上外版英语高级视听说(上册)听力原文

Unit 1 Meeting People ( I )Part AEx1 1. Very well, thank you. And you?2. Hello. Nice to see you too.3. How do you do? It’s good to know you.4. Just fine, thanks.5. Not too bad, thanks.6. Great! What about you?Part BConversation1Ex1 1 b 2 cEx2 somewhere, a friend of Emi, my best friend, Emi’s house, rememberHey, This Is My TableW: Hey!M: Yeah?W: This is my table.M: Your table?W: Yeah. This is my bag. I left it on the table. Didn’t you see it?M: Yeah, I guess so.W: Well?M: Well, sorry, but the place’s really busy. There were no other tables, so…Do you mind? W: Well, I guess you can stay.M: Thanks. By the way, my name’s Bradley. But you can call me Brad.W: I’m Monica. My friends call me Nicki.M: You know, I’ve seen you somewhere.W: Oh?M: I know! You’re a friend of Emi.W: Yeah, she’s my best friend.M: I met you at Emi’s house once.W: Oh, now I remember you.M: So we do know each other…Nicki.W: OK, I guess we do…Brad.Conversation2Ex1 1 d 2 cEx2 1. Santa Barbara, California2. London, work, for a few months3. Rosefield High / the same high school, 1989Is It Okay If I Sit Here?Bill: Excuse me, is it okay if I sit here?Lisa: Sure, go ahead.Bill: Thanks. By the way, I’m Bill Rivers.Lisa: Hi, Bill. My name’s Lisa Brown.Bill: Hi, Lisa. Are you on vacation?Lisa: No, I’m working here in London for a few months.Bill: You’re kidding—so am I. What do you do?Lisa: I work for the American Central Bank. How about you?Bill: I’m an artist, and I was asked to bring over some of my works to a small gallery just near here. I’ve just had my first exhibition there.Lisa: Wow —that is impressive.Bill: Thanks. So where are you from?Lisa: I’m from California —Santa Barbara.Bill: You’re kidding —so am I! Don’t tell me you went to Rosefield High.Lisa: Yeah, I did —but I wasn’t a very good student.Bill: Me neither. What year did you graduate?Lisa: Um, 1989.Bill: Oh, that’s strange, me too. Do you remember Mrs. Rivers?Lisa: Oh, the math teacher? Sure. She was horrible!Bill: She’s my mom.Lisa: Oh.Part C2A1.Monica and Bradley are the two speakers in the conversation.2.It took place in a fast-food restaurant.3.Bradley took Monica’s table because there were no other tables free.4.No, she was unhappy at first.5.Yes, she finally agreed to let Bradley share her table because she found him nice and polite.6.She realized that she had met Bradley before at Emi’s house.7.She was Monica’s best friend and also a friend of Bradley’s.2B1.Yes, he is.2.He is from Santa Barbara, California.3.He went to Rosefield High.4.He graduated in 1989.5.He is an artist.6.He is in London now. He has just had an exhibition of some of his paintings in a small gallery in the city.7.She is a math teacher at Rosefield High.Part D1. a2. d3. bMay I Know Your Name?Mr. Song: Is this your umbrella, miss?Miss Chen: Oh, yes, it is. Thank you. I was looking for is just now.Mr. Song: You look a bit familiar to me. I wonder if I have seen you somewhere before.Miss Chen: Have you?Mr. Song: I think so. May I ask where you live?Miss Chen: Just two blocks away, in that tall building.Mr. Song: That’s it. I live there too. I live on the 6th floor.Miss Chen: My family moved in just two weeks ago. We live on the 4th floor.Mr. Song: It’s a small world! May I know your name?Miss Chen: I’m Chen Ying.Mr. Song: How do you do, Miss Chen? I’m Song Wei.Miss Chen: I’m glad to know you, Mr. Song.Mr. Song: Are you going to work now?Miss Chen: No. I’m going to do some shopping for the weekend. What about you? Mr. Song: I’m going to the airport to meet some friends from Beijing.Miss Chen: See you, Mr. Song.Mr. Song: Have a good day, Miss Chen.Miss Chen: You too.Unit 2 Meeting People ( II )Part AEx1 1. let me introduce you2. I’d like you to meet3. introduce you to4. Let me introduce myself, My name is, I’m5. come and meet, This is, This isPart BConversation1Ex1 1. c 2. b 3. aEx2 publishing company, three book projects, busy, enjoys, free time for herself, busy, five, have lunchMaggie Meets an Old FriendLaura: Maggie? Maggie?Maggie: Laura? Is that you?Laura: Yeah. What a surprise!Maggie: It’s been a long time.Laura: I know. It’s been. What? Five years?Maggie: Five years. Oh my gosh. I can’t believe it.Laura: I know. It’s incredible. So…what’s happening with you?Maggie: Well, I just got a job at a publishing company.Laura: Great. What do you do?Maggie: I’m an assistant editor. I’m working on three book projects. It’s so great.Laura: Wow. Sounds busy.Maggie: Yeah. Can you remember me in high school? I didn’t like to be busy, just liked to have a lot of free time, and be with my friends. But now I sort of like being busy.Laura: Wow, that’s a change. So are you shopping? Spending a lot of money?Maggie: No, I’m just looking around. I don’t spend a lot of money on clothes.Laura: I know what you mean. I don’t either. I am so glad to see you again, Maggie. Well, take care, Maggie. Maggie: Uh, wait. I’m just about to have lunch. Want to come along?Laura: Sure. That’d be great.Conversation2Ex1 1. c 2. dWindy, Isn’t It?George: Windy, isn’t it?Diana: Yes, it is.George: By the way, my name’s George.Diana: Hello. I’m Diana.George: Hi, Diana. Uuh…where are you going?Diana: To Germany. I’m going home.George: Oh, you’re German.Diana: Yes. You’re English, aren’t you?George: Yes, I am.Diana: Where are you going?George: To Portugal!Diana: Oh holiday?George: No, I’m going to take some photographs there.Diana: Take photographs?George: Yes, I work for a travel magazine in Italy.Diana: Ah.George: What do you do?Diana: I’m a student.George: What are you studying?Diana: Medicine.George: Oh, my brother is a doctor.Diana: Really?George: It’s rather cold out here on the deck. Would you like a coffee?Diana: Yes, I’d love one.George: Let’s go along to the restaurant then.Part C2A1.She is an assistant editor in a publishing company.2.She is working on three book projects.3.She feels great.4.She used to like a lot of free time for herself and to be with her friends.5.She enjoys being busy.6.She is in a shop.7.It’s lunch time.8.She is looking around in the shop.9.No, she isn’t. She doesn’t like to spend a lot of money on clothes.10.She is going to have lunch with her friend Laura, whom she has met in the shop.2B1.He is English.2.He takes pictures / is a photographer / works for a travel magazine in Italy.3.He is going to Portugal.4.No, he isn’t.5.He is going to take some photographs.6.No, he isn’t. He is taking the trip by sea.7.He meets a girl called Diana and he introduces himself to her.8.She is going home to Germany.9.Yes, she is. She studies medicine.10.They are going to have coffee together.Part DTen, high school, three years, the same university, happy, the street, have lunch, nearest restaurant, the window, stories about their lives, keep in touchOld Friends MeetMichael was walking along the street the other day. Suddenly he heard someone shouting his name. He stopped and looked around. A young man was running after him. It was Jack Evans. Ten years ago Michael and Jack went to the same high school and then they studied at the same university. But they hadn’t met each other since their graduation three years ago. They were very happy to see each other again and decided to have lunch together. So they went to the nearest restaurant and sat at a table by the window. They had told each other stories about their lives and promised to keep in touch in the future.Unit 3 Study ( Ι )Part AEx11.It’s not very difficult to learn English.2.First, you need to read more after class.3.Listening isn’t my big problem but speaking is.4.I understand you must learn to speak by speaking.5.Bob says it’s hard to speak fluent English.6.If you ask me, I think you should speak slowly and clearly at first.Part BEx1 1 b 2 d 3 aEx2 1. enjoy some music 2. catch every word 3. the key words4. are repeated several times in the dialogue5. closedConversation1I’m Always Nervous in Class( J: Joana P: Paul )J:Paul, I’m nervous.P: Why?J:I’m always nervous whenever I put on the headphones.P:But you can enjoy some music first. The music is so nice.J:Yes, it is. But when the dialogue begins, I can’t catch a word.P:You don’t have to catch every word. Try to get the key words.J:But how can I identify the key words?P:Those words that tell the main idea of the dialogue or are required several times in it.J:Well ,probably you have to tell me the main idea first.P:But...Teacher:Good morning, class. Here are your books Look Ahead. We’ll take Lesson Twelve today. Now put on your headphones and keep your books closed. We’ll listen to the dialogue first.J:Paul, I’m nervous.P:Take it easy, Joana.Conversation2Ex1 1 c 2 b 3 dEx2 1 F 2 T 3 F 4 F 5 THow Many Languages Do You Speak?G:Do you speak Japanese, Mrs. Brown?B:Yes, I speak a little Japanese.G:Does your husband speak Japanese, too?B: Yes, a little.G: How well do you know French?B: Pretty well. But I have a lot of trouble in speaking.G: How many languages do you speak altogether?B: I speak four languages, English, French, German, and a little Japanese. How many do you speak, Mr. Green?G: I speak three foreign languages.B: Which ones?G:I speak French, Greek, and Arabic.B:Arabic? Is it very difficult to learn?G: Yes, it is. But I have to use the language quite often. You see, my company does a lot of business in the Middle East. B:Do you read and write all three languages?G:Yes, I do. But sometimes I make mistakes in spelling.B:So do I.Part C1. Yes, I’m studying in the Department of Economics/ No, I’m visiting a friend here.2. I’m majoring in/ It’s Biochemistry/World History/ International Trade, etc.3. I speak two languages besides Chinese /I can speak English and German.4. Pretty well. But I have trouble with spelling.5. Yes? / Yes, what is it? / Sure. Go ahead.6. It meets on Monday and Thursday.7. It’s due next week.8. Good luck.9. Take it easy.2A1.Joana and Paul are the two speakers in the conversation.2.It took place at a listening comprehension class.3.She was nervous.4.Every time she put on the headphones she would be so nervous that she wouldn’t be able to catch a single wordwhen the conversation began.5.He suggested that Joana focus on the key words only.6.Those are the words that tell the main idea or are repeated several times in a conversation.7.No, she wasn’t because she had difficulty with finding the main idea of a conversation.8.No, the teacher started the lesson before Paul could give Joana any other suggestions and she was nervous again.2B1.She speaks four languages. They are English, French, German and a little Japanese.2.She is quite good at French.3.She sometimes has trouble with spelling.4.He can also speak four languages. They are French, Greek, Arabic and English.5.He learns Arabic because he has to use it quite often. His company does a lot of business in the Middle East.6.He can read and write in all those languages.7.He sometimes makes mistakes in his spelling.Part D1 c2 bMr. Li Meets a StudentW: Hello, Mr. LiM: Hello. Are you a student here?W: Yes. I am in your history class, Mr. Li.M: Are you? Your name is...?W:Helen Baker. I’m from Britain.M: Ah, yes. How do you like my classes，Helen?W: They are very interesting. I really like Chinese history.M: I’m glad you like it. Do you live on campus?W:Yes, I do. I live in the International Students’ Dormitory.M: You don’t have classes this morning, do you?W: No, I don’t. I’m walking around the campus. It’s so beautiful, just like a park. M:Yes, it is. OK, I’m going to my offic e now. Nice talking to you, Helen.W: Nice talking to you, too. See you tomorrow, Mr. Li.M: Goodbye.Unit 4 Study (Ⅱ)Part AEx11. All of us are non-English majors in the college.2. It is very important for us to study English well.3. Is it difficult to learn a foreign language?4. Here is your listening textbook.5. Take it easy when you listen to the recording of a dialogue.6. Now put on your headphones.7. I have a lot of trouble with spelling8. The more you like y our work, the better you’ll do it.Ex21. A book is a friend that you never betray us.2. All books are divided into two classes: the books of the hour, and the books of all time.3. That is a good book which is opened with expectation and closed with profit.4. No entertainment is so cheap as reading nor any pleasure so fasting.5. A little learning is a dangerous thing, but a lot of ignorance is just as bad.Part BConversation1Ex1 1.b 2 c 3 aEx2 1. African Music Intermediate Piano English Composition Basic Chinese2. English Literature ⅡPolitical Science Math Computer ProgrammingⅠThe New Semester(D: David C: Christina)D: Hi, Christina. How are you doing?C:OK, pretty busy.D: Did you register for the new semester?C: Yeah, um-hm. I registered yesterday. What about you?D: Me, too. I registered this morning.C: What are you taking this semester?D:English LiteratureⅡ，Political Science, Math and Computer ProgrammingⅠ.C: Well, they’ll keep you pretty busy.D:I guess so. How about you? Going to take any business classes?C: No, I don’t think so, I’m going to take an African music course. It meets three times a week. D:Hmm. Well, any piano classes?C: Yeah, I’m taking Intermediate Piano. It meets on Monday.D: How about the basic requirement course?C:I’m going to take English Composition and Basic Chinese.D: Sounds like a full schedule!C: Yeah, I’m going to be really busy.Conversation2Ex1 1 d 2c 3aGood Morning, Cindy!M: Good morning, Cindy. You’re here early.W: Yes, I know, Dr Brown. I need to talk to you about my project.M: Oh, your project. It’s not a good time right now. I have to teach my morning class in just a few minutes.W: How about later today?M: Let’s see, today’s Wednesday, right?W: Uh-huh.M: Well, on Wednesdays I teach all morning. But I’ve got some free time between 12 and 1 today. How’s that for you? W: Hmm. I’ve got a swimming class then.M: Oh, a swimming class?W: Yeah. I go three times a week. You know, down at the university pool. Do you ever go there?M: No, never. I’m usually too busy.W: Well, I’m free after about 3.Would that be a good time?M: Ah, 3 o’clock? I have a faculty meeting...a faculty meeting every Wednesday, from 3 till about 5.W: Well, could we meet after that?M:Oh, gosh. No, sorry. I’ve got to run to the day-care center.I pick up my daughter there every day at 5:30.How about tomorrow?Part C1 Model a: Talking about study with a schoolmate( J: Janet L: Linda )(In a school cafeteria)J:Hi ,Linda.L: Hi, Janet. Do you have classes this afternoon?J: Yes, my World History class meets this afternoon. It’s an optional course, but it’s very interesting. The professor really knows how to spark our interest.L: Is it Professor Smith? Everyone says he’s great.J: Yes, he’s the best.L: I remember you are very interested in French history, aren’t you?J: Yes. Actually I’m thinking of doing some research on the French Revolution, but I don’t know where to start.L: Maybe you can ask Professor Smith for help.J: Yes, I think I’ll do that.1 Model b( J: Janet P: Professor Smith)(Later in the afternoon)J:Good afternoon, Professor Smith. Could I speak to you for a minute?P: Yes, Janet.J: I’m thinking of doing some research on the French Revolution, but I don’t know where to start. I wonder if you can help me.P: Well, you can start doing some reading first. There are many good books on this period of the French History. Um, you see. I’m rushing to a faculty meeting in a few minutes. Are you free tomorrow morning?J:Yes, I don’t have any classes tomorrow morning.P: Good .Why don’t you come to my office at 10:00? We can have a good chat then.J: Thank you so much, Professor Smith.P: You’re welcome2A1.Yes, she registered for the new semester yesterday.2.No, she is not taking any business classes.3.She is taking an African music course and Intermediate Piano.4.The African music course meets three times a week and the piano course once a week.5.It meets on Monday.6.She is going to taking two basic requirement courses. They are English Composition and Basic Chinese.7.It’s a full schedule.8.She is expecting a busy semester.2B1.Cindy and Dr Brown are the two speakers in the conversation.2.Cindy is a student and Dr Brown a professor at the university.3.It was a Wednesday.4.She wanted to talk to Dr Brown about her project.5.No, he wasn’t. He had to teach the whole morning.6.He would be free between 12 and 1.7.No, she wasn’t. She had a swimming class then.8.She would be free after about 3.9.No, he had a faculty meeting from 3 till about 5.10.No, it wasn’t. He had to go to the day-care center to pick up his daughter at 5:30.11.No, Cindy wouldn’t be able to talk to Dr Brown about her project that day but they would probably be able tomeet the next day.Part D1 a2 c3 dWhat Are You Majoring in?M: Are you studying here?W: Yes. I’m studying in the East Asian Language Department.M: What are you majoring in?W: Japanese.M: Is it difficult to learn?W: Yes. The language is hard to learn, but it’s interesting.M: Do you know much about the country.W: Yes. I’m reading a lot of books about Japan. I like its culture. It’s quite different from ours.M: Yes, it is. And you need to understand the culture of a nation if you want to learn its language well. W: You’re right.M: You want to do business or to teach in Japan?W: I’m working in a company that does a lot of business with Japan.M: Oh, I see. Good luck, then.Unit 5 Apologies ( I )Part AEx11.it’s no trouble at all2.that’s OK3.that’s all right.4.it’s nothing5.forget it6.no problem7.please don’t worry8.never mind. I quite understand9.well, it’s happened to me, too10.Don’t think any more about thatEx2 1. d 2. a 3. c 4. b 5. dPart BConversation1Ex1 1 b 2 d 3 dEx2 1-5 TFFTTThis isn’t the first timeW: I’m afraid I have a complaint to makeM: Oh, dear. Please take a seatW: I’m sorry to say the bill you sent me was incorrectM: Incorrect, madam? That’s very strange.W: Yes. I know, and what’s more, this isn’t the first time.M: Really, madam? I find it hard to believeW: Look, it’s happened five or six times in the past three months.M: Ah, well, I must apologize, madam. It’s the new computerW: Well, don’t you think it’s about time you got it working properly? It’s most inconvenient. M: I agree entirely. I’m awfully sorry about it. I assure you it won’t happen again.Conversation2Ex1 1 b 2 d 3 aEx2 1. he said he would have the zipper of the dress repaired right away.2. he said he would exchange the dress for a new one3. she wanted her money back4. a. the zipper of the dress was damagedb. she didn’t like the color of the dress and the dress didn’t look good on her.Is there a problem?W: Excuse me.M: Yes, Can I help you?W: Well, I bought this dress in your storeM: Yes? Is there a problem?W: Yes. I wore this dress and the zipper broke.M: Oh, I’m very sorry about that.W: You see, I was at a party when this happened. It was most embarrassing.M: I do apologize, madam. We can repair that for you right away.W: Um… well, actually, I’d like my money back, please.M: Oh, you don’t want us to repair it? We can exchange it for another oneW: No, I’d really rather have my money back. It’s not my color and I don’t look good in it.M: I’m awfully sorry, madam. We can’t give your money back to you.W: But I really think that I should be able…M: Maybe you should speak to the managerW: Yes, please let me speak to the manager.Part C2A1.The woman was a customer and the man, the manager of the store2.She was making a complaint. She complained that the store had sent her an incorrect bill3.No, he found it very strange4.The fact that the woman had received incorrect bills five or six times in the past three months5.Yes, he did6.It was the new computer7.He promised that it wouldn’t happen againB.1. She bought a dress in the store.2. The zipper of the dress broke3. She was at the party4. She felt very embarrassed5. She wanted her money back6. No, he didn’t7. He offered to repair the dress for her or exchange it for a new one8. She didn’t like the color of the dress and she didn’t look good in it9. He told her to see the managerPart D1.She will have to work overtime this weekend2.She will be out of town on business for two weeks after this weekendOh, No, I’m sorryM: Mary, have you seen the new modern art exhibition yet? I heard it’s pretty interestingW: No, I haven’t been, but I have heard a lot about it. I’m looking forward to seeing it one of these days.M: So am I. Why don’t we go together this weekend? Are you free then?W: I think so… oh, no. I’m sorry. My boss asked me to work overtime on Saturday afternoon, and I think he wants me to come in on Sunday, too. We have a deadline to meet next Monday, and we don’t have enough people to do all the work.M: How about the weekend after this?W: I’d love to ,Don, but I will be out of town on business that weekend. I’m leaving for Moscow on Tuesday and I won’t be back for two weeks. I’m awfully sorry.M: Oh, it sounds like we’ll never get to the museum together. It’s too bad you are so busy.W: Why don’t we get together after I come back from Moscow?M: Yes, I’d like that. I’ll call you then.W: Please do . ByeM: ByeUnit 6 Apologies ( II )Part AEx11.at the party2.remember Mary’s e-mail address exactlyte for class4.hand in his homework on timee round to Monica’s house.Ex21.mail2.hear from you3.you don’t like it very much4.probably5.you have more friends6.spend the summer vacation7.I can’t make it8.she needs me9.go away10.you can join me and my familyPart BConversation1Ex1 1 d 2 c 3 cEx2 1.three2. Tuesday; wait for her turn; two3. yesterday4. Thursday; for an hour in the rain; fullIt wasn’t my faultW: Good morning, Mr. Sharp. I’m awfully sorry I’m lateM: You’re late every morning, Miss Smith. You were late Tuesday, yesterday… Don’t you have a watch?W: Yes, but it wasn’t my fault. I stood in the rain for an hour this morning. I waited and waited for a bus, and then when one came, it was full.M: What about yesterday and the day before yesterday?W: Well, I came by taxi yesterday and…M: And you were still late！And Tuesday?W: Tuesday I went to see the doctor and I waited for my turn for about two hours. It was terrible!M: And tomorrow, Miss Smith?Conversation2Ex1 1. d 2. c 3. bEx2 1-4 FFFTWhat was the address you used?M: Hey, Sue, you promised to e-mail me the latest information yesterday. But I didn’t find any.W: oh, yes, I know, Pike. I tried to, but my e-mails kept coming back marked “undeliverable”M: well, what was the address you used?W: spike@M: oh, no, no. That was the old address. I gave you the new one on my last e-mail to you.W: oh, I’m terribly sorry about that, PikeM: That’s all right, Sue. Can you try again?W: yes, of course. Er….could you please tell me your new address again, Pike?M: It’s spike2006@W: Ok, I’ll update my address book and e-mail you right away.M: Thank you for the troubleW: No trouble at allPart C2A1.Miss Smith and Mr. Sharp are the two speakers in the conversation2.she was making an apology to Mr. Sharp because she was late for work3.he was unhappy because Miss Smith had been late several times in the week4.no, she didn’t think it was her fault5.she had to stand in the rain for an hour for the bus but when it finally came it was full6.she had to wait for her turn at the doctor’s office for about two hours7.no, he didn’t. he thought she was just making excuses2B1.she promised to e-mail him the latest information2.yes , she did3.no, her e-mail kept returning to her4.no, she didn’t5.he found out that Sue had used his old e-mail address6.yes, he had given her his new address on his last e-mail7.she forgot that Pike had changed his e-mail address and failed to update her address book8.he asked Sue to use his new address and try again9.she promised she would update her address book and send him the latest information right awayPart D1. b2. c3. dI can’t stand itM: Excuse me, Mrs. Brown. I’m trying to do some work now. I’m afraid your children are making too much noise. W: Oh, I’m sorry, Mr. Smith. But you know it’s difficult to keep boys quiet. They are in their early teens.M: But I can’t stand it any more. I couldn’t work and I couldn’t sleep at all last night. And I was also awakened by the noise they made early this morningW: I’m very, very sorry, Mr. Smith. You know they never listen to me. They are only afraid of their father. But he is away on business. I think he will be back in a couple of days.M: well, it seems I have to put up with it in the meantime. But I hope your husband can do something about it when he returns.Ex 11. On the chair by the bookshelf.2. Behind the door.3. Under the small table.4. In his study.5. Under the pillow.Ex 2on the sixth floor, right over there, at the moment, next to, in front of the stairs.Part BConversation1Ex1 1 d 2 a 3 cWhere Is the Grand Theater?W: Excuse me, sir. Could you tell me the way to the Grand Theater?M: The Grand Theater? Let me think for a minute. Ah, yes. It’s on Market Street.W: But where’s Market Street?M: Go straight down this road until you come to the traffic lights. Then turn right.W: That’s Market Street?M: Yes. But you’ve got to go along the street for about three blocks until you see a big fountain.W: Yes. And---M: And the Theater is behind the fountain.W: I see. Go straight to the traffic lights, then turn right to Market Street, walk three blocks and the Theater is behind a fountain.M: You’ve got it.W: Thanks a lot.M: You’re welcome. Have a good day.W: You, too.Conversation2Ex1 1 d 2 c 3 aExcuse Me, I’m Looking for…W: Excuse me. I’m looking for the Media Megastore.M: Yes, it’s on the corner of Fifth Avenue and FairviewW: Ok, Fifth Avenue and Fairview Street. Could you tell me how to get there?M: Sure. We’re on First Street. So, go down this one block to Fairview.W: Ok. That’s one block to Fairview.M: Uh-huh. Then take a left and walk four blocks to Fifth.W: I see. A left and it’s four blocks to Fifth. Ok.M And you’ll see it on the rightW: On the right? On the corner?M: That’s right. You can’t miss it.W: Great！Thank you very much.M: Sure. No problem.。

