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Explicit and Implicit Moral EducationImagine a guardsman,from the moment he falls in on parade in the morning until the moment the parade is dismissed,every conscious action he makes is predetermined and controlled.If inadvertently he does something that is not in the schedule,such as drop his rifle,he has to cover up that accident by pretending to faint.to do anything other than conform might show originality and inventiveness,but from the point of view of military ethos would be immoral.想象一下有一个卫兵，在早上从他进入一个阅兵队列开始直到这个队伍解散，他作出的每一个有意识的动作都是事先规定好并且被控制的。
如果他无意识地做了计划外的一个动作，比如弄掉了他的步枪，他只能通过装作晕倒来掩盖这个错误。
不遵守命令可能会显示你的独创性和别出心裁，但是从军队气质的角度来讲，这些行为都是不道德的。
That is an example of thorough-going explicit moral system.In it actions are rigidly divided into right ones and wrong ones,permitted ones and non-permitted ones,and everyone involved accepts this without question;and to train a participant in such a system is an explicit matter,and the simplest form of behaviour training,provided the learners acknowledge the teacher as an unquestionable authority who knows exactly what moral behaviour is.这就是一个彻底实行显性道德教育体系的例子。
Unit4(Para. 1) In the last few centuries, marriage has been connected to romantic love. This kind of package deal is not easy to maintain and indeed many people fail while trying to do so. Nevertheless, most people still pursue this deal. This is another type of paradox associated with marriage.1. 在过去的几个世纪里，婚姻总是和浪漫的爱情联系起来。
这一揽子交易可不容易维护，的确，很多人在试图将婚姻和浪漫的爱情结合起来时失败了。
不过，许多人仍然追求婚姻。
这是和婚姻相关的另一种自相矛盾的情况。
(Para. 2) Some of the main difficulties of this package deal are the following: (a) in modern society, marriage is no longer unique in fulfilling tasks such as raising children and enhancing one’s status and financial asituation, (b) long-term romantic relationships are problematic in that they lack significant changes, which are so meaningful to emotions in general and love in particular, and (c) the greater flexibility of romantic boundaries in modern society make it harder to maintain strict emotional connections and constraints, such as those recommended in marriage.2. 要实现这一揽子交易，有如下几点主要的困难：1. 在现代社会，婚姻已不是实现像抚养孩子，加强个人地位，及改善经济状况等任务的惟一形式。
Unit4 无子女家庭：亘古生息的反叛1二十好几的凯茜、韦恩夫妇结婚已有五年之久，膝下犹虚。
上次凯茜娘家有一个人问：“你们打算什么时候要孩子?”她答道：“我们就是孩子!”2凯茜与韦恩属于一代人数日益增长、决定不要孩子的年轻已婚夫妇群体。
最近一项调查显示在过去的五年中，年龄在25至29岁之间妇女不愿生养的百分比几乎翻了一番，在18至24岁的已婚妇女中几乎增至三倍。
在这个似乎大胆反抗生物性和社会性的决定后面隐藏着什么原因呢?3或许最能公开坦陈心曲的无子女夫妇是《婴儿陷阱》一书的作者：埃伦，派克，其夫威廉，一位广告总经理兼全国不生养夫妇协会主席。
派克夫妇认为他们和协会均无意反对生儿育女，不过是反对迫使人们传宗接代的社会压力，它无视人们是否殷切盼望和真的需要孩子或者根本不好此道。
4“这是一种生活方式的选择，”埃伦说，“我们选择自由和自愿，清净和闲暇。
这也是一个朝哪个方向付出努力的问题——在你自己的小家庭之内或在一个大的社团之中。
这一代人面临有关地球生命延续的严重问题以及生命质量的问题。
我们的孙男孙女也许将购票去观赏最后一批红松林或排队去获取氧气配给。
有人抱怨在回家见五个孩子的途中被交通堵塞困住好几个小时，但是他们不能将孩子与交通堵塞联系起来。
在一个受到人口过剩一系列后果威胁的世界上，我们正在参与一项事业使膝下无子的生活模式为社会所接受并受世人尊重。
太多的孩子作为一种文化强制的后果而呱呱坠地，离婚和虐待儿童的相关统计充分揭露了这一结果。
”5埃伦的丈夫补充说：“每位朋友、亲戚、同事不停地给你施加压力，劝你要孩子，说什么‘发现你生活中失去的东西’。
好多好多人很晚才发现，所谓他们失去的东西其实是他们完全不适合做的事情。
”6埃伦还说：“从抱第一个洋娃娃开始，大到欣赏电视肥皂剧，成年后参加鸡尾酒会，无形之中，总有一种压力要你为人父母。
但是让我们来看看养育失败的比率吧，或许天下父母应该视为像当医生一样的专门职业。
有些人擅长此道，他们应当生养孩子；有些人一窍不通，他们应该认为他们还有其他的选择。
Unit 4(Para. 1) In the last few centuries, marriage has been connected to romantic love. This kind of package deal is not easy to maintain and indeed many people fail while trying to do so. Nevertheless, most people still pursue this deal. This is another type of paradox associated with marriage.在过去的几个世纪里，婚姻总是和浪漫的爱情联系起来。
这一揽子交易可不容易维护，的确，很多人在试图将婚姻和浪漫的爱情结合起来时失败了。
不过，许多人仍然追求婚姻。
这是和婚姻相关的另一种自相矛盾的情况。
