生物医学工程技术外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译

生物识别技术外文翻译文献生物识别技术外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)外文：The first chapter1.1 The research background of iris recognitionBiometrics is a technology for personal identification using physiological characteristics and behavior characteristics inherent in the human body. Can be used for the biological characteristics of biological recognition, fingerprint, hand type face, iris, retina, pulse, ear etc.. Behavior has the following characteristics: signature, voice, gait, etc.. Based on these characteristics, it has been the development of hand shape recognition, fingerprint recognition, facial recognition, iris recognition, signature recognition and other biometric technology, many techniques have been formed and mature to application of.Biological recognition technology in a , has a long history, the ancient Egyptians through identification of each part of the body size measure to carry out identity may be the earliest human based on the earliest history of biometrics. But the modern biological recognition technology began in twentieth Century 70 time metaphase, as biometric devices early is relatively expensive, so only a higher security level atomic test, production base.due to declining cost of microprocessor and various electronic components, precision gradually improve, control device of a biological recognition technology has been gradually applied to commerce authorized, such as access control, attendance management, management system, safety certification field etc..All biometric technology, iris recognition is currently used as a convenient and accurate.Making twenty-first Century is information technology, network technology of the century, is also the human get rid of traditional technology, more and more freedom of the century. In the information, free for the characteristics of the century, biometric authentication technology, high-tech as the end of the twentieth Century began to flourish, will play a more and more important role in social life, fundamentally change the human way of life . Characteristics of the iris, fingerprint, DNA the body itself, will gradually existing password, key, become people lifestyle, instead of at the same time, personal data to ensure maximum safety, maximize the prevention of various types of crime, economic crime.Iris recognition technology, because of its unique in terms of acquisition, accuracy and other advantages, will become the mainstream of biometric authentication technology in the future society. Application of safety control, the customs import and export inspection, e-commerce and other fields in the future, is also inevitable in iris recognition technology as the focus. This trend, now in various applications around the world began to appear in the.1.2 Objective and significance of iris recognitionIris recognition technology rising in recent years, because of its strong advantages and potential commercial value, driven by some international companies and institutions have invested a lot of manpower, financial resources and energy research. The concept of automatic iris identification is first proposed by Frown, then Daugman for the first time in the algorithm becomes feasible.The iris is a colored ring in the pupil in the eye of fabric shape, each iris contains a structure like the one and only based on the crown, crystalline, filaments, spots, structure, concave point, ray, wrinkles and fringe characteristic. The iris is different from the retina, retinal is located in the fundus, difficult to image, iris can be seen directly, biometric identification technology can obtain the image of iris fine with camera equipment based on the following basis: Iris fibrous tissue details is rich and complicated, and the formation and embryonic tissue of iris details the occurrence stage of the environment, have great random the. The inherent characteristics of iris tissue is differ from man to man, even identical twins, there is no real possibility of characteristics of the same.When the iris are fully developed, he changes in people's life and tiny. In the iris outer, with a layer of transparent corneal it is separated from the outside world. So mature iris less susceptible to external damage and change.These characteristics of the iris has the advantages, the iris image acquisition, the human eye is not in direct contact with CCD, CMOS and other light sensor, uses a non technology acquisition invasion. So, as an important biometric identity verification system, iris recognition by virtue of the iris texture information, stability, uniqueness and non aggressive, more and more attention from both academic and industrial circles.1.3 Status and application of domestic and foreign research on iris recognitionIDC (International Data Group) statistics show that: by the end of 2003, the global iris recognition technology and related products market capacity will reach the level of $2000000000. Predicted conserved survey China biometric authentication center: in the next 5 years, only in the Chinese, iris recognition in the market amounted to 4000000000 rmb. With the expansion of application of the iris recognition technology, and the application in the electronic commerce domain, this number will expand to hundreds of billions.The development of iris recognition can be traced back to nineteenth Century 80's.. In 1885, ALPHONSE BERTILLON will use the criminal prison thoughts of the application of biometrics individual in Paris, including biological characteristics for use at the time: the size of the ears, feet in length, iris.In 1987, ARAN SAFIR and LEONARD FLOM Department of Ophthalmology experts first proposed the concept, the use of automatic iris recognition iris image in 1991, USA Los ala Moss National Laboratory JOHNSON realized an automatic iris recognition system.In 1993, JOHN DAUGMAN to achieve a high performance automatic iris recognition system.In 1997, the first patent Chinese iris recognition is approved, the applicant, Wang Jiesheng.In 2005, the Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of automation, National Laboratory of pattern recognition, because of outstanding achievement "in recognition of" iris image acquisition and aspects, won the two "National Technology Invention Prize", the highest level represents the development of iris recognition technology in china.In 2007 November, "requirements for information security technology in iris recognition system" (GB/T20979-2007) national standards promulgated and implemented, the drafting unit: Beijing arithen Information Technology Co., ltd..Application of safety control, the customs import and export inspection, e-commerce and other fields in the future, is also inevitable in iris recognition technology as the focus. This trend, now in various applications around the world began to appear in the. In foreign countries, iris recognition products have been applied in a wide range.In February 8, 2002, the British Heathrow Airport began to test an advanced security system, the new system can scan the passenger's eyes, instead of to check passports. It is reported, the pilot scheme for a period of five months, a British Airways and virgin Airlines passengers can participate in this test. The International Air Transport Association interested in the results of this study are, they encourage the Heathrow Airport to test, through the iris boarding passengers to determine its identity as a boarding pass.Iris recognition system America "Iriscan" developed has been applied in the three business department of Union Bank of American Texas within. Depositors to be left with nothing whatsoever to banking, no bank card password, no more memories trouble. They get money from the A TM, a camera first eye of the user to scan, and then scan the image into digital information and data check, check the user's identity.America Plumsted school in New Jersey has been in the campus installed device of iris recognition for security control of any school, students and staff are no longer use cards and certificates of any kind, as long as they passed in the iris camera before, their location, identity is system identification, all foreign workers must be iris data logging to enter the campus. At thesame time, through the central login and access control system to carry on the control to enter the scope of activities. After the installation of the system, various campus in violation of rules and infringement, criminal activity is greatly reduced, greatly reducing the campus management difficulty.In Afghanistan, the United Nations (UN) and the United Nations USA federal agency refugee agency (UNHCR) using iris recognition system identification of refugees, to prevent the same refugee multiple receive relief goods. Use the same system in refugee camps in Pakistan and Afghanistan. A total of more than 2000000 refugees use iris recognition system, this system to a key role for the United Nations for distribution of humanitarian aid from.In March 18, 2003, Abu Zabi (one of the Arabia and the United Arab Emirates) announced the iris recognition technology for expelled foreigners iris tracking and control system based on the borders opened the world's first set of national level, this system began construction from 2001, its purpose is to prevent all expelled by Abu Zabi tourists and other personnel to enter the Abu Zabi. Without this system in the past, due to the unique characteristics of the surface of the Arabs (Hu Xuduo), and the number of the expulsion of the numerous, customs inspection staff is very difficult to distinguish between what is a deported person. By using this system, illegal immigration, all be avoided, the maximum guarantee of national security.Kennedy International Airport in New Jersey state (John F. Kennedy International Airport) of the iris recognition system installed on its international flights fourth boarding port, 300 of all 1300 employees have already started to use the system login control. By using this system, all can enter to the apron personnel must be after the system safety certification of personnel. Unauthorized want to break through, the system will automatically take emergency measures to try to force through personnel closed in the guard space. Using this system, the safety grade Kennedy International Airport rose from B+ to A+ grade. The Kennedy International Airport to travel to other parts of the passengers has increased by 18.7%.Generally speaking, the iris recognition technology has already begun in all walks of life in various forms of application in the world. At the same time, to the application of their units of all had seen and what sorts of social benefits and economic benefits are not see. This trend is to enhance the high speed, the next 10 years will be gradually achieve the comprehensive application of iris recognition in each industry.In China, due to the Chinese embargo and iris technology itself and the difficulty in domestic cannot develop products. So far, there has not been a real application of iris recognition system. However, many domestic units are expressed using strong intention, especially the "9 · 11" later, security anti terrorism consciousness has become the most concerned problems in the field of aviation, finance. Iris recognition system is a major airline companies, major financial institutions and other security mechanisms (such as aerospace bureau) become the focus of attention of object and other key national security agency. As with the trend of development in the world, iris recognition technology will in the near future in application China set off climax.The second chapter of introduction of iris recognition technology2.1 Technology of biological feature recognition based on2.1.1 Present status and development of biological feature recognition“9.11" event is an important turning point in the development of biometric ident ification technology in the world, the importance of it makes governments more clearly aware of the biological recognition technology. Traditional identity recognition technologies in the face ofdefect anti terrorism has shown, the government began a large-scale investment in the research and application of biometric technology. At the same time, the public understanding of biological recognition technology with "9.11" exposure rate and greatly improve the.The traditional method of individual identification is the identity of the people with knowledge, identity objects recognition. The so-called identity: knowledge refers to the knowledge and memory system of personal identification, cannot be stolen, and the system is easy to install, but once the identification knowledge stolen or forgotten, the identity of easily being fake or replaced, this method at present in a wide range of applications. For example: the user name and password. The so-called identity items: refers to the person, master items. Although it is stable and reliable, but mainly depend on the outer body, lost or stolen identification items once proof of identity, the identity of easily being fake or replaced, for example: keys, certificates, magnetic card, IC card etc..Biometric identification technology is related to physical characteristics, someone using prior record of behavior, to confirm whether the facts. Biometric identification technology can be widely used in all fields of society. For example: a customer came into the bank, he did not take bank card, also did not remember the password directly drawing, when he was drawing in the drawing machine, a camera to scan on his eyes, and then quickly and accurately complete the user identification and deal with business. This is the application of the iris recognition system of modern biological identification technology. "".America "9.11" after the incident, the anti terrorist activity has become the consensus of governments, it is very important to strengthen the security and defense security at the airport, some airports USA can in the crowd out a face, whether he Is it right? Wanted. This is the application of modern technology in biological feature recognition "facial recognition technology".Compared with the traditional means of identity recognition, biometric identity recognition technology in general has the following advantages:(1) the security performance is good, not easy to counterfeit or stolen.(2) carry, whenever and wherever possible, therefore more safety and security and other identification method.For the biological information of biometric recognition, its basic nature must meet the following three conditions: universality, uniqueness and permanency.The so-called universality, refers to any individual has the. Uniqueness, is in addition to other than himself, other people did not have any, namely different. The so-called permanent, refers to the character does not change over time, namely, life-long.Feature selection of organisms with more than three properties, is the first step of biological recognition.In addition, there are two important indexes in biological recognition technology. The rejection rate and recognition rate. Adjusting the relation of these two values is very important. The reject rate, the so-called false rejection, this value is high, use frequency is low, the error recognition, its value is high, safety is relatively reduced. So in the biological identification of any adjustment, the two index is a can not abandon the process. The choice of range size, related to the biological identification is feasible and available .And technology of identity recognition based on iris feature now appears, it is the development of biometric identification technology quickly, due to its uniqueness, stability,convenience and reliability, so the formation of biometric identification technology has the prospects for development.Generally speaking, the biological recognition system consists of 4 steps. The first step, the image acquisition system of collecting biometric image; the second step, the biological characteristics of image preprocessing (location, normalization, image enhancement and so on); the third step, feature information extraction, converted into digital code; the fourth step, the generation of test code and database template code to compare, make identification。

