毕业论文外文翻译-汽车保险

Automobile finance researchAbstract:The automobile industry has hundred years history in overseas oneself. The people in carefully examine, savors these 100 year historical time, often saw is the automobile industry magnificent and the wheel nationality's abundance, but has neglected in this century hundred year, billowing automobile dust behind, some unknown hero - automobile finance service station plays vital role. If did not have at that time “the carapace insect” unsolvable with Germany Volkswagenwe rk famous “five Deutsche Mark credits” emerging, does not have today “the unparalleled in the world” automobile empire and world top level German automobile industry; If does not have the Ford automobile credit company to take the lead the automobile finance service to take the impetus auto sale the release lever, standard and gets down fixedly the automobile finance service with the corporate system way, and first uses the securitization in the world the way to allow temporary credit class of the continuously fund, also does not have today automobile industry mammoth and the common people lives the convenience to be quick. In a sense, had the automobile finance service, only then had today automobile industry, today aviation industry and now weather all mechanical manufacturing industries; Also had the automobile finance service, only then had human's radius of action hundred, thousand kilometer level spanning, had the humanity to benefit in the geography space and time expands the humanities spirit sublimation which, the movement speed enhanced brings.Automobile finance researchMust understand truly the automobile industry, must first read the automobile finance; must develop the automobile industry truly, must first develop the automobile finance. Domestic and foreign historical oneself after has made clear this point. China passes for several dozens years to attempt one to leave the automobile finance continuously, the independence develops the automobile industry pathway, the result it can be imagined. Is big until now, realized only then gradually, the automobile finance is the automobile industry ox muzzle, the automobile finance starts one of important keys which the society expends.Although automobile finance expends in the finance in the overseas society,after has become continues the real estate finance the second big finance, but in China whether needs to develop also has the very great dispute. In other words, whether does the automobile finance production and develop in a disorderly way may follow?On the one hand I according to Mr. Liu Fuyuan “the national economy space and time theory”, also “national economy development phase to economical thing and economic phenomena keeping in balance with guiding function” the viewpoint embarks, “deepens and “the consumption pattern has and the change rule” the angle from the finance”, had the development national economy stage space and time characteristic to the automobile finance service to carry on the analysis, proposed “the automobile finance was th e national economy develops the financial phenomenon which under the specific stage appeared inevitably” and “the consumption pattern operating law decided the automobile finance had the development” and so on the viewpoints.On the other hand I attempt through the automobile finance service to macroscopic economical and the microscopic economical function analysis, explained the automobile finance service enhanced the automobile production, the service, the expense domain fund use efficiency, strengthened the financial service superiority, thus further emphasized the automobile finance produces rationality: The automobile finance can adjust in the national economy movement three big contradictory: “Production and expense contradiction”, “turnover of capit al contradiction”, “credit (demand) and deposit (supplies) contradiction”;The automobile finance has “the high value transferability” to the automobile industry, has “the height dependence and the catalytic nature” to the tertiary industry, has “the high placement” to the employment;The automobile finance may play “the maintenance sale system to the automobile manufacturer, the conformity sale strategy, provides the market information the role”; the automobile finance may play to the car dealer “provide s goods in stock financing”, “transport business fund allows temporary credit”, “equipment financing” the role;The automobile finance may play to the automobile user “provides the expense credit”, “rents financing”, “service financing”, “the insurance business”the role;In brief, “the automobile finance can consummate socialized, the marketability financial service system”.Under the above analysis premise, I place the research and the writing key point the automobile finance concrete operation flow in several key questions, argues vigorously establishes a relative consummation the structure system.Because at present in domestic, but also does not have one special to discuss with the literature, even is one has the depth paper, studies the automobile finance question, I only then “look for a needle in a haystack”, seeks some fragmentarily, the dispersible material from the overseas university development facility and in the automobile finance service website.The innovation aspect, belongs in the rese arch area “runs the horse stable place”, the basically entire structure is new, but also is preliminary. According to “automobile finance historical development - - research system foundation; Automobile finance profit pattern - research system core; Automobile finance credit administration - - research system inner layer; Automobile finance financing mechanism - - research system outer layer: Automobile finance product development - research system surface layer” the order launches; In the research techniq ue, has mainly used “the comparison research” the method, in the Western economic, the finance study, the insurance study, the service management science, the financial engineering, consumer economics domain extensive cultivation and so on the marketing study, compatible and gathers, uses these theories to explain diligently the automobile finance the related question, and has formed some new viewpoints, mainly has “the automobile finance increment profit pattern” in the concrete content, “the credit reimburses ability management”, “the automobile finance multi-dimensional financing structure”, “the automobile finance financial product development”, “the automobile finance product achievements marketing” and so on.First, understands the automobile finance “the development history”.Has analyzed the automobile finance service company's general evolution history process and the current several kind of main existence form, including “bigautomobile manufacture enterprise attached”, “big bank financial group attached”, “independent type”; Has analyzed the automobile finance service company newly “the compound superiority”; Also analyzed “the economical globalization” in the process the automobile finance service to start to appear “the multi-dimensional strate gy”, “the deepened strategy” and “the hypothesized service” the trend of development.Specially has also analyzed the Chinese automobile finance special development experience and the advantages in this foundation. According to “the modern effective marke t hypothesis”, has analyzed “the interest rate control” in the situation, the Chinese automobile money market non-validity, has drawn some basic conclusions: Induces and the start huge individual deposit with the automobile finance service, supports the national economy high speed to grow continually: The automobile finance service is helpful “the automobile expends the leading” in the establishment the market pattern; The automobile finance service is helpful to the elimination “the automobile demand growt h regional characteristic incline” the question; The automobile finance service is helpful in the display uses the Chinese automobile storage quantity property. Also to develop the automobile finance service existence “the human vehicle to be contradictory”, “the road vehicle is contradictory” and so on the main restriction factor to carry on the appraisal, proposed specially: The automobile finance can “the creation supplies”, be the science solution above question “the key”.After the understanding automobile finance service historical present situation, has then analyzed the automobile finance service existence “the origin of life” - - the profit pattern. This also is further is proving the automobile finance existence “the rationality” the question.After the introduction automobile finance profit pattern basic meaning, I divide into it “the basic profit pattern” and “the increment profit pattern” two kinds, and from “service management theory”, “financial service theory” the angle, proved the automobil e finance service profit pattern “not to be possible to know touches the nature”, “the indivisibility”, “the different principle” and so on the characteristics, proposed “the automobile finance service profit pattern core factor was the customer loyal degr ee of satisfaction”, “the automobile finance serviceprofit pattern secondary factor is the automobile finance service transmission quality”. Also to “the market concentration degree”, “the market entered the barrier”, “the market mechanism” and so on the market parameters has carried on the description.I the Western economic “the market analysis” the theory introduction, will also analyze and obtain “the perfect competitive market to the automobile finance service profit pattern non-serviceability”, “hav e monopolized the market completely to the automobile finance service profit pattern non-serviceability”, “the monopoly struggled the market mechanism unexpectedly to the automobile finance service profit pattern serviceability”, “the oligopoly market to t he automobile finance service profit pattern serviceability” the conclusion, and has specifically analyzed under each kind of market condition, automobile finance service profit pattern running status.In this part, my another new viewpoint is, proved the automobile finance service to rise in value fully the profit pattern necessity, the concrete method, the fund composition, the investment principle, the investment portfolio. Also introduced I apply the investment bank fundamental research development one kind of typical automobile finance service to raise in value the profit pattern - “to buy the vehicle to manage finances the profit pattern”.If the automobile finance service profit pattern is a core, then the credit administration is controls this patt ern the key. After inspects “the credit theory”, “the consumer credit theory” these theory origin, has emphatically analyzed the automobile finance service credit system function and the automobile finance service credit system specific connotation and the category, emphasized the key point is eliminates the automobile finance the information dissymmetry, according to credit rank decision financing quantity and deadline. Also “paid (deposit) toself-to restrain the mechanism”, “the joint and several liability mechanism”, “the credit system mechanism” and so on the automobile finance service credit operations machine has manufactured the description, has established the measure automobile finance service individual loan risk and the automobile finance reimburses ability management the essential method, and established the automobile finance service credit system on our country to propose thecountermeasure.The automobile finance service financing structure plays is gathering accepts the fund the role, is the support, the guarantee automobile finance profit pattern display function “the power” .It both automobile finance profit pattern control, and reaction in automobile finance profit pattern, therefore, met down has conducted the research to it. The automobile finance service company finances the structure rationale to have “the financial capital to say”, “the banking capital circulation said”, and “the transaction expense said”. The automobile finance service financing history process has experienced “endogen financing”, “extraneous source financing” and “highly effective in extraneous source financing”. Has analyzed the automobile finance service company's financing structural model and the automobile finance service company best financing structure function, as well as the influence automobile finance Service Company finances the structure primary factor. Also with emphasis introduced the automobile finance service company's several kind of main financing form, specially introduced in the automobile finance credit property securitization financing form, in the automobile finance service intangible asset capitalization financing strategy, in the automobile finance service special permission management financing strategy, in the automobile finance service project financing strategy, the automobile finance service level border financing strategy.The automobile finance service product development sells the camp is the entire system final link, it realizes the automobile finance profit pattern tool, is the automobile finance credit administration carrier, is the automobile finance financing mechanism operation goal.The automobile finance service product makes a general reference thought the automobile transaction and the use allows temporary credit the financial structure which the fund carries on (quantity, deadline, cost and so on), the financial strategy design and the corresponding legal contract arrangement, is each kind of question solution which in the reality the automobile finance service station faces, including encompassment price optimization aspect automobile finance product; Encompassment circumvention sale policy, system development automobile finance product: Revolves the automobile expends in the process to have servicelink convenience, efficient and indemnificatory development automobile finance product. The automobile finance service product characteristic by took the general use commodity the automobile and decided as the financial service contractual relationship two big factors: Has “compound”, “the accuracy”, “the risk”, “the continuous nature”, “the selectivity” and so on;The automobile finance product design is in the finance study is most difficult one of richest challenging topics. It is the automobile finance analysis inverse problem. Automobile finance product design general flow, including “goal design”, “structural design”, “product fixed price”, “risk income characteristic analysis”, “product standardization”. The automobile finance product benefit appraised the method includes: “Profit margin discount law”, “information feedback law”.The automobile finance product development innovation is the China monetary system reform intrinsic request, the interest rate marketability, is develops the Chinese automobile finance product core and the key.Had the automobile finance service product, but also must open “the direct marketing channel”, “the straight multiple marketing channel”, “on the net the marketing”, carries on “the potency to the automobile finance product sale personnel to dr ive”, and to “the potency drove” has carried on the model description.The analysis opens the Chinese automobile finance service market existence “the merger and acquisition conformity”, “the market reorganization” and so on the tendencies, proposed carries out Chinese Silver Jail to meet the spirit, the perfect automobile finance service company governs the structure, the use “the independent pattern”, “the union pattern”, “the Chinese-foreign joint venture pattern”, establishes the Chinese specialized au tomobile finance service organization, impels the automobile finance service industry moderately to grow in advance, promotes our country automobile industry, the financial service industry overall competitive power.文献来源：/Article/Automotive/index.html汽车金融研究摘要：汽车工业在国外己有百年历史。