package adj. 一揽子的 vt. 打包；将…包装package deal 一揽子交易，一揽子交易中的条款nevertheless adv. 然而，不过；虽然如此 conj. 然而，不过paradox n. 悖论，反论；似非而是的论点；自相矛盾的人或事(Para. 2)Some of the main difficulties of this package deal are the following: (a) in modern society, marriage is no longer unique in fulfilling tasks such as raising children and enhancing one’s status and financial situation,(b) long-term romantic relationships are problematic in that they lack significant changes, which are so meaningful to emotions in general and love in particular, and (c) the greater flexibility of romantic boundaries in modern society make it harder to maintain strict emotional connections and constraints, such as those recommended in marriage.要实现这一揽子交易，有如下几点主要的困难：1. 在现代社会，婚姻已不是实现像抚养孩子，加强个人地位，及改善经济状况等任务的惟一形式。
研究生英语综合Unit Four爱和情感联系原文及翻译Love and Emotional Connection in Graduate English Comprehensive Unit FourLove and emotional connection are universal themes that have been explored and celebrated in literature, music, and art for centuries. In "Unit Four: Love and Emotional Connection" of the Graduate English Comprehensive course, we delve into the original text and its translation, examining various perspectives on these profound human experiences. This article aims to analyze the content of the original text and its translation, without the use of headings or subheadings, in order to present a comprehensive discussion on the topic.The original text in Unit Four discusses the numerous facets of love and emotional connection, shedding light on different cultural and historical contexts. It emphasizes the importance of these emotions in fostering relationships and forming bonds between individuals. The translation, although faithfully capturing the essence of the original text, presents the ideas and concepts in a manner more accessible to English-speaking students.The texts in Unit Four provide readers with a wide range of examples and case studies that illustrate the complexities of love and emotional connection. Through these examples, we come to understand that love is not a uniform experience. It can manifest in various forms, such as filial love, romantic love, or even the love for humanity as a whole. These differentforms of love demonstrate the depth and breadth of human emotions and the intricate connections that tie individuals together.Furthermore, the original text delves into the concept of emotional connection, highlighting its significance in fostering empathy and understanding between individuals. It explores the notion that emotional connection goes beyond superficial interactions and requires a deeper level of emotional engagement. The translation conveys this message effectively, encouraging readers to develop a broader perspective on love and emotional connections.The texts in Unit Four also explore the impact of technology on love and emotional connections in contemporary society. With the emergence of social media platforms and online dating apps, the nature of relationships has undergone significant changes. The original text raises thought-provoking questions about the authenticity of virtual connections and the potential challenges they pose to the development of genuine emotional bonds. The translation adeptly captures these concerns, provoking readers to reflect on the consequences of technology on their own relationships.Moreover, the original text prompts readers to contemplate the role of love and emotional connection in the pursuit of personal fulfillment and happiness. It challenges conventional notions of success and urges individuals to prioritize emotional well-being over material wealth. The translation successfully conveys these ideas, inspiring readers to reevaluate their own values and priorities in life.In conclusion, the original text and its translation in Unit Four of the Graduate English Comprehensive course provide a thought-provokingexploration of love and emotional connection. Through the analysis of various examples, the texts emphasize the diverse nature of love and the profound impact of emotional connection. They also delve into the complexities of love in the digital age and its implications for genuine human connections. Ultimately, the texts encourage readers to reflect on their own experiences and perspectives on love and emotional connection, promoting personal growth and understanding.。