生物医学专业基因编辑外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译摘要本文翻译了生物医学专业的基因编辑外文文献，包括中英文翻译和外文翻译。

详细内容见下文。

中英文翻译1. 标题：生物医学专业基因编辑（Biomedical Gene Editing）基因编辑是一种针对生物体遗传信息进行改变的技术。

通过编辑基因组，可以修改或插入DNA序列，从而改变目标生物体的遗传特征。

基因编辑在生物医学领域具有广泛的应用前景。

2. 摘要（Abstract）基因编辑已成为生物医学研究中的重要工具。

它不仅可以用于疾病诊断和治疗，还可以用于基础科学研究和生物技术开发。

随着技术的不断发展，基因编辑对人类健康和生物多样性的影响也引起了人们的关注。

3. 引言（Introduction）基因编辑是一种通过改变生物体的遗传信息来实现特定目的的技术。

它可以在DNA水平上对基因组进行精确的修改和操控，从而实现对目标生物体特征的变化。

外文翻译1. Title: Biomedical Gene EditingGene editing is a technology that allows for changes to be made to the genetic information of an organism. By editing the genome, DNA sequences can be modified or inserted, altering the genetic characteristics of the target organism. Gene editing has wide applications in the field of biomedical research.2. Abstract3. IntroductionGene editing is a technology that achieves specific objectives by altering the genetic information of an organism. It allows for precise modifications and manipulation of the genome at the DNA level, resulting in changes to the characteristics of the target organism.。

生物工程专外名词解释词及汇英汉互译名词解释发酵（fermentation）：通过微生物或动植物细胞生长培养和化学变化大量产生和积累专门的代谢产物的过程。

生物固定化（immobilized）：将具有一定生理更能的生物细胞，如微生物细胞、植物细胞、动物细胞等，用一定方法将其固定，作为固体催化剂加以利用的一门技术，固定化细胞与固定化酶技术共同组成了现代化的生物催化技术固体培养（solid culture）：微生物生长在潮湿不溶于水的基质发酵，在固体发酵过程中几乎不含自由水。