汽车保险中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)汽车保险汽车保险是在事故后保证自己的财产安全合同。

尽管联邦法律没有强制要求，但是在大多数州（新罕布什和威斯康星州除外）都要求必须购买汽车保险；在各个州都有最低的保险要求。

在鼻腔只购买汽车保险的两个州，如果没有足够的证据表明车主财力满足财务责任法的要求，那么他就必须买一份汽车保险。

就算没有法律规定，买一份合适的汽车保险对司机避免惹上官和承担过多维修费用来说都是非常实用的。

依据美国保险咨询中心的资料显示，一份基本的保险单应由6个险种组成。

这其中有些是有州法律规定，有些是可以选择的，具体如下：1.身体伤害责任险2.财产损失责任险3.医疗险或个人伤害保护险4.车辆碰撞险5.综合损失险6.无保险驾驶人或保额不足驾驶人险责任保险责任险的投保险额一般用三个数字表示。

不如，你的保险经纪人说你的保险单责任限额是20/40/10，这就代表每个人的人身伤害责任险赔偿限额是2万美元，每起事故的热身上海责任险赔偿限额是4万美元，每起事故的财产损失责任险的赔偿限额是1万美元。

人身伤害和财产损失责任险是大多数汽车保险单的基础。

要求汽车保险的每个州都强令必须投保财产损失责任险，佛罗里达是唯一要求汽车保险但不要求投保人身伤害责任险的州。

如果由于你的过错造成了事故，你的责任险会承担人身伤害、财产损失和法律规定的其他费用。

人身伤害责任险将赔偿医疗费和误工工资；财产损失责任险将支付车辆的维修及零件更换费用。

财产损失责任险通常承担对其他车辆的维修费用，但是也可以对你的车撞坏的灯杆、护栏、建筑物等其他物品的损坏进行赔偿。

另一方当事人也可以决定起诉你赔偿精神损失。

看看汽车责任险的最低投保要求，你就会发现在你居住的地方哪些保险是必须的。

记住，如果你引起了一场严重的交通事故，最低限度的保险可能不足以支付你造成的损失。

因此最好在州要求的最低限度外再买一些保险。

如果你已经拥有了家庭或者拥有养老或存储账户，你应该更多地考虑责任险。

保修对服务质量感知有影响吗？来自汽车维修和服务行业的研究Syed Saad Andaleeb；Amiya K Basu摘要检验了汽车维修行业中顾客总体满意度评价与它的五个评价因素——公平感知，同情心，敏感因素，可靠性和方便性五个因素之间的关系。

特别地，本文研究了担保对评价服务质量的影响。

并对之进行了调查。

结果发现，当服务没有担保时，同情心才是重要的。

公平和安全性也是重要的，当有担保时，这两项因素会得到提高。

有没有担保，敏感性和方便性都是重要的，并且不受担保的影响。

关键词：服务质量评估，顾客满意度SERVQUAL最近几年，服务业得到了大幅度的发展，并带动了世界经济。

这种趋势照目前看来，还会继续下去。

提供服务通常要求与大量的顾客进行联系。

市场必须提供非常好的服务才能取得成功，在当今这个以顾客为导向的市场上，竞争越来越激烈，为了存活下去，也必须提供很好的服务。

认识到服务的重要性，学术研究开始调查服务质量的观念是怎么建立和衡量的。

Parasuraman等在1988年识别出了影响服务质量的五个参数：同情心，敏感性，可靠性，方便和实用性，并且建议找出现有服务质量和顾客期望的服务质量之间的差距，并且把两者进行比率化，得出一个比率值。

这个模型就叫做SERVQUAL。

提出了一个服务质量评价的一般措施，这之后被广泛用于服务行业。

在此之后，大量的研究者在此基础上做了许多有用的研究，有的精炼了这个模型（Parasuraman等于1991年），有的在此基础上重新进行构建（Brown等于1993年，Peter 等也于1993年），甚至有的学者引入了新的模型（Carman于1990年）。

