安卓英语文献翻译

中英文翻译的软件中英文翻译的软件是一种可以将中文文本翻译成英文或英文文本翻译成中文的工具。

这类软件可以提供方便快捷的翻译服务，帮助用户在跨语种交流中消除语言障碍。

下面将介绍几款常见的中英文翻译软件。

1. 谷歌翻译：谷歌翻译是目前最受欢迎的免费翻译软件之一。

它可以提供准确的中文到英文以及英文到中文的翻译，同时支持其他多种语言的翻译功能。

谷歌翻译利用了机器学习技术，可以根据大量的语料库数据进行翻译，并不断提高翻译质量。

2. 百度翻译：百度翻译是一款功能强大的翻译软件，可以提供精准的中英文互译服务。

它可以在输入框内输入需要翻译的文字，并快速翻译成英文或中文。

百度翻译还支持语音输入和录音翻译功能，让用户更方便地进行翻译。

3. 有道词典：有道词典是一款知名的在线翻译软件。

它具有快速、准确的翻译功能，可以将中文文本翻译成英文或将英文文本翻译成中文。

有道词典还拥有丰富的词库和例句，可以帮助用户更好地理解翻译结果。

4. 欧路词典：欧路词典是一款专业的英汉双向翻译软件。

它具有离线翻译功能，可以提供高质量的中英文翻译服务。

欧路词典还拥有丰富的词库和例句，可以帮助用户更全面地了解翻译结果。

5. 小牛翻译：小牛翻译是一款便捷易用的中英文翻译软件。

它支持文本翻译、扫描翻译和语音翻译三种模式，可以满足不同用户的需求。

小牛翻译还具有自动检测语言、智能换行和离线翻译等功能，提供更优质的翻译体验。

总结起来，中英文翻译的软件通过机器学习和大数据技术，能够提供快速准确的翻译服务。

用户可以根据自己的需求选择适合的翻译软件，帮助解决跨语种交流中的语言障碍。

zotero翻译英文文献如果你正在进行英文论文写作或者学术研究，那么你一定知道翻译英文文献这个问题非常重要。

如果你的英文水平较低或者文献来源于国外，那么你可能需要一些辅助工具。

今天，我们将介绍一个非常重要的翻译工具，那就是Zotero。

Zotero是一个免费的引用管理器，它可以帮助你轻松地保存，管理和分享你的文献。

除此之外，它还内置了一个翻译工具，可以帮助你翻译英文文献。

以下是使用Zotero翻译英文文献的步骤：第一步，下载并安装Zotero。

你可以在Zotero的官方网站上下载并安装。

第二步，添加你的文献。

你可以通过复制粘贴文献的URL或者ISBN号码来添加一个文献到Zotero中。

当然，最好的方法是安装Zotero的浏览器扩展程序，这样你可以直接抓取网页上的文献。

第三步，选择你要翻译的文献。

在Zotero中选中你要翻译的文献，右键点击鼠标，在弹出菜单中选择“翻译”选项。

第四步，选择翻译的语言。

在弹出的翻译菜单中，选择你要翻译的语言。

Zotero支持多种语言的翻译，包括英语、中文、德语、法语、西班牙语等。

第五步，等待翻译完成。

Zotero会自动连接翻译引擎，并在几秒钟内为你翻译好整个文献的内容。

在翻译完成后，你可以看到翻译后的文献内容，帮助你更好地理解文献。

值得一提的是，虽然Zotero内置了翻译工具，但是翻译质量并不保证。

Zotero只是调用了一些免费的翻译引擎，并不能保证所有内容都翻译得准确无误。

因此，在使用翻译工具时，我们还是需要对翻译结果进行验证和调整。

综上所述，使用Zotero翻译英文文献非常简单，只需要几个简单的步骤即可完成。

但需要注意的是，翻译结果并不保证翻译得十分精确，我们需要对翻译后的文献内容进行验证和调整。

最好的方法是学习英语并自己翻译文献，这样可以更好地理解文献，提高自己的语言能力。

英语原文Android Application Fundamentals Android applications are written in the Java programming language. The Android SDK tools compile the code—along with any data and resource files—intoan Android package, an archive file with an .apk suffix. All the code in asingle .apk file is considered to be one application and is the file thatAndroid-powered devices use to install the application.Once installed on a device, each Android application lives in its own security sandbox:●The Android operating system is a multi-user Linux system in which eachapplication is a different user.●By default, the system assigns each application a unique Linux user ID (theID is used only by the system and is unknown to the application). The systemsets permissions for all the files in an application so that only the user IDassigned to that application can access them.●Each process has its own virtual machine (VM), so an application's code runsin isolation from other applications.●By default, every application runs in its own Linux process. Android startsthe process when any of the application's components need to be executed,then shuts down the process when it's no longer needed or when the systemmust recover memory for other applications.In this way, the Android system implements the principle of least privilege. That is, each application, by default, has access only to the components that it requires to do its work and no more. This creates a very secure environment in which an application cannot access parts of the system for which it is not given permission.However, there are ways for an application to share data with other applications and for an application to access system services:●It's possible to arrange for two applications to share the same Linux user ID,in which case they are able to access each other's files. To conserve systemresources, applications with the same user ID can also arrange to run in thesame Linux process and share the same VM (the applications must also besigned with the same certificate).●An application can request permission to access device data such as the user'scontacts, SMS messages, the mountable storage (SD card), camera,Bluetooth, and more. All application permissions must be granted by the userat install time.That covers the basics regarding how an Android application exists within the system.Application ComponentsApplication components are the essential building blocks of an Android application. Each component is a different point through which the system can enter your application. Not all components are actual entry points for the user and some depend on each other, but each one exists as its own entity and plays a specific role—each one is a unique building block that helps define your application's overall behavior.There are four different types of application components. Each type serves a distinct purpose and has a distinct lifecycle that defines how the component is created and destroyed.Here are the four types of application components:ActivitiesAn activity represents a single screen with a user interface. For example, an email application might have one activity that shows a list of new emails, another