Unit 4 Love and RomanceText A We Lave Who We Lave( I )Dr. Joyce Brothers1 I know of one couple; He is burly ex-athlete who, in addition to being a successful salesman, coached a children ’ s softball team, was active in his; Rotary Club and played golf every Saturday with friends. Meanwhile, his wife is petite, quiet and a complete homebody. She doesn’t even like to go out If dinner.我认识一对夫妇,他魁梧的前退役运动员,除了作为一个成功的推销员,一个孩子的垒球教练团队,积极活跃在;扶轮社,每个星期六和朋友打高尔夫球。
与此同时,他的妻子是娇小的,安静,是一个不折不扣的家庭主妇。
她甚至不喜欢外出如果晚餐。
2 What mysterious force drives us into the arms of one person, while pushing us away from another who might appear equally desirable to any unbiased observer?是什么神秘力量使我们投入到某个人的怀抱,而推动我们远离那些可能出现另一个旁观者眼里同样可取的?3 Of the many factors influencing our idea of the perfect mate, one of the most telling, according to John Money, a Professor Emeritus of Medical Psychology and Pediatrics in the United States, is what he calls our “love map”— a group of messages encoded in our brains that describes our likes and dislikes. It shows our preferences in hair and eye color, in voice, smell, and body build. It also records the kind of personality that appeals to us, whether i t’s the warm and friendly type or the strong, silent type.许多因素影响我们心目中的完美伴侣,其中最有力的,根据约翰金钱名誉教授,儿科医学心理学在美国,是他所谓的“爱情地图”——一群消息编码在我们的大脑,它描述了我们的好恶。
Unit4当经济变化抢占头条时，亚洲人口结构的变化至少同样深刻。
近期一篇由哈佛大学经济学家杰弗里·威廉姆森与联邦储备银行的马修·希金斯合著的文章中指出，这种人口奇迹基本上可能完全解释经济奇迹。
一篇由夏威夷大学的安德鲁·曼森与伯克利加利福尼亚大学的罗纳德·李、蒂莫西·米勒合著的文章支持这一观点。
各方经济学家都在争论，在正确的控制下，人口改变的间接结果能否刺激亚洲经济增长直至下个世纪。
当国家变得富强时，它们都将经历一个“人口过渡”时期，在此期间，发展迅速的医疗条件和高生育率将造成人口迅速的增长。
30年前亚洲大部分国家都是这种情况。
然而最终，生育率迅速下降，人口增速放缓。
这导致了人口结构概况由金字塔形（婴幼儿很多而老人很少）转变为中式灯笼形（最年轻的和最老的人很少而居中的人很多）。
对于经济而言，中年人多是好事。
它意味着大多数人口都处于适合工作的年龄段，并且“抚养比例”很低。
在西方，人口过渡期持续了一个多世纪。
但在东南亚，它只持续了短短一代人。
例如1965年，泰国女性平均拥有6个孩子，而现在只有不到三个。
非常类似的事情也发生在日本，然后是新加坡、中国台湾省、南韩和印尼。
同时，这些国家有着最强劲的经济发展速度。
而这不是巧合。
在威廉姆森早期的著作中，他估计每人每年仅靠人口年龄结构调整这一点，就能提供1.5%的GDP增长。
但并不能仅仅因为高增长率就把这一部分作为区域典型。
经济增长同样受到了高涨的存款和投资的刺激。
而这部分增长是否令人惊喜的受到人口的影响，也是各方经济学家争论的话题。
上世纪70年代早期以前，东南亚的少儿抚养负担处于高峰，那里的存款率很低。
只有等抚养负担率降低时，存款率才升高。
马萨·威廉姆森和希金斯认为，人口同样可以说明那里的本土和外来资本投资模式。
他们认为少儿抚养负担降低后，处于工作年龄段的人能存储收入中更多的部分。
结果是，他们希望亚洲国家能像日本那样，可以由资本进口国转变为资本出口国。
研究生英语综合教程下册1,4,5,6单元课文翻译研究生英语综合教程（下）系列教材翻译参考译文全章节Unit 1幸福隐藏的另一面凯思琳？麦克高恩1. 咫风、房屋失火、癌症、激流漂筏失事、坠机、昏暗小巷遭歹徒袭击，没人想找上这些事儿。
但出人意料的是，很多人发现遭受这样一次痛苦的磨难最终会使他们向好的方面转变。
他们可能都会这样说：“我希望这事没发生，但因为它我变得更完美了。
2. 我们都爱听人们经历苦难后发生转变的故事，可能是因为这些故事证实了一条真正的心理学的真理，这条真理有时会湮没在无数关于灾难的报道中：在最困难的境况中，人所具有的一种内在的奋发向上的能力会进发出来。
对那些令人极度恐慌的经历作出积极回应的并不仅限于最坚强或最勇敢的人。
实际上，大约半数与逆境抗争过的人都说他们的生活之后与某种方式的改变。
3. 诸如此类有关危机改变一生的发现有着可观的研究前景，这正是创伤后成长这一新学科的研究领域。
这一新兴领域已经证实了曾经被视为陈词滥调的一个真理：大难不死，意志弥坚。
创伤后压力绝不是唯一可能的结果。
在遭遇了即使最可怕的经历之后，也只有一小部分成年人会受到长期的心理折磨。
更常见的情况是，人们会恢复过来一甚至最终会成功发达。
4. 那些经受住苦难打击的人是有关幸福悖论的生动例证：为了尽可能地过上最好的生活，我们所需要的不仅仅是愉悦的感受。
我们这个时代的人对幸福的追求已经缩小到只追求福气：一生没有烦恼，没有痛苦和困惑。
5. 这种对幸福的平淡定义忽略了问题的主要方面一种富有意义的生活所带来的那种丰富、完整的愉悦。
那就是幸福背后隐藏的那种本质一是我们在明智的男男女女身上所欣赏到并渴望在我们自己生活中培育的那种不可言喻的品质。
事实证明，一些遭受苦难最多的人-他们被迫全力应付他们未曾预料到的打击，并重新思考他们生活的意义一或许对那种深刻的、给人以强烈满足感的人生经历（哲学家们过去称之为对“美好生活”的探寻）最有发言权。
Unit 4 Downsizing裁员Adom Cohen, Cathy Booth Thomas1. The e-mail looked harmless enough. Be at the Renaissance Austin Hotel, 20minutes away, in about an hour. Just another stupid meeting, no doubt. But by the time Dell information technology specialist Chuck Peterson walked into a room filled with 75 of his co-workers and a few managers he had never seen before, he knew what was up. “None of them would look at us,” he says. “They had their backs to us or they were looking at their feet.”这封E-mail看起来并没有任何伤害。