总结以上的变化如下：（1）在顾客观察到的服务质量和期望的服务质量之间，需要重点考察感知这个因素；（2）服务质量评估的参量需要进行一些特殊的范围修订；（3）为了解决特别的服务冲突部分，引入了一个新的参量。

本文整合了以上建议，并且聚焦于一个特殊的领域：美国汽车修理和维护行业。

外文文献原稿和译文原稿A New Type Car -- Hybrid Electric VehicleWith skyrocketing fuel prices and changes in weather patterns, many car manufacturers claimed to develop the kind of vehicles that will increase the mileage and reduce the emissions. Hybrid car is a kind of vehicle which can meet above requirements. A hybrid car features a small fuel-efficient gas engine combined with an electric motor that assists the engine.The reasons of building such a complicated machine are twofold: to reduce tailpipe emissions and to improve mileage. Firstly, hybrid cars are good for the environment. They can reduce smog by 90 percent and they use far less gasoline than conventional cars. Meanwhile, hybrid cars burn less gasoline per mile, so they release fewer greenhouse gases. Secondly, hybrid cars are economical. Hybrid cars, which run on gas and electricity, can get up to 55 to 60 miles per gallon in city driving, while a typical SUV might use three times as much gas for the same distance! There are three reasons can mainly account for that: 1) Hybrid engines are much smaller than those on conventional cars. A hybrid car engine is to accommodate the 99% of driving time when a car is not going up hills or accelerating quickly. When extra acceleration power is needed, it relies on the battery to provide additional force. 2) Hybrid gasoline engine can shut off when the car is stopped and run off their electric motor and battery.3) Hybrid cars often recover braking energy. Electric motors could take the lost kinetic energy in braking and use it to charge the battery. Furthermore, hybrids are better than all-electric cars because hybrid car batteries recharge as you drive so there is no need to plug in. Most electric cars need to be recharged every 50-100miles. Also, most electric cars cannot go faster than 50-60 mph, while hybrids can.Hybrid cars bridge the gap between electric and gasoline-powered cars by traveling further and driving faster and hybrid gas-electric cars are proving to be a feasible alternative at a time of high gas prices. So, in my opinion, hybrid cars will have a bright future.How Does Hybrid Electric Vehicle Work？You probably own a gasoline or diesel-engine car. You may have heard of electric vehicles too. A hybrid vehicle or hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is a combination of both. Hybrid vehicles utilize two or more sources of energy for propulsion. In the case of HEVs, a combustion engine and an electric motor are used.How it works depends on the type of drive train it has. A hybrid vehicle can either have a parallel or series or parallel-series drive train.Parallel HybridThe parallel hybrid car has a gas tank, a combustion engine, transmission,electric motor, and batteries.A parallel hybrid is designed to run directly from either the combustion engine or the electric motor. It can run using both the engine and the motor. As a conventional vehicle, the parallel hybrid draws its power from the combustion engine which will then drive the transmission that turns the wheels. If it is using the electric motor, the car draws its power from the batteries. The energy from the batteries will then power the electric motor that drives the transmission and turns the wheel.Both the combustion engine and the electric motor are used at the same time during quick acceleration, on steep ascend, or when either the engine or the motor needs additional boost.Since the engine is directly connected to the wheels in a parallel drive train, it eliminates the inefficiency of converting mechanical energy into electrical energy and back. This makes a very effective vehicle to drive on the highway.Series HybridThe series hybrid car also has a gas tank, a combustion engine, transmission, electric motor, and batteries with the addition of the generator. The generator can be the electric motor or it can be another separate component.The series configuration is the simplest among the 3. The engine is not connected to the transmission rather it is connected to the electric motor. This means that the transmission can be driven only by the electric motor which draws its energy from the battery pack, the engine or the generator.A hybrid car with a series drive train is more suited for city driving conditions since the engine will not be subjected to the varying speed demands (stop, go, and idle) that contributes to fuel consumption.Series-Parallel HybridThe series-parallel configuration solves the individual problems of the parallel and series hybrid. By combining the 2 designs, the transmission can be directly connected to the engine or can be separated for optimum fuel consumption. The Toyota Prius and the Ford Escape Hybrid use this technology.Honda’s hybridFor those of you who have toyed with the idea of buying a hybrid but were discouraged by the price, you are not alone. In fact, despite the growing concern for the environment, not to mention the skyrocketing price of gas, hybrid cars still only represent a small percentage of global car sales, and a major reason for this is the cost.Hybrids are considered the wave of the future because they not only reduce emissions, addressing the issue of climate change, but they get great gas mileage, an important consideration with the current price of oil. It should be noted that hybrids can also improve the power of the engine, which compromises any advantages in fuel efficiency and emissions. Whatever the application, however, the technology makes the cars more expensive.Because of this, they are the vehicle of choice for only a small niche of people who can afford them, and they currently enjoy a special status amongst the image conscious celebrity-set. For most average consumers, however, they are not an option.That may soon change.Honda Motor Corporation, one of the largest car manufacturers in the world and a leader in fuel efficient technology, has unveiled it’s plan to introduce a low-cost hybrid by 2009. If they can pull it off, they hope to make the hybrid a more mainstream car that will be more appealing to the general public, with the ultimate goal of achieving greater sales and broader appeal than their current incarnation.This, of course, is making Detroit nervous, and may signal a need for American car makers to start making greener and more fuel efficient vehicles, something they could afford to ignore in the past because hybrid cars weren’t worth their attention (due to such a small market share) while gas-guzzling SUVs have such high profit margins.Honda, meanwhile, has had to confront a growing need to compete with Toyota, which has not only grown to be the world’s largest automaker, but makes the car that has become synonymous with the hybrid movement, the Prius. Honda is therefore faced with the seemingly insurmountable task of challenging Toyota’s dominance in the market.Concurrently, Toyota is racing to lower production costs on the Prius, as well, which would hopefully result in a lower cost to the consumer. All eyes are on a potentially favorable car buyers market in 2009.In the meantime, with even adamant global warming naysayers warming up (no pun intended) to the possibilities of an ecological disaster on the horizon, maybe it’s time that we got over our need to drive huge SUVs and start moderating our fuel consumption.Then again, as gas prices hovering around $4.00 and with no ceiling in sight, we may have little choice in the matter.Engine Operating PrinciplesMost automobile dngines are internal combustion, reciprocating 4-stroke gasoline engines, but other types have been used, including the diesel, the rotary ( Wankel ) , the 2-srtoke, and stratified charge.Reciprocating means up and down or banck and forth, It is the up and down action of a piston in the cylinder blick, or engine block. The blick is an iron or aluminum casting that contains engine cylinders and passges called water jackets for coolant circulation. The top of the block is covered with the cylinder head. Which forms the combustion chanber. The bottom of the block is covered with an oil pan or oil sump.Power is produced by the linear motion of a piston in a cylinder. However, this linear motion must be changed into rotary motion to turn the wheels of cars of trucks. The piston is attached to the top of a connecting rod by a pin, called a piston pin or wrist pin. The bottom of the connecting rod is attached to the crankshaft. The connecting rod transmits the up-and-down motion of the piston to the crankshaft, which changes it into rotary motion.The connecting rod is mounted on the crankshaft with large beaings called rodbearings. Similar bearings, called main bearings, are used to mount the crankshaft in the block. Shown in Fig. 1-1The diameter of the cylinder is called the engine bore. Displacement and compression ratio are two frequently used engine specifications. Displacement indicates engine size, and compression ratio compares the total cylinder volume to compression chamber volume.The term stroke is used to describe the movement of the iston within the cylinder, as well as the distance of piston travel. Depending on the type of engine the operating cycle may require either two or four strokes to complete. The 4-stroke engine is also called Otto cycle engine, in honor of the German engineer, Dr. Nikolaus Otto, who first applied the principle in 1876. In the 4-stroke engine, four strokes of the piston in the cylinder are required to complete one full operating cycle. Each stroke is named after the action it performs intake, compression, power, and exhaust in that order, shown in Fig1-2.1、Intake strokeAs the piston moves down, the vaporized mixture of fuel and air enters the cylinder through open intake valve. To obtain the maximum filling of the cylinder the intake valve opens about 10°before t.b.c., giving 20°overlap. The inlet valve remains open until some 50°after b.d.c. to take advantage of incoming mixture.2、 Compression strokeThe piston turns up, the intake valve closes, the mixture is compressed within the combustion chamber, while the pressure rise to about 1Mpa, depending on various factors including the compression ratio, throttle opening and engine speed. Near the top of the stroke the mixture is ignited by a spark which bridges the gap of the spark plug.3、 Power strokeThe expanding gases of combustion produces a rise in pressure of the gas to some 3.5Mpa, and the piston is forced down in the cylinder. The exhaust valve opens near the bottom of the stroke.4、Exhust strokeThe piston moves back up with the exhaust valve open some 50°before b.d.d., allowing the pressure within the cylinder to fall and to reduce ‘back’pressure on the piston during the exhaust stroke, and the burned gases are pushed out to prepare for the next intake stroke.The intake valve usually opens just before the exhaust stroke. This 4-stroke cycle is continuously repeared in every as long as the engineremains running.A 2-stroke engine also goes through four actions to complete one operating cycle.However, the intake and the compression actions are combined in one seroke, and the power and exhaust actions are combined in the other stroke. The term2-stroke cycle or 2-stroke is preferred to the term 2-cycle, which is really not accurate.In automobile engines, all pistons are attached to a single crankshaft. The more cylinders an engine has, the more power strokes produced for cach revolution. This means that an 8-cylinder engine runs more smoothly bdcause the power atrokes arecloser together in time and in degrees of engine rotation.The cylinders of multi-cylinder automotive engines arranged in one of three ways. 1、Inline engines use a single block of cylinder.Most 4-cylinder and any 6-cylinder engines are of this design. The cylinders do not have to be vertical. They can be inclined either side.2、V-type engines use two equal bands of cylinders, usually inclined 60degrees or 90degrees from the cach other. Most V-type engines have 6 or 8 cylinders, although V-4 and V-12 engines have been built.3、Horizontally opposed or pancake engines have two equal banks of cylinders 180degreeas apart. These space saving engine designs are often air-cooled, and are found in the Chevrolet Carvair, Porsches, Subaus, and V olkswagens. Subaus design is liquid cooled.Late-model V olkswagen vans use a liquid-cooled version of the air cooled VWhorizontally opposed engine.译文新型汽车----混合动力汽车在油价飞涨的今天，汽车制造商被要求发展一种排放低，行驶里程长的汽车。

