyD. justify10. The country is now undergoing an economic _________in which business activity is greatly reduced and the unemployment rate is high.A. sanctionB. accessionC. flourishD. recession11. The river is already ____its banks because of excessive rainfall and the town is threatened with a likely flood.A. level inB. flat onC. parallel toD. flush with12. Because of his outstanding achievements, the university _____ an honorary degree upon Mr. Adams.A. conferredB. dedicatedC. awardedD. presented13. It is one of the paradox of social intercourse that a ___________is much harder to respond to than an insult.A. complimentB. condemnationC. complementD. complaint14. The shop assistant was straight with his customers. If an article was of _______quality he’d tell them so.A. minerB. inferiorC. awkwardD. humble15. A terrible traffic accident happened;people were saddened when they watched the ______sight on TV.A. periodicB. panicC. patheticD. patriotic16. Even you were not in the mood, you should have known better than to refuse a lady this way. You could have _______her instead.A. deniedB. declinedC. denotedD. denounced17. As the nation attaches excessive importance to football, the triumph or frustration of the national team is most likely to drive many of her nationals ______________.A. overexcitedB. turbulentC. overwhelmedD. hysterical18. On Labor Day the workers will march in __________though the town.A. processB. procedureC. processionD. progress19. Although we had lord them not to keep US waiting, they made no _____to speed up deliveries.A. trialB. actionC. attemptD. progress20. Mr.Moore is one of the most prosperous persons in the town, yet he does take _____at questioning the way he makes money.A. offenceB. rageC. hostilityD. revengeSection II Reading Comprehension(40%)Directions：There are 5 passages ill this section. Each passage is followed by 4 questions. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Please choose the best one for each question and mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET l with a single line through the centre.Passage 1An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students’ career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. Very few writers Oil the subject have explored this distinction—indeed, contradiction—which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom.An education that aims at getting student a certain kind of job is a technical education, justified for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by law. It is not simply to raise everyone’s job prospects that all children are legally required to attend school into their teens. Rather, we havea certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess now his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself. But this was not always the case. Before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain age. It was widely accepted that everyone is fit to be educated. Computer-education advocates forsake this optimistic notion for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook. Banking on the confusion between educational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools, computer-education advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduates over their educational achievement.There are some good arguments for a technical education given the right kind of student. Many European schools introduce the concept of professional training early in order to make sure children are properly equipped for the professions they want to join. It is, however, pre-sumptuous to insist that there will only be so many jobs for so many scientists, so many business-men, and so many accountants. . Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not. Of course, the basics of using any computer these days are very simple. It does not take a lifelong acquaintance to pick up various software programs. If one wanted to become a computer engineer, that is, of course, all entirely different story. Basic computer skills take—at the very longest—a couple ofmonths to learn. In any case, basic computer skills are only complementary to the host of real skills that are necessary to becoming any kind of professional. It should be observed, of course, that no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion over its purpose.21. The author thinks the present rush to put computers in the classroom is ________________.A. far-reaching B self-contradictoryC. dubiously orientedD. radically reformatory22. The belief that education is indispensable to all children ______________________.A. originated from the optimistic attitude of industrialized countriesB. is deeply rooted in the minds of computer education advocatesC. came into being along with the arrival of computersD. is indicative of a pessimism in disguise23. It could be inferred from the passage that in the author, s country the European model of professional training is __________________________.A. dependent upon the starting age of candidatesB. worth trying in various social sectionsC. attractive to every kind of professionalD. of little practical value24. According to the author, basic computer skill should be ______________________.A. highlighted I acquisition of professional qualification5B. included as an auxiliary course in schoolC. mastered through a lifelong courseD. equally emphasized by any school, vocational or otherwisePassage 2The prevention of illness through exercise and nutrition was a small step from movements like hydreopathy (which advocated the ‘‘natural" healing powers of water), to the idea that flesh air, healthy food, and exercise could be beneficial. The physical fitness movement in America followed the influx of a large number of German immigrants who fled their country due to the 1848 revolution. The