在Renaissance Austin旅馆召开会议，到旅馆的路程是二十分钟路程，大约一个小时后召开。
毫无疑问，又不过是一个无聊的会议。
但是，当戴尔公司信息技术专家Chuck Peterson步入房间那一刻，就知道要发生什么了，房间里是他的75个同事和几个以前从来没有见过的经理。
“他们没人看我，“他说，”他们都背对着我或是看着他们自己的脚“。
2. The bosses stuck to their script. The economy is bad. We can’t afford to keepyou. So we’re not. Hand in your badges on the way out. There were no individual explanations for why these workers－out of a work force of 40,000－had been picked. The members of the firing squad never even introduced themselves. It was over in eight minutes.这些上司们除了照着讲稿没有多讲一句话。
Unit 4 Lierature and ArtsText A 参考译文诗，如同这世界，可以说是有四个时代的，不过程度不同罢了；诗的第一个时代是铁器时代、第二个是黄金时代；第三个是白银时代；第四个是黄铜时代。
在诗的第一个时代，铁器时代，粗野的歌人，用震耳的旋律，歌颂更粗野的魁酋们的丰功伟业，当时，人人都是战士，各式社会的最高实践箴言是：“保持我们所有的东西，夺取我们所能夺取。
”，这箴言尚未以正义的名义和法律的形式装扮起来，而是刀光剑影的一句露骨格言，白刃相向就是meum et meum(而我之间)一切问题的裁判和公断。
在那些日子，只有三种职业兴隆（除了时时都兴隆的祭司职业以外），那就是王者、盗贼、乞丐的职业：乞丐多半是穷途落魄的王者，盗贼则多半是前途似锦的王者。
向一个陌生者询问的第一个问题是：“你是乞丐还是盗贼?”陌生人回答，往往先冒充乞丐，等到方便时机，便证明他堪称为盗贼。
每个人的自然欲望，是把他所能获得的权势和财产，尽量独占为己有，不择手段，强权就是公理；加上一个同样自然的欲望，那就是让尽可能多的人知道，他在这个普遍追求中夺得多少东西。
成功的武士变成魁酋，成功的魁酋转成王者：他接着便需要一个工具来宣扬他的功业的名声和财富的多寡。
这个工具他在歌人身上找到了，歌人事前在他的美力充分感发之下，是随时准备歌颂他的武力的。
这就是诗的起源：诗，正如其他职业那样，是因有这种商品的需求而兴起，按照市场范围的扩大而繁荣的。
所以，诗在起源时是歌功颂德的。
各民族最早的粗野诗歌，好像是一种简要的历史介绍，用臃肿浮夸的调子，颂扬一些杰出人物的功绩和财产。
诗的黄金时代取材于铁器时代。
这个时代开始之时，诗便开始回顾往事，一种类似扩大的国家行政体系的制度已经建立起来，个人的力量和勇敢已经不足以扩张武人勇士的势力，不足以使帝王废立和国家兴亡了，有组织的人群，社会的制度，世袭的继承等等，将予以抑制。
人们也更多生活在真理光辉之中，交换着观察成果，从而看出了鬼神的作用不是那么经常在他们之间发生，从古代诗歌和传说看来好像经常在他们祖先之间发生似的。
第一组：Culture shock is precipitated by the anxiety that results from losing all familiar signs and symbols intercourse. These signs are the thousand and one ways in which we orient ourselves to the situations of daily life:when to shake hands and what to say when we meet people, when and how to give tips, how to give orders to servants, how to make purchases, when to accept and when to refuse invitations, when to take statements seriously and when not.人们远离了熟悉的符号和社会交往的信号之后感到焦虑，由此产生了文化休克。
这些符号在日常生活中有许多自我定位的表现形式：当我们见到人们时，何时握手并且说什么；何时并且如何给小费，怎样给雇员下达命令，怎样买东西，何时接受和拒绝邀请，何时认真或者不认真对待声明。
这些符号形式多样，指导着我们应对日常生活中的各种情况：与人见面忽略These cues, which may be words, gestures, facial expressions, customs, or norms are aquired by all of us in the course of growing up and are as much a part of our culture as the language we speak or the beliefs we accept. All of us depend for our peace of mind and our efficiency on hundreds of these cues, most of which are unconsciously learned. 规则我们在成长过程中所了解的这些符号，比如言语、手势、面部表情和习俗，是我们成长过程中获得的，都是文化中的一部分如我们所讲的语言和所接受的信仰一样。
Unit4爱是一门艺术吗？艾里克·弗洛姆爱是一门艺术吗?那就需要知识并付出努力。
或者爱是一种令人愉悦的情感，只有幸运儿才能“坠入”爱河呢?这本小书是以第一种假设为前提的，而大多数人无疑都相信第二种假设。
人们并非认为爱无关紧要。
人们对于爱总是如饥似渴，悲欢离合的爱情电影他们百看不厌，百般无聊的爱情歌曲他们百听不烦。
但很少有人认为爱需要学习。
对爱的这种奇怪观点基于几个错误前提，这些前提或单独或一起支撑着这一观点。
多数人认为爱就是“被人爱”，而非“爱别人”，或主动去爱的能力。
因此，对他们而言，关键问题就在于如何被爱，如何粉可爱。
他们采取各种途径以期达到此目的。
一种方法就是成为成功人士，在自己的社会地位所许可的范围内获取最大量的权力和财产。
这种方法的效法者多为男性。
另一种方法则是通过保持身材和注重打扮使自己富有魅力。
女性尤为青睐该方法。
其他一些让自己魅力四射的方法有：举止得体，谈吐风趣，乐于助人、低调内敛等。
这些方式男女均有采用。
很多使自己可爱的方式和使自己成功的途径并无区别，那就是“赢得朋友和影响他人”。
事实上，社会上大多数人所理解的“可爱”无非是受大众欢迎和对异性有吸引力这两点的综合而已。
导致“爱不需要学习”这种看法的第二个前提是：人们想当然地认为爱的问题是“对象”问题，而不是“能力”问题。
人们认为爱是件很简单的事，困难在于要找到爱或被爱的对象。
造成这种态度的几大根源基于现代社会的发展。
原因之一是：在20世纪，人们对“恋爱对象”的选择出现了巨大变化。
在维多利亚时代，同许多传统文化一样，人们一般认为爱情并非是那种最终走向婚姻的自然产生的个人情感。
恰恰相反，人们认为婚姻是按照传统习俗约定的：或为父母之命，或为媒妁之言，也可能无须这些中介撮合；婚姻是按社会习俗的考虑决定的，婚姆既成，爱情随之自然而然地产生。
过去几十年以来，西方世界普遍认可自由恋爱。
在美国，尽管传统爱情观念并没有完全消失，但人们普遍在寻我“浪没爱情”寻找那种最终会走向的自由。
Unit Four下面的文章选自奈杰尔贝诺克瑞提斯的婚姻与家庭。
此书在美国的一些大学里被用作社会学和妇女研究等课程的教材，它强调了在当代社会和家庭中所发生的重要变化，探索了家庭成员所面临的选择，以及我们很多人都还未意识到的种种约束。
该书还审视了当今美国家庭的多样性，运用跨文化和多元文化的比较，以激发创造性思维来研究21世纪家庭所面临的许多严峻问题。
爱和情感连系奈杰尔·贝诺克瑞提斯1爱，对于人类的生存是不可或缺的。
它既是一种情感，又是一种行为。
家庭通常是我们最早和最重要的爱和情感支持的来源。