关于汽车投保的作文英语Title: Understanding Automobile Insurance。

Automobile insurance, also known as car insurance, is a crucial aspect of owning and operating a vehicle. It provides financial protection against physical damageand/or bodily injury resulting from traffic collisions and against liability that could also arise from incidents in a vehicle. Understanding the fundamentals of automobile insurance is essential for every driver to ensure proper coverage and financial security. In this essay, we will delve into the various aspects of automobile insurance.Firstly, it's essential to comprehend the types of coverage offered by automobile insurance policies. Thereare several common types:1. Liability Coverage: This type of coverage pays for bodily injury and property damage that you cause to others while driving. It's usually mandatory in most jurisdictions.2. Collision Coverage: Collision coverage pays for damage to your vehicle caused by colliding with another object, such as another vehicle or a stationary object, regardless of fault.3. Comprehensive Coverage: Comprehensive coverage provides protection against damage to your vehicle that occurs from incidents other than collisions, such as theft, vandalism, or natural disasters.4. Personal Injury Protection (PIP): PIP covers medical expenses and, in some cases, lost wages and other damages regardless of fault in an accident.5. Uninsured/Underinsured Motorist Coverage: This coverage protects you if you're involved in an accident with a driver who doesn't have insurance or hasinsufficient coverage.Each of these coverages serves a distinct purpose and helps mitigate various risks associated with driving.Secondly, understanding the factors that influence automobile insurance premiums is crucial. Insurers consider several factors when determining the cost of insurance, including:1. Driving Record: A history of accidents and traffic violations can lead to higher premiums.2. Age and Gender: Younger, less experienced drivers typically pay more for insurance, as do males statistically.3. Vehicle Type: The make and model of your vehicle, as well as its age and safety features, can impact insurance rates.4. Location: The area where you live and park your car can affect insurance premiums due to varying risk levels.5. Credit History: In some regions, insurers may consider your credit score when determining premiums.By understanding these factors, drivers can take steps to potentially lower their insurance costs, such as maintaining a clean driving record and choosing a vehicle with lower insurance risk.Moreover, it's essential to be aware of thesignificance of deductibles in automobile insurance. A deductible is the amount of money you agree to pay out of pocket before your insurance coverage kicks in. Higher deductibles typically result in lower premiums, while lower deductibles mean higher premiums. It's crucial to strike a balance between the deductible amount and the premium cost based on your financial situation and risk tolerance.Furthermore, staying informed about changes and updates in automobile insurance regulations and policies is essential. Insurance laws and requirements can vary by jurisdiction and may change over time. Therefore, it's advisable to review your insurance policy periodically and stay updated on any changes to ensure continued adequate coverage.In conclusion, automobile insurance plays a vital role in protecting drivers, passengers, and vehicles from financial losses resulting from accidents and other unforeseen events. Understanding the different types of coverage, factors influencing premiums, the significance of deductibles, and staying informed about insurance regulations are essential for every driver. By making informed decisions and adequately protecting themselves with the right insurance coverage, drivers can enjoy peace of mind on the road.。