activity to compose an email, and another activity for reading emails.Although the activities work together to form a cohesive user experience in theemail application, each one is independent of the others. As such, a different application can start any one of these activities (if the email application allows it). For example, a camera application can start the activity in the email application that composes new mail, in order for the user to share a picture.An activity is implemented as a subclass of Activity and you can learn moreabout it in the Activities developer guide.ServicesA service is a component that runs in the background to perform long-runningoperations or to perform work for remote processes. A service does not provide a user interface. For example, a service might play music in the background while the user is in a different application, or it might fetch data over the network without blocking user interaction with an activity. Another component, such as an activity, can start the service and let it run or bind to it in order to interact with it.A service is implemented as a subclass of Service and you can learn moreabout it in the Services developer guide.Content providersA content provider manages a shared set of application data. You can store thedata in the file system, an SQLite database, on the web, or any other persistent storage location your application can access. Through the content provider, other applications can query or even modify the data (if the content provider allows it). For example, the Android system provides a content provider that manages the user's contact information. As such, any application with the proper permissions can query part of the content provider (such as ContactsContract.Data) to read and write information about a particular person.Content providers are also useful for reading and writing data that is private toyour application and not shared. For example, the Note Pad sample application uses a content provider to save notes.A content provider is implemented as a subclass of ContentProvider and mustimplement a standard set of APIs that enable other applications to perform transactions. For more information, see the Content Providers developer guide.Broadcast receiversA broadcast receiver is a component that responds to system-wide broadcastannouncements. Many broadcasts originate from the system—for example, a broadcast announcing that the screen has turned off, the battery is low, or a picture was captured. Applications can also initiate broadcasts—for example, to let other applications know that some data has been downloaded to the device and is available for them to use. Although broadcast receivers don't display a user interface, they may create a status bar notification to alert the user when a broadcast event occurs. More commonly, though, a broadcast receiver is just a "gateway" to other components and is intended to do a very minimal amount of work. For instance, it might initiate a service to perform some work based on the event.A unique aspect of the Android system design is that any application can start another application’s component. For example, if you want the user to capture a photo with the device camera, there's probably another application that does that and your application can use it, instead of developing an activity to capture a photo yourself. You don't need to incorporate or even link to the code from the camera application. Instead, you can simply start the activity in the camera application that captures a photo. When complete, the photo is even returned to your application so you can use it. To the user, it seems as if the camera is actually a part of your application.When the system starts a component, it starts the process for that application (if it's not already running) and instantiates the classes needed for the component. Forexample, if your application starts the activity in the camera application that captures a photo, that activity runs in the process that belongs to the camera application, not in your application's process. Therefore, unlike applications on most other systems, Android applications don't have a single entry point (there's no main()function, for example).Because the system runs each application in a separate process with file permissions that restrict access to other applications, your application cannot directly activate a component from another application. The Android system, however, can. So, to activate a component in another application, you must deliver a message to the system that specifies your intent to start a particular component. The system then activates the component for you.中文译文安卓应用基础Android应用程序是用Java编程语言编写的。