movement began there with Fredrich Ludwig Jahn who unified exercise and sport with German history and tradition and saw a connection between mental and physical health. Charle Pollen, Jahn’s student, led the movement in America, organizing the Round Hill School at Harvard, which stressed rigorous mental and physical exercise. In the mid-west the Germans established their first gymnastic institution called the Turnverein in Cincinnati in l848. Later called the Turners, these groups developed nationally and organized outings of picnics, games, gymnastics, and celebrations of German culture.Catherine Beecher promoted physical fitness for women, and felt that corsets (束腹) not only made such exercise impossible, but actually deformed wo men’s bodies, and could even be passed on to future generations and degrade the race. She was also in advocate of improving nutrition and an early opponent of gluttony (暴食), believing condiments on food stimulated the appetite towards excess. Others championed vegetarianism, or saw lack of sunshine as a cause of stomach discomfort. Regardless of their particular inclination, all of the food reformers had a common philosophy: bad eating habits led to social disorder. Like physical fitness proponents, they saw a connection between reshaping the body and reshaping American society to improve the individual and the country.The physical fitness movement declined in the years preceding the Civil War, then revived, as Americans became city dwellers and took sedentary jobs. Advocates promoted "Muscular Christianity," a movement begun in England, which stressed that the best and most moral Christians were those with sound bodies. Indian clubs became a favorite exercise tool with entire books written for club exercises. Team sports became popular after l 865, reflecting America’s growing urbanization. The most popular was baseball, and in l 869 the Cincinnati Red Stockings became the country’s first professional team. By the l 900s, Luther Gulick transformed the Young Men’s Christian Association (VMCA) into the epitome of typical "Muscular Christianity.’’ It became the largest organization of urban gymnasiums and fitness centers in America.25. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that as to the physical fitness movement in the 19th century _____________________.A. hydropathy was popularB. not all groups had a German focus、C. Germans were fitter than AmericansD. Harvard became a leader in America26. It can be inferred from the passage that the Tumverein was ________________.A. successful in the mid-westB. 1imited to GermansC. 1ater named Turners because it was too difficult to pronounceD not popular with many non=Germans because they celebrated German culture27. Why did the physical fitness movement revive after theCivil War?A. Because people returned to their usual occupationsB. Because ‘‘Muscular Christianity" became popular.C. Because of urbanization.D. Because of physical injuries caused by the war.28. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. The prevention of illness through exercise and nutrition.B. The German and Christian influences on nutrition and physical fitness.C. Development of the physical fitness movement.D. The nutrition and physical fitness movements.Passage 3An industrial society, especially one as centralized and concentrated as that of Britain, is heavily dependent on certain essential services, for instance, electricity supply, water, rail and road transport, the harbours. The area of dependency has widened to include removing rubbish, hospital and ambulance services, and, as the economy develops, central computer and information services as well. If any of these services ceases to operate, the whole economic system is in danger.It is this economic interdependency of the economic system that makes the power of trade unions such an important issue. Single trade unions have the ability to cut off many countries’ economic blood supply. This can happen more easily in Britain than in some other countries, in part because the labour force is highly organized. About 55 percent of British workers belong to unions, compared to under a quarter in the United States. For historical reasons, Britain’s unions have tended to develop along trade and occupational lines, rather than on an industry-by-industry basis, which makes a wages policy, democracy inindustry and the improvement of procedures for fixing wage levels difficult to achieve.There are considerable strains and tensions in the trade union movement, some of them arising from their outdated and inefficient structure. Some unions have lost many members because of their industrial changes. Others are involved in arguments about who should represent workers in new trades. Unions for skilled trades are separate from general unions, which means that different levels of wages for certain jobs are often a source of bad feeling between unions. In traditional trades which are being pushed out of existence by advancing technologies, unions can fight for their members’ disappointing jobs to the point where the jobs of other union members are threatened or destroyed. The printing of newspapers both in the United States and in Britain has frequently been halted by the efforts of printers to hold on to their traditional highly-paid jobs.Trade unions Nave problems of internal communication just as managers in companies do, problems which multiply in very large unions or in those which bring workers in very different industries together into a single general union Some trade union officials have to be reelected regularly; others are elected, or even appointed for life: Trade union officials have to work with a system of "shop stewards" in many unions, "shop stewards" being workers’ elected by other workers as their representatives at factory or works level.下载文档。