腺病毒（adenovirus）：一类DNA病毒主要引起呼吸系统急性感染，经改造的的腺病毒基因组可作为基因载体用于转染，也可用于基因治疗，潜在危险性较小。

在作为基因载体转染的过程中外源基因并整合到宿主靶细胞基因组中，并且表达一定时间自然降解。

佐剂（adjuvant）：能非特异性的增强机体对抗原免疫应答的物质，其本身无抗原性，但与抗原结合后可以促进机体产生抗体，或延长抗体产生的时间，还能产生炎症反应，使抗体在组织局部聚集。

胰岛素（insulin）：胰腺中的胰岛β细胞分泌的一种蛋白质激素含51个氨基酸其生物学作用包括参与糖代谢、脂代谢、蛋白质代谢的调节。

单克隆抗体（monoclonal antibody）：抗体主要由B细胞合成，每个B细胞有合成一种抗体的遗传基因，动物脾脏有上百万种B细胞系，含遗传基因不同的B细胞合成不同的抗体，当机体受到抗原刺激时，抗原分子上的许多决定簇分别激活各个具有不同基因的B细胞，被激活的B细胞分裂增殖形成该细胞的子代细胞，有许多个被激活B细胞的分裂增殖,形成该细胞的子代细胞，有许多个被激活的B细胞的分裂增殖形成多克隆，并合成多种抗体，若能选出一个制造一种专一抗体的细胞进行培养，就可得到由单细胞经分裂增殖而形成的细胞群即单克隆、单克隆细胞将合成一种决定簇的抗体称为Ig。

单克隆抗体技术：要制备单克隆抗体须首先获得能合成转移抗体的单克隆B细胞。

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生物相关专业外文文献（有翻译好的版本）Ecological Engineering 12 1999 27–38 Combining constructed wetlands and aquatic andsoil lters for reclamation and reuse of waterCH House BA Bergmann AM Stomp DJ FrederickDepartment of Forestry North Carolina State Uniersity Box 8008 Raleigh NC 27695 8008 USAAccepted 22 May 1998 AbstractReclamation and reuse of water and nutrients at their source provide the opportunity touse simple less costly technologies and lessens potentials for catastrophic effects due tocentralized treatment system failures The combination of multiple treatment environmentswithin constructed wetlands can provide water quality suitable for reuse A current projectin rural Chatham County NC uses simple aesthetically pleasing treatment componentsconstructed both outdoors and indoors to reclaimdomestic sewage for toilet ushinglandscape irrigation and aesthetic water features A courtyard containing constructedwetlands and a solarium with modular soil lter components and aquatic chambers aredesigned to treat sewage from within a small business facility and to provide recreationalspace for its 60 employees The combination of vertical ow and horizontal ow constructedwetlands with ll and draw controls provides the necessary environments for nitrication–denitrication removal of organic materials and phosphorus adsorption reactions Thesystem is designed to treat and reuse 4500 l day 1 1200 gal day 1 of domestic sewage fromthe business Some of the plants used are selectively bred or genetically engineered toimize their water reclamation potential Utilization of simple treatment and reusetechnology has permitted the business owner to renovate an abandoned and deterioratingschool building into a home for two thriving andinternationally based businesses and toprotect the water quality of a nearby reservoir 1999 Published by Elsevier Science BV Allrights reservedKeywords Reuse Constructed wetlands Vertical ow Soil lter Fill and draw ReclamationCorresponding author0925-857499 - see front matter 1999 Published by Elsevier Science BV All rights reservedPII S0925-85749800052-428 CH House et al Ecological Engineering 12 1999 27–381 IntroductionAn effective nutrient management system for domestic sewage should reduceand reuse wastewater The general objective of this research project is to evaluatethe feasibility of treating and recycling 4500 l day 1 1200 gal day1 of domesticwastewater for ushing toilets Specic objectives include 1 the evaluation ofstep feed recirculation spatial aerobic and anaerobicenvironments uctuatingaerobic and anaerobic environments and zeolite absorbents for nitrogen treat-ment 2 the evaluation of brick chips as a phosphorus absorbent and nitrogenxing woody plants for phosphorus uptake and storage 3 develop a costeffectiveness analysis of on-site nitrogen and phosphorus treatment methods andon-site wastewater treatment and reuse within eastern Chatham CountyThe addition of human waste into high quality water and its disposal intoground and surface waters is not sustainable This practice makes inefcient useof water supply and simultaneously adversely impacts it Both on-site and central-ized treatment technologies can benet from the treatment and reuse of sewagenear its source On-site wastewater treatment design has evolved into a sophisti-cated technology with numerous advances but its adverse impacts onground andsurface waters as non-point sources of nitrogen phosphorus and pathogenicbacteria and virus continue Centralized treatment plants plagued by increasingdemands for expansion high cost and inconsistent funding mechanical or opera-tional failures periodically discharge partially treated wastewater into our surfacewatersMost water reuse research in the US currently focuses on irrigation of re-claimed wastewater from industrial and municipal sized systems North Carolinais just beginning to explore the potentials of water reuse Reduction of nutrientload and water volume through advanced treatment and reuse from installationswith small ows such as homes and businesses has potential to。

第八章动物细胞培养获得的产品及生产过程8.1历史尽管很多研究者很早以前曾经研究在试管中培养的动物细胞的性质，最早将这类细胞应用于实际生产的是J.F.Eeders，他在1949年发表文献，说明脊髓灰质炎病毒可以在灵长类的神经组织或其它组织中生长。

导致这一开创性成果的出现可以简要概括如下。

早在1880年，Annold发现白细胞可以在体外分裂，随后又有人发现，动物离体组织在浸泡在血清、淋巴或腹水等组织液中可以生长。

通过R.Harrison发明的悬滴培养法是一个转折点，其方法是将蝌蚪脊髓放入特殊的中空的载玻片，里面装入淋巴液，上面用盖玻片封住。

Correl又对这项工作进行拓展，他发展出一种巧妙的方法，可以使培养细胞保持不受外来杂菌的污染，这在当时很少有人能够做到。

再后来，培养基中加入促进细胞生长的物质，到了1928年，能够在试管中培养的鸡胚或小鼠的碎组织中使病毒生长，这些方法被Enders借鉴，他和他的同事在培养过程中使用了刚刚在10年前发明的抗生素，这对他的试验大有帮助。