英文论文翻译软件
目前市面上有很多英文论文翻译软件可供选择。

以下是几个常见的英文论文翻译软件：
1. Google翻译： Google翻译是一个免费在线翻译工具，可以翻译多种语言，包括英语。

它使用机器翻译技术，可以快速翻译大量文本。

然而，由于机器翻译的限制，有时会出现语法和语义错误。

2. DeepL：DeepL是一种基于神经网络的翻译软件，具有较高的翻译质量。

它可以翻译多种语言，包括英语。

DeepL能够更好地理解上下文，提供更准确的翻译。

它提供了免费和付费版本。

3. 百度翻译：百度翻译是一种免费在线翻译工具，提供多种语言翻译，包括英语。

它使用机器翻译和统计翻译方法，能够提供基本的翻译服务。

然而，由于机器翻译的限制，翻译质量可能有限。

总的来说，这些英文论文翻译软件提供了便捷的翻译服务，但在翻译质量和准确性方面可能存在一定的限制。

对于重要的论文翻译，仍然建议寻求专业翻译服务或母语人士的协助，以确保最准确和流畅的翻译结果。

Application FundamentalsAndroid applications are written in the Java programming language. The compiled Java code —along with any data and resource files required by the application —is bundled by the aapt tool into an Android package, an archive file marked by an .apk suffix. This file is the vehicle for distributing the application and installing it on mobile devices; it's the file users download to their devices. All the code in a single .apk file is considered to be one application.Android应用基础：Android应用程序是通过java语言开发的，通过绑定一些应用所需要的东西，例如：编译的Java代码，加上数据和一些资源文件，使用一个apt的工具将所有的东西封装成一个android包，这个文件的文件后缀是.apk。

这个文件是分发并安装应用程序到移动设备的载体，是用户获得该应用程序所需要的下载的文件。

Application Components A central feature of Android is that one application can make use of elements of other applications (provided those applications permit it). For example, if your application needs to display a scrolling list of images and another application has developed a suitable scroller and made it available to others, you can call upon that scroller to do the work, rather than develop your own. Your application doesn't incorporate the code of the other application or link to it. Rather, it simply starts up that piece of the other application when the need arises. For this to work, the system must be able to start an application process when any part of it is needed, and instantiate the Java objects for that part. Therefore, unlike applications on most other systems, Android applications don't have a single entry point for everything in the application (no main() function, for example). Rather, they have essential components that the system can instantiate and run as needed. There are four types of components:Activities An activity presents a visual user interface for one focused endeavor the user can undertake. For example, an activity might present a list of menu items users can choose from or it might display photographs along with their captions. A text messaging application might have one activity that shows a list of contacts to send messages to, a second activity to write the message to the chosen contact, and other activities to review old messages or changesettings. Though they work together to form a cohesive user interface, each activity is independent of the others. Each one is implemented as a subclass of the Activity base class. An application might consist of just one activity or, like the text messaging application just mentioned, it may contain several. What the activities are, and how many there are depends, of course, on the application and its design. Typically, one of the activities is marked as the first one that should be presented to the user when the application is launched. Moving from one activity to another is accomplished by having the current activity start the next one. Android有四大应用程序组件Android的一个很重要的中心特征就是一个应用程序能充分利用其他的应用程序的一些组件（前提是被允许的）例如：如果的当前开发的应用需要一个滚动的列表去展示相片并且当时其他的程序已经开发了一个合适的滚动列表并且对其他人可用，你可以调用这个滚动的列表来完成你的工作而不是开发你自己的。