众所周知，缺乏爱的婴幼儿会产生各种各样的问题，如抑郁症、头痛、生理残疾、神经质或身心疾病，这些病有时会伴随他们一生。
而对比之下，拥有爱和拥抱的婴儿通常体重增加得快，哭得少，而笑得多。
到了五岁时，他们的智商和语言测试的分数明显比前一类儿童高得多。
1 Love- as both an emotion and a behavior- is essential for human survival- The family is usually our earliest and most important source of love and emotional support. Babies and children deprived of love have been known to develop a wide variety of problems- for example, depression, headaches, physiological impairments, and neurotic and psychosomatic difficulties- that sometimes last a lifetime. In contrast, infants who are loved and cuddled typically gain more weight, cry less, and smile more. By five years of age, they have been found to have significantly higher IQs and to score higher on language tests.2很多研究发现婴儿获得关爱的质量会影响到他们以后的交友，在学校的表现，如何应对陌生的或可能充满压力的情况，以及他们成年后如何建立并且维系情感连系。
Textual Selection1、When, at the beginning of The Iliad/伊利亚特/-and Western literature-King Agamemnon steals Achilles' slave-girl/奴隶女人/, Briseis, the king tells the world's greatest warrior/战士勇士/ that he is doing so "to let you know that I am more powerful than you, and to teach others not to bandy words with me/跟我犟嘴/ openly defy/不服从，公然反抗/ their king"'. But literary scholar/文学家/ Jonathan Gottschall believes that the true focus of Homer's epic is not royal authority/皇家权威/, but royal genes/皇家基因，皇家遗传/.2、Gottschall is one of a group of researchers/研究团队/, calling themselves literary Darwinists/文学达尔文主义者/, devoted to studying literature/文学/ using the concepts/概念/ of evolutionary/演化，进化/ biology and the empirical/以实验为依据的/, quantitative/量化的/ methods of the sciences. "Women in Homer/荷马史诗/ are not a proxy/代理人/ for status/显赫的地位/ and honour; says Gottschall. "At bottom/事实上/, the men in the stories are motivated/驱使/ by reproductive concerns/繁衍后代/. Every Homeric raid involves/荷马式的袭击/ killing the men and abducting/抢夺/ the women:' The violent world of the epics史诗中的残暴世界/, he says, reflects a society where men fought for scarce mates/少数的配偶/ and chieftains/首领/ had access to as many women as slaves/奴隶/ and concubines/宫女/. And he thinks that everything written/文学撰述/ since Homer is open to similar analysis.3、Literary Darwinism is a mode of analysis; it's also a bit of/一些，少许/ a crusade/运动/, an attempt/试图/ to shake up/撼动/ literary criticism/文学评论/. "Literary theory requires a theory of human nature/人性本质/, because literature is shaped/形状/ by human motives/动机/ and cognitive biases/认知偏见/; says Joseph Carroll of the University of Missour/密苏里/, St Louis. The problem, say the literary Darwinists/文学达尔文主义者/, is that for the past few decades/过去几十年/ the humanities/人类，人性/ have, in the case of/如果发生/ critics/评论，批评/ deconstructing texts/解构文本时/, denied/否定了/ the need for a theory of human nature, asserting/坚持/ that the study of texts can be concerned/不安的/ with nothing outside those texts. Or else/要不/ they have been stuck on theories of human nature that are rooted in/使根深蒂固/ the subjective/主观的/ and the social.4、Those influenced by Freudianism/洛伊德主义/, for example, might read a novel looking for hints/暗示提示/ of a child's sexual desire/性欲/ for its parent. A Marxist/马克思主义者/ would seek out economic and class/阶级/ conflicts/冲突/. Carroll has no truck with/不理/ this: "The theories up to/胜任/ this point have all had a little bit of the truth, but have also all been fundamentally/基本/ flawed/瑕疵/; he says. "None comes to terms with/对某事妥协/ the fundamental facts/基本事实/ of human evolution."5、Literary darwinists believe that literature/文学/ reflects a universal/普遍一般/ human nature shaped by natural selection, and as a result/作为结果/, read texts in terms of /依据/animal concerns/关系/ such as mate choice/配偶选择/, relations between kin/亲属关系/, and social hierarchies/社会阶级/. Such a scientistic approach/方法，途径/ can meet with hostility/敌对/. "At one meeting of the Modern Languages Association/协会/, someone stood up and called me a proto-fascist/原始的法西斯/; says Nancy Easterlin, an expert in Romantic literature/罗马语系专家/ at the University of New Orleans/新奥尔良/, Louisiana.///伊丝特琳利用认知学的一些观点来分析华尔华滋（William Wordsworth ）《前奏》（the Prelude ）的母子关系。