2012届本科毕业设计（论文）文献翻译题目某公司车险理赔数据分析与研究学院商学院专业信息系统与信息管理班级信管081学号084770538姓名周小诗指导教师谢友才开题日期2011年11月6号文献一：Effects of Pay-As-You-Drive vehicle insuranceon young drivers’ speed choice1. IntroductionWorldwide, across all age groups road traffic accidents currently account for 1.27 millions deaths a year (World Health Organization, 2004). Furthermore, traffic accidents constitute the second leading cause of death among people in the age of 20 to 24 years, right after HIV/AIDS (Toroyan and Peden, 2007). Young drivers are strongly overrepresented in road accident statistics. In the Netherlands, young adults (aged 18–24) make up 8% of the driving population, but are involved in 22% of all severe traffic accidents. This means that per kilometer travelled, young adults in the Netherlands are 5.5 times as likely to be involved in a severe traffic accident as older adults (Schoon and Schreuders, 2003). The differences in accident involvement are often attributed to specific characteristics of young adults. For example young drivers, compared to older drivers, have been found to have a more positive attitude towards taking risks, display stronger motives for risky driving (Hatfield and Fernandes, 2009), and tend to drive at higher speeds (Boyce and Geller, 2002).Vehicle speed is commonly seen as the most important determinant of crash risk (Salusjärvi, 1981), and crash severity ( [Joksch, 1993] and [OECD/ECMT, 2006] ). Driving at higher speeds leaves less time to respond to unexpected events and increases stopping time, thus decreasing the possibility to avoid accidents (Aarts and van Schagen, 2006). So, reducing the driving speed of young adults, and in particular the amount of time spent above the speed limit, holds the potential of dramatically reducing accidents, and saving lives. The current study aimed to test whether a new type of car insurance (Pay-As-You-Drive vehicle insurance) is effective in reducing speed violations of young adults. Before explaining the study setup, we will discuss the (dis-)advantages of Pay-As-You-Drive vehicle insurance as compared to current road safety interventions.2. Method2.1. ParticipantsIn January 2007, we sent a letter with the request to fill out an online questionnaire on PAYD (duration 20 min) to approximately 6000 policyholders from five Dutch insurance companies (all policyholders were younger than 30 years). By filling out the questionnaire, participants were eligible to win a car navigation system. By July 2007, 706 policyholders had completed the online questionnaire. In the last part of the questionnaire, participants indicated whether they were interested in participating in a field experiment on PAYD. A substantial proportion of the people who filled out the questionnaire (n = 337) volunteered. However, becausenot all volunteers could be accommodated in the field experiment, a random selection of 228 people were eventually invited to participate.In the time between the participant selection and the installation and testing of the GPS device, some participants withdrew. Additionally, some participants were excluded from the analyses due to missing data (e.g. their GPS device did not work properly or was removed before the end of the experiment). By the end of the experiment (July 2008), we could establish the prevalence of speeding behavior throughout all phases of the experiment for 141 participants. The participants who dropped out (n = 87) did not differ in age, car size, income, gender, and intention to speed from the final set of participants (n= 141), but did report a somewhat lower yearly mileage. Self-reported mean yearly mileage of the final set of participants was 13,985 km, which is comparable to the 2007 Dutch average of 13,877 km (Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek, 2009a). In July 2007, the mean age of participants was 24.4 years (SD = 2.2), and on average participants had possessed a driver's license for 4.5 years (SD = 2.4). Men (60%) were slightly overrepresented in the sample. The majority of participants worked fulltime (69.3%), and 30.7% were otherwise engaged (studying, part-time employment). Net monthly income levels were somewhat higher than the average income of Dutch young adults, with 25.7% of the sample earning less than 1000 Euros net per month, 46.2% earning between 1000 Euros to 1500 Euros net per month, 24.3% earning between 1500 and 2000 Euros net per month, and 3.7% earning more than 2000 Euros net per month (Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek, 2009b).2.2. Design and procedureThe field experiment ran from November 2007 until June 2008. Prior to the start of the field experiment, participants’ cars were equipped with GPS devices. These GPS devices allowed for the monitoring of where participants were driving, what speed they were driving at and at what time, and how many kilometers they were travelling. Participants were randomly assigned to be either in incentive or control groups. The experiment comprised four phases, pre-measurement, intervention phase 1, intervention phase 2, and post-measurement, each phase lasting two months. During pre-measurement (November–December 2008) and post-measurement (May–June 2008), participants’ driving behavior was monitored, but had no financial consequences. During the intervention phases, participants in the incentive group could earn a reward for adapting their driving behavior (a discount on their insurance premium of maximally 50 Euros per month), and received feedback on their driving behavior. Participants in the control group did not receive an incentive and feedback. The intervention period was divided into two phases, each lasting two months (intervention phase 1: January–February 2008, intervention phase 2: April–May 2008). This setup allowed us to compare driving behavior during four phases of equal length in the analyses (pre-measurement, intervention phase 1, intervention phase 2, and post-measurement).The monthly 50 Euros discount was divided into three components: 30 Euros was designated as a reward for keeping the speed limit,1 15 Euros for reduced mileage, and 5 Euros for avoiding driving during weekend nighttime hours.2 So, the maximum discount participants could earn during the two intervention phases was 200 Euros. Based on loss aversion (Tversky and Kahneman, 1981), we reasoned that financial losses should have more impact on behavior than equivalent financial gains. So communicating the reward drivers are foregoing (losing) by drivingunsafely, may be a more effective frame than communicating the reward drivers are receiving (gaining) by driving safely. Accordingly, in the intervention phases, we used two ways to communicate how much of discount participants in the incentive group had earned. Participants in the gain framed incentive group (n = 50) were told that they started each month with 0 Euros, and could gain up to 50 Euros discount if they drove safely (which entailed keeping the speed limit, avoiding driving during on weekend nighttime hours, and reducing mileage). Conversely, participants in the loss framed incentive group (n = 50) were told that they started each month with 50 Euros discount, and could lose up to 50 Euros a month if they failed to drive safely.Participants in the incentive groups could track their performance during the intervention phases (from January to April 2008) by logging in to a personalized website (www.savedriver.nl). The website provided detailed feedback on speed violations, mileage, and nighttime driving, and showed, by default, how much discount the particular participant would receive at the end of the month if they continued the driving behavior of the previous week. Specifically, participants in the gain framed incentive group saw a graph that denoted how much discount they would gain, and participants in the loss framed incentive group saw a graph that denoted how much discount they would lose.Payments were made via bank transfer. The first of four monthly payments were made in March of 2008. Subsequent monthly payments were made in March, April and May 2008. A control group was used to assess the impact of extraneous variables on driving behavior. Right before the start of the first intervention period, participants in the control (n = 41) group were told that they would always receive the maximum discount of 200 Euros at the end of the experiment, irrespective of their driving behavior. They did not receive feedback on their driving behavior, and were paid 200 Euros during post-measurement.2.3. Data analysisDuring the field experiment, in-vehicle GPS devices logged X and Y coordinates every 100 m. On some occasions (e.g. in case of a loss of GPS signal, for instance due to driving through a tunnel), the GPS device logged on longer intervals (that is, less often than every 100 m). These observations (which amount to 23.4% of the total distance travelled) were removed from the analyses, as vehicle speed for these longer intervals could not be reliably determined. The occurrence of speed violations was established by matching vehicle location and vehicle speed to a map with local speed limits. Data was recorded on all types of roads, but analyses were limited to the most common road types in the Netherlands, with speed limits of 30, 50, 80, 100 and 120 km/h, respectively, and to observations for which local speed limit information was available (98.9%). Many Dutch roads tend to be congested around peak hours on weekday. During congestion, participants’ would have to deal with other vehicles ahead of them, which would prevent them from freely choosing their speed. This means that speed choice is more likely to be under volitional control during off-peak hours than during peak hours.3 Driving behavior recorded on peak hours (from 7 to 9 am and from 4 to 7 pm on weekdays) was therefore excluded from our analyses.The percentage of total distance travelled at 6% or more above the local speed limit (‘percentage of speeding’) was used as the main dependent variable in our analyses. Violations of less than 6% were excluded from this definition, based on the assumption that such violations are often non-volitional and therefore most likely not influenced by a financial incentive and feedback. Furthermore, small thresholds are quite common in speed enforcement. Dutch police, for instance, only issue speeding tickets at 80 km/h roads for violations of 7 km/h or more over the speed limit (Goldenbeld and van Schagen, 2005).For each of the four phases of the field experiment, the percentage of speeding was calculated based on the weekly distance travelled at a speed 6% over the speed limit across all five road types (30, 50, 80, 100 and 120 km/h). Percentage speeding of the five road types were weighted by distance, and averaged across road types. The resulting variable represents an indicator of volitional speeding across all road types, and was used as a dependent variable in our analysis of the effect of PAYD on overall speeding. During off-peak periods, local speed limits were violated by 6% or more during 19.1% of the distance travelled. This figure is in line with previous literature that used GPS devices to measure vehicle speeds (Hultkrantz and Lindberg, 2003). Because the variable percentage of speeding was not normally distributed the natural logarithm of the scores was used in the analyses.3.ConclusionsAs noted before, the awareness of being monitored may initially have reduced speeding, but, as time passed, this awareness faded, and speeding returned to its ‘natural’ level. As such, we reason that vehicle speeds during post-measurement are a better reflection of the speed at which participants would normally drive than speed levels during pre-measurement, where the GPS device had been recently installed and might have deterred participants from driving at their regular speedsFollowing this logic, the best possible estimation of the effect of PAYD on speeding might be reflected in the difference in speeding of the incentive group during the second intervention phase (March and April 2008) and after the incentive was taken away (post-measurement, May and June 2008). In other words, the financial incentive appears to have decreased the percentage of distance travelled during which drivers violated the speed limits by 6% or more from 20.5% to 17.6%. To put it differently, PAYD is estimated to have reduced volitional speeding by 14%, which roughly amounts to a reduction of 39.2 h per year for the average young driver.4 Although these numbers might not appear impressive, one should note that these numbers reflect reductions in actual speeding across all roads participants drove at. As such, the safety gains from PAYD could add significantly to those already made through the use of more conventional speed enforcement tools (e.g. speed cameras and mobile radars), especially as the effects of such tools on driving speed are typically limited to areas where enforcement is active. Also, small differences in driving speed are associated with large differences in crash risk (Elvik, 2006). A reduction of speeding by 5% may lead to as much as a 20% decrease of fatalities in road accidents (OECD/ECMT, 2006). Thus, we conclude that PAYD leads to modest, but relevant reductions in the driving speed of young adults, and thus may prove a valuable tool in reducing the crash risk of young drivers.翻译一：付费驱动车险理赔对年轻驾驶员车速选择的影响1.引言在世界范围内跨越所有年龄段的道路交通事故中，每年约有1.27百万人的死亡记录（世界卫生组织，2004年）。