华中科技大学考博英语-5(总分100, 做题时间90分钟)Translation据英国报纸报道，痴迷于足球的罪犯们纷纷向英国警方投案自首以求在世界杯之前及时结束短暂的刑期。
《旗帜晚报》报道，伦敦北部的赫特福德郡警方开展了“红牌行动”，向未到庭的被告发出了一条简单的信息：要么立即投案，要么在世界杯期间呆在没有电视的警局监房里。
“有一名男子甚至打了背包上庭，准备在牢里呆上一阵，”报纸援引赫特福德警官奈杰尔(Nigel)的话。
“毫无疑问他是想赶快结束刑期，以确保在世界杯开赛之时重获自由。
”报纸说，发往罪犯们已知最新地址的296封信已经使17人前往当地警局面对袭击和盗窃之类的指控，另有10人到庭受审。
不是球迷的罪犯也并不安全。
奈杰尔说寄信的另一成果是使警方收到了60条关于其他罪犯下落的线报，警方将在今后数周内对他们展开追捕。
SSS_TEXT_QUSTI1.SSS_TEXT_QUSTI2.SSS_TEXT_QUSTI3.心理学家证实了作家们一直以来的信念：书籍的确是梦的素材。
一项调查表明，读爱丽丝或罗琳的作品的人比钻研十字军东征史的人更容易做怪梦，而小说爱好者的梦带有更强烈的感情色彩，其中包含的奇异事件也多。
调查还发现读恐怖小说的人并不一定会多做噩梦，而喜欢科幻小说的人却更容易带着一身冷汗惊醒。
按照威尔士大学的马克的说法，这项研究可能是考察梦与现实之间的关系的第一次实验。
马克博士和他的同事发出了10万份关于睡眠形态与阅读趣味的调查问卷并收到了超过1万份回复。
他们发现成人中有58%做过至少一次这样的梦：在梦中他们知道自己在做梦。
他们还发现女性能比男性更记得梦境。
老年人的梦似乎更少一些，也更少做噩梦。
大约44%的孩子说他们正在阅读的书籍影响到了他们的梦境。
马克博士说：“报称正在读吓人书籍的孩子做噩梦的次数三倍于那些没读的孩子。
”SSS_TEXT_QUSTI4.SSS_TEXT_QUSTI5.SSS_TEXT_QUSTI6.英国研究者说，家务劳动既费时又累人，虽然也算是体力运动，却既无益于健康也无助于减除赘肉。
同济医科大学2006年麻醉学（博士)一、名词解释1.2相阻滞2.V AS评分3.间歇指令通气（IMV）4.前负荷5.霍夫曼消除6.PCA7.CO2排除综合征8.MODS二、问答题1.全麻术后苏醒延迟的原因。
2.简述低流量吸入麻醉的优点和存在的问题。
3.简述肌松药的类型及肌松药作用的监测。
4.简述目前疼痛治疗的方法。
5.肺动脉高压的原因及处理6.急性肺损伤和ARDS的病因及其诊断标准。
2.同济医科大学组织胚胎学（博士）[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboardPosted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:38同济医科大学2004年组织胚胎学（博士）一、名解：1.神经干细胞2.凋亡3.胚泡4.抗原提呈细胞5.小强荧光细胞二、问答：1. 丘脑的结构、功能和功能的调控2. 大脑皮质的神经元种类、皮质分层和神经纤维联络3. 球旁复合体的结构和功能4. 胃肠内分泌细胞的种类、特点和功能5. 已知一种HAP1蛋白在下丘脑高水平表达，但不知道其功能。
请你进行课题设计以揭示HAP1的功能。
简述实课题研究目的、研究内容、实验方案。
并简要说明所用实验技术的基本原理。
注：名解是用英文出的。
3.同济医科大学神经解剖学（博士）[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboardPosted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:39同济医科大学2006年神经解剖学（博士）一、名词解释：1、皮质2、神经节3、纤维束4、internal capsule5、corpus striatum6、medial lemniscus7、？8、broca区9、锥体系10记不起来了，也很简单二、问答题：1.小脑的分叶及纤维联系2.尺神经损伤的表现及原因3.交感神经节前纤维及节后纤维的走向4.脑干一般内脏运动核的功能及纤维联系5.？6.？4.同济医科大学肿瘤学（博士）[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboardPosted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:40同济医科大学2006年肿瘤学（博士）一、名解（4*5）20分1 IGRT2 GCP3 VEGF4 TBI5 NCCN二、问答题80分1.简述肿瘤基因治疗的策略？152.简述霍杰金淋巴瘤的临床分期及治疗原则？153.WHO疼痛治疗原则？154.论述化疗药物机制和细胞周期的关系？155.鼻咽癌TNM分期，临床分期，治疗原则和技术？205.同济医科大学考博历年真题感染专业2005年试题[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboard Posted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:40同济医科大学考博历年真题感染专业2005年试题一、名词解释（每题5分）1.incudation period2.septicemia3.rabies4.nosocomial infection5.cholera二、问答题（每题20分）1.肝性脑病的发病机制及治疗原则2.HIV的治疗原则和临床表现3.丙型肝炎的基因分型及抗病毒治疗方案三、选答题（二选一）（15分）1.试述肝相关干细胞研究的现状及展望2.简述细菌对抗菌药产生耐药的发病机制6.同济医科大学细胞生物学（博士）[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboardPosted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:41同济医科大学2003年细胞生物学（博士）一、名词解释（共10小题，每题4分，共40分）1.nuclear skeleton2.kinetochore3.Signal Sequence4.stem cell5.molecular chaperon6.cyclin7.核孔复合体核篮模型8.膜泡运输9.微丝结合蛋白10.蛋白酶体二、综合题（共60分）1.试述溶酶体的形态结构、化学组成、形成的主要途径及功能。
华科博士英语考试难度The journey towards earning a doctoral degree at Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) is undoubtedly arduous, and the English examination stands as a significant milestone in this pursuit. The HUST doctoral English exam, often perceived as a challenging hurdle, requires a comprehensive understanding of the language and a profound grasp of academic writing. Its difficulty lies not only in the breadth and depth of the material covered but also in the expectations of the evaluators.The exam demands a high level of proficiency in all areas of English, from vocabulary and grammar to reading comprehension and writing skills. The vocabulary, in particular, is often密集且多样化, requiring candidates to possess an extensive knowledge of technical terms and academic jargon. The grammar, too, is intricate, testing the candidate's ability to construct sentences that are both grammatically correct and academically precise.The reading comprehension section challenges candidates to digest complex texts, often drawn from academic journals or research papers, and to extract key information,understand arguments, and evaluate the author'sintentions. This section demands not only a high level of language proficiency but also a strong background in the relevant academic field.The writing section, perhaps the most daunting aspect of the exam, requires candidates to demonstrate theirability to craft coherent and persuasive arguments using academic English. The expectations are high, as the evaluators are looking for writing that is both original and insightful, with a strong command of the language and a clear understanding of academic writing conventions.To prepare for this exam, candidates must embark on a rigorous study routine that encompasses both languageskills and subject matter knowledge. They must delve into academic texts, expand their vocabulary, and practice writing in an academic style. They must also familiarize themselves with the exam format and understand the evaluators' expectations.In conclusion, the HUST doctoral English exam is a challenging test that requires a combination of language proficiency, subject matter knowledge, and writing skills.It is an examination that demands dedication, discipline, and a profound understanding of both the language and the academic field. While the journey may be arduous, the reward of earning a doctoral degree from HUST is undoubtedly worth the effort.**华中科技大学博士英语考试难度探析**在华中科技大学（HUST）攻读博士学位的旅程中，无疑充满了挑战，而英语考试则是这一追求中的一个重要里程碑。
中国社会科学院语言学系语言学及应用语言学专业语音学与儿童语言获得方向李爱军考博真题导师分数线内部资料一、专业的设置、招生人数及考试科目院系(招生人数)专业(招生人数)研究方向导师考试科目104语言学系(6)050102语言学及应用语言学(2)02语音学与儿童语言获得李爱军①1001英语②2066语音学与儿童语言获得1③3127语言学理论2二、导师介绍李爱军，语言学系博士生导师。
1966年9月出生于湖北省郧县。
1991年毕业于天津大学计算机系获得硕士学位，2013年获得日本北陆先端科技大学博士学位。
现任中国社会科学院语言研究所研究员、语音研究室主任、院创新工程“语音与言语科学重点实验室”主任（2011-2015）。
语言学及应用语言学专业，研究方向主要有汉语口语语音研究、L1&L2学习中语音问题、语音语料库等。
主要学术论著：Li,A..Chinese Prosody and Prosodic Labeling of Spontaneous Speech[C].In B.Bel and I.Marlin(eds),Proc.of the SP2002 Conference.Aix-en-Provence,France,2002:39-46.李爱军,普通话对话中韵律特征的声学表现,《中国语文》，2002,Vol.6.P525.李爱军，友好语音的声学分析，《中国语文》，2005年第5期。