上外版英语高级听力测试(上册)听力原文以下是上外版英语高级听力测试(上册)的听力原文：1. Conversation 1Speaker A: Could you help me with the assignment? I'm not sure how to start.Speaker B: Sure, what do you need assistance with?Speaker A: I am having trouble understanding the essay prompt. It seems vague to me.Speaker B: Let's take a look. Hmm, I see what you mean. It asks you to analyze the effects of globalization on the economy. Maybe we can break it down into smaller parts.Speaker A: That might help. Could you guide me on how to approach this topic?Speaker B: Of course. We can start by defining globalization and then discuss its impact on various sectors of the economy.2. Conversation 2Speaker B: Yes, I did. I'm considering applying for it. What do you think?Speaker B: That's true. However, I'm not sure if I meet all the qualifications listed in the job description.Speaker A: Don't let that discourage you. Sometimes job descriptions are more like wish lists. Your skills and experience might still be a good fit.Speaker B: You're right. I will give it a shot and see what happens.3. LectureGood morning, everyone. Today, we will be discussing the topic of climate change. As we all know, climate change is a pressing issue affecting our planet. It refers to long-term changes in temperature, precipitation, wind patterns, and other aspects of the Earth's climate system.There are several factors contributing to climate change, including human activities such as deforestation, burning fossil fuels, and industrial processes. These activities release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, which trap heat and lead to a rise in global temperatures.The consequences of climate change are far-reaching. They include melting ice caps, rising sea levels, extreme weather events, and disruptions to ecosystems. It is essential for us to take action to mitigate the effects of climate change and work towards more sustainable practices.Thank you for your attention. That concludes today's lecture on climate change.。

高中英语必修第一册听力原文上外版全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1Hi there! My name is Tommy and I'm 10 years old. I'm in the 5th grade at Sunny Hills Elementary School. Today I want to tell you all about my life as a kid and what it's like being a student. Get ready, because this is going to be a long story!First off, I have to wake up pretty early on school days - around 6:30am. My mom comes into my room and says "Time to get up, sleepyhead!" I never want to get out of my warm, cozy bed. But if I don't, I'll be late for school and get in trouble. So I drag myself to the bathroom, brush my teeth, and get dressed.For breakfast, I usually have a bowl of cereal with milk and a banana. My favorite cereals are Chocolate Frosted Sugar Bombs and Marshmallow Mateys. My mom says they aren't very healthy and I should eat oatmeal or whole grain cereal instead. But they're just so good! After breakfast, I grab my backpack and lunchbox, and my mom drives me to school.The first class of the day is always math. I'm not very good at math - I get confused by all the numbers and equations. Luckily,my teacher Mr. Parker is really nice and patient. He walks around the class helping anyone who's struggling. Even when I don't understand something, he explains it in a simple way until it finally clicks.Next up is language arts, which is one of my favorite classes. We read awesome books and stories, practice writing, and learn about grammar rules. Just this week, we started the novel "The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe" by C.S. Lewis. It's about four siblings who travel through an enchanted wardrobe to a magical land called Narnia. I can't wait to find out what happens!Around 11:30am, it's time for lunch and recess. I usually buy a lunch from the cafeteria since I'm not a fan of the sandwiches my mom packs. My favorite lunch is chicken nuggets, tater tots, a fruit cup, and a chocolate milk carton. For recess, I love to play on the jungle gym or have battles with my friends using our Bakugan figures. Sometimes I join the pickup basketball or soccer games too.After lunch, we have science and then social studies. Science is pretty interesting - we get to do a lot of hands-on experiments and projects. Like last month, we built these cool model volcanos and made them "erupt" with baking soda and vinegar. For social studies, we're learning geography and about the different states,their capitals, landmarks, and so on. I actually find memorizing all those names and places really boring.Finally, the last class of the day is either gym, art, music, or computers. Those are my other favorite classes because they're way more fun than the core subjects. In gym, we play games like kickball or dodgeball. Art is awesome because we get to draw, paint, sculpt with clay - anything crafty and creative. Music is cool too since we sing songs and learn how to play instruments like the recorder. And in computer class, we practice typing and get to play educational games and activities.The school day ends at 3:15pm and that's when I feel really excited and relieved. My dad usually picks me up and I tell him about all the things I did that day on the drive home. When I get home, I have a snack like graham crackers or apple slices with peanut butter while I watch a few episodes of my favorite cartoon.Around 5pm, I start my homework for the night. I try to get it all done before dinner, but that doesn't always happen. Especially if there's a lot of math or I'm feeling stuck on an assignment. That's when I ask my parents for help explaining things. If my homework still isn't finished after dinner, I have to go to my room and keep working on it until it's complete.Once my homework is finally done, I'm free to relax and have fun! I might play outside for a while if it's still light out. Or I'll play video games, build with Lego, draw and color, or playmake-believe games with my toys. Sometimes my friends come over and we'll make a huge fort out of blankets and pillows in the living room. Other times we'll make a lemonade stand and try to sell cups of lemonade to people walking by.Around 8pm, I start getting ready for bed. I take a shower or bath, put on my pajamas, and brush my teeth again. Then篇2Hi there! My name is Billy and I'm in 5th grade. I love going to school and learning new things every day. Today I want to tell you all about a really cool field trip we took last week.It was a beautiful sunny morning when we loaded up on the big yellow school bus. My best friend Tommy and I raced to get the back seat - that's the best spot on the bus! We were so excited because we were going to the Museum of Natural History in the city. I had been there once before when I was little, but I didn't remember much about it.The bus ride took forever, or at least it felt like it. Tommy and I played I Spy and the License Plate Game to help pass the time.When we finally arrived, I could hardly sit still waiting for everyone to get off the bus. Finally, it was our turn and we hurried up the big stone steps at the entrance.As soon as we walked inside, my jaw dropped open. The museum was huge! The ceilings were so high and there were gigantic dinosaur skeletons and animal exhibits everywhere you looked. Our class gathered around our teacher, Mrs. Jones, as she reminded us about the rules like staying with our buddy and not running off.First up was the dinosaur exhibit and let me tell you, those things were massive! There were terrifying meat-eaters with huge teeth and long-necked plant-eaters that seemed to stretch on forever. My favorite was the Tyrannosaurus Rex. Can you imagine seeing one of those in real life? I'd be so scared!After the dinosaurs, we saw exhibits on the ancient cultures of Egypt, Greece, and Rome. I was amazed by the mummies and golden artifacts from Egyptian tombs. The Greek statues were incredibly detailed and lifelike. And the Roman displays showed what life was like in an ancient city, from their buildings and roads to soldiers' uniforms and weapons. History came alive in a way I'd never experienced before in my textbooks.Next up was the gemstone room, which was breathtaking. The walls were lined with thousands of dazzling rocks, crystals, and minerals from all over the world. Some were small enough to fit in your hand while others were the size of refrigerators! My favorite was the giant amethyst geode that looked like a purple crystal cave you could crawl inside. The gems came in every color imaginable - deep blues, fiery reds, vibrant greens. I could have spent all day in that room.The afternoon flew by as we explored exhibits on the ocean, the rainforest, the Arctic, and more. We saw life-size models of whales and sharks, and walked through a tunnel with trees, plants, and animals from the Amazon rainforest surrounding us on all sides. By the time we made it to the butterfly garden, I thought my brain might explode from sensory overload!The bus ride home felt even longer, but this time it was because we were all so exhausted from our big adventure. Tommy and I could barely keep our eyes open. All I could think about was how lucky we were to have teachers and a school that encouraged us to get out and explore the world beyond our textbooks.That field trip will forever be one of my favorite memories. I have a new appreciation for science, history, and nature afterseeing it all come to life at the museum. Maybe I'll be a paleontologist and dig up dinosaur bones. Or a gemologist and study beautiful rocks and minerals. Or a historian and unlock the secrets of ancient civilizations. Whatever path I choose, I know the museum opened my eyes to the incredible world around me in a way I'll never forget.篇3Hi everyone! My name is Emma, and I'm a 10-year-old girl from a small town in the countryside. I love going to school and learning new things every day. Today, I want to tell you all about my favorite subject – English class!I still remember the first time I stepped into my English classroom. It was like entering a whole new world! The walls were decorated with colorful posters and alphabet charts, and there were even some cute stuffed animals sitting on the shelves. Our teacher, Miss Smith, always had a big smile on her face and made learning English so much fun.One of the things I enjoyed the most was learning new words and phrases. Miss Smith would introduce them to us using flashcards or by acting them out. For example, when she taught us the word "jump," she would actually jump up and down infront of the class, and we would all giggle and repeat after her. It was like a game, and we didn't even realize how much we were learning!Speaking of games, we played a lot of them in English class. One of my favorites was called "Simon Says." Miss Smith would give us instructions like "Simon says touch your nose" or "Simon says clap your hands," and we had to follow her commands only if she said "Simon says" first. It was a great way to practice listening and following directions in English.Another thing I loved about English class was the stories. Miss Smith would read us books filled with colorful illustrations and exciting adventures. Sometimes, she would even have us act out the stories or create our own endings. It was like we were transported into magical worlds filled with talking animals, brave knights, and friendly monsters.One of my favorite memories from English class was when we had a special "International Day." Each of us got to dress up in traditional clothes from a different country and bring in a traditional dish to share with the class. I wore a beautiful kimono and brought in some delicious sushi rolls that my mom had made. It was so much fun learning about different cultures and trying new foods!Another highlight was when we had a pen pal program with a school in England. We got to write letters back and forth with students our age, asking them questions about their lives and sharing stories about our own. It was amazing to make friends from across the world and practice our English writing skills at the same time.One of the things I'm most thankful for is having such a wonderful English teacher like Miss Smith. She made learning fun and exciting, and she never gave up on us, even when we struggled. Thanks to her, I now feel confident speaking, reading, and writing in English, and I'm excited to keep learning and exploring this amazing language.Who knows, maybe one day I'll even get to visit an English-speaking country and put my skills to the test! For now, though, I'm just happy to be in English class, soaking up all the knowledge and adventures that come my way.So, that's a little glimpse into my life as a primary school student learning English. It's been an incredible journey so far, and I can't wait to see where it takes me next!篇4Hi, my name is Lily and I'm a 4th grader at Sunshine Elementary School. I live with my mom, dad, and little brother Tommy who is in 1st grade. Today I want to tell you all about a typical day in my life!Every morning, my mom comes into my room around 7am and gently wakes me up. "Rise and shine, sleepyhead!" she'll say in a sing-song voice. I groan and pull the covers over my head, never wanting to leave my warm, cozy bed. But mom is persistent, tickling my feet until I finally surrender with fits of giggles.Once I'm up, I shuffle to the bathroom to brush my teeth and get dressed for school. I put on my uniform - a white polo shirt, navy blue skirt, and black shoes. Tommy is usually still fast asleep so I try to be quiet as a mouse.Downstairs, the smell of pancakes and syrup greets me. Dad is an amazing cook! He always makes my favorite breakfast on school days. I gobble down the fluffy pancakes, washing them down with a big glass of orange juice. By 8am, Tommy has joined us, his messy hair sticking up in all directions. "Moooorning," he yawns widely.After breakfast, it's a mad dash to get our backpacks and head out the door. Mom drives us the few blocks to school,dropping Tommy off at the elementary building first. I give him a high five before he scampers off. "Have an awesome day!" I call after him.The bell rings just as I reach my classroom. My best friend Emma is already at her desk. "Lily! Did you finish the math homework?" she asks worriedly. I nod and hand her my sheet to copy the answers. The teacher won't mind, I'm sure.First up is English class. I love learning new words and phrases! Today we're talking about hobbies. I raise my hand eagerly when the teacher asks what I like to do for fun. "I love reading fantasy novels," I say. "My favorite is Harry Potter!"By mid-morning, my stomach is growling. Finally it's time for recess and lunch! I buy a peanut butter and jelly sandwich from the cafeteria along with an apple juice box and a chocolate chip cookie. Emma and I find a shady spot on the playground to eat and chat about our latest obsession - K-pop music!After lunch, we have P.E. class. I actually don't mind running laps and doing jumping jacks since it means we get to play dodgeball after! I'm one of the best dodgers in the class. Today's game is intense but my team prevails. "Yeah! We're the champs!"I cheer, doing a silly victory dance with Emma.The rest of the afternoon flies by with science, art, and social studies lessons. By the time 3pm rolls around, I'm dragging my feet. But I put on a burst of energy for my favorite part of the day - the after school club! Today is art club and we're learning how to make clay monsters. I get completely covered in colorful clay but manage to sculpt a pretty cool three-eyed beast.Finally, it's time to go home. I spot mom's car in the pickup line and scramble inside, holding up my clay creation. "Look what I made today!" I exclaim proudly. Mom smiles and says "That's awesome, honey! You'll have to tell me all about it."At home, I spend a blissful hour watching cartoons and snacking on chips before starting my homework. Tonight I have math problems, a spelling worksheet, and have to write a short book report. I put on my favorite playlist to make the work more fun.Around 6pm, dad gets home from his office job. "There are my two favorite kids!" he booms, scooping us up in a big bear hug. We all head to the kitchen to help mom cook dinner - she's making chicken stir fry, my favorite! Even Tommy loves helping by rinsing the veggies.After we eat, it's time for baths and then straight to bed. I snuggle under the covers with a new book from the library,content as can be. Before falling asleep, I think about what an awesome day it was. I can't wait for another fun-filled day of school, friends, and family tomorrow!篇5Hi everyone! My name is Lily and I'm in 5th grade. Today I want to share with you the really cool listening exercises we've been doing in my English class. We use this big green textbook called "Compulsory English Course 1" and it has all these interesting stories and conversations for us to listen to.My favorite one so far is called "A Terrible Dread." It's about this boy named Tim who is really scared of going to the dentist. The story starts with Tim's mom telling him they have a dentist appointment that day. Tim gets really nervous and tries to make up excuses not to go. He says things like "But mom, I'm not feeling well today. Maybe we should go another time." His mom doesn't let him get out of it though!When they get to the dentist's office, Tim is shaking with fear. The dentist calls him in and Tim has to go into the room alone with her. That's when the dentist starts talking in this really soft, gentle voice. She explains everything she's going to do socarefully. She lets Tim hold a little mirror to watch her work on his teeth. And she keeps praising him for being such a brave boy.By the end of the appointment, Tim isn't scared at all anymore! He's so relieved that it wasn't as bad as he thought. His mom is waiting for him and she's really proud of how well he did. The story teaches a good lesson about not being afraid of things before they even happen.Another fun dialogue is called "A Snowy Day." Two friends named Mary and Jane are looking out the window at the snow falling outside. They decide they want to build a snowman, so they put on all their cold weather gear like coats, hats, scarves, and mittens. When they go out to the yard, they start rolling up balls of snow to make the snowman's body. But uh-oh! They can't find anything to use for the arms. That's when they get the idea to use tree branches instead.After decorating their snowman with a hat, scarf, and carrot nose, they decide to have a snowy adventure. The girls make snow angels by swinging their arms and legs back and forth while lying in the snow. Then they have a fun snowball fight, trying to hit each other with packed snow. By the time they go back inside, they're all tuckered out but happy from their snowy day.Let me tell you about one more listening exercise, this one is a speech by a teenage girl named Kate. She's talking about her after-school job working at the mall's pet store. Kate says she has always loved animals ever since she was a little kid. At the pet store, she gets to take care of all the puppies, kittens, hamsters, birds, and fish. Her main jobs are feeding them, cleaning their cages, and playing with them so they get exercise.The best part for Kate is socializing the animals so they'll be friendly when someone adopts them as pets. She especially loves training the puppies to do tricks like sit, stay, and shake. Even though it's a lot of hard work, Kate says it's the perfect job for an animal-lover like her. She feels lucky to spend her after-school hours surrounded by cute furry friends instead of just sitting at home.Those listening exercises are so engaging to me! I love getting to hear the different characters' voices and trying to understand all the details of the stories. My teacher always has us answer comprehension questions or discuss the key points when we're done listening. It really helps me practice my English listening skills in a fun way. I can't wait to keep working through all the great materials in this textbook!篇6Hi there! My name is Emma and I'm a 10-year-old student in 5th grade. I love learning English and listening to stories in my English class. Our teacher often uses the listening materials from the first required English textbook for high school students called "Go for It!" published by FLTRP. Even though it's a high school book, I find the stories really fun and interesting!One of my favorite listening。