英文资料SuspensionSuspension is the term given to the system of springs, shock absorbers and linkages that connects a vehicle to its wheels. Suspension systems serve a dual purpose –contributing to the car's roadholding/handling and braking for good active safety and driving pleasure, and keeping vehicle occupants comfortable and reasonably well isolated from road noise, bumps, and vibrations,etc. These goals are generally at odds, so the tuning of suspensions involves finding the right compromise. It is important for the suspension to keep the road wheel in contact with the road surface as much as possible, because all the forces acting on the vehicle do so through the contact patches of the tires. The suspension also protects the vehicle itself and any cargo or luggage from damage and wear. The design of front and rear suspension of a car may be different.Leaf springs have been around since the early Egyptians.Ancient military engineers used leaf springs in the form of bows to power their siege engines, with little success at first. The use of leaf springs in catapults was later refined and made to work years later. Springs were not only made of metal, a sturdy tree branch could be used as a spring, such as with a bow.Horse drawn vehiclesBy the early 19th century most British horse carriages were equipped with springs; wooden springs in the case of light one-horse vehicles to avoid taxation, and steel springs in larger vehicles. These were made of low-carbon steel and usually took the form of multiple layer leaf springs.[1]The British steel springs were not well suited for use on America's rough roads of the time, and could even cause coaches to collapse if cornered too fast. In the 1820s, the Abbot Downing Company of Concord, New Hampshire developed a system whereby the bodies of stagecoaches were supported on leather straps called "thoroughbraces", which gave a swinging motion instead of the jolting up and down of a spring suspension (the stagecoach itself was sometimes called a "thoroughbrace")AutomobilesAutomobiles were initially developed as self-propelled versions of horse drawn vehicles. However, horse drawn vehicles had been designed for relatively slow speeds and their suspension was not well suited to the higher speeds permitted by the internal combustion engine.In 1903 Mors of Germany first fitted an automobile with shock absorbers. In 1920 Leyland used torsion bars in a suspension system. In 1922 independent front suspension was pioneered on the Lancia Lambda and became more common in mass market cars from 1932.[2]Important propertiesSpring rateThe spring rate (or suspension rate) is a component in setting the vehicle's ride height or its location in the suspension stroke. Vehicles which carry heavy loads will often have heavier springs to compensate for the additional weight that would otherwise collapse a vehicle to the bottom of its travel (stroke). Heavier springs are also used in performance applications where the loading conditions experienced are more extreme. Springs that are too hard or too soft cause the suspension to become ineffective because they fail to properly isolate the vehicle from the road. Vehicles that commonly experience suspension loads heavier than normal have heavy or hard springs with a spring rate close to the upper limit for that vehicle's weight. This allows the vehicle to perform properly under a heavy load when control is limited by the inertia of the load. Riding in an empty truck used for carrying loads can be uncomfortable for passengers because of its high spring rate relative to the weight of the vehicle. A race car would also be described as having heavy springs and would also be uncomfortably bumpy. However, even though we say they both have heavy springs, the actual spring rates for a 2000 lb race car and a 10,000 lb truck are very different. A luxury car, taxi, or passenger bus would be described as having soft springs. Vehicles with worn out or damaged springs ride lower to the ground which reduces the overall amount of compression available to the suspension and increases the amount of body lean. Performance vehicles can sometimes have spring rate requirements other than vehicle weight and load.Mathematics of the spring rateSpring rate is a ratio used to measure how resistant a spring is to being compressed or expanded during the spring's deflection. The magnitude of the spring force increases as deflection increases according to Hooke's Law. Briefly, this can be stated aswhereF is the force the spring exertsk is the spring rate of the spring.x is the displacement from equilibrium length i.e. the length at which the spring is neither compressed or stretched.Spring rate is confined to a narrow interval by the weight of the vehicle,load the vehicle will carry, and to a lesser extent by suspension geometry and performance desires.Spring rates typically have units of N/mm (or lbf/in). An example of a linear spring rate is 500 lbf/in. For every inch the spring is compressed, it exerts 500 lbf. Anon-linear spring rate is one for which the relation between the spring's compression and the force exerted cannot be fitted adequately to a linear model. For example, the first inch exerts 500 lbf force, the second inch exerts an additional 550 lbf (for a total of 1050 lbf), the third inch exerts another 600 lbf (for a total of 1650 lbf). In contrast a 500 lbf/in linear spring compressed to 3 inches will only exert 1500 lbf.The spring rate of a coil spring may be calculated by a simple algebraic equation or it may be measured in a spring testing machine. The spring constant k can be calculated as follows:where d is the wire diameter, G is the spring's shear modulus (e.g., about 12,000,000 lbf/in² or 80 GPa for steel), and N is the number of wraps and D is the diameter of the coil.Wheel rateWheel rate is the effective spring rate when measured at the wheel. This is as opposed to simply measuring the spring rate alone.Wheel rate is usually equal to or considerably less than the spring rate. Commonly, springs are mounted on control arms, swing arms or some other pivoting suspension member. Consider the example above where the spring rate was calculated to be500 lbs/inch, if you were to move the wheel 1 inch (without moving the car), the spring more than likely compresses a smaller amount. Lets assume the spring moved 0.75 inches, the lever arm ratio would be 0.75 to 1. The wheel rate is calculated by taking the square of the ratio (0.5625) times the spring rate. Squaring the ratio is because the ratio has two effects on the wheel rate. The ratio applies to both the force and distance traveled.Wheel rate on independent suspension is fairly straight-forward. However, special consideration must be taken with some non-independent suspension designs. Take the case of the straight axle. When viewed from the front or rear, the wheel rate can be measured by the means above. Yet because the wheels are not independent, when viewed from the side under acceleration or braking the pivot point is at infinity (because both wheels have moved) and the spring is directly inline with the wheel contact patch. The result is often that the effective wheel rate under cornering is different from what it is under acceleration and braking. This variation in wheel rate may be minimized by locating the spring as close to the wheel as possible.Roll couple percentageRoll couple percentage is the effective wheel rates, in roll, of each axle of the vehicle just as a ratio of the vehicle's total roll rate. Roll Couple Percentage is critical in accurately balancing the handling of a vehicle. It is commonly adjusted through the use of anti-roll bars, but can also be changed through the use of different springs.A vehicle with a roll couple percentage of 70% will transfer 70% of its sprung weight transfer at the front of the vehicle during cornering. This is also commonly known as "Total Lateral Load Transfer Distribution" or "TLLTD".Weight transferWeight transfer during cornering, acceleration or braking is usually calculated per individual wheel and compared with the static weights for the same wheels.The total amount of weight transfer is only affected by 4 factors: the distance between wheel centers (wheelbase in the case of braking, or track width in the case of cornering) the height of the center of gravity, the mass of the vehicle, and the amount of acceleration experienced.The speed at which weight transfer occurs as well as through which components it transfers is complex and is determined by many factors including but not limited to roll center height, spring and damper rates, anti-roll bar stiffness and the kinematic design of the suspension links.Unsprung weight transferUnsprung weight transfer is calculated based on the weight of the vehicle's components that are not supported by the springs. This includes tires, wheels, brakes, spindles, half the control arm's weight and other components. These components are then (for calculation purposes) assumed to be connected to a vehicle with zero sprung weight. They are then put through the same dynamic loads. The weight transfer for cornering in the front would be equal to the total unsprung front weight times theG-Force times the front unsprung center of gravity height divided by the front track width. The same is true for the rear.Suspension typeDependent suspensions include:∙Satchell link∙Panhard rod∙Watt's linkage∙WOBLink∙Mumford linkage∙Live axle∙Twist beam∙Beam axle∙leaf springs used for location (transverse or longitudinal)The variety of independent systems is greater and includes:∙Swing axle∙Sliding pillar∙MacPherson strut/Chapman strut∙Upper and lower A-arm (double wishbone)∙multi-link suspension∙semi-trailing arm suspension∙swinging arm∙leaf springsArmoured fighting vehicle suspensionMilitary AFVs, including tanks, have specialized suspension requirements. They can weigh more than seventy tons and are required to move at high speed over very rough ground. Their suspension components must be protected from land mines and antitank weapons. Tracked AFVs can have as many as nine road wheels on each side. Many wheeled AFVs have six or eight wheels, to help them ride over rough and soft ground. The earliest tanks of the Great War had fixed suspensions—with no movement whatsoever. This unsatisfactory situation was improved with leaf spring suspensions adopted from agricultural machinery, but even these had very limited travel. Speeds increased due to more powerful engines, and the quality of ride had to be improved. In the 1930s, the Christie suspension was developed, which allowed the use of coil springs inside a vehicle's armoured hull, by redirecting the direction of travel using a bell crank. Horstmann suspension was a variation which used a combination of bell crank and exterior coil springs, in use from the 1930s to the 1990s.By the Second World War the other common type was torsion-bar suspension, getting spring force from twisting bars inside the hull—this had less travel than the Christie type, but was significantly more compact, allowing the installation of larger turret rings and heavier main armament. The torsion-bar suspension, sometimes including shock absorbers, has been the dominant heavy armored vehicle suspension since the Second World War.中文翻译悬吊系统(亦称悬挂系统或悬载系统)是描述一种由弹簧、减震筒和连杆所构成的车用系统，用于连接车辆与其车轮。

