1 Whereas
Whereas: considering that 鉴于，就……而论（法律用语）
例1
Whereas the first Party is willing to employ the second Party and the second Party agrees to act as the first Party’s Engineer in Bamako, it is hereby mutually agreed as follows:
鉴于甲方愿意聘请乙方，乙方同意应聘为甲方在巴马科（工程）的工程师，合同双方特此达成协议如下
例2
Whereas Party B and Party A have entered into this Contract to install Party A’s air-conditioning equipment, the Parties hereto do hereby agree as follows:
Chinese version for reference:
鉴于乙方与甲方订立本合同，安装甲方的空气调节设备，双方同意如下：
Whereby
”，“以此立（证）据”等；
In Testimony Whereof：以此为证，特立此证；
Whereby: by the agreement; by the following terms and conditions, etc.凭此协议，凭此条款等。
例1
In Witness Whereof the Parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed on the day and year first before written[❤2] in accordance with their respective laws.
本协议书由双方根据各自的法律签订，于上面所签订的日期开始执行，特立此据。例2
In Testimony Whereof, we have hereto signed this document on _______(day/month/year).
我方于___年____月____日签署本文，特此证明。
例3
A sales contract refers to a contract whereby the seller transfers the ownership of an object to the buyer and the buyer pays the price for the object.
买卖合同是出卖人转让标的物的所有权于买受人，买受人支付价款的合同。
3 Know All Men by These Presents;[❤3]
Undersigned; Now Therefore
Undersigned:[❤4]
Now Therefore:[❤5] 特此，因此等。这个短语一般接whereas 之后，引出具体协议事项的常用开头词，并与其后的hereby 连用，译“兹”，“特此”。
例1
Know All Men by these presents that we_(bank’s name)__ having our registered office [❤6] at ______ (hereinafter called “the Bank”) will be bound unto[❤7] _(the Owner’s name)_ (hereinafter called “the Owner”) in sum of ______ for payment well and truly[❤8] to be made to the said Owner, the
Bank will bind itself, its successors and better assignee by these presents.
根据本文件, 兹宣布, 我行, (银行名称), 其注册地点在(注册地名) (以下称银行), 向(业主名称) (以下称业主) 立约担保支付(金额数) 的保证金。本保证书对银行及其继承人和受让人均具有约束力．
例2
The undersigned Seller and Buyer have agreed to close[❤9] the following transaction in accordance with the terms and conditions stipulated as follows: Chinese version for reference:
兹经签约的买卖双方同意，按下列条款，达成这笔交易。
例3
And Whereas we have agreed to give the Contractor such Bank Guarantee[❤10] ; Now Therefore we hereby affirm that we are the Guarantor and responsible to you, on behalf of the Contractor, up to a total of_(amount of guarantee) ____(in words[❤11] )___, such sum being payable in types and proportions of currencies[❤12] in which the Contract is payable.
本银行（或金融机构）已同意为承包人出具保证函，我们因此同意作为保证人，并代表承包人以支付合同价款所规定的货币种类和比例，向你方担保总金额为(大写) 的保证金。
4 Unless Otherwise[❤13]
This expression is more formal than “if not” and “otherwise”. 除非。
例1：
Unless otherwise specified[❤14] in the Contract, the supplied Goods shall be packed by standard protective measures.
除非合同另有规定，（卖方）提供的全部货物，均应按标准的保护措施进行包装。例2 ：
The Contractor shall not subcontract[❤15] the whole of the Works. Except where otherwise[❤16] provided by the Contract, the Contractor shall not subcontract any part of the Works without the prior consent of the engineer.
承包人不得将整个工程分包出去。除合同另有规定外无工程师的事先同意，承包人不得将工程的任何部分分包出去。
例3
The Contractor shall, unless otherwise provided in the Contract, make his own arrangements for the engagement [❤17] of all staff and labor[❤18] , local or other, and for their payment, housing, feeding and transport.
除非合同另有规定，承包人应自行安排从当地或其他地方雇用的所有职员和劳务人员，以及他们的报酬、住房、膳食和交通。
５In Accordance with; Under; Pursuant to[❤19]
In Accordance with; Under; Pursuant to 根据，按照。比according to 正式
例1
“Permanent Works” means the permanent works to be executed[❤20] ” (including Plant) in accordance with the Contract.
Chinese version for reference:
“永久工程”是根据合同将实施的永久工程（包括机械设备）。
例2