李爱军，情感重音研究，《中国语音学报》，第一期,2008,商务印书馆。
Li,A.,Fang,Q.&Dang,J..Emotional intonation in a tone language: experimental evidence from Chinese,ICPhS'2011.HK，2011.8.P1198-1201.李爱军、史如深、张钊，普通话婴幼儿语言输入语言中动词和名词的韵律特征。
《中国语文》，2011年第5期（总第344期）。
西北大学2018年招收攻读硕士学位研究生试题语言学概论（617）一、填空题（每小题1分，共10分）1、语言符号音和义之间的结合是社会成员____的。
2、根据语法形式的共同特点将其归并为几个基本类型，这种语法形式的类叫做____。
3、口语和书面语是同一种语言的不同的____变异。
4、语言接触有不同的类型，其中最常见的是____。
5、以现实现象为基础，不涉及人们的主观态度的词义是词的____，它是词义的核心。
6、地域方言的差别主要表现在____上。
7、____是运用本族语言的构词材料和规则构成的新词，把外语中的某个意义移植过来。
8、在workers中，worker这一部分可以称为____。
9、是否能够____，是区分词和语素的根本特点。
10、从自然属性角度划分出来的最小语音单位是____。
二、单项选择题（每小题1分，共20分）1、语言符号的任意性特点说明了（）A.语言是人类最重要的交际工具B.语言是人类的思维工具C.语言具有组合关系和聚合关系D. 语言是一种特殊的社会现象2、朗读“土改”一词时，通常要把“土”念成阳平，这种变化叫做（）A.同化B.异化C.弱化D.脱落3、下列各组词中属于复合词的一组是（）A.大学、人民、readerB.劳动、阿姨、railwayC.瓶子、教室、unhappyD.道路、材料、classroom4、[b][c][g]三个音素的区别是（）A.清浊B.发音方法C.发音部位D.送气与否5、在文字体系的发展过程中，不包括（）阶段A.记事图画B.表意文字体系C.表音文字体系D.纯表音文字体系6、下列文字中属于音位字母的是（）A.日文字母B.英文字母C.汉字D.阿拉伯字母7、[p']的发音特征是（）A.双唇送气清塞音B.双唇不送气清塞音C.舌尖前送气清塞音D.舌尖前不送气清塞音8、英语的“sheep”和“ship”两个单词起区别作用的是（）A.调位B.时位C.重位D.音位9、“He seems sad”中的动词seems中的s表示的语法意义是（）A.性、数、格B.时、体、态C.时、体、格D.数、时、人称10、元音和辅音最本质的区别是（）A.是否均衡紧张B.声带是否振动C.气流是否受阻D.时间延续久暂11、确定“忽然”是副词，“突然”是形容词，主要依据词的（）A.意义B.形态C.句法功能D.范畴12、现代汉语普通话的“花儿”是（）A.单纯词B.派生词C.复合词D.语素13、下列各组词都属于基本词汇的是（）A.丈夫、妻子、兄弟、令堂B.若干、屹立、篇章、父母C.make、look、do、getD.电视、开发、能力、学派14、语音的演变主要是指（）A.词的读音变化B.音素的增加C.浊音清化D.词义变化15、汉语普通话语音系统中没有的发音部位是（）A.双唇B.舌尖C.齿尖D.舌面16、“社稷”“太监”等词在现代汉语中已不再使用，它属于（）A.词义的演变B.旧词的消亡C.新词的产生D.词语的替换17、下面词组中，结构类型与其他各组不同的一组是（）A.年轻漂亮、朴素大方B.我们大家、首都北京C.铁路民航、工人农民D.贯彻执行、讨论研究18、俄语、汉语、日语三种语言所属的语法结构类型按次序是（）A.黏着语、屈折语、孤立语B.屈折语、黏着语、孤立语C.孤立语、屈折语、黏着语D.屈折语、孤立语、黏着语19、根据谱系分类看，台湾的高山语属于（）A.乌拉尔语系B.南岛语系C.南亚语系D.高加索语系20、语言间亲属关系的重要标志是（）A.语音的对应B.语法规则的对应C.产生年代相近D.词汇基本相同三、多项选择题（每小题2分，共30分）1、下列短语中的“语言”一词，（）属于语言学术语中的“言语”A.语言无味，面目可憎B.亚洲语言研究C.语言必须接近大众D.向人民学习语言2、属于半低元音的是（）A.[e]B.[ε]C.[ɔ]D.[œ]3、下列选项中的辅音，清浊一致的是（）A.[t']和[n]B.[ts']和[s]C.[tç]和[ç]D.[g]和[ɤ]4、常见的语流音变现象有（）A.脱落B.同化C.换位D.类推5、划线部分属于“格”语法范畴的是（）A.two booksB.his bikeC.my footD.the student's book6、下列各组词的词性变化不属于内部屈折的是（）A.I---meB.foot---feetC.work---worksD.child---children7、下列划线部分语义角色为受事的是（）A.死了一头牛B.摘苹果C.喝西北风D.买教材8、汉字是（）A.表音文字B.意音文字C.他源文字D.自源文字9、从“我打破了花瓶”变换为“我把花瓶打破了”，使用了（）A.删除B.添加C.替代D.移位10、至今语音系属不明的是（）A.京语B.缅甸语C.日语D.朝鲜语11、不属于等义词的是（）A.成果—后果B.many---muchC.替代---代替D.头颅---脑壳12、属于斯拉夫语族的语言有（）A.俄语B.塞尔维亚语C.德语D.捷克语13、（）属于词组A.写字B.扑克C.小碗D.编辑14、混合语是（）A.几种语言成分均匀的混杂B.洋泾浜的进一步演变C.语言远征的结果D.被人们作为母语来使用15、（）是由于社会的地域分化而造成的A.地域方言B.社会方言C.阶层方言D.亲属语言四、判断句（正确的打√，错误的打ⅹ。
华中科大考博英语华中科技大学博士研究生入学《英语》考试大纲总则本大纲的各项规定作为华中科技大学博士研究生入学考试英语（第一外语）考试考题编写参考以及质量检查的依据。
考生对象本大纲的考生对象是参加华中科技大学博士研究生入学考试并把英语作为第一外语的全国考生。
考试时间及记分本考试采取百分制记分，满分为100分；考试时间为180分钟。
一、考试目的博士研究生入学英语考试是为了考察考生的实际英语应用能力是否达到非英语专业研究生英语教学大纲中《硕士研究生英语教学与考试》规定的要求。
考试成绩用于博士研究生的入学选拔。
二、考试设计本考试共分为四部分：完形填空（10％）、阅读理解（40％）、英汉互译（30％）和英语写作（20％）。
1. 完形填空（10％）本部分测试考生的语言知识及综合运用能力。
测试内容包括词汇的认知能力、搭配知识的掌握，句法结构的理解和篇章阅读、分析能力。
本部分给出一篇约200单词的短文，文中留出10处空白，每空为一题，设4个备选答案。
要求考生在理解全文的基础上，从中挑选一个最佳选项，使短文的内容和结构完整合理。
2. 阅读理解（40％）本部分测试考生在规定时间内通过阅读获取信息的能力，即对阅读材料的细节、事实、要点、作者观点和态度的理解能力。
题材包括社会、文化、史地、科普及人物传记等内容，体裁涉及叙事、议论、描述、说明和应用文等。
该部分给出4篇约500单词的文章，每篇文章后面附5个问题，每个问题设四个备选答案。
要求考生根据文章内容从每题选出一个最佳选项。
3. 英汉互译（30％）本部分测试考生的英汉互译能力。
考试形式为翻译段落划线部分，原文内容涉及社会、文化、史地和科普知识。
要求考生将200-250汉字长度的中文段落划线部分准确地翻译成通顺的英文，以及将相当长度的英文段落划线部分准确翻译成通顺的中文。
4. 英语写作（20％）本部分测试考生的英语书面表达能力。
要求考生根据给出的题目和提纲，或者根据情景或图表自拟题目，用英语写出一篇约200单词的短文。
华中科技大学考博英语模拟题2018年(1)(总分100, 做题时间90分钟)Reading ComprehensionPassage OneThere are those whom we instantly recognize as clinging to the traditional values of travel, the people who endure a kind of alienation and panic in foreign parts for the after-taste of having sampled new scenes. On the whole, travel at its best is **fortless, but travel is never easy: you get very tired, you get lost, you get your feet wet, you get little co-operation, and—if it is to have any value at all—you go alone. Homesickness is part of this kind of travel. In these circumstances, it is possible to make interesting discoveries about oneself and one"s surroundings. Travel has less to do with distance than with insight: it is, very often, a way of seeing.The second group of travelers has only appeared in numbers in the best twenty years. For these people, paradoxically, travel is an experience of familiar things; it is travel that carries with it the illusion of immobility. It is going to a familiar airport and being strapped into a seat and held captive for a number of hours—immobile; then arriving at an almost identical airport; being whisked to a hotel so fast it is not like movement at all, and the hotel and the food are identical to the hotel and the food in the city one has just left. This is all tremendously reassuring and effortless; indeed, it is possible to go from, say, London to Singapore and not experience the feeling of having traveled anywhere.For many years in the past, this was enjoyed by the rich. It is wrong to call it tourism, because businessmen also travel this way; and many people, who believe themselves to be travelers, object to being called tourists. The luxury travelers of the past set an example for the package tourists of today. In this sort of travel you take your society with you: your language, your food, your styles of hotel and service. It is of course the prerogative of rich nations—America, Western Europe, and Japan. It has had a profound effect on our view of the world. It has made real travel greatly sought-after and somewhat rare. And I think it has caused a resurgence of travel writing.As everyone knows, travel is very unsettling, and it can be quite hazardous and worrying. One way of **ing this anxiety is to travel packaged in style: luxury is a great remedy for the alienation of travel. What helps calm us is a reminder of stability and protection, and what the average