在20世纪50年代初期，Salk通过滚管培养猴肾组织或睾丸组织的方法制成了脊髓灰质炎病毒疫苗。

这种方法建立起来以后，其它疫苗也通过鸡胚或灵长类胚细胞生产。

8.2 从动物培养细胞中获得产品的类型动物病毒至今仍然是从动物细胞培养中获得的最多的商业产品。

目前，每年大约生产1.5×109剂量的口蹄疫病毒疫苗，针对家禽新城病和马克莱氏病的疫苗数量与之相当。

人类病毒疫苗每年的投药量每年不超过108剂量。

生产干扰素的方法仍然处于发展中，将来会接近或超过动物疫苗的规模，但是现在而言，从特殊合成的杂交瘤中提取的免疫生物制剂仍然是人们不熟悉的领域，然而，这方面无疑将是未来十年会取得重要进展的领域。

8.3产品获得的方法综述从动物细胞培养物中获得产品的基本路线已经在图中列出。

基本上有三个时期组成。

第一个时期是准备期，第二个时期涉及到动物细胞的培养。

中英文资料外文翻译文献译文标题：传统意大利榛子的体外繁殖用于当地遗传资源库的稳定和保存译文：关键词：欧洲榛，榛属，传统种质，体外繁殖摘要：在地中海盆地，榛子（欧洲榛）是非常重要的一种作物。

体外繁殖能够有效的稳定当地遗传资源库。

为了提高榛子微组织繁殖实验记录的精确性，各种不同的研究已经在进行。

这些研究通常以重要的品种为材料，然而，微组织繁殖实验记录应用在这些幼小品种上比起传统方法通常会产生相反的结果，这种技术在幼小品种上很少取得成功。

本实验的目的是为重要品种微组织繁殖的操作积累相关的知识和信息。

实验过程中需要设计不同成分的培养基，灭菌时间和培养时间都要进行详细的讨论。

传统意大利品种植株茎芽中的N6-异戊烯腺嘌呤的作用是改善这种状态。

生根阶段是榛属微组织繁殖应用于大型商业生产的关键步骤。

欧洲榛在欧洲特别是生物地理分布区地中海盆地代表一种重要的经济类林木。

榛子主要产于土耳其，意大利，美国和西班牙（分别是每年55,000, 110,000, 25,000, 18,000+吨），其次是法国，希腊，葡萄牙。

大约90%的产品被去皮并且以树芯的形式卖出，然而剩余的10%则作为树苗消费。

极好的营养成分和营养制品的特性也使该物种产生很高的利润。

此外，在一些特有的栽培地区，传统和文化身份严重受榛子产量的影响，文化身份常常会促进贫瘠土地的回收和利用。

即使这样，在一些地区，这种林业作物仍然不是重要的农业资源，然而，就当地足够维持的生产式系统和作为宝贵的食物的传统而言，它却是一种有趣的收入来源。

世界第二大生产商意大利说一些传统的品种主要种植在Campania ,Latium, Piedmont,在西西里岛有大量的属典型种。

近几年，一些主要品种由于质量和传统特性获得了欧洲质量印模。

此外，这些品种还被引进其他国家特定的果园中以增大他们的生长范围。

没有经过检验的物质可能会传播疾病，也可能会导致原因不明的物质的出现。

微组织繁殖法等生物技术的应用会促进健康的合乎本性的物质的产生(Nas et al.,2004)，并且提高这种林木的经济价值。

In its broadest sense, biomedical engineering has been with us for centuries, perhaps even thousands of years. No matter what the date, biomedical engineering has provided advances in medical technology to improve human health. Biomedical engineering achievements range from early devices, such as crutches, platform shoes, wooden teeth, and the ever-changing cache of instruments in a doctor’s black bag, to more modern marvels, including pacemakers, the heart-lung machine, dialysis machines, diagnostic equipment, imaging technologies of every kind, and artificial organs, implants and advanced prosthetics.With the rapid development of science and technology, health and environment has increasingly become the most critical problems facing Human Being. The discipline of Biomedical Engineering (BME) is an interdisciplinary subject that applies modern technologies of engineering and physical sciences to search for new approaches of treatment and rehabilitation of patients. BME searches for the new strategies that targets at early diagnosis of diseases, and treatment of patients with ‘Precision, Personalization, Minimal-Invasion’. Therefore, BME is a ‘Sunshine Field’ that has great potential for future development. Biomedical engineering’s unique mix of engineering, medicine and scienceemerged alongside biophysics and medical physics early this century .In the scope of the whole world, BME is still a young interdisciplinary field, where there are numerous problems to be solved. Accelerated development of BME in China will have important significance for several reasons: It would enable China to establish internationally recognized biomedical research and interdisciplinary research; it would enable China to develop strong R&D capacity on biomedical instrumentation so as to meet a major strategic need of China; and it also has important strategic value for China to rapidly reduce the gap between the science and technology of China and that of leading developed countries.At last,All of the faculty of our Schoolof BME are strongly aware our social responsibility and holy duty to build a world-class discipline of BME. We should have not only great ideals and innovative ideas, but also solid knowledge and a broad vision that can integrate multiple subjects. We believe our BME discipline would become a world-class BME discipline in the near future.。