下面的文章选自奈杰尔贝诺克瑞提斯的婚姻与家庭。
此书在美国的一些大学里被用作社会学和妇女研究等课程的教材，它强调了在当代社会和家庭中所发生的重要变化，探索了家庭成员所面临的选择，以及我们很多人都还未意识到的种种约束。
该书还审视了当今美国家庭的多样性，运用跨文化和多元文化的比较，以激发创造性思维来研究21世纪家庭所面临的许多严峻问题。
爱和情感连系奈杰尔·贝诺克瑞提斯1爱，对于人类的生存是不可或缺的。
它既是一种情感，又是一种行为。
家庭通常是我们最早和最重要的爱和情感支持的来源。
众所周知，缺乏爱的婴幼儿会产生各种各样的问题，如抑郁症、头痛、生理残疾、神经质或身心疾病，这些病有时会伴随他们一生。
而对比之下，拥有爱和拥抱的婴儿通常体重增加得快，哭得少，而笑得多。
到了五岁时，他们的智商和语言测试的分数明显比前一类儿童高得多。
2很多研究发现婴儿获得关爱的质量会影响到他们以后的交友，在学校的表现，如何应对陌生的或可能充满压力的情况，以及他们成年后如何建立并且维系情感连系。
正是因为这些原因，人们与家庭成员的早期亲密关系才如此至关重要。
在人情冷漠的环境中(如孤儿院，某些寄养家庭，或缺乏关爱的家庭)长大的孩子会出现情感和社会性发育不良，语言和运动技能迟缓，以及精神健康问题。
3对自己的爱，或者说自爱，对我们的社会性和情感发展也是至关重要的。
女演员梅·韦斯特曾说过，“我从没有像爱自己那样爱过别人。
”虽然这样的话听起来似乎有些以自我为中心，实际上却是相当有见地。
社会学家将自爱描述为自尊的一个重要基础。
从别的方面来说，自我喜欢的人更乐于接受批评，对别人的要求也不那么苛刻。
弗罗姆(1956)认为自爱是爱别人的先决条件。
不喜欢自己的人也许不懂得回报爱，而却有可能不停地寻找爱的关系来改变卑微的自我形象。
那么到底什么是爱?是什么让人们走到一起?4爱是一个难以描述的概念。
我们都经历过爱，觉得我们知道爱是什么，然而当被问到什么是爱时，人们给出的答案却不尽相同，比如一个九岁的男孩说，“爱像雪崩，你必须快跑才能活命。
The Four Ages of Poetry诗歌的四个时代POETRY, like the world, may be said to have four ages, but in a different order: the first age of poetry being the age of iron; the second, of gold; the third, of silver: and the fourth, of brass.诗歌和世界一样，可以说有四个时代，但顺序不同：诗歌的第一个时代是铁的时代；第二个是金的时代；第三个是银的时代；第四个是铜的时代。
The first, or iron age of poetry, is that in which rude bards celebrate in rough numbers the exploits of ruder chiefs, in days when every man is a warrior, and when the great practical maxim of every form of society," to keep what we have and to catch what we can, is not yet disguised under names of justice and forms of law, but is the naked motto of the naked sword, which is the only judge and jury in every question of meum and tuum.These days, the only three trades flourishing (besides that of priest which flourishes always)are those of king, thief, and beggar: the beggar being for the most part a king dejected, and the thief a king expectant. The first question asked of a stranger is, whether he is a beggar or a thief: the stranger, in reply, usually assumes the first , and awaits a convenient opportunity to prove his claim to the second appellation.诗歌的第一个时代，或者说铁的时代，是粗野的吟游诗人以粗野的数字颂扬粗野的酋长的功绩的时代，在这个时代，每个人都是战士，每一种社会形式的伟大实用格言，"保持我们所拥有的，抓住我们能抓住的，还没有在正义的名称和法律的形式下进行伪装，而是赤裸裸的剑的格言，它是每一个我们和他们之间问题的唯一法官和审判。
UNIT41. Think for a moment about your own life — the activities of your day, the possessions you enjoy, the surroundings in which you live. Is there anything you don’t have at this moment that you would like to have? Anything that you have, but that you would like more of? If your answer is “no,” then congratulations — either you are well advanced on the path of Zen self-denial, or else you are a close relative of Ted Turner . The rest of us, however, would benefit from an increase in our material standard of living. This simple truth is at the very core of economics. It can be restated this way: we all face the problem of scarcity.2 Almost everything in your daily life is scarce. You would benefit from a larger room or apartment, so you have a scarcity of space. You have only two pairs of shoes and could use a third for hiking; you have a scarcity of shoes. You would love to take a trip to Chicago, but it is difficult for you to find the time or the money to go — trips to Chicago are scarce.3 Because of scarcity, each of us is forced to make choices. We must allocate our scarce time to different activities: work, play, education, sleep, shopping, and more. We must allocate our scarce spending power among different goods and services: food, furniture, movies, long-distance phone calls, and many others.4 Economists study the choices we make as individuals and how those choices shape our economy. For example, the goods that each of us decides to buy ultimately determine which goods business firms will produce. This, in turn, explains which firms and industries will hire new workers and which will lay them off.5. Economists also study the more subtle and indirect effects of individual choice on our society. Will most Americans continue to live in houses, or — like Europeans will most of us end up in apartments? Will we have an educated and well-informed citizenry? Will museums and libraries be forced to close down? Will traffic congestion in our cities continue to worsen, or is there relief in sight? These questions hinge, in large part, on the separate decisions of millions of people. To answer them requires an understanding of how people make choices under conditions of scarcity.6. Think for a moment about the goals of our society. We want a high standard of living for all citizens: clean air, safe streets, and good schools. What is holding us back from accomplishing all of these goals in a way that would satisfy everyone? You probably already know the answer: scarcity. 1. 想一想你的生活：你每天从事的活动，你所拥有的财产，你所居住的环境。
UNIT41. Think for a moment about your own life — the activities of your day, the possessions you enjoy, the surroundings in which you live. Is there anything you don’t have at this moment that you would like to have? Anything that you have, but that you would like more of? If your answer is “no,” then congratulations — either you are well advanced on the path of Zen self-denial, or else you are a close relative of Ted Turner . The rest of us, however, would benefit from an increase in our material standard of living. This simple truth is at the very core of economics. It can be restated this way: we all face the problem of scarcity.2 Almost everything in your daily life is scarce. You would benefit from a larger room or apartment, so you have a scarcity of space. You have only two pairs of shoes and could use a third for hiking; you have a scarcity of shoes. You would love to take a trip to Chicago, but it is difficult for you to find the time or the money to go — trips to Chicago are scarce.3 Because of scarcity, each of us is forced to make choices. We must allocate our scarce time to different activities: work, play, education, sleep, shopping, and more. We must allocate our scarce spending power among different goods and services: food, furniture, movies, long-distance phone calls, and many others.4 Economists study the choices we make as individuals and how those choices shape our economy. For example, the goods that each of us decides to buy ultimately determine which goods business firms will produce. This, in turn, explains which firms and industries will hire new workers and which will lay them off.5. Economists also study the more subtle and indirect effects of individual choice on our society. Will most Americans continue to live in houses, or — like Europeans will most of us end up in apartments? Will we have an educated and well-informed citizenry? Will museums and libraries be forced to close down? Will traffic congestion in our cities continue to worsen, or is there relief in sight? These questions hinge, in large part, on the separate decisions of millions of people. To answer them requires an understanding of how people make choices under conditions of scarcity.6. Think for a moment about the goals of our society. We want a high standard of living for all citizens: clean air, safe streets, and good schools. What is holding us back from accomplishing all of these goals in a way that would satisfy everyone? You probably already know the answer: scarcity. 1. 想一想你的生活：你每天从事的活动，你所拥有的财产，你所居住的环境。