英语高级视听说-听力原文-Unit-3-New-orleans-is-sink ingUnit 3 New orleans is sinkingFor 300 years, the sea has been closing in on New Orleans. As the coastal erosion continues, it is estimated the city will be off shore in 90 years. Even in good weather, New Orleans is sinking. As the city begins what is likely to be the biggest demolition project in U.S. history, the question is, can we or should we put New Orleans back together again?Life has been returning to high and dry land on Bourbon Street, but to find the monumental challenge facing the city you have to visit neighborhoods you have never heard of. On Lizardi Street, 60 Minutes took a walk with the men in charge of finishing what Katrina started.Correspondent Scott Pelley reports.Before Katrina, "There would be noise and activity and families and people, and children, and, you know, I haven't seen a child in a month here," says Greg Meffert, a city official who, with his colleague Mike Centineo, is trying to figure out how much of the city will have to be demolished.Meffert, who is in charge of city planning, says it is "very possible" up to 50,000 houses will have to be bulldozed. Right now, most of the homes in the city are uninhabitable.Meffert faces a difficult task. Every time he goes to a house site here, he says, "It's one more knife in me that says, 'She did another one. She did another one,'" explains Meffert, "she" meaning Hurricane Katrina.When you walk through these neighborhoods and you see the houses, you get a sense of the pain of the individual families. But you don't get a sense of what has happened to the city of New Orleans itself.It is estimated that there were 200,000 homes in New Orleans, and 120,000 of them were damaged by the flood.The part of the city known as the lower Ninth Ward received some of the heaviest flooding. The houses are splintered block after block after block, almost as if the city had been carpet-bombed in war.Meffert says that before the storm, New Orleans had a population of470,000-480,000 people. Realistically, he thinks that half of those residents won't be coming back.The possessions of thousands of families, the stuff collected over lifetimes is suddenly garbage, clawed up into mountains in city parks. With so much gone already, should New Orleans pick up right where it was?"We should be thinking about a gradual pullout of New Orleans, and starting to rebuild people's homes, businesses and industry in places that can last more than 80 years," says Tim Kusky, a professor of earth sciences at St. Louis University.Kusky talks about a withdrawal of the city and explains that coastal erosion was thrown into fast forward by Katrina. He says by 2095, the coastline will pass the city and New Orleans will be what he calls a "fish bowl.""Because New Orleans is going to be 15 to 18 feet below sea level, sitting off the coast of North America surrounded by a 50- to 100-foot-tall levee system to protect the city," explains Kusky.He says the city will be completely surrounded by the Gulf of Mexico just 90 years from now.Since this story aired on Nov. 20, there has been considerable discussion about whether New Orleans really is sinking, including on CBS News' blog, Public Eye."That's the projection, because we are losing land on the Mississippi Delta at a rate of 25 to 30 square miles per year. That's two acres per hour that are sinking below sea level," says Kusky.That process could only be slowed, in theory, by massive restoration of wetlands. In the meantime, while Kusky's advice is to head for the hills, some New Orleans residents are hoping to head home.Vera Fulton has lived most of her 81 years on Lizardi Street and returned to her home recently for the first time since being evacuated."When they say 'storm,' I leave. I can't swim and I can't drink it. So what I do, I leave," says Vera, who has lost her home to two hurricanes.Vera is intent on coming back. "I don't have no other home, where I'mThree generations of Fultons, Vera's son Irvin Jr., his wife Gay and their son Irvin, 3rd, live around Lizardi Street.Irvin says his house is "just flat" and he didn't have insurance.That's the dilemma. The only thing they have left is land prone to disaster. They want to rebuild, and the city plans to let them.At Vera's house, Mike Centenio, the city's top building official, told 60 Minutes homes can go up as long as they meet what is called the "100-year flood level."The federal government had set a flood-level, but didn't figure on a levee failure that would flood parts of the city.The official level is several feet off the ground. If people meet the requirement, they can rebuild their homes, despite the fact that we saw, for example, a refrigerator lifted to the top of a carport by the floodwaters.Asked whether allowing people to rebuild makes sense, Centenio says it is "going to take some studying."Right now, he says the flood level requirement is the law.Twelve weeks after the storm hit, no one has an answer to where people should go. An estimated 80,000 homes had no insurance, and for now, the biggest grant a family can get from the federal government is $26,200. Those without flood insurance face an uncertain road ahead, trying to piece their lives and homes back together."I don't think any of us get to be made whole. I don't know of anybody that's even getting back to where they were. It's just a matter of how much you lost," says Meffert.No one wants to risk more losses until the levees are fixed but there is not a lot of confidence in that. There's evidence some of the levee walls may have failed from bad design or lousy workmanship.Fixing them is up to Colonel Richard Wagenaar, who told 60 Minutes, that by next summer, the levees will withstand a Category 3 storm. But for a Category 5 storm, Congress would have to double the levee height to 30Col. Wagenaar says building a 30-foot flood control system around the city could take five to ten years, and cost billions of dollars.Asked whether he would live in New Orleans if the levees were restored to pre-Katrina levels, Col. Wagenaar said he would, after a long pause."There's a lot of long pauses in things I think about these days," Wagenaar added.Another thing that gives you pause is the fact that one of the world's largest pumping systems can't keep the city dry with broken levees.60 Minutes was there in September during Hurricane Rita. Crews were fighting with everything they had, cooling a pump with a hose and a coat hanger. When the station flooded during Katrina, Gerald Tilton dove under water to open valves.Since then, Tilton and his men have been living at the station. "Most of us, our homes have been destroyed but a large number of us are still here doing the job that we get paid to do," says Tilton.Tilton says he hasn't seen his home since the storm hit and only took one thing from the house when he left: his diploma. "I graduated from Tulane last year and that was the one thing that I wanted. I know it might sound crazy."But sharp minds and heroism couldn't stop a second flood.It took another two weeks to dry out and count the losses. Now, inspectors with laptops are identifying ruined houses."Every house in New Orleans is loaded into this database," explains Centineo. The reports are sent instantly to a computer at city hall, where the database is linked to aerial images of every address, both before and after.When the reports are in, they will know how many billions it will take to rebuild, but not where that money is coming from.Mike Centineo showed us, at his house, that you can't appreciate the loss until you walk through the door. He lost pretty much everything in his home. "We've lost a lot. What hurts is family photos. They went under water and I pulled them out to try to salvage what I could," Centineo says.Centineo says he understands, probably better than any building official ever has, what the victims of Katrina are going through. "I'm one of them, that's true, I'm one of them."He is one of about 400,000 people still unable to come home. That's the worst part now, the deflation of the Big Easy.There are too few people to pay taxes or keep businesses going. The world's largest domed stadium doesn't have a football team; In New Orleans, these days, not even the Saints go marching in.Meffert has some clear feelings on whether the nation should commit billions of dollars and several years to protect the city."Is it commit or invest? I mean this is the thing that that people miss. The country has to decide whether it really is what we tell the world what we are. Or are we just saying that? Because if we are that powerful, if we are that focused, if we are that committed to all of our citizens, then there is no decision to make. Of course you rebuild it," says Meffert.。

Unit12Americans work longer hours than nearly anyone in the developed world, even the Japanese. For many professionals and corporate managers, the 40-hour work week is history; 60- to 80-hour work weeks are now the norm.美国工作时长是最长的。

每周工作40个小时已是过去，现在每周工作60-80小时很正常Signs of our addiction to work are everywhere. For one, rush hours are starting earlier and ending later. When 60 Minutes first broadcast this story a few months ago, the first train for commuters from the suburbs into New York had just been pushed back to 4:45 a.m., by popular demand.我们工作狂的迹象到处都是，每天很早就开始忙碌到很晚。

几个月前我们第一次播这个故事，纽约第一班往返的地铁推到了to 4:45 a.m，应大众的要求。

Why do Americans work so much? The simplest answer is because we can.为什么美国人要工作这么久，因为我们可以The Digital Revolution means cell phones, wireless Internet and handheld computers like the BlackBerry allow us to work anywhere, anytime, 24/7. And we do, as correspondent Lesley Stahl reports.电话，无线网络让我们可以随时工作It's 7 a.m. Pacific time, and Joe Hurd is still in bed. But this 36-year-old Silicon Valley entrepreneur has already made two phone calls over the Internet to clients overseas. He has checked e-mails on his BlackBerry and sent a half-dozen instant messages from his laptop.现在是早上7点。

Unit 1Pirates of the InternetIt’s no secret that online piracy has decimated the music industry as millions of people stopped buying CDs and started stealing their favorite songs by downloading them from the internet. Now the hign-tech thieves are coming after Hollywood. Illegal downloading of full-length feature films is a relatively new phenomenon, but it’s becoming easier and easier to do. The people running America’s movie studios know that if they don’t do something----and fast---they could be in the same boat as the record companies. Correspodent: “What’s really at stake for the movie industry with all this privacy?” Chernin: “Well, I think, you know, ultimately, our absolute features.” Peter Chernin runs 20th Century Fox, one of the biggest studios in Hollywood. He knows the pirates of the Internet are gaining on him. Correspont: “Do you know how many movies are being downloaded today, in one day, in the United States?” Chernin: “I think it’s probably in the hundreds of thousands, if not millions.” Correspondent: “And it’s only going to grow.” Chernin: “It’s only going to grow. √Somebody can put a perfect digital copy up on the internet. A perfect digital copy, all right. And with the click of mouse, send out a million copies all over the world, in an instant.”5And it’s all free. If that takes hold, kiss Hollywood goodbye. Chernin recently organized a “summit” between studio moguls and some highschool and college kids---the people most likely to be downloading. Chernin: “And we said, ‘Let’s come up with a challenge. Let’s give them five movies, and see if they can find them online.’ And we all sat around and picked five movies, four of which hadn’t been released yet. And then we came back half an hour later. They had found all five movies that we gav e them. ” Correspondent: “Even the ones that hadn’t even been released yet?” Chernin: “Even the ones that hadn’t even been released yet.” Correspondent: “Did these kids have any sense that they were stealing?” Chernin: “You know it’s… it’s a weird dichotom y. I think they know it’s stealing, and I don’t think they think it’s wrong. I think they have an attitude of, ‘It’s here.’” The Internet copy of last year’s hit Signs, starring Mel Gibson, was stolen even before director M. Night Shyamalan could organize the premiere. Correspondent: “The movie was about to be released. When did the first bootleg copy appear?”6Shyamalan: “Two weeks before it or three weeks before it. Before the Internet age, when somebody bootlegged a movie, the only outlet they had was to see it to those vendors on Times Square, where they had the boxes set up outside and they say, ‘Hey, we have Signs---it’s not even out yet.’ And you walk by and you know it’s illegal. But now, because it’s the digital age, you can see, like, a clean copy. It’s no longer the kind of the sleazy guy in Times Square with the box. It’s just, oh, it’s on this。