随着社会经济的发展以及科学技术的进步，智能手机以及个人电脑被广泛应用在人们的日常生产生活中。

安卓操作系统作为智能的操作系统，其具有高度的开放性，使得智能手机以及个人电脑具有较大的应用优势，下面是安卓开发英文参考文献，欢迎借鉴参考。

安卓开发英文参考文献一： [1]Haomin Song,Duanqing Xu. The Design and Development of a Full Range of Display System for 3D Images Based on AndroidSmartphone[P]. Proceedings of the International Conference on Education, Management, Commerce and Society,2015. [2]Iva Evry Robyansah. The Development of “Ayo Membaca” Android Application for Reading Assessment[P]. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Education Innovation (ICEI 2018),2018. [3]Qingru Lu,Haiyan Xin,Hui Huang,Yunlong Geng. Design and Development of Multifunction Map Software Based on AndroidPlatform[P]. Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Electromechanical Control Technology and Transportation,2015. [4]Hongsheng Zhang. Research on Software Development and Test Environment Automation based on Android Platform[P]. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Mechatronics Engineering and Information Technology (ICMEIT 2019),2019. [5]Yong-fei Ye,Ming-he Liu,Xiao Zhang,Xing-hua Sun,Nai-di Liu. Application and Research of Blended Teaching Model in Programming Courses --- Android Application Development Course as an Example[P]. Proceedings of the 3d International Conference on Applied Social Science Research,2016. [6]Xinge Li. The development of designated driving application based on Android platform and Ali cloud sever[P]. Proceedings of the 2016 2nd Workshop on Advanced Research and Technology in Industry Applications,2016. [7]Winda Dwi Fitria,Achmad Lutfi. Development Of Wind’s Maze Chemistry Game Based On Android As A Learning Media On Hydrocarbon Matter For Eleventh Grade Senior High School[P]. Proceedings of the Seminar Nasional Kimia - National Seminar on Chemistry (SNK2018),2018. [8]Fuling Li,Yong Li. Development of Mobile Security Guard Based on Android System[P]. Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Automation, Mechanical Control and Computational Engineering,2015. [9]Qinhua Lin. Mobile terminal 3D image reconstruction program development based on Android[P]. Proceedings of the 2015International Conference on Automation, Mechanical Control and Computational Engineering,2015. [10]Anan Sutisna,Elais Retnowati,Adi Irvansyah. Development of Peer Tutors Learning Media based on Android Application to Improve Learners Independence[P]. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Educational Sciences (ICES 2018),2019. [11]Agus Ria Kumara,Caraka Putra Bhakti,BudiAstuti,Suwarjo,Muhammad Alfarizqi Nizamuddin Ghiffari,Fathia Irbati Ammattulloh. Development of Android Application based on Holland's Theory of Individual Student Planning[P]. Joint proceedings of the International Conference on Social Science and Character Educations (IcoSSCE 2018) and International Conference on Social Studies, Moral, and Character Education (ICSMC 2018),2019. [12]Suherman,Defri Ahmad,Meira Parma Dewi,Heru Maulana. Paper Development of Actuarial E-learning Based on AndroidApplications[P]. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Mathematics and Mathematics Education 2018 (ICM2E 2018),2018. [13]Lan-Xin Zhu,Jia-Ming Zhang,Xiao-Li Rui,Xiao Liang. Research and Development of Android Client and Server Information Interaction Framework[P]. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Wireless Communication and Sensor Networks (WCSN 2016),2016. [14]Hongxin Hu,Ming Cui. Development Scheme of Mobile Campus Information Integration Platform Based on Android[P]. isccca-13,2013. [15]Junliang Wu,Liqing Mao. Study on Research Development and Application of Urban Logistics Platform Based on Android[P]. Proceedings of the 2018 6th International Conference on Machinery, Materials and Computing Technology (ICMMCT 2018),2018. [16]Xiafu Pan. Anti-addiction System Development Based on Android Smartphone[P]. Proceedings of the 2016 3rd International Conference on Materials Engineering, Manufacturing Technology and Control,2016. [17]Xiufeng Shao,Xuemei Liu,Lingling Zhao. Development and Reform of Android Mobile Application Development Curriculum[P]. Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Applied Mathematics, Simulation and Modelling,2016. [18]Hongchang Ke,Degang Kong. Research on Course Integration of Mobile Internet Device Programming (Android Program Development)[P]. Proceedings of the 2018 8th International Conference on Mechatronics, Computer and Education Informationization (MCEI 2018),2018. [19]Xin Xin Xie,Wen Zhun Huang. Research and Development of the Android Framework Smart Watches from the Data Security Point ofView[P]. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Advances in Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Informatics (AMEII2016),2016. [20]Abdel-All Marwa,Angell Blake,Jan Stephen,Praveen D,Joshi Rohina. The development of an Android platform to undertake a discrete choice experiment in a low resource setting.[J]. Archivesof public health=Archives belges de sante publique,2019,77. [21]Abdul Mutholib,Teddy S Gunawan,Jalel Chebil,Mira Kartiwi. Development of Portable Automatic Number Plate Recognition System on Android Mobile Phone[J]. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering,2013,53(1). [22]Iliana Mohd Ali,Nooraida Samsudin. The Design and Development of BMI Calc Android Application[J]. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering,2016,160(1). [23]Ashutosh Gupta,Tathagata Ghosh,Pradeep Kumar,Shruthi. S Bhawna. Development of Android Based Powered Intelligent Wheelchair for Quadriplegic Persons[J]. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering,2017,225(1). [24]Ashutosh Gupta,Pradeep Kumar,Tathagata Ghosh,Shruthi. S Bhawna. Development of Android based Smart Power Saving System[J]. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science andEngineering,2017,225(1). 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安卓单词(国外英文资料)在当今数字化的时代，安卓操作系统已经成为全球范围内使用最广泛的移动操作系统之一。