此时此刻，你是否希望拥有一些你所没有的东西？对于那些你已经拥有的，你是否希望拥有更多？如果你的答案是否定的，那么恭喜你：你要么早已看破红尘，要么就是腰缠万贯。
然而，我们大多数人的答案却是肯定的，我们都希望拥有更多，从而进一步提高物质生活水平。
这一简单的真理就是经济学的核心。
我们或许可以重新表述这个问题：我们都面临稀缺。
2 几乎日常生活中的一切都是稀缺不足的。
比如说你希望你的房间或公寓能再大点儿，那么对你而言，居住空间就是稀缺的；比如说你只有两双鞋，你还想拥有一双适于徒步旅行，那么鞋子对你来说就是稀缺的；再比如说你很想去趟芝加哥，可是你既没有余钱也没有空闲去，那么芝加哥之行对你而言就是稀缺的。
3 因为稀缺，我们不得不进行选择。
我们不得不把稀缺的时间在工作、娱乐休闲、教育、睡眠、购物等不同的活动中进行分配；我们也不得不把稀缺的金钱在食物、家具、电影、长途电话等不同的产品和劳务中进行分配。
4. 经济学家研究社会中个体的选择及这些选择对个体经济状况的影响。
例如，个体对产品的选择最终决定了企业生产什么产品，这继而又决定了哪些企业要招工，哪些企业要裁员。
5 经济学家也研究个体的选择对社会所产生的细微的间接的影响。
多数美国人的家的归宿是独立的房子还是像欧洲人那样的公寓?国民受教育程度会越来越高吗?博物馆和图书馆以后都得关门歇业吗?城市里的交通堵塞会越来越严重还是会缓解在即呢?这些问题在很大程度上都取决于成千上万个个体的决定。
若想回答这些问题必须明白人们如何在稀缺的前提下进行选择。
6.想一想我们社会的目标：全体国民生活水平的提高、清新的空气、良好的治安、好的学校。
是什么原因使我们不能实现这所有的目标而使人人都满意呢?你想必已经知道答案了：稀缺。
7 Society’s problem is a scarcity of resources — the things we use to make goods and services. Economists classify resources into three categories: labor, capital, land. Anything produced in the economy comes, ultimately, from some combination of these resources. Think about the last lecture you attended at your college. You were consuming a service — a college lecture. What went into producing that service? Labor was supplied by your instructor. Many types of capital were used as well. The physical capital included desks, chairs, a blackboard or transparency projector, and the classroom building itself. It also included the computer your instructor may have used to write out his or her lecture notes.In addition, there was human capital —your instructor’s specialized knowledge and lecturing skills. Finally, there was land — the property on which your classroom building sits. These very same resources, however, could instead be used to produce other desirable things, such as primary schools, hospitals. As a result, every society must have some method of allocating its scarce resources — choosing which of our many competing desires will be fulfilled and which will not be.8. Many of the big questions of our time center on the different ways in which resources can be allocated. The cataclysmic changes taking place in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union arose from a very simple fact: the method these countries used to allocate resources was not working.9 What does it cost you to go to the movies? If you answered seven or eight dollars, because that is the price of a movie ticket, then you are leaving a lot out. Most of us are used to thinking of cost as the money we must pay for something. A Big Mac costs $2.50, a new Toyota Corolla costs $15,000, and so on. Certainly, the money we pay for goods or service is a part of its cost, but it is not necessarily the entire cost or even the largest part of the cost. Economics takes a broader view of costs, recognizing monetary as well as nonmonetary components.10 The total cost of any action — buying a car, producing a computer, or even reading a book — is what we must give up when we take that action. This cost is called the opportunity cost of the action, because any economic activity uses up scarce resources and therefore requires us to give up the opportunity to enjoy other things for which those resources could have been used.11 The opportunity cost of any choice is what we give up when we make that choice.12 Opportunity cost is the concept of cost that should be used in decision making.13 Virtually every action we take as individuals uses up scarce money or scarce time or both. Hence, every action we choose requires us to sacrifice other enjoyable goods, services, and activities for which we could have used our time and money. 7社会的稀缺主要是资源的稀缺。