Unit 1Pirates of the InternetIt’s no secret that online piracy has decimated the music industry as millions of people stopped buying CDs and started stealing their favorite songs by downloading them from the internet. Now the hign-tech thieves are coming after Hollywood. Illegal downloading of full-length feature films is a relatively new phenomenon, but it’s becoming easier and easier to do. The people running America’s movie studios know that if they don’t do something----and fast---they could be in the same boat as the record companies. Correspodent: “What’s really at stake for the movie industry with all this privacy?” Chernin: “Well, I think, you know, ultimately, our absolute features.” Peter Chernin runs 20th Century Fox, one of the biggest studios in Hollywood. He knows the pirates of the Internet are gaining on him. Correspont: “Do you know how many movies are being downloaded today, in one day, in the United States?” Chernin: “I think it’s probably in the hundreds of thousands, if not millions.” Correspondent: “And it’s only going to grow.” Chernin: “It’s only going to grow. √Somebody can put a perfect digital copy up on the internet. A perfect digital copy, all right. And with the click of mouse, send out a million copies all over the world, in an instant.”5And it’s all free. If that takes hold, kiss Hollywood goodbye. Chernin recently organized a “summit” between studio moguls and some highschool and college kids---the people most likely to be downloading. Chernin: “And we said, ‘Let’s come up with a challenge. Let’s give them five movies, and see if they can find them online.’ And we all sat around and picked five movies, four of which hadn’t been released yet. And then we came back half an hour later. They had found all five movies that we gav e them. ” Correspondent: “Even the ones that hadn’t even been released yet?” Chernin: “Even the ones that hadn’t even been released yet.” Correspondent: “Did these kids have any sense that they were stealing?” Chernin: “You know it’s… it’s a weird dichotom y. I think they know it’s stealing, and I don’t think they think it’s wrong. I think they have an attitude of, ‘It’s here.’” The Internet copy of last year’s hit Signs, starring Mel Gibson, was stolen even before director M. Night Shyamalan could organize the premiere. Correspondent: “The movie was about to be released. When did the first bootleg copy appear?”6Shyamalan: “Two weeks before it or three weeks before it. Before the Internet age, when somebody bootlegged a movie, the only outlet they had was to see it to those vendors on Times Square, where they had the boxes set up outside and they say, ‘Hey, we have Signs---it’s not even out yet.’ And you walk by and you know it’s illegal. But now, because it’s the digital age, you can see, like, a clean copy. It’s no longer the kind of the sleazy guy in Times Square with the box. It’s just, oh, it’s on thisbeautiful site, and I have to go, ‘Click.’” Correspondent: “How did those movies get on the Internet? How did that happen?” Chernin: “Through an absolute act of theft. Someone steals a print from the editor’s room; someone steals a print from the person; the composer who’s doing the music…absolute physical theft, steals a print, makes a digital copy, and uploads it.” Correspondent: “And there you go.” Digit al copies like this one of The Matrix Reloaded have also been bootlegged from DVDs sent to reviewers or ad agencies, or circulated among companies that do special effects, or subtitles. Chernin: “The other way that pre-released movies end up (stolen) is th at people go to … there are lots of screenings that happen in this industry… People go to those screenings with a camcorder, with a digital camcorder, sit in the back, turn the camcorder on…”Correspondent: “And record it.” This is one of those recorded-off-the-screen copies of Disney’s Pirates of the Caribbean. Not great quality, but not awful either. And while it used to take forever to download a movie, anyone with a high-speed Internet connection can now have a full-length film in an hour or two.Saaf: “Well, this is just one of many websites where basically people, hackers if you will, announce their piracy releases.” Randy Saaf runs a company called Media Defender that helps movie studios combat onlinepiracy.Correspondent: “Look at this, all these new movies that I haven’t even seen yet, all here.” Saaf: “ Yep.” Correspondent: “Secondhand Lions that just came out. Sometimes I feel like I’m the only person in this country who has never downloaded anything. But maybe there is a few others of us out the re. So I’m going to ask you to show us Kazaa, that’s the biggest downloading site, right?” Saaf: “Right. This is the Kazaa media desktop. Kazaa is the largest peer-to-peer network.” It’s called peer-to-peer because computer users are sharing files8with each other, with no middleman. All Kazaa do es is provide the software to make that sharing possible. When we went online with Randy Saaf, nearly four million other Kazaa users were there with us, sharing every kind of digital file. Saaf: “Audio, documents, images, software, and video. If you wanted a movie, you would click on the video section, and then you would type in a search phrase. And basically what this is doing now, it is asking the people on the peer-to-peer network, ‘Who has Finding Memo’?” Within seconds, 191 computers sent an answer: “We have it.” This is Finding Memo, crisp picture and sound, downloaded free from Kazaa a month before its release for video rental or sale. If you don’t want to watch it on a little computer screen, you don’t have t o. On the newest computers, you can just “burn” it onto a DVD and watch it on your big-screen TV. 5.And that’s a dagger pointed right at the heart ofHollywood.Chernin: “Where movies make the bulk of their money is on DVD and home videos. 50 percent of the revenues for any movie come out of home video…” Correspondent: “15 percent?” Chernin: “50 percent so that if piracy occurs and it wipes out your home video profits or ultimately your television profits, you are out of business. No movies will get made.” Even if movies did get made, Night Shyamalan says that wouldn’t be any good, because profits would be negligible, so budgets would shrink dramatically. Shyamalan: “And slowly it will degrade what’s possible in that art form.” Rosso: “Technology always wins. Always. You can’t shut it down.” Wayne Rosso is Hollywood’s enemy. They call him a pirate, but officially he’s the president of Grokster, another peer-to-peer network that works just like Kazaa. Correspondent: “Ok, I have downloaded your softwar e.” Rosso: “Right.” Correspondent: “Ok, did I pay to do that?” Rosso: “No, it’s free.” Correspondent: “So who pays you? How do you make money?” Rosso: “We’re like radio. We are advertising-supported.” Correspondent: “And how many people use Grokster?” Rosso: “Ten million.” Correspondent: “Ten million people have used it.” Rosso: “A month.” Correspondent: “Every month, ten million people?” Rosso: “Uh-huh, uh-huh. And growing.”10Correspondent: “Use it to download music, movies, software, video games, what else?” Rosso: “I will assume. See, we have no way ofknowing what people are downloading.” Correspondent: “That’s just a fig leaf. You are facilitating, allowing, helping people steal.” Rosso: “We have no idea what the content is, and whatever it is…” Correspondent:“Well, you may not know the specifics, but you know that’s what your site…” Rosso: “And we can’t stop it. We have no control over it.” Correspondent: “But you are there for that purpose, that is why you exist, of course it is.” Rosso: “No, no, no, no, no,no.” Correspondent: “Come on, this is the fig leaf part.” Rosso: “No, no, no, no, no.” Shyamalan:“He is totally conformable with putting on his site a stolen piece of material. Am I wrong in that? If my movie was bootlegged, he’d be totally comfortable putting it on his site?” Correspondent: “Because I have nothing to do with it.” Shyamalan:“Yeah, right.” Correspondent: “Because I just provided the software.” Shyamalan:“Yeah, right. So, immediately, how can you ever have a11conversation with him? Because he’s taken a stolen material and he is totally fine with passing it around in his house. All these, all these are illegal activities. So, I’m not, it’s just my house, I’m not doing anything wrong.” But it is Rosso who has the law on his side. A federal ju dge has ruled that Grokster and other file-swapping networks are not liable for what their downloaders are doing. Rosso: “So we are completely legal, and unfortunately this is something the entertainment industry refuses toaccept. They seem to think the j udge’s decision was nothing but a typo.” The studios are appealing that court ruling. And they may follow the music industry and begin to sue individuals who download movies. And they are fighting the pirates in other ways, with ads about people whose jobs are at risk because of the piracy---people like the carpenters and painters who work on film sets. At the same time, Hollywood is trying to keep copies of movies from leaking in the first place. Chernin: “ You will very seldom go to an early screening of a movie right now where, probably you don’t notice until you pay attention, someone’s not in the front of that auditorium with infrared binoculars looking for somebody with a camcorder.”12And once a movie is released, or copies do begin to leak, the studios hire people like Randy Saaf to hack the hackers. Saaf: “What we’re just trying to do is make the actual pirated content difficult to find. And the way we do that is by, you know, serving up fake files.” It’s called “spoofing.” Saaf and his employees spend their days on Kazaa and Grokster, offering up thousands of files that look like copies of new movies, but aren’t. Correspondent: “So if I had clicked on any number of those Finding Nemo offerings, I could have clicked on one of yours, or somebody like you. And what would I have found after my hour and a half of downloading?” Saaf: “it might just be a blank screen or something. Youknow, typically speaking, what we push out is just not the real content.” Correspondent: “What you are trying to do is make this so impossible, so infuriating that people will just throw up their hands and say it’s just easier for me to go rent this thing, buy the DVD or whatever, it’s just easier.” Saaf: “Right.” Correspondent: “That’s your goal.” Saaf：：“Right.”13Correspon dent: “Does that work? Is that a good idea?” Rosso: “No. It doesn’t work. I mean I don’t blame them but it doesn’t work because what happens is that the community cleanses itself of the spoofs.” He means that downloaders quickly spread the word online about how to tell the fake movie files from the real thing. Correspondent: “It’s like an arms race(军备竞赛）, isn’t it?” Chernin: “That’s exactly what it’s like. It’s like an arms race. There will be, you know, they’re gonna get a step ahead. We’re gonna try and get that step back.” Rosso: “But I’ll tell you one thing: I’ll bet on the hackers.” Correspondent: “That they will break whatever…” Rosso: “The studios come up with.” Correspondent: “The companies throw at them.”Hollywood knows that downloading off the Internet is the way millions of consumers want to get their entertainment---and that isn’t going away. Chernin: “The generally accepted estimate is that more that 60 million Americans have downloaded file-sharing software onto their computers.”Correspondent: “60 million.”14Chernin: “At 60 million Americans, that’s a mainstream product. That’s not a bunch of college kids or, you know, a bunch of computer geeks. That’s America.” So, instead of trying to stop it entirely, the studios are looking for ways to embrace it, but get paid too. Wayne Rosso says the best way is to negotiate some kinds of licens ing deal with him. Rosso: “If the movie industry acts now and starts exploring alternatives and solutions with guys like me, hopefully they won’t have a problem.” Correspondent: “What if they try to buy you?” Rosso: “I’d sell it in al heartbeat.” Correspondent: “You would sell, Grokster would sell to a movie studio?” Rosso: “Sure, call me.” The idea of making deals with wha t Peter Chernin calls “a bunch of crooks” doesn’t appeal to Hollywood. Instead, Fox and other studios have just launched their own site, Movielink, where consumers can download a film for a modest fee, between three and five dollars. Chernin: “I think you would love the idea that you don’t have to go to the video store. You can do this. And that’s what we’re working15on. But in order for that to be effective, we have to stop privacy, because the most effective business model in the world can’t compete with free.” Not that Peter Chernin is interested, but he won’t have the chance to buyGrokster, at least not from Wayne Rosso. A few days ago, Rosso announced that he is leaving Grokster to take over as president of another file-swapping software company, this one based in Spain. Grokster will continue under new management.Unit 2A plan to build the world's first airport for launching commercial spacecraft in New Mexico is the latest development in the new space race, a race among private companies and billionaire entrepreneurs to carry paying passengers into space and to kick-start a new industry, astro tourism.The man who is leading the race may not be familiar to you, but to astronauts, pilots, and aeronautical engineers –basically to anyone who knows anything about aircraft design –Burt Rutan is a legend, an aeronautical engineer whose latest aircraft is the world's first private spaceship. As he told 60 Minutes correspondent Ed Bradley when he first met him a little over a year ago, if his idea flies, someday space travel may be cheap enough and safe enough for ordinary people to go where only astronauts have gone beforeThe White Knight is a rather unusual looking aircraft, built just for the purpose of carrying a rocket plane called SpaceShipOne, the first spacecraft built by private enterprise.White Knight and SpaceShipOne are the latest creations of Burt Rutan. They're part of his dream to develop a commercial travel business in space."There will be a new industry. And we are just now in a beginning. I will predict that in 12 or 15 years, there will be tens of thousands, maybe even hundreds of thousands of people that fly, and see that black sky," says Rutan.On June 21, 2004, White Knight took off from an airstrip in Mojave, Calif., carrying Rutan's spaceship. It took 63 minutes to reach the launch altitude of 47,000 feet. Once there, the White Knight crew prepared to release the spaceship.The fierce acceleration slammed Mike Melvill, the pilot, back in his seat. He put SpaceShipOne into a near vertical trajectory, until, as planned, the fuel ran out.Still climbing like a spent bullet, Melvill hoped to gain as much altitude as possible to reach space before the ship began falling back to earth.By the time the spaceship reached the end of its climb, it was 22 miles off course. But it had, just barely, reached an altitude of just over 62 miles —the internationally recognized boundary of space.It was the news Rutan had been waiting for. Falling back to Earth from an altitude of62 miles, SpaceShipOne's tilting wing, a revolutionary innovation called the feather, caused the rocket plane to position itself for a relatively benign re-entry and turned the spaceship into a glider.SpaceShipOne glided to a flawless landing before a crowd of thousands."After that June flight, I felt like I was floating around and just once in a while touching the ground," remembers Rutan. "We had an operable space plane." Rutan's "operable space plane" was built by a company with only 130 employees at a cost of just $25 million. He believes his success has ended the government's monopoly on space travel, and opened it up to the ordinary citizen."I concluded that for affordable travel to happen, the little guy had to do it because he had the incentive for a business," says Rutan.Does Rutan view this as a business venture or a technological challenge?"It's a technological challenge first. And it's a dream I had when I was 12," he says. Rutan started building model airplanes when he was seven years old, in Dyenuba, Calif., where he grew up."I was fascinated by putting balsa wood together and see how it would fly," he remembers. "And when I started having the capability to do contests and actually win a trophy by making a better model, then I was hooked."He's been hooked ever since. He designed his first airplane in 1968 and flew it four years later. Since then his airplanes have become known for their stunning looks, innovative design and technological sophistication.Rutan began designing a spaceship nearly a decade ago, after setting up set up his own aeronautical research and design firm. By the year 2000, he had turned his designs into models and was testing them outside his office.When I got to the point that I knew that I could make a safe spaceship that would fly a manned space mission -- when I say, 'I,' not the government, our little team -- I told Paul Allen, 'I think we can do this.' And he immediately said, 'Go with it.'"Paul Allen co-founded Microsoft and is one of the richest men in the world. His decision to pump $25 million into Rutan's company, Scaled Composites, was the vote of confidence that his engineers needed to proceed."That was a heck of a challenge to put in front of some people like us, where we're told, 'Well, you can't do that. You wanna see? We can do this," says Pete Sebold. Work on White Knight and SpaceShipOne started four years ago in secret. Both aircraft were custom made from scratch by a team of 12 engineers using layers of tough carbon fabric glued together with epoxy. Designed to be light-weight, SpaceShipOne can withstand the stress of re-entry because of the radical way it comes back into the atmosphere, like a badminton shuttlecock or a birdie.He showed 60 Minutes how it works."Feathering the wing is kind of a dramatic thing, in that it changes the wholeconfiguration of the airplane," he explains. "And this is done in space, okay? It's done after you fly into space.""We have done six reentries. Three of them from space and three of them from lower altitudes. And some of them have even come down upside down. And the airplane by itself straightens itself right up," Rutan explains.By September 2004, Rutan was ready for his next challenge: an attempt to win a $10 million prize to be the first to fly a privately funded spacecraft into space, and do it twice in two weeks."After we had flown the June flight, and we had reached the goal of our program, then the most important thing was to win that prize," says Rutan.That prize was the Ansari X Prize – an extraordinary competition created in 1996 to stimulate private investment in space.The first of the two flights was piloted, once again, by Mike Melvill.September's flight put Melville's skill and training to the test. As he was climbing out of the atmosphere, the spacecraft suddenly went into a series of rolls.How concerned was he?"Well, I thought I could work it out. I'm very confident when I'm flying a plane when I've got the controls in my hand. I always believed I can fix this no matter how bad it gets," says Melville.SpaceShipOne rolled 29 times before he regained control. The remainder of the flight was without incident, and Melvill made the 20-minute glide back to the Mojave airport. The landing on that September afternoon was flawless.Because Rutan wanted to attempt the second required flight just four days later, the engineers had little time to find out what had gone wrong. Working 12-hour shifts, they discovered they didn't need to fix the spacecraft, just the way in which the pilots flew it.For the second flight, it was test pilot Brian Binnie's turn to fly SpaceShipOne.The spaceship flew upward on a perfect trajectory, breaking through to space.Rutan's SpaceShipOne had flown to space twice in two weeks, captured the X Prize worth $10 million, and won bragging rights over the space establishment."You know I was wondering what they are feeling, 'They' being that other space agency," Rutan says laughing. "You know, quite frankly, I think the big guys, the Boeings, the Lockheeds, the nay-say people at Houston, I think they're looking at each other now and saying 'We're screwed!' Because, I'll tell you something, I have a hell of a lot bigger goal than they do!""The astronauts say that the most exciting experience is floating around in aspace suit," says Rutan, showing off his own plans. "But I don't agree. A space suit is an awful thing. It constrains you and it has noisy fans running. Now look over here. It's quiet. And you're out here watching the world go by in what you might call a 'spiritual dome.' Well, that, to me, is better than a space suit because you're not constrained."He also has a vision for a resort hotel in space, and says it all could be accomplished in the foreseeable future. Rutan believes it is the dawn of a new era.He explains, "I think we've proven now that the small guys can build a space ship and go to space. And not only that, we've convinced a rich guy, a very rich guy, to come to this country and build a space program to take everyday people to space."That "rich guy" is Richard Branson, the English billionaire who owns Virgin Atlantic Airlines. Branson has signed a $120 million deal with Rutan to build five spaceships for paying customers. Named "Virgin Galactic," it will be the world's first "spaceline." Flights are expected to begin in 2008."We believe by flying tens of thousands of people to space, and making that a profitable business, that that will lead into affordable orbital travel," says Rutan. Rutan thinks there "absolutely" is a market for this.With tickets initially going for $200,000, the market is limited. Nevertheless, Virgin Galactic says 38,000 people have put down a deposit for a seat, and 90 of those have paid the full $200,000.But Rutan has another vision. "The goal is affordable travel above low-Earth orbit. In other words, affordable travel for us to go to the moon. Affordable travel. That means not just NASA astronauts, but thousands of people being able to go to the moon," he says. "I'd like to go. Wouldn't you?"By Harry RadliffeUnited 3For 300 years, the sea has been closing in on New Orleans. As the coastal erosion continues, it is estimated the city will be off shore in 90 years. Even in good weather, New Orleans is sinking. As the city begins what is likely to be the biggest demolition project in U.S. history, the question is, can we or should we put New Orleans back together again?Life has been returning to high and dry land on Bourbon Street, but to find the monumental challenge facing the city you have to visit neighborhoods you have never heard of. On Lizardi Street, 60 Minutes took a walk with the men in charge of finishing what Katrina started.Correspondent Scott Pelley reports.Before Katrina, "There would be noise and activity and families and people, and children, and, you know, I haven't seen a child in a month here," says Greg Meffert, a city official who, with his colleague Mike Centineo, is trying to figure out how much of the city will have to be demolished.Meffert, who is in charge of city planning, says it is "very possible" up to 50,000 houses will have to be bulldozed. Right now, most of the homes in the city are uninhabitable.Meffert faces a difficult task. Every time he goes to a house site here, he says, "It's one more knife in me that says, 'She did another one. She did another one,'" explains Meffert, "she" meaning Hurricane Katrina.When you walk through these neighborhoods and you see the houses, you get a sense of the pain of the individual families. But you don't get a sense of what has happened to the city of New Orleans itself.It is estimated that there were 200,000 homes in New Orleans, and 120,000 of them were damaged by the flood.The part of the city known as the lower Ninth Ward received some of the heaviest flooding. The houses are splintered block after block after block, almost as if the city had been carpet-bombed in war.Meffert says that before the storm, New Orleans had a population of 470,000-480,000 people. Realistically, he thinks that half of those residents won't be coming back.The possessions of thousands of families, the stuff collected over lifetimes is suddenly garbage, clawed up into mountains in city parks. With so much gone already, should New Orleans pick up right where it was?"We should be thinking about a gradual pullout of New Orleans, and starting to rebuild people's homes, businesses and industry in places that can last more than 80 years," says Tim Kusky, a professor of earth sciences at St. Louis University.Kusky talks about a withdrawal of the city and explains that coastal erosion was thrown into fast forward by Katrina. He says by 2095, the coastline will pass the city and New Orleans will be what he calls a "fish bowl.""Because New Orleans is going to be 15 to 18 feet below sea level, sitting off the coast of North America surrounded by a 50- to 100-foot-tall levee system to protectthe city," explains Kusky.He says the city will be completely surrounded by the Gulf of Mexico just 90 years from now.Since this story aired on Nov. 20, there has been considerable discussion about whether New Orleans really is sinking, including on CBS News' blog, Public Eye. "That's the projection, because we are losing land on the Mississippi Delta at a rate of 25 to 30 square miles per year. That's two acres per hour that are sinking below sea level," says Kusky.That process could only be slowed, in theory, by massive restoration of wetlands. In the meantime, while Kusky's advice is to head for the hills, some New Orleans residents are hoping to head home.Vera Fulton has lived most of her 81 years on Lizardi Street and returned to her home recently for the first time since being evacuated."When they say 'storm,' I leave. I can't swim and I can't drink it. So what I do, I leave," says Vera, who has lost her home to two hurricanes.Vera is intent on coming back. "I don't have no other home, where I'm going?"Three generations of Fultons, Vera's son Irvin Jr., his wife Gay and their son Irvin, 3rd, live around Lizardi Street.Irvin says his house is "just flat" and he didn't have insurance.That's the dilemma. The only thing they have left is land prone to disaster. They want to rebuild, and the city plans to let them.At Vera's house, Mike Centenio, the city's top building official, told 60 Minutes homes can go up as long as they meet what is called the "100-year flood level."The federal government had set a flood-level, but didn't figure on a levee failure that would flood parts of the city.The official level is several feet off the ground. If people meet the requirement, they can rebuild their homes, despite the fact that we saw, for example, a refrigerator lifted。