安卓不仅为用户提供了丰富的应用和功能，还推动了移动技术的创新和发展。

然而，对于许多人来说，安卓系统中的许多专业术语和概念可能显得有些陌生和难以理解。

为了帮助用户更好地了解安卓系统，本文将介绍一些与安卓相关的常用单词和术语，并提供相关的英文资料，以便读者能够更深入地了解安卓系统的各个方面。

1. Android：安卓操作系统的名称，源自于英文单词“android”，意为“”。

2. APK：安卓应用程序的安装包文件格式，全称为“Android Package”。

3. Dalvik：安卓系统中的一个虚拟机，用于运行安卓应用程序。

4. ROM：安卓系统的固件版本，全称为“ReadOnly Memory”。

5. Root：对安卓系统进行解锁，以获得更高的权限和更广泛的控制。

6. SDK：安卓软件开发工具包，全称为“Software Development Kit”。

7. UI：用户界面，全称为“User Interface”。

8. UX：用户体验，全称为“User Experience”。

9. Widget：安卓系统中的一个小工具，可以显示在主屏幕上，提供快捷的操作和显示信息。

10. Fragment：安卓系统中的一个组件，用于实现用户界面的模块化。

1. Android Developers：安卓开发者官方网站，提供了丰富的文档、教程和资源，适合开发者学习安卓编程。

2. XDA Developers：一个安卓社区，提供了大量的安卓相关资讯、教程和讨论，适合对安卓系统感兴趣的用户。

3. Android Central：一个专注于安卓系统的新闻网站，提供了最新的安卓资讯、评测和教程。

4. Stack Overflow：一个编程问答社区，提供了大量的安卓编程问题解答，适合开发者解决安卓编程中的问题。

5. Reddit：一个社交新闻网站，有一个专门的安卓子版块，提供了大量的安卓相关讨论和分享。

你值得拥有的八大英文文献翻译神器不管是做科研还是写SCI论文，开始都需要阅读大量的文献，做课题至少查阅600篇，粗看300篇，细看100篇，研读50篇，在看到一叠叠论文后，由于语言问题，往往会觉得无从下手，下面分享几款常用的文献翻译神器。

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2、SCI Translate9.0目前有9.0普通版以及VIP版，VIP版内置Google 人工智能云翻译引擎，翻译精准度很强；没有广告。

3、LinggleLinggle是一个可用来进行英语语法、句子写作的工具，可为学习者提供更准确的英文写作建议。

4、NetSpeakNetSpeak是一个提供免费线上单词、词组、语句翻译的工具，其特点是可以在线搜索和比较各种英文词汇、短句、语法、单词解释等内容，并且可以统计出这个用语的变化形态，还可以分析使用频率和情境，堪比谷歌翻译。

5、CNKI翻译CNKI翻译助手是一款专业的学术翻译工具，由“中国知网”开发制作，汇集了从CNKI系列数据库中挖掘的大量常用词汇、专业术语、成语俚语及双语例句等，形成海量中英在线词典和双语平行语料库。