生物医学工程专业英语词汇（精选5篇）第一篇：生物医学工程专业英语词汇navigate ['næviɡeit] vt.驾驶，操纵；使通过；航行于high-pitched ['hai'pitʃt]adj.声调高的；声音尖锐的；紧张的；陡的echoesn.回声；共鸣；反响（echo的复数）Submarine n.潜水艇；海底生物sonar ['səunɑ:] n.声纳；声波定位仪（等于asdic）chirp 唧唧声；喳喳声；[通信] 啁啾声divided by 除以element n.元素；要素；原理；成分；自然环境detect 探测probe 探针scan 扫描foetus 胎儿rendering.翻译；表现；表演；描写；打底；（建筑物等）透视图atrium 中庭，心房（atria）heart values 心脏瓣膜ventricle 室，心室wave 波wavelength 波长Doppler shift 多普勒频移stationary固定的静止的artery 动脉blood flow 血流，血流量trace 踪迹carotid 颈动脉turbulent 混乱的，骚乱的rapid 急流deposit 在···处储存cavitation 空化physiological 生理的direct correlation 直接相关dyslexia 阅读障碍Reliable data 可靠数据ongoing 前进，不间断的misdiagnosis 误诊echo sounding 回声探测characterize vt.描绘…的特性；具有…的特征submerged 水下的，在水中的diagnostic 诊断法，诊断的gallstones 胆结石breast masses 乳房包块tumors 肿瘤innovations 创新，改革gray scale 灰度，灰阶static 静态的internal organs 内脏spectral 光谱的hand-held 手提式，便携式scanner 扫描仪clinical 临床的，诊断的Sonography 超声波扫描术platform平台superior 优秀的resolution 分辨率clarity 清晰度initially 最初地therapy 治疗法chemotherapy 化学疗法Ultrasonic waves 超声波disruptive破坏的malignant 恶性的，有害的transducer传感器pulse 脉冲Disk Storage 磁盘储存器Piezoelectric Effect 压电效应electric currents 电流crystals 晶体propagate 传播，传送Receipt 接收electrical signals 电信号Insertions 插入obstetrics 产科学gynecology 妇科学，妇科医学extensively 广阔地non-invasive 非侵入性的，非侵入的pregnancy 怀孕exclude 排除，排异ectopic 异位的molar 磨碎的cardiac pulsation 心脏搏动congenital 先天性的malformations 畸形multiple pregnancies 多胎妊娠placental position 胎位abdomen 下腹gel 胶体uterus ['ju:tərəs] n.[解剖] 子宫beams 光线thin slices 薄片recompose [,ri:kəm'pəuz] vt.改组；重写；重新安排；使恢复镇静intrauterine 子宫内的implantation 移植missed abortion 过期流产gestation age 怀孕年龄gestation [dʒes'teiʃən] n.酝酿；怀孕；妊娠期due date 到期日multiple embryos多重胚胎embryos [‘embriəuz] n.胚胎；晶胚abnormalities 畸形，异样情况Down syndrome 唐氏症Hydrops 积水first trimester早期妊娠chromosomal [‘krəuməsəuməl] adj.染色体的hydrocephalus [,haidrəu‘sefələs] n.[内科] 脑积水anencephaly [æn,ensə'feiliə, ,ænen'sefəli] n.先天无脑畸形sac 囊，液囊visualized 直观的，直视的yolk sac卵黄囊diameter 直径femur ['fi:mə] n.[解剖] 股骨；大腿骨embryo 胚胎polydactyl 多指畸形dysmorphia 畸形clubbing of feet 脚部联合cleft lipn.[口腔] 唇裂；[胚][口腔] 兔唇palate ['pælit] n.味觉；上颚；趣味spina bifida [,spainə'baifid ə,-'bi-] 脊柱裂Transvaginal 经阴道的calculations 计算amplitude 振幅duration 持续Amplification 放大Scan Converter 扫描变换器Vibrate 振动anatomical 解剖的，结构上的conventional 常见的vibrations 振动共鸣amplifier 放大器compensation 补偿sequence 序列，顺序format 格式，版式matrix 矩阵matrix 格式修改storage 存储trackball 轨迹球floppy disk 软磁碟thermal printers 热感性印刷机therapeutic 治疗的blood clots 血栓kidney stones 肾结石Portability 可移植的Veterinary 兽医的Joint 关节mysterious [mi'stiəriəs] adj.神秘的；不可思议的；难解的laureate ['lɔ:riət] adj.戴桂冠的；荣誉的rotating anode 旋转阳极fluoroscopic 荧光静的image intensifier 图像增强器fluoroscopy 荧光镜检查radiography 放射线照相术mammography 乳房x线照相术electromagnetic [i,lektrəumæɡ‘netik] adj.电磁的radiation [reidi'eiʃən] n.辐射；发光；放射物Emitted v.排放（emit的过去分词）；发散charged particles带电粒子photons ['fəu,təns] n.光子；光量.penetrate ['penitreit] vt.洞察;穿透charge [tʃɑ:dʒ] n.费用；电荷；掌管decelerate 减速collision 冲突target 目标，靶子braking radiation 制动辐射bombarding 急袭的，爆炸的vacancy 空缺，空位electron [i'lektrɔn] n.电子material [mə'tiəriəl] adj.重要的；物质的accelerated 加速的Bremsstrahlung 轫致辐射electromagnetic radiation 电磁辐射region 地区electromagnetic spectrum 电磁谱elastically [i'læstikli] adv.有弹性地；伸缩自如地Rebounding 弹回Photoelectric 光电的Compton Scattering 康普顿散射Pair Production 电子偶的产生Rayleigh scattering 瑞利散射coherent [kəu'hiərənt] adj.连贯的，一致的 dominant ['dɔminənt] adj.显性的；占优势的；支配的，统治的interaction processes 互动过程relevant 有关的cross-sections 横截面Photoelectric absorption光电吸收linear attenuation coefficient线性衰减系数probability of ···的概率Avogadro [avɔ'gadrɔ] n.阿佛加德罗radiation intensity 辐射强度traversing 穿过，通过thickness 厚度molecule 分子Ionisation 电离作用release 释放free radicals 自由基，游离基hydrogen ['haidrədʒən] n.[化学] 氢peroxide [pə'rɔksaid] n.过氧化氢；过氧化物excited molecules 受激分子Barium meal钡餐Flat Panel 扁平面板Formation 形成，构造incident 附带的Subject contrast 受照者对比度Sharpness 清晰度shortened form简称absorption 吸收anatomical structure 解剖结构density 密度contrast medium 放射照影剂kilovoltage 千伏电压filtration 过滤predominate 支配，主宰，在···中占优势Hence 因此，今后Primary beam 初级束流signal to noise ratio 信噪比collimate 校准，瞄准proportion 比例tray 托盘receptor 受体，接收器air gap 气隙oblique 倾斜的geometry 几何学image formation 成像，图像形成Point source 点声源Infinite 无限的finite 有限的Penumbra 半影Focal spot 电子焦点，焦斑Penetration 参透，突破target angle 目标夹角loading capacity 负荷容量gradient 梯度，坡度，倾斜度inherent 固有的，内在的Quantum noise 量子噪声Grainy 粒状的exposure factors曝光系数at this stage 眼下scope 视野Cine电影；电影院Spot 地点，现场spot film 【放射学】缩影片；点片Curtain 幕；窗帘Slotn.位置；狭槽。