英语高级视听说上册Unit1PiratesofInternet录音文本Summer has always been a profitable season for Hollywood, as millions of people buy tickets to see new blockbuster movies.But this summer is also a time of worry and fear for America's film studios, because the pirates of the Internet are gaining on them.Almost every new film can now be found on the Internet -- and downloaded for free as soon as it's released, and sometimes even before.As Correspondent Lesley Stahl first reported last year, it may be illegal, but it's becoming easier and easier to do.The people running America's movie studios know that if they don't do something - fast - they could be in the same boat as the record companies.But what's really at stake for the movie industry with all this piracy?Ultimately, our absolute future,? says Peter Chernin, who runs 20th Century Fox, one of the biggest studios in Hollywood.He knows the pirates of the Internet are gaining on him.I think it's probably in the hundreds of thousands, if not millions,? says Chernin. ?It's only gonna grow. Somebody can put a perfect digital copy up on the Internet. And with the click of a mouse, send out a million copies all over the world, in an instant.?And it's all free. Chernin organized a "summit" between studio moguls and some high school and college kids -- the people most likely to be downloading.And we said, ?Let's come up with a challenge,'? says Chernin. ?Let's give them five movies, and see if they can find them online. And we all sat around and picked five movies, fourof which haven't been released yet. And then we came back half-an-hour later. They had found all five movies that we gave them.?Did these kids have any sense that they were stealing?I think they know it's stealing, and I don't think they think it's wrong,? says Chernin. ?I think they have an attitude of, ?It's there.??An Internet copy of the hit movie, "Signs," starring Mel Gibson, was stolen even before director M. Night Shyamalan could organize the premiere.In fact, Shyamalan said the first bootleg copy appeared a few weeks before thepremiere: ?Before the Internet age, when somebody bootlegged a movie, the only outlet they had was to sell it to those vendors on Times Square, where they had the boxes set up outside and they say, ?Hey, we have "Signs" - it's not even out yet.? And you walk by and you know it's illegal. But now, because it's the digital age, you can see a clean copy. It's no longer the kind of the sleazy guy in Times Square, with the box. It's just, oh, it's on this beautiful site, and I have to go, ?Click.?"So how did this happen?Through an absolute act of theft,? says Chernin. ?Someone steals a print from the editor's room; someone steals a print from the person; the composer who's doing the music ... steals a print, makes a digital copy, and uploads it.?Digital copies like "The Matrix Reloaded" have also been bootlegged from DVDs sent to reviewers or ad agencies, or circulated among companies that do special effects, or subtitles.The other way that pre-released movies end up (stolen) is that there are lots of screenings that happen in this industry,? adds Chernin. ?People go to those screenings with a camcorder,with a digital camcorder, sit in the back, turn the camcorder on...?It used to take forever to download a movie, but anyone with a high-speed Internet connection can now have a full-length film in an hour or two.In fact, there are many Web sites where hackers will announce their piracy releases, says Randy Saaf, who runs a company called Media Defender that helps movie studios combat online piracy.Stahl asked him to show her Kazaa, which he calls "the largest peer-to-peer network.?It's called peer-to-peer because computer users are sharing files with each other, with no middleman. All Kazaa does is provide the software to make that sharing possible. When 60 Minutes went online with Saaf, nearly four million other Kazaa users were also there, sharing every kind of digital file.Audio, documents, images, software, and video. If you wanted a movie, you would click on the video section, and then you would type in a search phrase,? says Saaf. ?And basically what this is doing now, it is asking people on the peer-to-peer network, ?Who has 'Finding Nemo'?"Within seconds, 191 computers sent an answer: "We have it."With crisp picture and sound, ?Finding Nemo? was downloaded free from Kazaa a month before its release for video rental or sale.And now, you don?t even have to watch a movie on a little computer screen. On the newest computers, you can just "burn" the movie onto a DVD and watch it on your big-screen TV.And that's a dagger pointed right at the heart of Hollywood. ?Where movies make the bulk of their money is on DVD and home videos,? says Chernin. ?Fifty percent of therevenues for any movie come out of home video ... so that if piracy occurs and it wipes out your home video profits or ultimately your television profits...?And as movies continued to be made, Shyamalan says they wouldn't be any good, because profits would be negligible, so budgets would shrink dramatically: ?And slowly it will degrade what's possible in that art form.?Technology always wins. Always. You can't shut it down,? says Wayne Rosso, Hollywood's enemy. They call him a pirate, but officially he's the president of Grokster, another peer-to-peer network that works just like Kazaa.60 Minutes downloaded Grokster?s software for free and asked Rosso questions about his network.We're like radio. We're advertising supported,? says Rosso, who estimates that 10 million people have used Grokster each month.He says he has no way of knowing what people are downloading, ?and we can't stop it. We have no control over it.?And Rosso has the law on his side. A federal judge has ruled that Grokster and other file-swapping networks are not liable for what their downloaders are doing.So we're completely legal, and unfortunately this is something the entertainment industry refuses to accept,? says Rosso. ?They seem to think the judge's decision was nothing but a typo.?The studios are appealing that court ruling. And they may follow the music industry and begin to sue individuals who download movies.But they're also fighting the pirates in other ways, with ads about people whose jobs are at risk because of the piracy -people like the carpenters and painters who work on film sets.At the same time, Hollywood is trying to keep copies of movies from leaking in thefirst place.You will very seldom go to an early screening of a movie right now where someone's not in the front of that auditorium with infrared binoculars looking for somebody with a camcorder,? says Chernin.And once a movie's released, or if copies begin to leak, the studios hire people like Randy Saaf to hack the hackers.What we're just trying to do is make the actual pirated content difficult to find. And the way we do that is by, you know, serving up fake files,? says Saaf.It's called "spoofing," and Saaf and his employees spend their days on Kazaa and Grokster, offering up thousands of files that look like copies of new movies, but aren't.It might just be a blank screen or something,? says Saaf. ?Typically speaking, what we push out is just not the real content.?But Rosso says it won?t work: ?It doesn't work because what happens is that the community cleanses itself of the spoofs.?What he means is that downloaders will quickly spread the word online about how to tell the fake movie files from the real thing.It's like an arms race,? says Chernin. ?There will be, you know, they're gonna get a step ahead. We're gonna try and get that step back.?But I'll tell you one thing: I'll bet on the hackers,? says Rosso, who believes the hackers will break whatever block the studios come up with.Hollywood knows that downloading off the Internet is the way millions of consumers want to get their entertainment -- and that isn't going away.The generally accepted estimate is that more than 60 million Americans have downloaded file-sharing software onto their computers,? says Chernin. ?That?s a mainstream product. That's not a bunch of college kids or, you know, a bunch of computer geeks. That's America.?So, instead of trying to stop it entirely, the studios are looking for ways to embrace it, but also get paid.Rosso says the best way is to negotiate some kind of licensing deal with him. And he says he would sell Grokster to a movie studio in a heartbeat: ?If the movie industryacts now and starts exploring alternatives and solutions with guys like me, hopefully they won't have a problem.?The idea of making deals with what Chernin calls "a bunch of crooks" doesn't appeal to Hollywood. Instead, Fox and the other studios have just launched their own site, Movielink, where consumers can download a film for a modest fee, between three and five dollars.I think you would love the idea that you don't have to go to the video store. You can do this,? says Chernin. ?And that's what we're working on. But in order for that to be effective, we have to stop piracy, because the most effective business model in the world can't compete with free.?The movie studios may begin to file their lawsuits against individual downloaders before the end of this summer.Director M. Night Shyamalan's new film, "The Village," premiered on July 30. The first bootleg copy of the movie appeared on the Internet the next day.Since 60 Minutes did this story, Rosso announced he was leaving Grokster to take over as president of another big file-swapping software company based in Spain. Grokster was to continue under new management.。

英语高级视听说上册听力原文上外版Unit 4For much of 2005, the news out of Iraq has overshadowed what has been going on in Afghanistan, where 18,000 U.S. troops are still fighting and dying along the Pakistan border in battles with the Taliban, al Qaeda and other Muslim extremist groups.The rest of Afghanistan, at least compared to Iraq, appears relatively peaceful. But the country is facing another threat to its stability — its growing addiction the production and trafficking of heroin, which is controlled by some of the most powerful people in the country.Correspondent ,Steve Kroft, reports.Afghanistan is now the world's largest exporter of heroin, and the opium used to produce it, supplying 87 percent of the world market. And it is creating an infrastructure of crime and corruption that threatens the government of President Hamid Karzai.The heroin trade begins with fields of opium poppies grown in almost every province of Afghanistan. Last year, according to the U.S. state department, 206,000 hectares were cultivated, a half a million acres, producing 4,000 tons of opium, most of which was converted into 400 tons of illegal morphine and heroin in laboratories around the country.How much opium and heroin is that?"It is not only the largest heroin producer in the world, 206,000 hectares is the largest amount of heroin or of any drug that I think has ever been produced by any one country in any given year," says Robert Charles, who until last spring was assistant secretary of state for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement, overseeing anti-drug operations in Afghanistan.Charles says Afghanistan is producing more heroin than Colombia is producing cocaine.After 25 years of war, it is the country's main cash crop, contributing nearly three billion dollars a year in illegal revenues to the Afghan economy, which equals 50 percent of the gross national product.The laundered proceeds are no doubt funding much of the rebuilding of Kabul, which is experiencing a major construction boom.But the best way to illustrate the sheer volume of the drug trade is to tour the basement vault underneath Afghanistan's Counter Narcotics police in Kabul, whereone and a half tons of heroins, just seized in the provinces, was awaiting destruction.One and a half tons of pure heroin is much larger than the biggest shipment ever seized in the United States, and once cut and repackaged it is worth hundreds of millions of dollars on the streets of a western city.Y et the seizure is less than one percent of all the heroin produced in Afghanistan last year, production which has increased more than 2,000 percent since 2001."That acceleration should be sending a blinking red light to all of us right now. Drug money is going to accelerate the disintegration of democratic institutions," warns Charles.What is happening, Charles says, is the transformation of a poor, war torn country struggling with democracy into a narco state where power emanates from a group of drug kingpins far more powerful than the new government.The process began in 2001 when the United States forged military alliances with powerful warlords and used their private armies to drive al Qaeda and the Taliban out of the country.But some of Afghanistan's biggest warlords also happen to be some of the countries biggest drug lords. Now that they are part of the government, often in high places, a few are even charged with eradicating the drug traffic that many people believe they're still involved in.One former warlord suspected of being involved in the opium trade is Hazrat Ali, whose private army fought against al Qaeda at the battle of Tora Bora. In appreciation of his efforts, he was placed in charge of security for Nangahar province until he resigned recently to run for parliament.He also happens to be named in a United Nations report as one of the provincial officials suspected of being heavily involved in drug trafficking.Ali doesn't deny that the heroin business flourishes in the region but denied that he is involved in the trade. "No. Y ou can ask anyone. I am opposed to drugs. If everyone was like me, there wouldn't be an opium plant in Afghanistan."60 Minutes had no difficulty finding people to make the allegations; proving them is another matter since there is virtually no criminal justice system in place to pursue them.In all of Afghanistan there are barely 100 people in jail for drug offenses, most of them small time players.Afghanistan's President Hamid Karzai, who is considered honest and well intentioned, outlawed the cultivation and trafficking of opium three years ago, but has neither the power nor the prosecutors to enforce it."It is the top priority. Not one of the top — the top priority now," says Karzai."There have been lots of reports that many of the people in the provinces, many o f the former commanders, have been involved with drug trafficking in the past. And some believe still continue to be involved in drug trafficking," Kroft says.Karzai agrees. "A lot of people are still involved in drug trafficking," he says. "Maybe even there are people in the government who may be involved in drug trafficking. Drug trafficking, drug cultivation, poppy cultivation, was a major way of life in this country. Now that the country's going back toward stability, now that we have a better hope for tomorrow, that we have hope for tomorrow, the Afghan people have begun to distance themselves. Slowly, slowly."Things are moving much too slowly for the country's top law enforcement officer, interior minister Ali Amad Jalali, who resigned last month after complaining about the lack of progress in stemming the opium trade, and bringing government officials involved in it to justice.Last June, his elite Afghan anti-drug force, trained and assisted by the British, raided the offices of Sher Muhammed Akhundzada, the Governor of Helmand Province, another warlord widely suspected of being involved in the drug trade.They seized nine and a half tons on opium, but the investigation went nowhere. Governor Akhunzada said the drugs were not his but that they had been seized by police and were just being stored at his headquarters.He showed 60 Minutes a locker now loaded with another two and a half tons of opium. "This is opium that we confiscated. We have to keep the confiscated opium in a safe place. And this is where we keep it," says Akhunzada, through a translator.Not everyone bought that argument, especially the chief counter-narcotics officer for Helmand Province. When the investigation stalled, Abdul Samad Haqqani went on Radio Liberty, which is funded by the U.S. Congress, and denounced the governor as a major narcotics trafficker.Haqqani has since disappeared and President Karzai says he would look into the matter.As for the tons of opium in the Governor's administrative office, Karzai wasn't the least bit surprised"It's almost half of the economy," he says. "Why would it surprise me if there was poppy found in a governor's office? Or administrative offices? Whether they were confiscated or whether they belonged to somebody. In both cases, it doesn't surp rise me."Asked how his government would deal with the governor amid these allegations, Karzai says the governor asked to be removed."This governor of Helmand, he has come to me a number of times to say that he is tired of working in Helmand precisely because of these allegations," Karzai says. "He says, 'Well remove me' and we have not removed him. Because right now, under thecircumstances, any replacement would find it difficult to continue the fight against terrorism the way he's doing it there — in that province and at the borders."Karzai went on to say that no investigation was needed and that the governor could be removed and assigned to other government work."We don't need an investigation on him," Karzai says. "We will remove him from his place and bring him to do some other government work. Maybe he should become a senator or something."Antonio Maria Costa, director of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, says he has pleaded with Karzai to do something about senior officials and governors involved in the drug business."These people who have been involved, senior officials and governors who were involved in the drug economy should be removed," says Costa. "Removed from office and possibly removed from the country."Costa says the need to fight terrorism and defeat the insurgency should not be used as an excuse to ignore the opium trade. "I think it is the responsibility of the Afghan government and the foreign powers assisting it to fight both narcotics and the insurgency. I will say that fighting one is equal to fighting the other."The British, who have overall responsibility for counter narcotics in Afghanistan, and the Americans, have limited their role to assisting the Karzai government in training anti-drug units and providing occasional logistical support for their missions to confiscate opium and destroy drug labs. So far they have destroyed 150 labs.The American military has no direct role in counter narcotics. Its responsibility is fighting terrorism and providing security and stability. If U.S. troops come across opium they can take action but it is not part of their mission.Robert Charles says the U.S. military has limited resources to commit to the effort and feels that aggressive action could disrupt the flow of intelligence. "It is easy to say, 'We will get to this issue in time' the way we get to other social issues. But we don't have time."And Charles doesn't think it is just a threat to the mission. "I think it is a threat to the Democracy. Why is it a threat to democracy? First, it has a potential for public corruption. Second, it funds the violent elements in society. Finally, it sends a signal that the rule of law doesn't matter."One U.S. counter-narcotics official told Kroft that corruption is worse in Afghanistan than it is in Colombia, and estimated that 90 percent of the police chiefs are either directly involved in the drug business or protecting those who are.The British trained mobile unit says it is under orders to stop police cars and official motorcades as well as ordinary buses. Official vehicles are the preferred means of transporting opium.There have been a few small successes. The government has stepped up a modest poppy eradication program, and with the help of the U.S. state department is trying to persuade farmers to grow alternative crops.The number of acres of poppy under cultivation actually dropped 20 percent in 2005, although opium and heroin production remained about the same.In the village of Kushkak, farmers told 60 Minutes that they voluntarily quit growing opium poppy after the government promised to build them health clinics, schools and roads. But the promises have not materialized and they are growing impatient."We did promise them alternative livelihoods," says Karzai. "We have told them that they should stop growing poppy that we'll be there to help them. And if we don't do that, people out of desperation will go back to poppies, and we should not allow that." But illegal profits from the opium and heroin trade are not only helping warlords and corrupt officials expand their influence over the government. There is evidence that some of the money is ending up with the Taliban and al Qaeda, who elicit tolls, protection money and drugs from traffickers in areas they control."Narcotics is such an insidious, creeping, potentially lethal problem in that country that it needs to be elevated to a rank that is commensurate with that threat," says Charles.Asked whether he is saying that this issue is as important as fighting terrorism, he said, "I am."。