6、LingoesLingoes是一款简明易用的词典与文本翻译软件，支持全球超过80多种语言的词典查询、全文翻译、屏幕取词、划词翻译、例句搜索、网络释义和真人语音朗读功能。

7、有道词典有道词典是个神器，尤其是查词、划词、取词的方面特别突出，词库中有所有专业用语的补充包，可以让你瞬间翻译出各种专业的英文单词，从复杂的有机化合物，到稀奇古怪的动物名，哪里不会点哪里。

8、Copy Translator比较适用于即时翻译，内置了谷歌翻译、百度翻译、有道翻译、搜狗翻译、彩云翻译和腾讯翻译几种不同的翻译引擎，随意切换，总有一个适合你。

文献出处：Philippe Nier, The operation and application of Android system [J]. International Journal on Computer Science & Engineering, 2014，13（05）：15-26（声明：本译文归百度文库所有，完整译文请到百度文库。

）原文The Operation and Application of Android SystemPhilippe·NierI. INTRODUCTIONAndroid is a software stack for mobile devices which includes an operating system, middleware and key applications. Since its official public release, Android has captured the interest from companies, developers and the general audience. From that time up to now, this software platform has been constantly improved either in terms of features or supported hardware and, at the same time, extended to new types of devices different from the originally intended mobile ones. Google entered into the mobile market not as a handset manufacturer, but by launching mobile platform called as “Android” for mobile devices such as Smart phones, PDA and net books on 5th November 2007. Google has a vision that Android based cell phone will have all the functions available in the latest PC. In order to make this effort possible, Google launched the Open Handset Alliance. Google introduced Android as an OS which runs the powerful applications and gives the users a choice to select their applications and their carriers. The Android platform is made by keeping in mind various sets of users who can use the available capacity within Android at different levels. Android is gaining strength both in the mobile industry and in other industries with different hardware architectures.The increasing interest from the industry arises from two core aspects: its open-source nature and its architectural model. Being an open-source project, Android allows us to fully analyze and understand it, which enables feature comprehension, bug fixing, further improvements regarding new functionalities and finally, porting to new hardware. On the other hand, its Linux kernel-based architecture model also adds the use of Linux to the mobile industry, allowing to take advantage of the knowledge andfeatures offered by Linux. The Android platform consists of several layers which provide a complete software stack.Android applications are Java-based and this factor entails the use of a virtual machine VM environment, with its advantages. Android uses its own VM called Dalvik, which interprets and executes portable Java-style byte code after transforming it, which is optimized to operate on the mobile platform. All of these aspects make Android an appealing target to be used in other type of environments.The remainder of this paper is organized as follows: Section II briefly describes the Android’s background including architecture, features & programming framework. Section III presents detailed analysis of Android market including comparison with Symbian & Windows Mobile. Finally Section IV concludes this paper.II. ANDROID BACKGROUNDA . Android ArchitectureAndroid Architecture is shown in fig1, which consist of number of layers as Applications, Application framework, Libraries, Android runtime & Linux kernel [1]. Application layer is the uppermost layer which provides a set of core applications including an email, SMS program, calendar, maps, browser, contacts, and others. All applications are written using the Java programming language. It should be mentioned that applications can be run simultaneously; it is possible to hear music and read an email at the same time. The Application Framework is a software framework that is used to implement a standard structure of an application for a specific operating system. With the help of managers, content providers and other services programmers it can reassemble functions used by other existing applications.Layer which is present below Application framework consist of two parts as Libraries which are all written in C/C++. They will be called through a Java interface. This includes the Surface Manager, 2D and 3D graphics, Media Codecs like MPEG-4 and MP3, the SQL database SQLite and the web browser engine WebKit. Second part is Android Runtime which includes a set of core libraries that provides most of the functionality available in the core libraries of the Java programming language. Every Android application runs in its own process, with its own instance of the Dalvikvirtual machine. The Dalvik VM executes files in the Dalvik Executable (.dex) format which is optimized for minimal memory footprint. The lowest layer is Linux Kernel, Android basically relies on Linux version 2.6 for core system services such as security, memory management, process management, network stack, and driver model. The kernel also acts as an abstraction layer between the hardware and the rest of the software stack.B. Features of AndroidGoogle Android has many features which make it special, but one important feature is Dalvik virtual machine (DVM) [5]. Which is a major component of Android platform. It is