生物医学工程中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)中英文对照外文翻译文献Biological effects of the Magnetic Stimulation on the T oad Heart Abstract-W e stimulated the exposed toad heart by a low frequency and high energy magnetic. By analyze the data of this experiment, it shows that the pulsating of the weak toad heart would make change after stimulated by magnetic. W eak heartbeat strengthened, the single peak curve would become the two peaks curve with atria wave and ventricle wave after the magnetic stimulation. But the cycling of rhythmic pulsatile curve of toad doesn't change.I. INTRODUTIONAll life forms have magnetism. All kinds of magnetic field would have some effects on the configuration and activities of life forms that whichever environmental magnetic, additional magnetic or inside magnetic of organism. The biologic effects are related to the characteristics and附录Ⅳ英文文献及翻译the intension of the magnetic field, as well as the species and the tissues of the life forms.The experimentation showed that magnetism stimulation in some range would control the growth of rat tumour, whatever they are in or out the body. Much more they can induce the cancer cells dead.30mT magnetic stimulation would increase the content of NO in the liver and the kidney.Magnetic also can improve the activity of some enzyme and promote the regeneration of nerve tissue.Cell would increase, the bones would be concrescence, the scar would be rehabilitate.The bloodrheology and blood cell number both of human and rat would change obviously, DI the blood mucosity would be low.Heart is the most important apparatus of life. It pulsates day and night. Heart once stop pulsating, the life for danger.Numerous scholar pays attention to the role of magnetic field.But they just studied the effects of magnetic stimulation of the heart pacemaker. The experiments about direct effects of stimulate heart by magnetic is very few.The toads are our experiment animals.W e stimulated and noted by the magnetic stimulation equipment and the noted equipment of pulsatile curve made by ourselves. Analyze the results.II. STUFFA.Experiment equipments:①magnetic stimulation equipment; (magnetic intension 8-10T, impulse width 150ms,maximal stimulation frequency 5Hz);②software of noted pulsatile curve (made by ourselves);③cardiomuscular transducer;④Ringer.Sol ;⑤Batrachia instruments; ⑥clip of frog heart; ⑦cotton thread; ?burette.B.Experiment animals: toads.III. METHODA. Destroy the brain and the spinal cord of the toad by stylet:Penetrate into the occipital aperture upright with stylet,destroyed the brain upwards, take back the stylet and destroy the spinal downwards. If the limb of toad were relaxed, it showed that the brain and spinal were destroyed completely.B. Expose the toad heart: Make the toad lying on its back on the winding center. The magnetic aspect is upright through the toad heart.Cut the ventral skin of toad, snip the breastbone,expose the rat heart. Nip the heart tip by clip carefully.Make the cotton thread tied with the clip of frog hear the linked with the cardiomuscular transducer. Do not make the toad heart leave thorax, or it would disturb the experiment results.C.Noted the result:Connect the cardiomuscular transducer with the computer. Take notes the curve of toad heart without giving the stimulate of magnetic fieldD. After three minutes, noted the weak pulsatile curve.E . Make the magnetic intension 10T, electricize 10s.Stimulate the toad heart and record the pulsatile curve.IV. RESUL TSThe abscissa of cardiac rhythmic pulsatile curve is time, the ordinate is constriction power. Take notes for the pulsatile curve of toad heart that exposed just.W e can know the rhythmic pulsatile cycle of the toad heart is 1.5s from fig 1 which show the cardiac rhythmic pulsatile curve of the toad which was exposed the heart just now. There are two waves in each cycle, one is atria wave, the other is ventricle wave. The atria wave is 0.5s and the ventricle wave is 1.0s. The constriction power of atria is less than that of ventricle. The amplitude of constriction power of ventricle is the 2 times of the atria.Fig. 4.1. It is rhythmic pulsatile curve of the toad without magnetic stimulation.The constriction power of toad heart would become weakerafter the toad heart was exposed for a while. At the same time,atrium wave and ventricle wave can not be already distinguished. Heart contracting amplitude were reduced obviously, do not go to the half of original atrium wave. The rhythmic pulsatile cycle of the toad heart is still 1.5s.Fig. 4.2. It is the weak pulsatile curve of toad without magnetic stimulation.But we can distinguish the atria wave and the ventricle wave again after giving the toad heart a magnetic stimulation on following picture. And the amplitude of ventricle waves is more than that of the single wave. The rhythmic pulsatile cycle of the toad heart is still 1.5s.There were six toads as experiment animal in our experiment.After exposing heart a time, the rhythmic pulsatile curve all became single peak curve. Stimulate them when the single amplitudewas 0.95. Noted the data and analyze them.Following is the pulsatile curve of the six toads recorded which were stimulated by magnetic field.Fig. 4.3. It is the pulsatile curve of the fist toad which heart was stimulated by magnetic field.Fig. 4.4. It is the pulsatile curve of the second toad which heart was stimulated by magnetic field.Fig. 4.5. It is the pulsatile curve of the third toad which heart was stimulated by magnetic field.Fig. 4.6. It is the pulsatile curve of the fourth toad which heart was stimulated by magnetic field.Fig. 4.7. It is the pulsatile curve of the fifth toad which heart was stimulated by magnetic field.Fig. 4.8. It is the pulsatile curve of the six toads which heart was stimulated by magnetic field.V. COMPARISIIONRecord ventricle wave amplitude and atrium wave amplitude of the six toads after magnetic stimulation.T able. 5.1. From "T oad1"to "T oad6" expressed the six toadswhich was stimulated by magnetic field. The "T oad0" expressed the toad which was not stimulated by magnetic field. "T oad7" expressed the toad which pulsated weakly.amplitudes of atria wave amplitudes of ventricle wave T oad0 2.275 2.34T oad1 1.140 1.170T oad2 1.120 1.129T oad3 1.165 1.18T oad4 1.120 1.128T oad5 1.214 1.230T oad6 1.151 1.169T oad7 0.95 Express the toad which was not stimulated by magnetic with"T oad 0", and express the toad which pulsate weakly with"T oad 7". Make histogram to contrast by these data. The first histogram was made by the data of the pulsatile amplitudes of when toad was not gets stimulate and pulsate weakly, as well as the pulsatile amplitude of the fist stimulated toad. After magnetic stimulation, amplitudes of atria wave and ventricle wave were higher than single wave of weak heart. But it is more low than the amplitudes of heart when just exposes obviously.Fig. 5.1. The histogram was make by the amplitudes of the toad exposed heart justly and the toad which stimulated by magnetic field, the toad