package tourist looks for in foreign surroundings is familiar sights.SSS_SINGLE_SEL1.The travelers described in paragraph 1 ______.A travel great distancesB are afraid of new experiencesC learn a lot about new placesD receive more help from local peopleSSS_SINGLE_SEL2.According to the author, the "traditional" traveler ______.A feels at home in new placesB enjoys minor discomfortsC should expect to feel homesickD **panySSS_SINGLE_SEL3.The author suggests that the second group of travelers ______.A chooses boring destinationsB is afraid of anything newC would prefer to stay at homeD adapts quickly to fresh surroundingsSSS_SINGLE_SEL4.What gives travel an "illusion of immobility"?A The absence of new experiences.B The onset of fatigue.C The number of people traveling.D The length of the journey.SSS_SINGLE_SEL5.Which of the following statements best sums up the author"s attitude to travel?A Travel has to be tiring to be worthwhile.B The package holiday encourages interest in new places.C Modern travel has **fortable but boring.D Only the rich can travel in comfort.Passage TwoThe Bay filled the middle distance, stretching out of sight on both sides, and one"s eye naturally traveled in a great sight-seeing arc: skimming along the busy Shoreline Freeway, swerving out across the Bay via the long Esseph Bridge to the city"s dramatic skyline, dark downtown skyscrapers posed against white residential hills, from which it leapt across the graceful curves of the Silver Span suspension bridge, gateway to the Pacific, to alight on the green slopes of Miranda County.This vast panorama was agitated, even early in the morning, by every known form of transportation—ships, yachts, cars, trucks, trains, planes, helicopters and hovercrafts—all in simultaneous motion, reminding Philip of the brightly illustrated cover of a children"s book. It was indeed, he thought, a perfect marriage of Nature and Civilization, this view, where one might take in at a glance the consummation of man"s technological skill and the finest splendours of the natural world. The harmony he perceived in the scene was, he knew, illusory. Just out of sight to his left a cloud of smoke hung over the great military and industrial port of Ashland, and to his right the oil refineries of St Gabriel fumed into the limpid air. The Bay, which winked so prettily in the morning sun, was, people said, poisoned by industrial waste and untreated effluent.For all that, Philip thought, almost guiltily, framed by his living-room window and seen at this distance, the view still looked very good indeed.Morris Zapp was less entranced with his view—a vista of dank back gardens, rotting sheds and dripping laundry, huge ill-looking trees, grimy roofs, factory chimneys and church spires—but he had discarded this criterion at a very early stage of looking for accommodation in an English industrial town. You were lucky, he had quickly discovered, if you could find a place that could be kept at a temperature appropriate to human organisms, equipped with the more rudimentary amenities of civilized life, and decorated in a combination of colours and patterns that didn"t make you want to vomit on sight. He had taken an apartment on the top floor of a huge old house owned by an Irish doctor and his extensive family. Dr O"shea had converted the attic with his own hands for the use of an aged mother, and it was to the recent death of this relative, the doctor impressed upon him, that Morris owed the good fortune of finding such enviable accommodation vacant. Morris didn"t see this as a selling point himself, but O"shea seemed to think that the apartment"s sentimental associations were worth at least an extrafive dollars a week to an American torn from the bosom of his own family.SSS_SINGLE_SEL1.What sort of movement is suggested by the verbs used to describe the eye"s progress in the first paragraph?A smoothB rapidC interruptedD reluctantSSS_SINGLE_SEL2.Why did Philip look "almost guiltily" at the view?A Because he realized its beauty was deceptive.B Because he felt responsible for the pollution.C Because he felt he was wasting time looking at it.D Because he knew he had a better view than most people.SSS_SINGLE_SEL3.Which factor did Morris consider the most important when choosing accommodation?A A tolerable view.B A pleasant landlord.C A reasonable rent.D An efficient heating system.SSS_SINGLE_SEL4.Dr O"shea expected Morris to find the history of the apartment______.A amusingB comfortingC depressingD excitingSSS_SINGLE_SEL5.What is Morris"s attitude towards accommodation in England?A He is charmed by the quaintness of the houses.B He finds the contrast with America interesting.C He is prepared to make the best of it.D He wishes he had stayed at home.Passage ThreeAll at once Hazel **ing in through the French windows, pulling off gardening gloves, and Bill was entering through the door, both at once. So I only had time to take one quick look at her before I turned to face him. All very confusing. What that first glimpse showed me was that time had thickened her figure but didn"t seem to have made much difference to her face. It still had good skin and youthful outlines. She was holding a bunch of roses—must have been cutting them in the garden while waiting for me. The gardening gloves lent a delightfully informal touch. It was quite an entrance, though Bill spoilt it a bit by making his at the same time.Bill seemed longer and thinner. His tightly massed hair had a tinge of grey. Apart from that, twenty years had done nothing to him, except deepen the lines of thoughtfulness that had already, when I knew him, begun to spread across his face. Or was that all? I looked at him again, more carefully, as he looked away from me at Hazel. Weren"t his eyes different somehow? More inward-looking than ever? Gazing in not