摘要越来越多的人通过投保汽车保险来保障自身的人身财产安全，然而一些投保人缺乏对汽车保险条例的认识，在出现事故时往往会遭到保险公司的拒赔，带来不必要的损失及事故纠纷。

本论文对保险条款中的拒赔条例进行详细解读，并对现实生活中的案件进行了详细分析。

关键词：缺乏认识；保险拒赔；拒赔条例AbstractMore and more people through the insurance auto insurance to protect the personal and property safety, however some of the insured automobile insurance regulations lack of understanding, in accidents tend to be subject to insurance company repudiation of claims, bring needless loss and accident disputes. The insurance clauses in China regulations detailed interpretation, and real life cases were analyzed in detail.Keywords：lack of awareness; insurance exclusions; twelve ordinance绪论近年来，我国已经开始进入汽车时代，随着汽车社会拥有量不断提高，各类车辆事故保险理赔量大幅增加，车辆维修以及保险理赔过程中发生的保险拒赔案件也呈上升趋势，并成为当前保险业发展的障碍。

在现实生活中经常发生一些车辆保险拒赔案件，给许多车辆保险投保人带来很多不必要的损失。

其中主要是由于当今社会的复杂性，保险公司为了避免不良分子利用汽车保险进行骗保，对于在现实生活中容易产生空挡的情况而颁布了许多特殊的条例，来保障公司利益。

Automobile Insurance and ClaimIt is said that driving a car means taking on several risks to yourself and others.Insurance helps ensure your ability to cover the costs of potential damages,or losses.Introduction for the automobile insurance(1) Automobile insurance classification★V ehicle damage insuranceIf the insured or the eligible driver allowed to drive the vehicle cause the damage in using the vehicle by following reasons,the insurance company will pay for this damage:the damages caused by unexpected crash or roll-over,explosion,fire around the vehicle,collapse of the things out of vehicle,and fallowing things.Moreover,it also includes the damages caused by the nayural disasters as below:Lighting strike,storm,tornado,rainstorm,flood,ground sea,land collapse,ice collapse,cliff fall,hail disaster,debris flow,landslide,and the damage of the vehicle because of the boat carrying the vehicle damaged by the natural disaster.★The third party liability insuranceThe third-party liability insurance of motor vehicles is a kind of law system,which can effectively protect the benefit of the third party who is injured in the accidents.If the insured or the eligible driver allowed to use the car is at fault in an accident,the insurance company will pay for the death of or bodily injury and proper damage expenses caused to the third party in the accident.However,the insurer will not pay for the damage,if the insured have no liability(or is not at fault).★Motor vehicle accident liability compulsory insuranceThe insurer will pay for the death of or bodily injury and proper damage caused to the victim in an accident.Not like the third party liability insurance,buying this insurance is obligatory.And the insurer should pay for the damage no matter the insured has the liability or not.★Liability insurance for the people or proper on the vehicleIf there's an accident,the insurance will pay for the bodily injury of the people in the vehicle,the property damage of the goods in the vehicle,and the sue and labor charges.★The insurance for the stolen and robbed of the whole vehicleIf the whole vehic le is stolen or robbed,and has not been found for three month after the case is put on record and verified by the police criminal investigation,the insurance company would pay for it.★The additional equipment damage insuranceThe insurance company will pay for the direct damage for the additional equipment in an unexpected accident according to the actual damage.★The internal combustion damage insuranceCombustion damage caused by the trouble of vehicle circuits,lines,the fuel injection system,and by the vehicle itself,or the additional equipment of the vehicle,will be paid by insurance company.(2)Binding legal contractThe personal auto policy has five distinct parts as below.★DeclarationsIn this section,declarations should be prepared,and this declarations list all relevant information about the personal auto policy.★Insurance agreementThis section outlines exactly what the insurance company promises to provide in return for the payment of the premium.★DefinitionsEvery relevant term will be narrowly defined and written into the insurance agreement at this section.★ExclusionsWhat,when and who won't be covered by the policy will be known in this section.★ConditionsIt lists the duties and responsibilities as the insured in the event of a claim situation.The Effect of the Automobile InsuranceThe automobile insurance would be beneficial to develop automobile industry,and expend the demand of automobile.It will iron out both the worries of enterprises and individuals about the purchasing desire.Automobile insurance would also improve the safety property of automobile.Considering the self benefit and social benefit,the insurer will statistic and analyze the reason of the accident and research the new automobile safety technology with automobile manufacturer and automobile maintenance enterprise.All that will improve the safety property of automobile.Moreover,automobile insurance can stabilize the social public order and play an important role in property insurance.Automobile Insurance ClaimIf an automobile accident happened,firstly,the driver should contact the police and the insurance agent company directly to report the accident.And then a claims adjuster will be assigned to the driver.The driver should provide a complete,detailed accident report.The insurance company should definite the damage,estimate the reasonable charge,and definite the amount of compensation.When the insured make a claim for damages to automobile,the insurance company will decide whether to repair the vehicle or declare it a total loss.If the cost to repair the vehicle is higher than the fair market value of it,the company will declare it a total loss. Within three months after having prepared the vehicle or the traffic accident diagnosis,the insured should go to insurance company to get the compensation with the insurance policy,the accident adjusting document,the list of reparation and other relevant certifications.汽车保险理赔人人都说驾驶汽车就意味着对自己和他人要承担风险。