which pulsate weakly. The "T oad 0" expressed the toad which was not stimulated by magnetic field. The "T oad 1" expressed the fist toad which was stimulated by magnetic field. The "T oad 7" expressed the toad which pulsated weakly.Make histogram respectively with the data of amplitude of each toad stimulated by magnetic field and the amplitude of single wave. Make histogram with the data of amplitudes of six toads stimulated by magnetic field, and compare them.Fig. 5.2. The histogram was made by the amplitudes of the first toad which was stimulated by magnetic field and the toad which pulsate weakly. The"T oad 1" expressed the fist toad which was stimulated by magnetic field. The"T oad 7" expressed the toad which pulsated weakly.Fig. 5.3. The histogram was made by the amplitudes of the second toad which was stimulated by magnetic field and the toad which pulsate weakly The "T oad2" expressed the second toad which was stimulated by magnetic field. The "T oad7" expressed the toad which pulsated weakly.Fig. 5.4. The histogram was made by the amplitudes of the third toad which was stimulated by magnetic field and the toad which pulsate weakly. The"T oad 3" expressed the third toad which was stimulated by magnetic field. The"T oad 7" expressedthe toad which pulsated weakly.Fig. 5.5. The histogram was made by the amplitudes of the fourth toad which was stimulated by magnetic field and the toad which pulsate weakly. The "T oad 4" expressed the fourth toad which was stimulated by magnetic field.The "T oad 7" expressed the toad which pulsated weakly.Fig. 5.6. The histogram was made by the amplitudes of the fifth toad which was stimulated by magnetic field and the toad which pulsate weakly. The "T oad5" expressed the fifth toadwhich was stimulated by magnetic field. The "T oad7" expressed the toad which pulsated weakly.Fig. 5.7. The histogram was made by the amplitudes of the was stimulated by magnetic field and the toad which puls,"T oad 6" expressed the sixth toad which was stimulated by ma "T oad 7" expressed the toad which pulsated weakly.Fig. 5.8. The histogram was made by the amplitudes of the was stimulated by magnetic field.Fig. 5.9. The histogram was made by the amplitudes of the was stimulated by magnetic field and the toad which pulsate weakly.There is discrepancy between the pulsatile a each toad which stimulated by magnetic field. This is dividual discrepancy, it is related with the strong of the experiment animals. But if compared these pulsatile amplitudes of toads which stimulated by magnetic field with amplitude of the toad which pulsated weakly at the same time of discrepancy is very not obvious.VI. CONCLUSIONSThere are a P wave and a QRS wan pare the pulsatile curve with the electrocardiogram to we can discover that the P wave that express atrium constriction is earlier than atria wave.the ORS wave that express ventricle constriction is earlier than ventricle constriction is earlier than ventricle wave. Heart constriction connected closely with the change of biological electricity of cardiac muscle. Before heart contracts,must occur on muscle cell membrane a movement potential that can be conducted, passthrough then excited-contract unite can just arouse muscle cell contract to respond. The P wave and QRS wave of electrocardiogram reflect atrium and ventricle respectively with the electrical change in polarization course. Atrium wave and ventricle wave reflect atrium and ventricle respectively the mechanical campaign. Mechanical campaign is only initiated from electrical campaign. So P wave is earlier than atrium wave, QRS wave are earlier than ventricle sixth toad which wave.When the pulsatile rhythmically of heart stopped or in disorder.the electric attack would be helpful on clinic data. The magnetism stimulation may have the same effects as the electric stimulation based on electromagnetism.The pulsatile curve of toad which just exposed heart can divide into atrium wave and ventricle wave. After a time, heart is weak gradually, right now, heart contracts intensity weakens obviously. Atrium wave can not already distinguish with ventricle wave on the curves of toad weak pulsatilecurve Original two summit curves change to single summit curve,and contract range reduces obviously. Do not go to the half of original atrium wave. But heart pulsatile period still ask 1 second. Stimulate toad heart, the direction of magnetic field vertical cross toad heart center from the back to belly. T ake T oad 6 notes at once, the pulsatile curve of toad recovery became original two summit curves. And the amplitude of ventricle six toads which wave worth than single wave is in height of.T ested result proves that the magnetic stimulation of high energy can promote toad heart strength obviously, but for the pulsatile curve period does not be acted on obviously. Can make the curve of pulsatile curve already can not be districted the atrium wave and ventricle of the weak heart recovery that atrium constrictionwith ventricle constriction alternately.The cell of cardiac muscle has special electrical physiology.Electrical stimulate can affect the electrical physiology moving of heart obviously. Magnetic field and electric field have the characteristic that changes mutually. The role of extra magnetic field can also arouse the ion current in the organism toad 7 cell of cardiac muscle to occur change. Therefore, it changes the electrical physiological campaign of the cell of cardiac muscle, change heart contract condition.Compared with direct electrical stimulation, the magnetic stimulation has a lot of advantages. It shows by clinical information, eliminate the heart shake of human body with current (go through chest wall) to need the energy of 150-350 J probably, directly eliminate heart shake to need the energy of 16-24 J probably. Specific size and the current distribution of electrode have relevant uniformity. The magnetism of biological organization is even basically, magnetic field reaches the deeply layer organization of organism very easily on toad through skin and skeleton. The magnetic stimulation does not have wound. The resistance rate of skin and skeleton is great.Induction current and organization resistance become inverse ratio. There is a small current passes through organism when was stimulated by magnetic field, so person does not have uncomfortable feeling. The body and coil are not contacted in the magnetic stimulation therefore we can stimulate directly without doing any handling for skin in advanced, will not arouse pain.And the body does not have electricity connect with environment, so have very good safety.Just start for the study of biological effects of the magnetic stimulation on life-form.Quantification of the effects of the magnetic stimulation of pulsatile curve still needs to be studyfurtherACKNOWLEDGMENTThis paper is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of Chinese (No. 59977024)REFERENCES[1] A.B. Smith, C.D. Jones, and E.F. Roberts, "Article Title", Journal,Publisher, Location, Date,pp. 1-10.。