merely at his thoughts, but at something else, something he was keeping hidden or perhaps protecting.Then we were chattering and taking glasses in our hands, and I came back to earth. For the first ten minutes we were all so defensive, so carefully probing, that nobody learnt anything. Bill had forgotten me altogether, that much was clear. He was engaged in getting to know me from scratch, very cautiously so as not to hit a wrong note, with the object of getting me to contribute a big subscription to his African project. I kept trying to absorb details about Hazel, but Bill was talking earnestly about African education, and the strain of appearing to concentrate while actually thinking about his wife proved so great that I decided it would be easier just to concentrate. So I did. I let him hammer away for about ten more minutes, and then the daughter, who seemed to be acting as parlour-maid, showed in another visitor. Evidently we were to be four at lunch.SSS_SINGLE_SEL1.What effect had time had on Hazel and Bill?A They had both lost weight.B They were more withdrawn.C They hadn"t changed at all.D They had changed in subtle ways.SSS_SINGLE_SEL2.When they all started talking, the writer ______.A relaxed at lastB stopped dreamingC spoke most to HazelD began to remember thingsSSS_SINGLE_SEL3.The writer found the first part of their conversation ______.A sentimentalB irritatingC uninformativeD trivialSSS_SINGLE_SEL4.Why did Bill speak seriously?A Because he wanted some money from the writer.B Because he did not remember the writer.C Because his wife was present.D Because he was talking about the past.SSS_SINGLE_SEL5.In the end the writer found Bill"s conversation ______.A monotonousB convincingC thought-provokingD instructivePassage FourDiversity is a hallmark of life, an intrinsic feature of living systems in the natural world. The demonstration and celebration of this diversity is an endless rite. Look at the popularity of museums, zoos, aquariums and botanic gardens. The odder the exhibit, the more different it is from the **mon and familiar life forms around us, the more successful it is likely to be. Nature does not tire of providing oddities for people who look for them. Biologists have already formally classified 1.7 million species. As many as 30 to 40 million more may remain to be classified.Most people seem to take diversity for granted. If they think about it at all they assume it exists in endless supply. Nevertheless, diversity is endangered as never before in its history. Advocates of perpetual economic growth treat living species as expendable. As a result, an extinction crisis of unprecedented magnitude is under way. Worse yet, when diversity needs help most it is neglected andmisunderstood by much of the **munity that once championed it.Of the two great challenges to the legitimacy of this diversity, the familiar **es primarily from economists. Their argument, associated with such names as Julian Simon, Malcolm McPherson and the late Herman Kahn, can be paraphrased: "First, if endangered species have a value as resources—which has been greatly exaggerated—then we should be able to quantify that value so that we can make unbiased, objective decisions about which species, if any, we should bother to save, and how much the effort is worth. Secondly, the global threat to the diversity of species, particularly in the tropics, has been overestimated. Thirdly, we have good substitutes for the species and ecosystems that are being lost, and these substitutes will nullify the damage caused by the extinctions."The structure of the argument seems to me to be identical in form to that of an old joke from the American vaudeville circuit. One elderly **plained to another about her recent vacation at a resort in the Catskill Mountains in New York State. "The food was terrible", she moaned. "Pure poison. I couldn"t eat a bite. And the portions were so tiny!"Species may be valuable, but not especially so, and the threat to them has been exaggerated. But this does not matter anyway, say the economists, because we can replace any species that vanishes.It is not cleat how much of an impact this argument has on the informed public, but it has certainly provoked an outcry among scientific conservationists. It has set the terms for, and dominated, most of the pro-diversity literature of the past few years, making it a literature of response, thus limiting its scope and creative force.SSS_SINGLE_SEL1.Which feature of the natural world do people find especially fascinating?A Its great variety.B Its ancient forms.C Its strange rituals.D Its unclassified species.SSS_SINGLE_SEL2.Which adjective best describes the writer"s attitude towards the**munity?A Respectful.B Supportive.C Critical.D Uncomprehending.SSS_SINGLE_SEL3.Which statement represents the views of economists?A It is important to conserve endangered species.B Endangered species have no value in themselves.C Only some parts of the natural world are under threat.D New species could be introduced as necessary.SSS_SINGLE_SEL4.What point is the writer trying to make about the economists" arguments by including the joke in paragraph 4?A Their case is overstated.B Their logic is unsound.C They are unduly pessimistic.D They ignore the views of ordinary people.SSS_SINGLE_SEL5.Of which paragraph is paragraph 5 a summary?A Paragraph 1B Paragraph 2C Paragraph 3D Paragraph 4Passage FiveWe threaded our way out of the noise and confusion of the Customs shed into the brilliant sunshine on the quay. Around us the town rose steeply, tiers of multi-coloured houses piled haphazardly, green shutters folded back from their windows like the wings of a thousand moths. Behind us lay the bay, smooth as a plate smouldering with that unbelievable blue.Larry walked swiftly, with head thrown back and an