原文：Routine brake system maintenanceThe braking system is the most important system on a car. If the brakes don't work properly, the result can be disastrous. So the good brakes are essential for safety.There are two completely independent braking systems on a car. One is the service brake, and the other is parking brake. The service brake acts to slow, stop, or hold the vehicle during normal driving. They are foot-operated by the driver depressing and releasing the brake pedal. The parking brake's purposes are to hold a car stationary while it is unattended, and to keep the car from rolling on unleveled ground. It is also called the handbrake.Basically, all car brakes are friction brakes. When the driver applies the brake, the control device will force brake shoes or pads against the rotating brake drums or discs at wheels. Friction between the shoes or pads and the drums or disks then slows or stops the wheels so that the car is braked.Disc brakeDisc brakes are used on the front wheels of most cars and on all four wheels on many cars.The main components of a disc brake are the brake pads, the caliper which contains a piston, and the rotor which is mounted to the hub.The disc brake is a lot like the brakes on a bicycle. Bicycle brakes have a caliper, which squeezes the brake pads against the wheel. In a disc brake, the brake pads squeeze the rotor instead of the wheel, and the force is transmitted hydraulically instead of through a cable. Friction between the pads and the disc slows the disc down.A moving car has a certain amount of kinetic energy, and the brakes have to remove this energy from the car in order to stop it. The brakes convert the kinetic energy to heat generated by the friction between the pads and the disc, so the car stops.Drum brakeSo if disk brakes are so great, how come we still have cars with drum brakes? The reason is cost. While all most vehicles for many years have disk brakes on the front wheels, drum brakes are cheaper to produce for the rear wheels. Drum brake is shown in Fig.Drum brakes consist of a backing plate, brake shoes, brake drum, wheel cylinder, return springs and an automatic or self-adjusting system. When you apply the brakes, the wheel cylinder pushes the brake shoes into contact with the machined surface on the inside of the drum. When the pressure is released, return springs pull the shoes back to their rest position. As the brake linings wear, the shoes must travel a greater distance to reach the drum. When the distance reaches a certain point, a self-adjusting mechanism automatically reacts byadjusting the rest position of the shoes so that they are closer to the drum.Hydraulic Brake SystemsWhen the operator steps on the brake pedal, the brake pedal operates a hydraulic system.The typical brake system is composed of the following basic components(1) Master cylinder. That is directly connected to the brake pedal, converts your foot's mechanical pressure into hydraulic pressure.(2) Brake lines and brake hoses, they connect the master cylinder to the wheel cylinders located at each wheel.(3) Brake fluid: that is special oil that has special properties. It is designed to withstand cold temperature without thickening as well as very high temperature without boiling.In the brake system, master cylinder contains two separate sections, there is a piston in each section and both pistons are connected to a brake pedal in the driver's compartment. When the brake is pushed down, brake fluid is sent from the master cylinder to the wheels. At the wheels, the fluid pushes shoes, or pads, against revolving drums or disks, which can slow and stop car. This slows or stops the revolving wheels, which, in turn, slow or stop the car.Routine maintenance of automobile brake fluid: Usually brake fluid maintenance period of 2 years or 48,000 km. Recommended brake fluid on the maintenance period, the European car manufacturers generally set a few years; and Japan and the United States car manufacturers are generally in their owner's manual have detailed descriptions. The abs function with anti-lock braking system, brake fluid and timely supplement is especially important. This is mainly due to energy storage in the pollution of dust and moisture of the body will lead to expensive failure, and thus laid security risk when vehicle braking force owners to find weak, you can use brake fluid test strips humidity assisted analysis of whether there is any fault of defect caused by brake fluid. If the brake fluid for the failure of the root causes of lack of sufficient quantity to be added in time brake fluid. By the brake fluid tank vent in a normal infiltration (or when tank lid open non-regular access to) the moisture and dust reduced brake fluid maintenance cycle. Maintenance of the brake fluid in the same time, must not neglect the wheel brake parts.Auto brake pad, brake drum, rotating body, and brake calipers: the current drive vehicle for leading the trend, people are concerned about how to play the 2 / 3 of the front brake lines brake tasks for scientific and effective maintenance. Now, after a variety of drive, all-wheel drive, trucks and suv blossom everywhere, people "before re-light after the" traditional concept has gradually changed.Gradually replace the asbestos linings in the semi-metallic brake pad will cause the whole surface of rotating serious wear and tear. Brake parts on the car wheel or brake pad inspection is a complex task, not simply from a visual look at both sides of the front brakepads wear the middle point. In actual operation, even if the brake caliper of open distance just to let you see both sides of the brake pad, it does not mean we can be handy, unimpeded operation of the. In addition, the popularization of brake shield, and the brake pad of rotating the contact surface is multi-block, hard look. As for the rear wheel with disc brake, it is hidden, is difficult to comprehend the appearance.Typically, the only system in the apparent leak, we will focus on checking brake fluid sealing. The comprehensive system of inspection, including the traditional static checking (that is, to find leaks in situ static) and dynamic checks (ie check the seal during braking). In any case, when the vehicle braking system to maintain up to 48 000 km driving range, they need the vehicle's braking system to conduct a comprehensive professional maintenance Brake rotating body of minor scratches do not cause illness. But since the fastening nut tightening force thickness of inequality and uneven brake rotating body rotation caused by excessive wear and tear will seriously affect the braking performance. To reduce weight, many rotating body size using unconventional structure, which is difficult to meet some of the machine tool clamping the basic requirements. If you find a rotating body has been processed, then follow the same axle of the second rotating body is only the size of its replacement. In theory, you can only replace a rotating body, but to get the best balance between braking effect, or the proposed replacement with two on the same axle rotating body. The proposal also applies to vehicles during braking, brake caliper piston through the experience back movement, we can complete the key features of the automatic brake calipers inspection. If the brake caliper piston back position is unsound, please replace a new brake caliper; If you want to discharge or filling brake fluid, make sure relief valve can be normally open; if the relief valve setting, replace the new The brake caliper.If the asbestos linings have worn 3.175mm, this time even under light loading, the security of driving range has also been very limited. Also, if needed at this time of high load brake, the wear lining weak braking force will make the traffic safety compromised.Some rear disc brake, rear-drive rotary body with a cap, the cap body also acts as a rotary brake drum. There are many car owners often overlook the parking brake will cancel the direct-drive vehicles, the rotating body and the brake shoes in direct metal - metal friction, the result is bound to cause a rotating body, brake pads and brake shoes of serious wear and tear.译文：汽车制动系统的日常维修保养制动系统是汽车上最重要的系统。