英语高级视听说上册听力原文上外版Unit 4For much of 2005, the news out of Iraq has overshadowed what has been going on in Afghanistan, where 18,000 U.S. troops are still fighting and dying along the Pakistan border in battles with the Taliban, al Qaeda and other Muslim extremist groups.The rest of Afghanistan, at least compared to Iraq, appears relatively peaceful. But the country is facing another threat to its stability — its growing addiction the production and trafficking of heroin, which is controlled by some of the most powerful people in the country.Correspondent ,Steve Kroft, reports.Afghanistan is now the world's largest exporter of heroin, and the opium used to produce it, supplying 87 percent of the world market. And it is creating an infrastructure of crime and corruption that threatens the government of President Hamid Karzai.The heroin trade begins with fields of opium poppies grown in almost every province of Afghanistan. Last year, according to the U.S. state department, 206,000 hectares were cultivated, a half a million acres, producing 4,000 tons of opium, most of which was converted into 400 tons of illegal morphine and heroin in laboratories around the country.How much opium and heroin is that?"It is not only the largest heroin producer in the world, 206,000 hectares is the largest amount of heroin or of any drug that I think has ever been produced by any one country in any given year," says Robert Charles, who until last spring was assistant secretary of state for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement, overseeing anti-drug operations in Afghanistan.Charles says Afghanistan is producing more heroin than Colombia is producing cocaine.After 25 years of war, it is the country's main cash crop, contributing nearly three billion dollars a year in illegal revenues to the Afghan economy, which equals 50 percent of the gross national product.The laundered proceeds are no doubt funding much of the rebuilding of Kabul, which is experiencing a major construction boom.But the best way to illustrate the sheer volume of the drug trade is to tour the basement vault underneath Afghanistan's Counter Narcotics police in Kabul, where one and a half tons of heroins, just seized in the provinces, was awaiting destruction.One and a half tons of pure heroin is much larger than the biggest shipment ever seized in the United States, and once cut and repackaged it is worth hundreds of millions of dollars on the streets of a western city.Yet the seizure is less than one percent of all the heroin produced in Afghanistan last year, production which has increased more than 2,000 percent since 2001."That acceleration should be sending a blinking red light to all of us right now. Drug money is going to accelerate the disintegration of democratic institutions," warnsWhat is happening, Charles says, is the transformation of a poor, war torn country struggling with democracy into a narco state where power emanates from a group of drug kingpins far more powerful than the new government.The process began in 2001 when the United States forged military alliances with powerful warlords and used their private armies to drive al Qaeda and the Taliban out of the country.But some of Afghanistan's biggest warlords also happen to be some of the countries biggest drug lords. Now that they are part of the government, often in high places, a few are even charged with eradicating the drug traffic that many people believe they're still involved in.One former warlord suspected of being involved in the opium trade is Hazrat Ali, whose private army fought against al Qaeda at the battle of Tora Bora. In appreciation of his efforts, he was placed in charge of security for Nangahar province until he resigned recently to run for parliament.He also happens to be named in a United Nations report as one of the provincial officials suspected of being heavily involved in drug trafficking.Ali doesn't deny that the heroin business flourishes in the region but denied that he is involved in the trade. "No. You can ask anyone. I am opposed to drugs. If everyone was like me, there wouldn't be an opium plant in Afghanistan."60 Minutes had no difficulty finding people to make the allegations; proving them is another matter since there is virtually no criminal justice system in place to pursueIn all of Afghanistan there are barely 100 people in jail for drug offenses, most of them small time players.Afghanistan's President Hamid Karzai, who is considered honest and well intentioned, outlawed the cultivation and trafficking of opium three years ago, but has neither the power nor the prosecutors to enforce it."It is the top priority. Not one of the top — the top priority now," says Karzai. "There have been lots of reports that many of the people in the provinces, many of the former commanders, have been involved with drug trafficking in the past. And some believe still continue to be involved in drug trafficking," Kroft says.Karzai agrees. "A lot of people are still involved in drug trafficking," he says. "Maybe even there are people in the government who may be involved in drug trafficking. Drug trafficking, drug cultivation, poppy cultivation, was a major way of life in this country. Now that the country's going back toward stability, now that we have a better hope for tomorrow, that we have hope for tomorrow, the Afghan people have begun to distance themselves. Slowly, slowly."Things are moving much too slowly for the country's top law enforcement officer, interior minister Ali Amad Jalali, who resigned last month after complaining about the lack of progress in stemming the opium trade, and bringing government officials involved in it to justice.Last June, his elite Afghan anti-drug force, trained and assisted by the British, raided the offices of Sher Muhammed Akhundzada, the Governor of Helmand Province,another warlord widely suspected of being involved in the drug trade.They seized nine and a half tons on opium, but the investigation went nowhere. Governor Akhunzada said the drugs were not his but that they had been seized by police and were just being stored at his headquarters.He showed 60 Minutes a locker now loaded with another two and a half tons of opium. "This is opium that we confiscated. We have to keep the confiscated opium in a safe place. And this is where we keep it," says Akhunzada, through a translator.Not everyone bought that argument, especially the chief counter-narcotics officer for Helmand Province. When the investigation stalled, Abdul Samad Haqqani went on Radio Liberty, which is funded by the U.S. Congress, and denounced the governor as a major narcotics trafficker.Haqqani has since disappeared and President Karzai says he would look into the matter.As for the tons of opium in the Governor's administrative office, Karzai wasn't the least bit surprised"It's almost half of the economy," he says. "Why would it surprise me if there was poppy found in a governor's office? Or administrative offices? Whether they were confiscated or whether they belonged to somebody. In both cases, it doesn't surprise me."Asked how his government would deal with the governor amid these allegations, Karzai says the governor asked to be removed."This governor of Helmand, he has come to me a number of times to say that he is tired of working in Helmand precisely because of these allegations," Karzai says. "He says,'Well remove me' and we have not removed him. Because right now, under the circumstances, any replacement would find it difficult to continue the fight against terrorism the way he's doing it there — in that province and at the borders."Karzai went on to say that no investigation was needed and that the governor could be removed and assigned to other government work."We don't need an investigation on him," Karzai says. "We will remove him from his place and bring him to do some other government work. Maybe he should become a senator or something."Antonio Maria Costa, director of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, says he has pleaded with Karzai to do something about senior officials and governors involved in the drug business."These people who have been involved, senior officials and governors who were involved in the drug economy should be removed," says Costa. "Removed from office and possibly removed from the country."Costa says the need to fight terrorism and defeat the insurgency should not be used as an excuse to ignore the opium trade. "I think it is the responsibility of the Afghan government and the foreign powers assisting it to fight both narcotics and the insurgency. I will say that fighting one is equal to fighting the other."The British, who have overall responsibility for counter narcotics in Afghanistan, and the Americans, have limited their role to assisting the Karzai government in training anti-drug units and providing occasional logistical support for their missions to confiscate opium and destroy drug labs. So far they have destroyed 150 labs.The American military has no direct role in counter narcotics. Its responsibility is fighting terrorism and providing security and stability. If U.S. troops come across opium they can take action but it is not part of their mission.Robert Charles says the U.S. military has limited resources to commit to the effort and feels that aggressive action could disrupt the flow of intelligence. "It is easy to say, 'We will get to this issue in time' the way we get to other social issues. But we don't have time."And Charles doesn't think it is just a threat to the mission. "I think it is a threat to the Democracy. Why is it a threat to democracy? First, it has a potential for public corruption. Second, it funds the violent elements in society. Finally, it sends a signal that the rule of law doesn't matter."One U.S. counter-narcotics official told Kroft that corruption is worse in Afghanistan than it is in Colombia, and estimated that 90 percent of the police chiefs are either directly involved in the drug business or protecting those who are.The British trained mobile unit says it is under orders to stop police cars and official motorcades as well as ordinary buses. Official vehicles are the preferred means of transporting opium.There have been a few small successes. The government has stepped up a modest poppy eradication program, and with the help of the U.S. state department is trying to persuade farmers to grow alternative crops.The number of acres of poppy under cultivation actually dropped 20 percent in 2005, although opium and heroin production remained about the same.In the village of Kushkak, farmers told 60 Minutes that they voluntarily quit growing opium poppy after the government promised to build them health clinics, schools and roads. But the promises have not materialized and they are growing impatient."We did promise them alternative livelihoods," says Karzai. "We have told them that they should stop growing poppy that we'll be there to help them. And if we don't do that, people out of desperation will go back to poppies, and we should not allow that." But illegal profits from the opium and heroin trade are not only helping warlords and corrupt officials expand their influence over the government. There is evidence that some of the money is ending up with the Taliban and al Qaeda, who elicit tolls, protection money and drugs from traffickers in areas they control."Narcotics is such an insidious, creeping, potentially lethal problem in that country that it needs to be elevated to a rank that is commensurate with that threat," says Charles. Asked whether he is saying that this issue is as important as fighting terrorism, he said, "I am."。

Unit 1Pirates of the Internetno secret that online piracy has decimated the music industry asIt’smillions of people stopped buying CDs and started stealing their favoritesongs by downloading them from the internet. Now the hign-tech thievesare coming after Hollywood. Illegal downloading of full-length featurefilms is a relatively new phenomenon, but it’s becoming easier and easierto do. The people running America’smovie studios know that if theydon’t do something----and fast---they could be in the same boat as thereally at stake for the movierecord companies. Correspodent: “What’sindustry with all this privacy?”　C hernin: “Well, I think, you know, ultimately, our absolute features.” Peter Chernin runs 20th Century Fox, one of the biggest studios in Hollywood. He knows the pirates of theInternet are gaining on him. Correspont: “Do y ou know how manymovies are being downloaded today, in one day, in the United States?”　probably in the hundreds of thousands, if notChernin: “I t hink it’sgoing to grow.”　Chernin: “It’s Correspondent: “And it’s onlymillions.”　only going to grow. √Somebody can put a perfect digital copy up on theinternet. A perfect digital copy, all right. And with the click of mouse,send out a million copies all over the world, in an i nstant.”5all free. If that takes hold, kiss Hollywood goodbye. CherninAnd it’sbetween studio moguls and some highrecently organized a “summit”　school and college kids---the people most likely to be downloading.come up with a challenge. Let’s give them Chernin: “And we said, ‘Let’ｓfive movies, and see if they can find them online.’ And we all sat aro and picked five movies, four of which hadn’t been released yet. And then we came back half an hour later. They had found all five movies that wegave them. ”　C orrespondent: “Even the ones that hadn’t even beenChernin: “Even the ones that hadn’t even been releasedreleased yet?”　Correspondent: “Did t hese kids have any sense that they wereyet.”　dichotomy. I think theystealing?” Chernin: “You know it’s… it’s a weirdstealing, and I don’t think they think it’swrong. I think theyknow it’shave an attitude of, ‘It’s here.’” The Internet copy of last year starring Mel Gibson, was stolen even before director M. Night Shyamalancould organize the premiere. Correspondent: “The movie was about to be released. When did the first bootleg copy appear?”6Shyamalan: “Two weeks before it or three weeks before it. Before theInternet age, when somebody bootlegged a movie, the only outlet theyhad was to see it to those vendors on Times Square, where they had the---it’s not even outboxes set up outside and they say, ‘Hey, we have Signsyet.’ And you walk by and you know it’s illegal. But now, because it digital age, you can see, like, a clean copy. It’s no longer the kind of theon thissleazy guy in Times Square with the box. It’sjust, oh, it’sbeautiful site, and I have to go, ‘Click.’” Correspondent: “Ho movies get on the Internet? How did that happen?” Chernin: “Throuroom;absolute act of theft. Someone steals a print from the editor’ssomeone steals a print from the person; the composer who’s doing the music…absolute physical theft, steals a print, makes a digital copy, anduploads it.” Correspondent: “And there you go.” Digital copies like thisone of The Matrix Reloaded have also been bootlegged from DVDs sentto reviewers or ad agencies, or circulated among companies that dospecial effects, or subtitles. Chernin: “The other way that pre-releasedmovies end up (stol e n) is that people go to … there are lots of screeningsPeople go to those screenings with athat happen in this industry…　camcorder, with a digital camcorder, sit in the back, turn the camcorderon…”Correspondent: “And record it.”　T his is one of thoserecorded-off-the-screen copies of Disney’s Pirates of the Caribbean. Notgreat quality, but not awful either. And while it used to take forever todownload a movie, anyone with a high-speed Internet connection cannow have a full-length film in an hour or two.Saaf: “Well, this is just one of many websites where basically people,Randy Saaf runs ahackers if you will, announce their piracy releases.”　company called Media Defender that helps movie studios combat onlinepiracy.Correspondent: “Look at this, all these new movies that I haveneven seen yet, all here.” Saaf: “ Yep.” Correspondent: “Secondh that just came out. Sometimes I feel like I’m the only person in thiscountry who has never downloaded anything. But maybe there is a fewothers of us out there. So I’m going to ask you to show us Kazaa, that’sSaaf: “Right. This is the Kazaathe biggest downloading site, right?”　It’s calledmedia desktop. Kazaa is the largest peer-to-peer network.”　peer-to-peer because computer users are sharing files8with each other, with no middleman. All Kazaa does is provide thesoftware to make that sharing possible. When we went online with RandySaaf, nearly four million other Kazaa users were there with us, sharingcuments, images, software, andevery kind of digital file. Saaf: “Audio, dovideo. If you wanted a movie, you would click on the video section, andthen you would type in a search phrase. And basically what this is doingnow, it is asking the people on the peer-to-peer network, ‘Who hasWithin seconds, 191 computers sent an answer: “WeFinding Memo’?”　have it.” This is Finding Memo, crisp picture and sound, downloaded freefrom Kazaa a month before its release for video rental or sale. If youdon’t want to watch it on a little computer screen, you don’t have the newest computers, you can just “burn” it onto a DVD and watch it ona dagger pointed right at the heart ofyour big-screen TV. 5.And that’sHollywood.Chernin: “Where movies make the bulk of their money is onDVD and home videos. 50 percent of the revenues for any movie comeout of home video…” Correspondent: “15 percent?” Chernin: “50 so that if piracy occurs and it wipes out your home video profits orultimately your television profits, you are out of business. No movies willEven if movies did get made, Night Shyamalan says thatget made.”　wouldn’t be any good, because p rofits would be negligible, so budgetswould shrink dramatically. Shyamalan: “And s lowly it will degradeRosso: “Technology always wins.what’s possible in that art form.”　Always. You can’t shut it down.” Wayne Rosso is Hollywood’s enemy They call him a pirate, but officially he’s the president of Grokster,another peer-to-peer network that works just like Kazaa. Correspondent:“Ok, I have downloaded your software.” Rosso: “Right.” Correspondent:Correspondent: “Sofree.”　“Ok, did I pay to do that?”　Rosso: “No, it’s. Wewho pays you? How do you make money?” Rosso: “We’re like radioCorrespondent: “And how many people useare advertising-supported.”　Rosso: “Ten million.”　Correspondent: “Ten million people Grokster?”　Correspondent: “Every month, tenRosso: “A m onth.”　have used it.”　-huh, uh-huh. And growing.”million people?” Rosso: “Uh10Correspondent: “Use it to download music, movies, software, videoRosso: “I w ill assume. See, we have no way ofgames, what else?”　。

Video Script------------------------------10.25Pirates of the InternetIt’s no secret that online piracy has decimated the music industry as millions of people stopped buying CDs and started stealing their favorite songs by downloading them from the internet. Now the hign-tech thieves are coming after Hollywood. Illegal downloading of full-length feature films is a relatively new phenomenon, but it’s becoming easier and easier to do. The people running America’s movie studios know that if they don’t do som ething----and fast---they could be in the same boat as the record companies. Correspodent: “What’s really at stake for the movie industry with all this privacy?” Chernin: “Well, I think, you know, ultimately, our absolute features.” Peter Chernin runs 20th Century Fox, one of the biggest studios in Hollywood. He knows the pirates of the Internet are gaining on him. Correspont: “Do you know how many movies are being downloaded today, in one day, in the United States?” Chernin: “I think it’s probably in the h undreds of thousands, if not millions.” Correspondent: “And it’s only going to grow.” Chernin: “It’s only going to grow. Somebody can put a perfect digital copy up on the internet. A perfect digital copy, all right. And with the click of mouse, send out a million copies all over the world, in an instant.”5And it’s all free. If that takes hold, kiss Hollywood goodbye. Cherninrecently organized a “summit” between studio moguls and some high school and college kids---the people most likely to be downloading. Chernin: “And we said, ‘Let’s come up with a challenge. Let’s give them five movies, and see if they can find them online.’ And we all sat around and picked five movies, four of which hadn’t been released yet. And then we came back half an hour later. They had found all five movies that we gave them. ” Correspondent: “Even the ones that hadn’t even been released yet?” Chernin: “Even the ones that hadn’t even been released yet.” Correspondent: “Did these kids have any sense that they were stealing?” Chernin: “You know it’s… it’s a weird dichotomy. I think they know it’s stealing, and I don’t think they think it’s wrong. I think they have an attitude of, ‘It’s here.’” The Internet copy of last year’s hit Signs, starring Mel Gibson, was stolen even before director M. Night Shyamalan could organize the premiere. Correspondent: “The movie was about to be released. When did the first bootleg copy appear?”6Shyamalan: “Two weeks before it or three weeks before it. Before the Internet age, when somebody bootlegged a movie, the only outlet they had was to see it to those vendors on Times Square, where they had the boxes set up outside and they say, ‘Hey, we have Signs---it’s not even out yet.’ And you walk by and you know it’s illegal. But now, because it’s the digi tal age, you can see, like, a clean copy. It’s no longer the kind of thesleazy guy in Times Square with the box. It’s just, oh, it’s on this beautiful site, and I have to go, ‘Click.’” Correspondent: “How did those movies get on the Internet? How did that happen?” Chernin: “Through an absolute act of theft. Someone steals a print from the editor’s room; someone steals a print from the person; the composer who’s doing the music…absolute physical theft, steals a print, makes a digital copy, and uploads it.” Correspondent: “And there you go.” Digital copies like this one of The Matrix Reloaded have also been bootlegged from DVDs sent to reviewers or ad agencies, or circulated among companies that do special effects, or subtitles. Chernin: “The other way that p re-released movies end up (stolen) is that people go to … there are lots of screenings that happen in this industry… People go to those screenings with a camcorder, with a digital camcorder, sit in the back, turn the camcorder on…”Correspondent: “And record it.” This is one of those recorded-off-the-screen copies of Disney’s Pirates of the Caribbean. Not great quality, but not awful either. And while it used to take forever to download a movie, anyone with a high-speed Internet connection can now have a full-length film in an hour or two.Saaf: “Well, this is just one of many websites where basically people, hackers if you will, announce their piracy releases.” Randy Saaf runs acompany called Media Defender that helps movie studios combat online piracy. C orrespondent: “Look at this, all these new movies that I haven’t even seen yet, all here.” Saaf: “ Yep.” Correspondent: “Secondhand Lions that just came out. Sometimes I feel like I’m the only person in this country who has never downloaded anything. But maybe there is a few others of us out there. So I’m going to ask you to show us Kazaa, that’s the biggest downloading site, right?” Saaf: “Right. This is the Kazaa media desktop. Kazaa is the largest peer-to-peer network.” It’s called peer-to-peer because computer users are sharing files8with each other, with no middleman. All Kazaa does is provide the software to make that sharing possible. When we went online with Randy Saaf, nearly four million other Kazaa users were there with us, sharing every kind of digital file. Saaf: “Audio, documents, images, software, and video. If you wanted a movie, you would click on the video section, and then you would type in a search phrase. And basically what this is doing now, it is asking the people on the peer-to-peer network, ‘Who has Finding Memo’?” Within seconds, 191 computers sent an answer: “We have it.” This is Finding Memo, crisp picture and sound, downloaded free from Kazaa a month before its release for video rental or sale. If you don’t want to watch it on a little computer screen, you don’t have to. On the newest computers, you can just “burn” it onto a DVD and watch it onyour big-screen TV. And that’s a dagger pointed right at the heart of Hollywood. Chernin: “Where movies make the bulk of their money is on DVD and home videos. 50 percent of the revenues for any movie come out of home video…” Correspondent: “15 percent?” Chernin: “50 percent so that if piracy occurs and it wipes out your home video profits or ultimately your television profits, you are out9of business. No movies will get made.” Even if movies did get made, Night Shyamalan says that wouldn’t be any good, because profits would be negligible, so budgets would shrink dramatically. Shyamalan: “And slowly it will degrade what’s possible in that art form.” Rosso: “Technology always wins. Always. You can’t shut it down.” Wayne Rosso is Hollywood’s enemy. They call him a pirate, but officially he’s the president of Grokster, another peer-to-peer network that works just like Kazaa. Correspondent: “Ok,I have downloaded your softwar e.” Rosso: “Right.” Correspondent: “Ok, did I pay to do that?” Rosso: “No, it’s free.” Correspondent: “So who pays you? How do you make money?” Rosso: “We’re like radio. We are advertising-supported.” Correspondent: “And how many people use Grokster?” Rosso: “Ten million.” Correspondent: “Ten million people have used it.” Rosso: “A month.” Correspondent: “Every month, ten million people?” Rosso: “Uh-huh, uh-huh. And growing.”10Correspondent: “Use it to download music, movies, software, video games, what else?” Rosso: “I will assume. See, we have no way of knowing what people are downloading.” Correspondent: “That’s just a fig leaf. You are facilitating, allowing, helping people steal.” Rosso: “We have no idea what the content is, and whatever it is…” Correspondent: “Well, you may not know the specifics, but you know that’s what your site…” Rosso: “And we can’t stop it. We have no control over it.” Correspondent: “But you are there for that purpose, that is why you exist, of co urse it is.” Rosso: “No, no, no, no, no, no.” Correspondent: “Come on, this is the fig leaf part.” Rosso: “No, no, no, no, no.” Shyamalan:“He is totally conformable with putting on his site a stolen piece of material. Am I wrong in that? If my movie was bootlegged, he’d be totally comfortable putting it on his site?” Correspondent: “Because I have nothing to do with it.” Shyamalan:“Yeah, right.” Correspondent: “Because I just provided the software.” Shyamalan:“Yeah, right. So, immediately, how can you ever have a11conversation with him? Because he’s taken a stolen material and he is totally fine with passing it around in his house. All these, all these are illegal activities. So, I’m not, it’s just my house, I’m not doing anything wrong.” But it is Rosso w ho has the law on his side. A federal judge hasruled that Grokster and other file-swapping networks are not liable for what their downloaders are doing. Rosso: “So we are completely legal, and unfortunately this is something the entertainment industry refuses to accept. They seem to think the judge’s decision was nothing but a typo.” The studios are appealing that court ruling. And they may follow the music industry and begin to sue individuals who download movies. And they are fighting the pirates in other ways, with ads about people whose jobs are at risk because of the piracy---people like the carpenters and painters who work on film sets. At the same time, Hollywood is trying to keep copies of movies from leaking in the first place. Chernin: “ You will very seldom go to an early screening of a movie right now where, probably you don’t notice until you pay attention, someone’s not in the front of that auditorium with infrared binoculars looking for somebody with a camcorder.”12And once a movie is released, or copies do begin to leak, the studios hire people like Randy Saaf to hack the hackers. Saaf: “What we’re just trying to do is make the actual pirated content difficult to find. And the way we do that is by, you know, serving up fake files.” It’s called “spoofing.” Saaf and his employees spend their days on Kazaa and Grokster, offering up thousands of files that look like copies of new movies, but aren’t. Correspondent: “So if I had clicked on any number of those FindingNemo offerings, I could have clicked on one of yours, or somebody like you. And what would I have found after my hour and a half of downloading?” Saaf: “it might just be a blank screen or something. You know, typically speaking, what we push out is just not the real content.” Correspond ent: “What you are trying to do is make this so impossible, so infuriating that people will just throw up their hands and say it’s just easier for me to go rent this thing, buy the DVD or whatever, it’s just easier.” Saaf: “Right.” Correspondent: “That’s your goal.” Saaf：：“Right.”13Correspondent: “Does that work? Is that a good idea?” Rosso: “No. It doesn’t work. I mean I don’t blame them but it doesn’t work because what happens is that the community cleanses itself of the spoofs.” He means that downloaders quickly spread the word online about how to tell the fake movie files from the real thing. Correspondent: “It’s like an arms race(军备竞赛）, isn’t it?” Chernin: “That’s exactly what it’s like. It’s like an arms race. There will be, you know, they’re gonna get a step ahead. We’re gonna try and get that step back.” Rosso: “But I’ll tell you one thing: I’ll bet on the hackers.” Correspondent: “That they will break whatever…” Rosso: “The studios come up with.” Correspondent: “The companies throw at them.”Hollywood knows that downloading off the Internet is the way millionsof consumers want to get their entertainment---and that isn’t going away. Chernin: “The generally accepted estimate is that more that 60 million Americans have downloaded file-sharing softwa re onto their computers.” Correspondent: “60 million.”14Chernin: “At 60 million Americans, that’s a mainstream product. That’s not a bunch of college kids or, you know, a bunch of computer geeks. That’s America.” So, instead of trying to stop it entirely, the studios are looking for ways to embrace it, but get paid too. Wayne Rosso says the best way is to negotiate some kinds of licensing deal with him. Rosso: “If the movie industry acts now and starts exploring alternatives and solutions with guys like m e, hopefully they won’t have a problem.” Correspondent: “What if they try to buy you?” Rosso: “I’d sell it in al heartbeat.” Correspondent: “You would sell, Grokster would sell to a movie studio?” Rosso: “Sure, call me.” The idea of making deals with what Peter Chernin calls “a bunch of crooks” doesn’t appeal to Hollywood. Instead, Fox and other studios have just launched their own site, Movielink, where consumers can download a film for a modest fee, between three and five dollars. Chernin: “I think you wo uld love the idea that you don’t have to go to the video store. You can do this. And that’s what we’re working15on. But in order for that to be effective, we have to stop privacy, because the most effective business model in the world can’t compete with free.” Not that Peter Chernin is interested, but he won’t have the chance to buy Grokster, at least not from Wayne Rosso. A few days ago, Rosso announced that he is leaving Grokster to take over as president of another file-swapping software company, this one based in Spain. Grokster will continue under new management.Key to the exercises Task I Global Listening1. C2. C.3. D .4. D5. A6. B.7. B8. CTask II Episode 1 1. T 2. F 3. T 4. F 5. T Listen for DetailsEpisode 2 1 2 3Episode 3 (1) technology always wins (2) software (4) radio(3) advertising supported (5) Ten million people(6) music (8) not liable for (10) control (12) facilitating (14) comfortable(7) video games (9) typo (11) fig leaf (13) stealEpisode 41. Following the music industry and begin to sue individuals who download movies.2. Airing ads about people whose jobs are at risk because of piracy.3. Keeping copies of movies from leaking in the first place.4. Hiring people to hack the hackers/serve up thousands of fake copies ofnew movies.Episode 51. Downloading off the Internet.2. 60 million3. Embrace it and get paid too.4. A bunch of crooks.5. 3-5 dolloars.6. Stopping piracy.8、这个世界并不是掌握在那些嘲笑者的手中，而恰恰掌握在能够经受得住嘲笑与批忍不断往前走的人手中。