expression of such regal disdain on his face that one did not notice his diminutive size, keeping a wary eye on the porters who struggled with his trunks. Behind him strolled Leslie, short, stocky, with an air of quiet belligerence, and then Margo, trailing yards of muslin and scent. Mother, looking like a tiny, harassed missionary in an uprising, was dragged unwillingly to the nearest lamp-post by an exuberant Roger, and was forced to stand there, staring into space, while he relieved pent-up feelings that had accumulated in his kennel. Larry chose two magnificently dilapidated horse-drawn cabs,had the luggage installed in one, and seated himself in the second. Then he looked round irritably."Well?" he asked. "What are we waiting for?""We"re waiting for Mother," explained Leslie. "Roger"s found a lamp-post.""Dear God!" said Larry, and then hoisted himself upright in the cab and bellowed, "Come on, Mother, come on. Can"t the dog wait?" "Coming, dear," called Mother passively and untruthfully, for Roger showed no signs of quitting the post."That dog"s been a damned nuisance all the way," said Larry. "Don"t be so impatient," said Margo indignantly; "the dog can"t help it... and anyway, we had to wait an hour in Naples for you.""My stomach was out of order," explained Larry coldly."Well, presumably his stomach"s out of order," said Margo triumphantly.At this moment Mother arrived, slightly disheveled, and we had to turn our attentions to the task of getting Roger into the cab. He had never been in such a vehicle, and treated it with suspicion. Eventually we had to lift him bodily and hurl him inside, helping frantically, and then pile in breathlessly after him and hold him down. The horse, frightened by this activity, broke into a shambling trot, and we ended in a tangled heap on the floor of the cab with Roger moaning loudly underneath us."What an entry," said Larry bitterly. "I had hoped to give an impression of gracious majesty, and this is what happens... we arrive in town like a troupe of medieval tumblers."SSS_SINGLE_SEL1.What does the town appear to be like?A untidyB flatC picturesqueD modemSSS_SINGLE_SEL2.What did Mother"s behaviour suggest?A She was deliberately wasting time.B She was angry with Larry.C She preferred the dog to her children.D She couldn"t control the situation.SSS_SINGLE_SEL3.What made the dog panic?A The noise on the quay.B Larry"s shouting.C The horse-drawn cab.D The heat of the day.SSS_SINGLE_SEL4.Larry was disappointed at the end of the passage because ______.A the cabs were in poor conditionB the family were so slowC their arrival looked ridiculousD Margo kept arguingSSS_SINGLE_SEL5.The overall impression of Larry is that he was ______.A tolerantB self-importantC undignifiedD unintelligent1。
华中科技大学考博英语历年试题题型题量综合分析导言：考博英语真题的重要性全国各大院校在制定本校英语专业考试大纲时，对英语的考核基本上不指定参考书，考生在备考时往往感到漫无目的，无所适从，所以对各大院校的考博英语历年真题分析则显得尤为重要。
华慧考博英语教研中心在历时8年的教学研究的过程中，总结国内50多所重点院校的考博英语试题的出题特点与规律，认为考生精研各院校的历年试题对考出良好的成绩有非常大的帮助。
考博英语试题的独特性众所周知，英语类的考试，如高考、大学英语四六级、专业四八级考试、研究生入学考试等均由统一的命题组人员统一命制试题，命题组阵容强大，且耗费的人力、物力也不在少数，其题目基本是原创题目。
而考博英语却并非这样，因此，考博英语有其自身的独特性，考博英语的独特性主要表现在其命题方式与题目来源两方面。
首先，从命题方式来看，博士考试中，要求考生达到英语的最低分数线，这一要求就注定了各大考博院校的英语试题的命题方式，各大考博院校不会花费大量的人力、物力及时间原创一套考博英语试题。
并且各大院校为了保证其试题的准确性，一般会选择已经考过的各类相关难度的试题，这样就可以避免出现大量的因个人学术水平方面而引起的错误和争议。
其次，从题目来源看，各大院校的考博英语试题基本来自专四、专八、六级或其它考博院校的原题，极少出现原创题目。
因其题目来源的独特性，我们研究各大院校的考博英语试题就显得非常有必要且益处极大。
如果考生在考前了解了这一情况，且充分重视这个规律，那么获得考博英语高分不是什么难事。
所以考生考前精研考博英语真题是非常有必要的。
考博英语试题的作用考博英语试题的作用主要有三个，即指导、规划与调控作用。
指导作用。
通过研读历年的考博英语试题，考生可以了解该院校的题目类型、题目来源、题目难度等，指导考生在较短的时间内找到正确的复习方法，获得自己满意的成绩。
规划作用。
考生在宏观把握所报考院校的英语试题的出题规律后，结合自身的英语情况，对自己的英语备考做出一个正确且切合实际的复习规划。
博士入学考试科目、招生方式-华中科技大学外国语学院外国语学院博士招生入学考试科目【外语教育】参考书目外国语学院于2012年获批“中外语言文化比较研究”二级博士点。
三个研究方向为：语言教育、翻译研究、比较文化研究。
1. 入学考试科目为：【语言学理论】、【外语教育】和从【英语】、【俄语】、【日语】、【德语】中选一门。
2. 【外语教育】考试科目有9本参考书目：语言教育：五本参考书目：[1] Richards, J. C. & Rodgers, T. S. 2008. Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching (2nd Edition). [《语言教学的流派(第2版)》]. 北京: 外语教学与研究出版社.[2] Brown,D. 2006. The Principles of Language Learning and Teaching 《语言学习与语言教学的原则》5th Edition, Pearson ESL.[3] Gass,S. & Selinker, L. 2008. Second Language Acquisition, 3rd Edition. Routledge.[4] Cook, V. 2011. Second language learning and language teaching (4th Edition). [《第二语言学习与教学(第4版)》]. 北京: 外语教学与研究出版社.[5] Kumaravadivelu, B. 2006. Undersatnding Language Teaching: From Method to Postmethod. New Jersey: Mahwah.翻译研究：主要参考书目和辅助参考各一本：[1] Munday, J. 2001. Introducing Translation Studies. London & New York: Routledge.（主要）[2] Jenny Williams & Andrew Chesterman. 2004. The Map : A Biginner’s Guide to Doing Resear ch in Translation Studies 上海外语教育出版社（辅助）比较文化研究：主要参考书目和辅助参考各一本：[1] Intercultural interaction : a multidisciplinary approach to intercultural communication.Written by Helen Spencer-Oatey, Peter Franklin.Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press; Palgrave Macmillan, 2010. （主要）[2] Culture's consequences: comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations.Written by Geert Hofstede. Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2008.（辅助）。
2018年华中科技大学考博护理学综合（护理理论、护理管理、护理教育）一、名词解释（首先翻译成中文，再进行解释，每个5分）Organizational designSelf-concept modeControl processRole playNursingprocess二、简答题（每个题5分，共20分）1病人的权利有哪些？2请说出King的达标理论的基本观点？3护理专业教师的素养是什么？4请简述护理专业教自我调控能力的构成？三、试述护士长的理艺术在临床中的应用？（15分）四、Orem将护理系芬为哪三种，这三种护理系统的差别在哪里，试举例说明这三种护理系统适合何种病的护理。
（20分）五、论述社会学习的特点过程，影响因素，并结合实际举一例，社会学习理论在护理教育的应用。
（20分）2018年华中科技大学考博护理学研究方法真题一、名词解释（首先翻译成中文，再进行解释）Scientific misconductRCTSnowing ball samplingQ-sort methodEthnographicresearch二、简答题1简述护理研究中应值的伦理原则的具体内容。
2理论框架的概义、作用。
3简述研究信父度的概念及测定方法。
4实验性研究会验研究、非实验性研究的优点、缺点及局限性。
5系统评价与传统综述的区别。
三、论述题（30分）科研申请书（1500-2000字）包括研究背景（立题依据），研究目的、研究方法等。
4英文论文节选，根据该论文回答几个问题。
（20分）英文论文是一篇科研论文，包括研究背景，研究目的，实施方法，结局评价指标。
根据该短文，回答5个问题，例如列举该研究的研究目的，说明该研究的设计类型，统计方法，结局评价指标等。
可在原文中找答案。