optimized for low memory requirements and is designed to allow multiple VM instances to run at the same time. The DVM runs Java applications. However, it is different from standard Java virtual machine in some ways. First, most virtual machines use a stack-based architecture, but Dalvik is a register-based architecture. Second, Dalvik runs Java applications which have been transformed into the Dalvik Executable (.dex) format which is optimized for minimal memory footprint The Dalvik VM relies on the Linux kernel for underlying functionality such as threading and low-level memory management. Java virtual machine tool interface (JVM TI) is a native programming interface on Java virtual machine. The interface provides functionalities to inspect the state of a virtual machine, gather information during run time, and also control the execution of applications running on the Java virtual machine. Android has built in integrated browser based on the open source WebKit engine & built in powerful SQL database engine called SQLite, use for structured data storage. Android support for common audio, video, and still image formats such as AAC, MPEG4, H.264, MP3, AMR, & contains Rich development environment including a device emulator, tools for debugging, & a plug-in for the Eclipse.C. Android Programming FrameworkThe environment requires to develop application for Android consists of the Android SDK, the Eclipse IDE and the Java Development Kit (JDK) which has to be preinstalled for the installation of both, Android SDK and Eclipse. The following versions of the tools mentioned above are used & presented in figure below.1) Android Software Development Kit: The Android SDK includes a comprehensive set of development tools. These include libraries, a handset emulator, documentation, sample code, tutorials & tools such as dx - Dalvik Cross-Assembler, aapt – Android Asset Packaging Tool & adb– Android Debug Bridge. Applications are written using the Java programming language and run on Dalvik, a custom virtual machine designed for embedded use which runs on top of a Linux kernel. The officially supported integrated development environment (IDE) is Eclipse (3.2 or later)2) Android Emulator: The Android SDK includes a mobile device emulator -- a virtual mobile device that runs on your computer. The emulator lets you prototype, develop, and test Android applications without using a physical device. The Android emulator mimics all of the hardware and software features of a typical mobile device, except that it cannot receive or place actual phone calls. It provides a variety of navigation and control keys, which you can "press" using your mouse or keyboard to generate events for your application. It also provides a screen in which your application is displayed, together with any other Android applications running. To let you model and test your application more easily, the emulator supports Android Virtual Device (A VD) configurations. A VDs let you specify the Android platform that you want to run on the emulator, as well as the hardware options and emulator skin files that you want to use.III. ANDROID MARKET ANALYSISA. Android MarketThe Android Market, an online software store, is developed by Google for Android devices. It was made available to users on October 22, 2008. Most of the Android devices come with preinstalled “Market” application which allows users to browse, buy, download, and rate different available applications and other content for mobile phones equipped with the open-source operating system. Unlike with the iPhone App Store, there is no requirement that Android apps should be acquired from Android Market [2]. Android apps may be obtained from any source including a developer's own website. Also, Android developers can create their own application market. Google does not have a strict requirement for the application to show up on theAndroid Market compared to the process used by Apple. Lastly, the Android Market follows a 70/30 revenue-sharing model for applications developed by developers. The developers of priced applications receive 70% of the application price and remaining 30% distributes. As of May 04, 2010, Android apps hit around 49,000 applications which were around 12,500 in August 2009 and 20,000 in December 2009. The global smart phone sell in second quarter of 2009 & 2010 are shown bellow.B. Android vs. Symbian vs. Windows MobileComparison is based on main criteria as follows.1) Portability: Portability is a very important assessment criterion. Symbian OS has many references in this area and having standardized architecture and the openness to software. But the fact that Symbian mostly runs on Nokia cell phones and that it is not Java based lets it fall behind Android. Unfortunately Windows Mobile also has several applications that are specific to certain hardware platforms and therefore are not portable. The Android Mobile platform is a Linux & Java based which allow us to use it on many different platforms unlike Symbian & Win Mobile. As a result Android gets one point, Symbian OS gets half a point and Windows Mobile zero points.译文安卓系统的操作与应用菲利普·尼埃1引言安卓是一个包括操作系统和关键应用程序的移动软件堆栈设备。