上外版英语高级视听说听力原文标题：上外版英语高级视听说听力原文：探索跨文化沟通的挑战与机遇一、引言在全球化日益普及的今天，跨文化沟通成为了一种必要的技能。

上外版英语高级视听说课程正是为了提高学生的这项技能而设计的。

本文将根据课程中的听力原文，探讨跨文化沟通的挑战与机遇。

二、课程内容概述上外版英语高级视听说课程涵盖了丰富的跨文化沟通知识，包括语言差异、文化背景、沟通策略等多个方面。

通过分析听力原文中的具体案例，我们将深入了解跨文化沟通中可能遇到的挑战以及学生应具备的应对策略。

三、挑战与对策1、语言差异：在跨文化沟通过程中，语言差异往往是最直观且最容易察觉的障碍。

不同的语言体系可能带来语法、词汇和语用方面的挑战。

例如，在听力原文中，美国学生和中国学生在交流时遇到了语言理解上的困难，因为他们对于某些词汇的含义和文化背景知识的理解存在偏差。

2、文化背景：每个国家都有其独特的文化背景和社会习俗，这对跨文化沟通产生了深远的影响。

例如，听力原文中提到，日本学生在表达个人观点时，往往会使用含蓄的语言，而美国学生则更倾向于直接表达。

这种文化差异可能导致沟通误解。

3、沟通策略：在跨文化沟通中，不同的沟通策略可能会产生不同的效果。

听力原文中提到，一些学生倾向于使用明确、直接的表达方式，而另一些学生则更喜欢使用含蓄、间接的语言。

在实际沟通中，如何选择适当的沟通策略成为了一项挑战。

四、机遇与建议尽管跨文化沟通存在诸多挑战，但也同样蕴含着机遇。

为了有效应对这些挑战，学生可以采取以下建议：1、提高语言能力：学生应充分掌握英语语言知识，包括语法、词汇和语用规则。

通过不断练习和实际应用，学生可以逐步提高自己的语言水平，减少因语言差异带来的沟通障碍。

2、了解文化背景：学生应积极学习不同国家的文化背景和社会习俗，以便更好地理解对方的文化背景和行为方式。

这有助于减少因文化差异导致的沟通误解。

3、灵活运用沟通策略：在跨文化沟通中，学生应根据实际情况灵活运用不同的沟通策略。

英语高级视听说上册听力原文上外版Unit 4For much of 2005, the news out of Iraq has overshadowed what has been going on in Afghanistan, where 18,000 U.S. troops are still fighting and dying along the Pakistan border in battles with the Taliban, al Qaeda and other Muslim extremist groups.The rest of Afghanistan, at least compared to Iraq, appears relatively peaceful. But the country is facing another threat to its stability — its growing addiction the production and trafficking of heroin, which is controlled by some of the most powerful people in the country.Correspondent ,Steve Kroft, reports.Afghanistan is now the world's largest exporter of heroin, and the opium used to produce it, supplying 87 percent of the world market. And it is creating an infrastructure of crime and corruption that threatens the government of President Hamid Karzai.The heroin trade begins with fields of opium poppies grown in almost every province of Afghanistan. Last year, according to the U.S. state department, 206,000 hectares were cultivated, a half a million acres, producing 4,000 tons of opium, most of which was converted into 400 tons of illegal morphine and heroin in laboratories around the country.How much opium and heroin is that?"It is not only the largest heroin producer in the world, 206,000 hectares is the largest amount of heroin or of any drug that I think has ever been produced by any one country in any given year," says Robert Charles, who until last spring was assistant secretary of state for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement, overseeing anti-drug operations in Afghanistan.Charles says Afghanistan is producing more heroin than Colombia is producing cocaine.After 25 years of war, it is the country's main cash crop, contributing nearly three billion dollars a year in illegal revenues to the Afghan economy, which equals 50 percent of the gross national product.The laundered proceeds are no doubt funding much of the rebuilding of Kabul, which is experiencing a major construction boom.But the best way to illustrate the sheer volume of the drug trade is to tour the basement vault underneath Afghanistan's Counter Narcotics police in Kabul, whereone and a half tons of heroins, just seized in the provinces, was awaiting destruction. One and a half tons of pure heroin is much larger than the biggest shipment ever seized in the United States, and once cut and repackaged it is worth hundreds of millions of dollars on the streets of a western city.Yet the seizure is less than one percent of all the heroin produced in Afghanistan last year, production which has increased more than 2,000 percent since 2001."That acceleration should be sending a blinking red light to all of us right now. Drug money is going to accelerate the disintegration of democratic institutions," warns Charles.What is happening, Charles says, is the transformation of a poor, war torn country struggling with democracy into a narco state where power emanates from a group of drug kingpins far more powerful than the new government.The process began in 2001 when the United States forged military alliances with powerful warlords and used their private armies to drive al Qaeda and the Taliban out of the country.But some of Afghanistan's biggest warlords also happen to be some of the countries biggest drug lords. Now that they are part of the government, often in high places, a few are even charged with eradicating the drug traffic that many people believe they're still involved in.One former warlord suspected of being involved in the opium trade is Hazrat Ali, whose private army fought against al Qaeda at the battle of Tora Bora. In appreciation of his efforts, he was placed in charge of security for Nangahar province until he resigned recently to run for parliament.He also happens to be named in a United Nations report as one of the provincial officials suspected of being heavily involved in drug trafficking.Ali doesn't deny that the heroin business flourishes in the region but denied that he is involved in the trade. "No. You can ask anyone. I am opposed to drugs. If everyone was like me, there wouldn't be an opium plant in Afghanistan."60 Minutes had no difficulty finding people to make the allegations; proving them is another matter since there is virtually no criminal justice system in place to pursue them.In all of Afghanistan there are barely 100 people in jail for drug offenses, most of them small time players.Afghanistan's President Hamid Karzai, who is considered honest and well intentioned, outlawed the cultivation and trafficking of opium three years ago, but has neither the power nor the prosecutors to enforce it."It is the top priority. Not one of the top — the top priority now," says Karzai."There have been lots of reports that many of the people in the provinces, many of the former commanders, have been involved with drug trafficking in the past. And some believe still continue to be involved in drug trafficking," Kroft says.Karzai agrees. "A lot of people are still involved in drug trafficking," he says. "Maybe even there are people in the government who may be involved in drug trafficking. Drug trafficking, drug cultivation, poppy cultivation, was a major way of life in this country. Now that the country's going back toward stability, now that we have a better hope for tomorrow, that we have hope for tomorrow, the Afghan people have begun to distance themselves. Slowly, slowly."Things are moving much too slowly for the country's top law enforcement officer, interior minister Ali Amad Jalali, who resigned last month after complaining about the lack of progress in stemming the opium trade, and bringing government officials involved in it to justice.Last June, his elite Afghan anti-drug force, trained and assisted by the British, raided the offices of Sher Muhammed Akhundzada, the Governor of Helmand Province, another warlord widely suspected of being involved in the drug trade.They seized nine and a half tons on opium, but the investigation went nowhere. Governor Akhunzada said the drugs were not his but that they had been seized by police and were just being stored at his headquarters.He showed 60 Minutes a locker now loaded with another two and a half tons of opium. "This is opium that we confiscated. We have to keep the confiscated opium in a safe place. And this is where we keep it," says Akhunzada, through a translator.Not everyone bought that argument, especially the chief counter-narcotics officer for Helmand Province. When the investigation stalled, Abdul Samad Haqqani went on Radio Liberty, which is funded by the U.S. Congress, and denounced the governor as a major narcotics trafficker.Haqqani has since disappeared and President Karzai says he would look into the matter.As for the tons of opium in the Governor's administrative office, Karzai wasn't the least bit surprised"It's almost half of the economy," he says. "Why would it surprise me if there was poppy found in a governor's office? Or administrative offices? Whether they were confiscated or whether they belonged to somebody. In both cases, it doesn't surprise me."Asked how his government would deal with the governor amid these allegations, Karzai says the governor asked to be removed."This governor of Helmand, he has come to me a number of times to say that he is tired of working in Helmand precisely because of these allegations," Karzai says. "He says, 'Well remove me' and we have not removed him. Because right now, under thecircumstances, any replacement would find it difficult to continue the fight against terrorism the way he's doing it there — in that province and at the borders."Karzai went on to say that no investigation was needed and that the governor could be removed and assigned to other government work."We don't need an investigation on him," Karzai says. "We will remove him from his place and bring him to do some other government work. Maybe he should become a senator or something."Antonio Maria Costa, director of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, says he has pleaded with Karzai to do something about senior officials and governors involved in the drug business."These people who have been involved, senior officials and governors who were involved in the drug economy should be removed," says Costa. "Removed from office and possibly removed from the country."Costa says the need to fight terrorism and defeat the insurgency should not be used as an excuse to ignore the opium trade. "I think it is the responsibility of the Afghan government and the foreign powers assisting it to fight both narcotics and the insurgency. I will say that fighting one is equal to fighting the other."The British, who have overall responsibility for counter narcotics in Afghanistan, and the Americans, have limited their role to assisting the Karzai government in training anti-drug units and providing occasional logistical support for their missions to confiscate opium and destroy drug labs. So far they have destroyed 150 labs.The American military has no direct role in counter narcotics. Its responsibility is fighting terrorism and providing security and stability. If U.S. troops come across opium they can take action but it is not part of their mission.Robert Charles says the U.S. military has limited resources to commit to the effort and feels that aggressive action could disrupt the flow of intelligence. "It is easy to say, 'We will get to this issue in time' the way we get to other social issues. But we don't have time."And Charles doesn't think it is just a threat to the mission. "I think it is a threat to the Democracy. Why is it a threat to democracy? First, it has a potential for public corruption. Second, it funds the violent elements in society. Finally, it sends a signal that the rule of law doesn't matter."One U.S. counter-narcotics official told Kroft that corruption is worse in Afghanistan than it is in Colombia, and estimated that 90 percent of the police chiefs are either directly involved in the drug business or protecting those who are.The British trained mobile unit says it is under orders to stop police cars and official motorcades as well as ordinary buses. Official vehicles are the preferred means of transporting opium.There have been a few small successes. The government has stepped up a modest poppy eradication program, and with the help of the U.S. state department is trying to persuade farmers to grow alternative crops.The number of acres of poppy under cultivation actually dropped 20 percent in 2005, although opium and heroin production remained about the same.In the village of Kushkak, farmers told 60 Minutes that they voluntarily quit growing opium poppy after the government promised to build them health clinics, schools and roads. But the promises have not materialized and they are growing impatient."We did promise them alternative livelihoods," says Karzai. "We have told them that they should stop growing poppy that we'll be there to help them. And if we don't do that, people out of desperation will go back to poppies, and we should not allow that."But illegal profits from the opium and heroin trade are not only helping warlords and corrupt officials expand their influence over the government. There is evidence that some of the money is ending up with the Taliban and al Qaeda, who elicit tolls, protection money and drugs from traffickers in areas they control."Narcotics is such an insidious, creeping, potentially lethal problem in that country that it needs to be elevated to a rank that is commensurate with that threat," says Charles.Asked whether he is saying that this issue is as important as fighting terrorism, he said, "I am."。

上外版英语高级听力练习(上册)听力原文第一篇"Good morning, everyone. Today I'd like to talk about the impact of technology on society.However, there are also negative consequences to consider. The overuse of technology can lead to social isolation and a decrease in face-to-face interactions. People are spending more time behind screens and less time interacting with others in person. This can have a detrimental effect on mental health and overall social well-being.In conclusion, while technology has brought about immense benefits, we must also be aware of its drawbacks. It is essential to strike a balance between utilizing technology to enhance our lives and preserving human connection and privacy. As the future continues to unfold, it is important for society to address these challenges and make informed decisions about the role of technology in our lives."第二篇"Hello everyone! Today, I want to discuss the importance of lifelong learning.In conclusion, lifelong learning is not a one-time event but a lifelong journey. It is a mindset that embraces growth and adaptation. By actively seeking knowledge and remaining curious, we can thrive in an ever-changing world. So let's embrace the power of lifelong learning and unlock our full potential!"。