华中科技大学历年的考博真题整理2.同济医科大学 2001年泌尿外科(博士一、必答题(15*21 试述创伤的代谢变化及其临床意义2 溶血反应的发病机理及病理变化二选答题(每人必选一题,但是不能选本专业试题,否则没有分数10分 /题1 胃癌淋巴转移途径2 试述开放性骨折的处理原则3 阴囊内肿块常见于哪些疾病?如何诊治?4 急性颅脑损伤的诊治处理原则5 张力性气胸的处理原则6 试述施行活体供脏器移植的基本条件和要求二、专业题(一名词解释 (4分 /题1 尿失禁2 肾积脓3 石街4 精索静脉曲张5 鞘膜积液(二问答题1 试述前列腺癌的诊断和治疗(15分2 试述上尿路结石的诊断及治疗新进展(12分3 试述肾盂癌的诊断和处理原则(13分同济医科大学 2002年泌尿外科(博士一、必答题(30分(一名词解释(3分 /题1 脑再灌注损伤2 中厚皮片(二问答题(12分 /题1创伤后组织修复过程分为哪几个阶段?各阶段的主要特点是什么?2 试述肿瘤浸润与转移过程中的相关因素专业题一、名词解释(3分 /题1 尿频2 PSA3 少尿 /无尿4 肾积水5 皮质醇症二、问答题1简述尿失禁的分类及常见原因(10分2 男性前尿道损伤的治疗原则(15分3 膀胱移行细胞癌的临床分期?表浅膀胱癌的治疗原则(15分4 良性前列腺增生的诊断和鉴别诊断(15分同济医科大学 2003年泌尿外科(博士一、必答题(30分(一名词解释(5*21 成人型呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS2全身性炎症反应综合征(SIRS3 痈4 海绵状血管瘤5 负氮平衡(二问答题(5*61 灭菌与消毒有何区别?2 高钾血症的原因有哪些?如何诊断和处理?3 简述肠外营养有哪些常见的并发症?如何处理?4 简述外科如何选择和使用抗菌药物?5 创伤后组织修复分几个阶段?简述其修复过程?二、专业题(一名词解释(4*31 膀胱破裂的导尿实验2 K抗原3 前列腺痛4 肾皮质结核(二问答题(8*61 什么叫尿频,引起尿频的原因有哪些?2 叙述多囊肾的病因及分类3 叙述分段尿及前列腺培养检查方法4 叙述双侧上尿路结石的手术原则5 叙述膀胱镜下各期膀胱肿瘤的肉眼特征6 叙述肾积水的常见原因7 原发性醛固酮增多症有那些临床表现?8 叙述精索静脉曲张的发病机理同济医科大学 2005年泌尿外科(博士公共部分:一、名解SIADH SIRS二、问答:1、成分输血的种类及适应症2、肠源性感染的发病机制3、代酸的分型及常见原因泌外:一、名解肾积脓浅表性膀胱肿瘤Cushing`s syndrome Peyronie disease二、问答1、简述 BPH 的病生特、各自引起的临床症状和治疗方案2、上尿路结石的微创方法及适应症3、前列腺癌的治疗4、肾结核的鉴别诊断同济医科大学 2006年泌尿外科(博士外科公共部分名词解释 :基因诊断条件性感染CARS问答 :1、肠内营养的适应症2、自体输血的适应症及禁忌症泌尿外科部分名词解释 :肾后性肾功衰微创泌尿外科充盈性尿失禁尿崩症问答 :1、输尿管反流的原因危害及处理2、泌尿系感染与妇科生理变化的关系3、 KUB 的作用4、膀胱造瘘的并发症及预防27. 同济医科大学分子生物学(博士[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboard Posted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:57同济医科大学 2001年分子生物学(博士一、英汉互译下列名词,并加以解释 (30分1、 transposable element2、 restriction enzyme3、 derepression4、 gene therapy5、 calmo dulin6、操纵子7、反式作用因子8、基因组9、原癌基因10、多克隆位点二、试述反式作用因子的结构特征及作用方式 (20分三、试述 2型限制酶的功能与特性 (20分四、试述影响原核基因转录的因素 (20分五、试述病毒核酸的结构特点 (10分华中科技大学同济医学院 2002年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目:分子生物学(基础课科目代码:811一名词解释并写出对应的英文名词(共10小题,每小题5分,共50分1. 克隆载体2. 表达载体3. 假基因4. 微卫星序列5. 回文结构6. 启动子7. 癌基因 8. 多克隆位点 9. 增强子 10. 开放阅读框架二问答题(共 3小题,每小题 10分,共 30分1. 若要获得 IL-2的基因工程产品,你应该怎么做?2. 真核细胞中基因表达的特异性转录调控因子是指什么?根据它们的结构特征可以分为哪些类型?它们和 DNA 相互识别的原理是什么?3. 简述细胞内癌基因激活的方式?三选答题(任选 2小题,每小题 10分,共 20分1. 简述基因治疗中转移外源基因至体内的非病毒和病毒途径的主要原理2. 请你评价一下人类基因组计划(HGMP 完成的意义(蒲А⒕ ? 济和社会的??BR>3.分子生物学实验中所涉及的引物有哪几种,各有什么用途和特点?4. 简述 3~4种 PCR 衍生技术及其应用同济医科大学 2003年分子生物学(博士一名词解释并写出对应的英文名词(共10小题,每小题5分,共50分1. 克隆载体2. 表达载体3. 断裂基因4. 双脱氧核苷酸(简单5. 多克隆位点6. 启动子7. 癌基因8. 核糖体结合位点(简单9. 增强子10. 开放阅读框架二问答题(共3小题,每小题10分,共30分1. 什么是分子克隆技术?它的主要步骤是什么?2. 真核细胞和原核细胞基因表达在转录水平上调控的特点。
2018年3月中国科学院考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．The brain is totally dependent on the oxygen______by its blood supply, and brain cells will die if deprived of oxygen for more than a few minutes.A．producedB．pickedC．conductedD．conveyed正确答案：D解析：本题考查动词的含义。
A生产，产出；B挑选，采摘；C引导，管理；D传送，运输。
该句的大意为：大脑完全依赖于血液供给中输送的氧气，如果缺氧超过几分钟，脑细胞就会死亡。
2．Some part of her tried to convince her to make ______ the door, but she knew they would expect that.A．onB．toC．forD．up正确答案：C解析：本题考查动词短语的含义。
A在……上获利，在……上赚钱；C走向，前往；D弥补，编造；make与to不能构成短语。
该句的大意为：尽管心里有个声音在说服她走向门口，但是她知道他们都希望她那么干。
3．We are all moved by the______of these poor homeless children.A．plightB．situationC．conditionD．circumstance正确答案：A解析：本题考查名词的含义。
A困境，处境；B情况，形势；C条件，(健康)状况；D环境，情况。
2018华中师范大学、华中科技大学考研真题汇总华中师范大学翻译硕士 (MTI ) 基础科目英汉互译部分真题1 IMF 国际货币基金组织2 ILO 国际劳工组织3 IAEA 国际原子能机构4 FAO 联合国粮食及农业组织5 UNCTAD 联合国贸易和发展会议6 the Union of Myanmar 缅甸联邦7 Indian Rupee 印度卢比8 the BRIC Countries 金砖国家9 Good Year 丰收年10 Business Week 商业周刊11 The Woman Warrior 《女勇士》12 Hewlett-Packard惠普科技,惠普公司13 The Other Guys《别的家伙》(美国动作喜剧片)14 Secretary of State 国务卿15 Group 20 20国集团(一个国际经济合作论坛)汉译英1 新华社 Xin Hua News Agency2 发改委 National Development and Reform Commission of the PRC3 审计署 National Audit Office of the PRC4 东航 China Eastern Airlines5 国家馆日 National Pavilion Day6 上海世博会 Shanghai World Expo7 环幕电影 circular-screen movie8 低碳经济 Low carbon economy9 节能减排 energy-saving and emission-reduction10 商品房 commercial residential building11 市场营销 marketing management12 节约能源法 energy-saving act13 原生态 ecosystem14 应对气候变化国家方案national program on addressing climate change15 全球财富论坛 fortune global forum华中师范333教育真题一、名词解释1.学制2.修养3.产婆术4.稷下学宫5.五育并举6.学习策略二、简答1.简述教育的政治功能2.孔子认为教师应该具备的基本特点3.文艺复兴时期，人文主义教育的主要特征4.简述赫尔巴特教学形式阶段论的内容三、论述1.论述文化知识的育人价值2.论黄炎培的职业教育思想3.举例论证教学过程中的直观性原则及要求4.论创造性的内涵及培养途径2018华中科技大学社会工作考研真题社会工作原理一、名词解释（40分）1、危机（指危机干预模式里的危机）2、剩余性福利或残补性社会福利3、简单随机抽样4、社会互动5、社会流动6、叙事治疗模式7、操作化8、封闭小组二、简答（60分）1、简述社会行政的功能2、儿童社会工作的功能3、女性主义对社会工作的意义4、简述小组治疗模式5、行为治疗模式的主要治疗方法三、论述（60分）1、试说明“解释者”社会工作理论范式的特点，包括主要理论，对人和社会关系的看法和社会工作过程理论，结合实务经验进行说明。
华中科技大学外国语学院博士研究生入学考试专业素质与科研能力测试考试大纲（科目代码： 3301）考试说明：根据报考专业，专业素质与科研能力测试考试大纲分为翻译研究、外国文学研究、外国语言学3部分。
翻译研究一、考试性质翻译研究考试的评价标准是高等学校优秀学术型翻译研究方向硕士毕业生能够达到的水平，以保证被录取者具有较为扎实的翻译研究专业方向知识，具有独立从事本学科方向科研的潜力。
考试对象为参加全国博士研究生入学考试的准考考生。
二、面向的考生面向报考英语语言文学专业翻译研究方向的考生。
三、考试形式与试卷结构（一）答卷方式：闭卷，笔试，用英语答题。
（二）答题时间：180分钟（三）题型：术语解释、翻译和论述三种题型（四）题型说明：本门考试有4道题，每题25分。
总分100分。
第一道题为翻译学术语解释，共2小题，占25分；第二道题为1段汉英段落翻译，占25分；第三题和第四题为论述题，各占25分主要考察考生的翻译能力、翻译学的基本理论知识与研究潜力。
要求考生熟练掌握翻译学的基本概念，具有较强的翻译能力，具备综合运用所学的翻译理论和翻译研究方法对翻译现象进行有深度的分析和阐释的能力。
参考书目1.Baker, Mona. & Saldanha, G. (eds.). Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies(Second Edition）[Z]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2010.2.Munday, Jeremy. Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications(Third Edition)[M]. London and New York: Routledge, 2012.3.Gentzler, Edwin.Contemporary Translation Theories[M], Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004.4. Jenny Williams & Andrew Chesterman. 2004. The Map : A Be ginner’s Guide to Doing Research in Translation Studies[M] Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004.5.Boase-Beier, J. Stylistic Approaches to Translation[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2006.6.刘宓庆.中西翻译思想比较研究[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,2005年.7. 陈福康.中国译学理论史稿[M](修订本).上海:上海外语教育出版社,2000年.外国文学研究一、考试性质外国文学研究考试的评价标准是高等学校优秀学术型外国文学方向硕士毕业生能够达到的水平，以保证被录取者具有较为扎实的外国文学专业方向知识，具有独立从事本学科方向科研的潜力。