Book 2 Chapter 1 The PopulationToday we¡¯re going to talk about population in the United States. According to the most recent government census, the population is 281,421,906 people. Now this represents an increase of almost 33 million people since the 1990 census. A population of over 281 million makes the United States the third most populous country in the whole world. As you probably know, the People¡¯s Republic of China is the most populous country in the world. But do you know which is the second most populous? Well, if you thought India, you were right. The fourth, fifth, and sixth most populous countries are Indonesia, Brazil, and Pakistan. Now let¡¯s get back to the United States. Let¡¯s look at the total U. S. population figure of 281 million in three different ways. The first way is by race and origin; the second is by geographical distribution, or by where people live; and the third way is by the age and sex of the population.First of all, let¡¯s take a look at the population by race and origin. The latest U. S. census reports that 75.1 percent of the population is white, whereas 12.3 percent is black. Three percent are of Asian origin, and 1 percent is Native American. 2.4 percent of the population is a mixture of two or more races, and 5.5 percent report themselves as ¡°of some other race¡±. Let¡¯s make sure your figures are right: OK, white, 75.1 percent; black, 12.3 percent; Asian, 3 percent; Native American, 1 percent; a mixture of two or more races, 2.4 percent; and of some other race, 5.5 percent. Hispanics, whose origins lie in Spanish-speaking countries, comprise whites, blacks, and Native Americans, so they are already included in the above figures. It is important to note that Hispanics make up 12.5 percent of the present U.S. population, however. Finally, the census tells us that 31 million people in the United States were born in another country. Of the 31 million foreign born, the largest part, 27.6 percent are from Mexico. The next largest group, from the Philippines, number 4.3 percent.Another way of looking at the population is by geographical distribution. Do you have any idea which states are the five most populous in the United States? Well, I¡¯ll help you out there. The five most populous states, with population figures, are California, with almost 34 million; New York, with 21 million; Texas, with 19 million; and Florida, with 16 million; and Illinois with 12.5 million people. Did you get all those figures down? Well, if not, I¡¯ll give you a chance later to check your figures. Well, then, let¡¯s move on. All told, over half, or some 58 percent of the population, lives in the South and in the West of the United States. This figure, 58 percent, is surprising to many people. It is surprising because the East is more densely populated. Nevertheless, there are more people all together in the South and West. To understand this seeming contradiction, one need only consider the relatively larger size of many southern and western states, so although there are more people, they are distributed over a larger area. To finish up this section on geographical distribution, consider that more than three-quarters of the people live in metropolitan areas like Los Angeles, New York, Chicago, and Houston. That means that only 20 percent, or 2 out of 10 people, live in rural areas. An interesting side note is that some 3,800,000 U.S. citizens live abroad, that is, in foreign countries.Before we finish today, I want to discuss the distribution of the U.S. population in terms of age and sex. Just for interest, would you say there are more men or more women in the United States? Well, according to the 2000 census, there are more women. In fact, there are more than five million more women than men in the U.S. population. If we consider that more males than females are born each year, how can this difference be explained? Well, for a variety of complicated reasons that we can¡¯t go into here, there is a progressively higher death rate for males as they get older. This is seen in 2003 life expectancy figures: the life expectancy for women is 80.4 years whereas for men it is only 74.5 years. I don¡¯t know how these life expectancy figures compare to those in your countries, but statistically women generally live longer than men worldwide. Now, to finish up, let¡¯s look at the average age of the whole population. Overall, the average age of the population is increasing: from 33.1 years in 1990 to 35.3 years in 2000. The average age has been slowly, but steadily, increasing over the past several decades. This trend toward a higher average age can be explained by a decreasing birth rate and an increasing life expectancy for the population as awhole. Well, I¡¯d like to investigate these two subjects further, but I see our time is up, so we¡¯ll have to call it quits for today. You may want to pursue the topic of the aging U.S. population further, so there are some suggestions at the end of the lesson to help you do so. Thank you.Chapter Two Immigration: Past and PresentThe act of immigrating, or coming to a new country to live, is certainly nothing new. Throughout history, people have immigrated, or moved to new countries, for many different reasons. Sometimes these reasons were economic or political. Other people moved because of natural disasters such as droughts or famines. And some people moved to escape religious or political persecution. No matter what the reason, most people do not want to leave their native land and do so only under great pressure of some sort, but a few people seem quite adventuresome and restless by nature and like to move a lot. It seems both kinds of people came to America to live. The subject of immigration is quite fascinating to most Americans, as they view themselves as a nation of immigrants. However, the early Britons who came to what is today the United States considered themselves ¡°settlers¡±or ¡°colonists,¡±rather than immigrants. These people did not exactly think they were moving to a new country but were merely settling new land for the ¡°mother country.¡± There were also large numbers of Dutch, French, German, and Scotch-Irish settlers, as well as large numbers of blacks brought from Africa as slaves. At the time of independence from Britain in 1776, about 40 percent of people living in what is now the United States were non-British. The majority of people, however, spoke English, and the traditions that formed the basis of life were mainly British traditions. This period we have just been discussing is usually referred to as the Colonial Period. Today, we¡¯re a little more interested in actual immigration after this period. Let¡¯s first look at what is often called the Great Immigration, which began about 1830 and ended in 1930. Then let¡¯s consider the reasons for this so-called Great Immigration and the reasons it ended. Finally, let¡¯s talk about the immigration situation in the United States today,As I said, we¡¯ll begin our discussion today with the period of history called the Great Immigration, which lasted from approximately 1830 to 1930. It will be easier if we look at the Great Immigration in terms of three major stages, or time periods. The first stage was from approximate1y 1830 to 1860. Now, before this time, the number of immigrants coming to the United States was comparatively small, only about 10,000 a year. However, the rate began to climb in the 1830s when about 600,000 immigrants arrived. The rate continued to climb during the 1840s with a tota1 of 1,700,000 people arriving in that decade. The rate continued to climb, and during the 1850s 2,600,000 immigrants arrived. During this first stage of the Great Immigration, that is, between the years 1830 and 1860, the majority of immigrants came from Germany, Great Britain, and Ireland. Now let¡¯s consider the second stage of the Great Immigration. The second stage was from l860 to 1890, during which time another 10,000,000 people arrived. Between l860 and 1890 the majority of immigrants continued to be from Germany, Ireland, and Great Britain. However, during the second stage, a smaller but significant number of immigrants came from the Scandinavian nations of Denmark, Norway and Sweden. The third stage of the Great Immigration, which lasted from 1890 to 1930, was the era of heaviest immigration. Between the years l890 and l930, almost 22 million immigrants arrived in the United States. Most of these new arrivals came from the Southern European countries of Greece, Italy, Portugal, and Spain and the Eastern European countries of Poland and Russia.Now that we know something about the numbers and origins of immigrants who came to the States during the Great Immigration, let¡¯s consider the reasons why most of these people immigrated to the United States. Why did such large numbers of Europeans leave their homes for life in an unknown country? It would be impossible to discuss all the complex political and economic reasons in any depth today, but we can touch on a few interesting facts that might help to clarify the situation for you. First of all, one of the most important reasons was that the population of Europe doubled between the years 1750 and 1850. At the same time that the population was growing so rapidly, the Industrial Revolution in Europe was causing widespread unemployment. The combination of increased populationand the demand for land by industry also meant that farmland was becoming increasingly scarce in Europe. The scarcity of farmland in Europe meant that the abundance of available land in the growing country of the United States was a great attraction. During these years, the United States was an expanding country and it seemed that there was no end to land. In fact, in 1862, the government offered public land free to citizens and to immigrants who were planning to become citizens. In addition to available farmland, there were also plentiful jobs during these years of great economic growth. Other attractions were freedom from religious or political persecution. Some other groups also came to the United States as the direct results of natural disasters that left them in desperate situations. For example, the frequent failure of the potato crop in Ireland between the years 1845 and 1849 led to widespread starvation in that country, and people were driven to immigrate. Another factor that affected the number of immigrants coming to the United States was improved ocean transport beginning in the 1840s. At that time, ships large enough to carry large numbers of people began to make regular trips across the ocean. Now let¡¯s summarize the reasons for the high rate of immigration to the United States during the years we discussed: first, the doubling of the population in Europe between 1750 and 1850; second, the unemployment caused by the Industrial Revolution; and third, the land scarcity in Europe, followed by religious and political persecution and natural disaster. These reasons combined with improved transportation probably account for the largest number of immigrants.I would now like to talk briefly about the period of time following the Great Immigration and the reasons for the decline in the rate of immigration. Although immigration continues today, immigration numbers have never again reached the levels that we discussed previously. There are several reasons for this decline. This decline was in part due to various laws whose aim was to limit the number of immigrants coming from different parts of the world to the United States. The first such law that limited the number of immigrants coming from a certain part of the world was the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. This law was followed by many other laws that also tried to limit the numbers of people immigrating from various countries or parts of the world. In addition to such laws, certainly economic and geopolitical events as important as the Great Depression starting in 1929 and World War II also contributed to the decline in immigration.Let¡¯s conclude our talk by discussing the current situation with respect to immigration, which is quite different from that in the past. To understand some of the changes, it¡¯s important to note that in 1965 strict quotas based on nationality were eliminated. Let¡¯s see how different things are today from the past. As I noted, the greatest number of immigrants to the United States have historically been European. According to U.S. Census figures, in 1860, the percentage of immigrants that were European was 92 percent. But by 1960, the percentage of European immigrants had dropped to 74.5 percent, and by the year 2002, it had dropped to 14 percent! In 2002, 52.2 percent of immigrants came from Latin America, that is, from the Caribbean, Central America, and South America. Mexico is ordinarily considered part of North America, but the U.S. Census Bureau considers Mexico as a Central American country in terms of immigration statistics, and estimates that more than one-third of the total of all immigrants to the United States in 2002 came from Mexico or another Central American country. The next largest percentage, 25.5 percent, of immigrants came from Asia, mainly from the Philippines, China, and India.Although immigration dropped sharply when the United States entered World War I and remained low throughout the Depression and World War II years, at the end of the l940s, immigration began to increase again and has, in general, risen steadily since then. It might surprise you to know that the actual number of immigrants coming yearly to the States in recent years is about the same as the numbers coming yearly between 1900 and 1910. Keep in mind, though, that the population of the United States is much larger now than at the turn of the century, so that while the yearly numbers may be similar, the percentage of the population that is foreign-born is considerably smaller today than it was a century ago.It might be interesting to speculate on immigration in the future. Will the trend continue for non-Europeans to immigrate to the United States? The answer is probably yes for the foreseeable future. Do these non-Europeanpeople come to the United States for the same reasons that Europeans came? Well, land is no longer plentiful and cheap. Industry no longer requires large numbers of unskilled workers. In fact, the government usually tries to restrict immigration to those people who already have the skills to be successful in U.S. society. Still, people come for politica1 and economic reasons and probably will continue to do so.Chapter 3 Americans at WorkWhether you love it or hate it, work is a major part of most people¡¯s lives everywhere in the world. Americans are no exception. Americans might complain about ¡°blue Monday,¡±when they have to go back to work after the weekend, but most people put a lot of importance on their job, not only in terms of money but also in terms of identity. In fact, when Americans are introduced to a new person, they almost always ask each other, ¡°What do you do?¡± They are asking, what is your job or profession. Today, however, we won¡¯t look at work in terms of what work means socially or psychologically. Rather, we¡¯re going to take a look at work in the United States today from two perspectives. First, we¡¯ll take a historical look at work in America. We¡¯ll do that by looking at how things changed for the American worker from the beginning to the end of the twentieth century, that is, from the year 1900 to the year 1999. Then we¡¯ll look at how U.S. workers are doing today.As we look at the changes over the last century, we¡¯re going to use a lot of statistics to describe these changes. You will need to write down a lot of numbers in today¡¯s lecture. First, let¡¯s consider how the type of work people were involved in changed. At the beginning of the twentieth century, about 38 percent of the workforce was involved in agriculture; that is, they worked on a farm. By the end of the century, only 3 percent still worked on farms. There was also a large decrease in the number of people working in mining, manufacturing, and construction. The number of workers in mining, manufacturing, and construction went down from 31 percent to 19 percent.While the number of people in these goods producing industries went down, the number of people in the service industries went up. As you may know, a service industry is one that provides a service, rather than goods or products.A few examples include transportation, tourism, banking, advertising, health care, and legal services. I¡¯m sure you can think of more. The service industry workforce jumped from 31 percent of the workforce at the turn of the century to 78 percent in 1999.Let¡¯s recap the numbers: in 1900, 38 percent in agriculture; 31 percent in mining, manufacturing, and construction; and 31 percent in the service industries. That should add up to 100 percent. In 1999, 3 percent in agriculture; 19 percent in mining, manufacturing, and construction; and 78 percent in the service industries. Again, that should add up to 100 percent.The labor force changed in other important ways. For example, child labor was not unusual at the beginning of the twentieth century. In 1900 there were 1, 750, 000 children aged ten to fifteen working full-time in the labor force. This was 6 percent of the labor force. Over the years, child labor laws became much stricter and by 1999, it was illegal for anyone under sixteen to work full-time in any of the fifty states. While the number of children in the workforce went down, the number of women went up dramatically. In 1900, only 19 percent of women were employed; in 1999, 60 percent of women were holding down jobs.Let¡¯s see what has happened to wages and salaries. All the numbers I will give you are in terms of 1999 dollars. Let me explain. In 1900 the average per capita income was $4,200 a year. That does not mean that the average worker in 1900 earned $4,200, a year, but that what he or she earned was equal to $4, 200 in 1999. That is, the amount of money the average worker earned in 1900 was worth the same as $4,200 in 1999. The average per capita income in 1999 was $33, 700. Not only did people earn a lot more money at the end of the century, they also received a lot more in benefits than at the beginning of the century. One of the important benefits most workers received later in the century was health insurance. Whereas wages and salaries rose over the century, the average workweek dropped. That is, workers, in general, did not work as long hours in 1999 as they did in 1900.The last area that I¡¯d like to give you a few statistics about is workplace safety. Most of us who go to work every day don¡¯t think a lot about whether we are safe or not, but in 1900 it was a real concern for a lot of workers. There aren¡¯t many statistics available, but the U.S. government does have statistics on two industries that will give you some idea of the differences today. In 1900 almost 1,500 workers were killed in coal-mining accidents; in 1999, the number was 35. 2,555 railroad workers were killed in 1900, compared to 56 in 1999.People often tend to romanticize the past and talk about ¡°the good old days,¡± but I think it¡¯s fair to say that by the end of the twentieth century, U.S. workers in general made more money, they enjoyed more benefits, and their working conditions had improved greatly.Now let¡¯s turn our attention to the current situation for U.S. workers. The picture is not so rosy as the one drawn by comparing U.S. workers at the beginning and the end of the twentieth century. I¡¯m going to focus on the current situation in terms of productivity, working hours, and wages and salaries.First let¡¯s consider the number of hours worked. According to a 2003 study released by the United Nations International Labor Organization, U.S. workers are the most productive in the world among industrialized nations, but they work longer hours than European workers to achieve this productivity. Europeans typically have four to six weeks of vacation a year, whereas the average American worker has only about two weeks. This study points out that the longer working hours in the United States is a rising trend, while the trend in other industrialized countries is the opposite.Workers in some European countries actually outproduce American workers per hour of work. It has been suggested that this higher rate of productivity might be because European workers are less stressed than U.S. workers.At any rate, there seems to be general agreement that U.S. productivity has greatly increased over the last thirty years. However, workers have not seen their wages rise at the same rate. A group of sociologists in their book Inequality by Design point out that there is a growing gap between rich Americans and everyone else in the United States. They write that between 1949 and 1974, increases in productivity were matched by increases in wages for workers in both manufacturing and the service industries, but since 1974, productivity increased 68 percent in manufacturing and 50 percent in services, but real wages stagnated. That is, wages moved up little or not at all. So, where does all the money generated by the increased productivity go then? According to the authors of this book, the money goes to the salaries for CEOs, to the stock market, and to corporate profits. Workers play a great role in increasing productivity, but no longer see their wages connected to increased productivity. In other words, CEOs¡¯salaries, the stock market, and the corporate profits go up as work productivity goes up, but workers¡¯wages don¡¯t.What are the reasons why U.S. workers, who are the most productive in the world, have to work longer hours, have fewer vacation days, and see their wages stagnate and not rising at the same rate as productivity? The answer to this question is complex and controversial, but there are two reasons most people who speak or write about these issues mention: The first is that labor unions in the United States have lost great power since the beginning of the 1980s, and the second is that the government has passed laws that favor the rich and weaken the rights of the workers.I see our time is up. So, I¡¯ll see you next time.Chapter 4 Family in the United States¡¡¡¡A hundred years ago, one heard the same kind of comments about the American family that one hears today --- in short, that the American family is disintegrating. Proof of this disintegration at the end of the nineteenth century included three points: the declining birth rate, a rising divorce rate, and evidence that women were not completely content with their domestic role. It¡¯s a little surprising to me that the same claim about the family is being made today --- that it is disintegrating. And often the same points are mentioned as proof: declining birth rates, increasing divorce rates, and discontent of women with domestic roles. Now, in no way do I mean to imply that cultural,demographic, and economic conditions are the same now as they were 100 years ago. On the contrary, the very nature of the family has changed drastically in the last 50 years, not to mention the last 100 years. But I don¡¯t think the average person¡¯s concept of the family has changed very much over the years. A lot of people have one fixed idea of the family: a married couple where Mother stays home to care for the children and Father works. But this idea is challenged by what we see every day in U.S. society. To be sure, the family is a very sensitive barometer for what is happening in the society, the culture, and the economy of the United States. To make this point clearer, we¡¯ll take a look at how the American family has changed in the last 50 years by looking at three different time periods: there are the mid-1940s to the mid-1960s; the mid-60s to the mid-80s; and finally the present. Sociologist Barbara Dafoe Whitehead labels these three periods: the period of traditional familism, the period of individualism, and the period of the new familism. I will try for each period to show how economic, demographic, and cultural elements interact and, in turn, affect the family.¡¡¡¡Well, let¡¯s proceed in chronological order and start with traditional familism. We¡¯re talking here of the twenty years from the mid-1940s to the mid-1960s. This was the period after World War II, a period characterized by a very strong economy. This gave the United States a rising standard of living and a growing middle class. Demographically, the predominant configuration of the family from these years was the traditional one: a married couple with children. Some women worked, but divorce rates were low, and birth rates were high. I guess you could say that the country idealized the family in these years. And what I mean is, there was a commitment to the family from its members and a reverence for it from society. TV programs of the era depicted the family in the classical configuration: working father, housewife, and children. Culturally, three characteristics stand out in this period: conformity to social norms, greater male domination of the family than in the later periods, and clear-cut gender roles, that is, clear and separate roles for men and women at home and at work. Well, things changed quite a bit after this period.¡¡¡¡Let¡¯s move on to the second period, the period of individualism. This period is from the mid-1960s to the mid-1980s. Now, because individualism is so often mentioned in our discussion of U.S. culture and people, I should make a little detour here before we discuss it. Individualism brings to mind two other words: independence and self-reliance. Individualism conveys the idea that one should think and act for himself or herself, according to what one feels is right. Individualism is easily confused with egotism or selfishness, but in its best sense, it is much more. Individualism implies that one has the freedom to decide what is best rather than allowing that decision to be made by a group such as the community or society. Individualism does, of course, conflict with the concept of community, which implies that the group shares in making decisions. And this conflict between the individual and the community is one that comes up again and again in our lecture series about the United States. All right, let¡¯s get back to our discussion about the family.¡¡¡¡The second period, the period of individualism, saw three important social and political movements. Do you have any idea which movements I might be talking about? Keep in mind that these decades were characterized by a lack of conformity to social norms. Well, the movements have in mind are the sexual revolution, in which sex was clearly no longer reserved for marriage; the women¡¯s liberation movement; and the movement against the war in Vietnam. All three movements---the sexual revolution, woman¡¯s liberation, and the antiwar movement --- were typical of the nonconforming nature of these decades. Now, culturally, it is in this period where we see two important developments: one the idealization of one¡¯s career and work and, two, the drive for self-expression and self-fulfillment. In this period, the feminist movement challenged traditional gender roles and male domination of society. Women began to enter professions previously closed to them like medicine, law, and management. Men, for their part, began at least to consider a more active role in raising their children.These cultural changes occurred during a time of economic changes, too. This was a time of rapidly rising cost of living. Together, these forces changed the demographics of the family. The former picture of the family had only。