英文原文Monascus in the liquor industryAbstract: Monascus alcohol brewing directions and prospects, the of Monascus este rification capacity in the production of liquor in the liquor fermentation waste yellow serofluid and secondary fermentation metabolites in the liquor industry the application of Monascus has a strong the esterification power and capacity of the fermentation of sugar, and also produce a variety of useful secondary metabolites on the human body, used for white wine fermentation production can increase the liquor rate and ethyl ac etate content to increase the nutritional value of wine, but also to deal with solid-state fermentation of the liquor waste yellow jiangshui produce ester balsam Looking Mon ascus in the liquor industry prospects at the same time as the white wine flavor substa ncesKeywords: liquor; Monascus; ester cyclaseMonascus in liquor productionMonascus esterification capacity in liquor productionLuzhou-flavor Fen and phoenix flavor of wine flavor composition and content of ethy l caproate and ethyl acetate, ethyl lactate esters in the wine, especially the level of eth yl caproate content in the liquor closely related to the quality and flavor of the wine, a nd the generation of these esters with esterase or esterase microbial production are ins eparable, some Monascus has a strong esterification of hexanoic acid and ethanol, eth yl caproate ability to use esterification to improve wine ester content of the hot spots o f the wine industry in recent years, research in the liquor more applications are more widelyesterification DaquDue to the impact of natural conditions and koji technology, the traditional fragrant D aqu widespread problem of low enzyme activity in ester, can not be reached or a long er period of time of fermentation in order to achieve a fragrant white wine aroma requ ire Monascus higher esterification capacity, can also produce a variety of organic acid s such as lactic acid succinic acid, etc., in the ordinary wine yeast the esterification str ong red yeast aroma of yeast and other microorganisms, and to change the song in the yeast, mold and bacteria and other the proportion of the number of functional micro-o rganisms in the synergy of the three with less fermentation time to produce more arom a substances to improve the quality of the wine in ChinaExcellent liquor distiller's yeast, often isolated from Monascus, especially bran liquor brewing Fen Fen Daqu saccharification and fermentation agent, add Monascus made not add Monascus saccharification and fermentation agent out more wine, more lastin g aroma and aftertaste have a greater increase in total esters and total acid content in t he lingering wine.red yeast crude enzyme preparation in the liquorMonascus produce a variety of intracellular extracellular enzymes, such as protease es ter enzyme amylase glucoamylase fermentation of Monascus culture crude extract, yo u can get a crude enzyme preparation contains a variety of enzymes in the fermentatio n process so Monascus added directly to the distiller's yeast can be used as a fermentat ion fungi can also be crude enzyme preparation as a catalyst, wine production esterific ation fluid generated by fermentation late, after 80 days of fermentation, so full bodie d, mellow and cool net. Enzyme preparation deficiencies, such as the little effect the a ctivity of unstable and low cost is slightly higher, so with the help of existing engineer ing ester enzyme purification, preparation of a stable and low-cost complex enzyme e sterified enzyme preparations in the liquor industry wide range of applications, can beformed after the technology is mature and complete bio-ester balsam industry, driven benign exhibitions of the liquor industry, the objective economic and social benefits.2 Monascus liquor fermentation waste yellow serofluidThe yellow serofluid leaching slurry in the fermentation process in the solid-state fer mentation liquor production, the yellow serofluid contain a certain amount of ester alc ohols and aldehydes, such as aroma substances also contain sugars and nitrogen comp ounds, ethyl lactate content is very high, can be used to improve the quality of liquor t o improve the flavor precursor of synthetic fragrance, in addition to containing a certa in amount of lactic acid bacteria of butyric acid bacteria and yeast and other microorg anisms Song River winery Ren Luhai. Monascus be applied using a the yellow seroflu id esterification, make the yellow serofluid in total ester content increased, hexanoic a cid ethyl ester also increased such as Zhuang famous red starter esterified enzyme to p roduce crude enzyme preparation of the bacteria produced yellow water tail wine win e tasting for the substrate enzymatic esterification of esterified liquid string steamed fe rmented grains, ethyl caproate content increased more than doubled, steamed string fe rmented wine fermented grains to ferment wine fermented grains string does not stea m the effect of many small and medium-sized wine yellow water did not getGood use, reduce the economic benefits of natural emissions may also cause environ mental pollution, in-depth research in this area, to fully extract the useful trace elemen ts, suitably used in the blending and flavoring of the liquor, not only to reduce direct e missions environmental pollution, but also can improve the quality of the base wine, make the yellow jiangshui esterification liquid waste for treasure yellow serofluid este rified enzyme treatment, by precipitation filtration and decoloration treated yellow jia ngshui esterification fluid use direct blending white wine, can improve the quality of wine and quality rate, and substantially reduce production costs in the alcohol and wat er, mixedThe esterification the yellow serofluid the treated liquid added to the solution together with the tail, about the use of the ordinary liquor and high-quality wine, wine exempt from chemical synthetic perfume perfumer floating incense, so that the natural flavor of the wine quality, which can be reach ordinary Daqu yellow water fermentation prod uction of esterification solution can effectively improve quality, increase efficiency an d can reduce the environmental pollution caused by improper application of the yello w water is a fully staffed technology.3 secondary fermentation metabolites in the liquor industryRed yeast rice containing the Monascus produce a variety of useful primary level met abolites, such as separable from Monascus can produce potent inhibitors of cholestero l synthesis of active substances, and clinically proven to significantly lower cholestero l efficacy of Monascus in the growth The process can produce strong activity of gluco amylase and protease, the application of red yeast in wine fermentation, can make red yeast metabolism of a variety of active substances dissolved in the red liquor, add win e nutrition and health functions from the following section describes the pharmacologi cal effects of Monascus metabolitesand its mechanism of inhibition of cholesterol synthesisCompounds in red yeast rice has been found and confirmed a significant inhibition of cholesterol synthesis activity of the human body in the vast majority of cholesterol sy nthesis by itself, the entire biosynthetic pathway reductase is a key enzyme to control the synthesis of speed, and therefore inhibit the enzyme activity is one of the key to re ducing cholesterol synthesismonacolin substances as a natural inhibitor of the reductase, can significantly reduce c holesterol synthesis, in addition, the specificity of cell surface LDL receptor synthesisrate and intracellular cholesterol was negatively correlated human body cholesterol co ntent decreased, prompting the receptor within the cell membrane and increased vitalit y, to further reduce LDL and triglyceride levels, showing significantly lower serum tot al cholesterol and lowering blood lipids rolehypolipidemic effect on the cardiovascular systemEffectively reduce human serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride l evels, while elevated serum levels of HDL, has a potent effect on lowering body chole sterol synthesis in the liver, through clinical observation that these compounds with a high degree of liver selectivity, effective role in the liver, and thus play the role of reg ulation of blood lipids, reduce fatty liver butyric acid also has a good blood pressure l owering effectprotective effectsThe class of compounds with better renal protective effect of glomerulonephritis and c hronic renal insufficiency prevention has been an important issue for kidney disease r esearch areas to inhibit the activation of mesangial cells proliferation and inflammator y mediators secretion is the treatment of renal inflammation and glomerular sclerosis of mesangial cell proliferation, can lead to excessive generation and accumulation of e xtracellular matrix, and eventually lead to glomerulosclerosis pharmacological studies have shown a significant inhibition of mesangial cell proliferation and cell outside m atrix secretion in the role of these findings to the class of compounds, and red yeast ri ce in the prevention and treatment of kidney disease, providing a better clinical value and application prospectOutlookRed yeast rice is a traditional product of China and its neighboring countries, since an cient times that the power of Medicinal and Edible Throughout the decades of develo pment, after the wine has been more mature Monascus Pigment Monascus 1750s, the Monascus research has been extended to the lipid lowering blood pressure and other p hysiological active substances in the liquor industry, Monascus, the use of multiple pr otease ester enzyme amylase and glucoamylase enzymes to improve the wine yield an d liquor Hong gas has greatly improved the economic efficiency of the liquor industry with a variety of secondary metabolites of Monascus into the wine, the wine camp The value of raising health improved, more conducive to the development of a new li quor product is currently not much for Monascus in the liquor industry, we should sei ze this opportunity to conduct in-depth study of its application, to open up China's liq uor industry, the development of new directionReferences1. Ross, P., Mayer, R., and Benziman, M. 1991, Cellulose biosynthesis and function in bacteria, Microbiol. Rev.,55, 35-58.2. Matthysse, A. G., White, S., and Lightfoot, R. 1995,Genes required for cellulose synthesis in Agrobacterium tumefaciens, J. Bacteriol., 177, 1069-1075.in Agrobacterium tumefaciens, J. Bacteriol., 177, 1069-1075.3. Wong, H. C , Fear, A. L., Calhoon, R. D., Eichinger,G. H., Mayer, R., Amikam, D., Benziman, M., Gelfand,D. H., Meade, J. H., Emerich, A. W., Bruner, R.,Ben-Bassat, A., and Tal, R. 1990, Genetic organization of the cellulose synthase operon inAcetobacter xylinum,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 87, 8130-8134.4. Saxena, I. M., Lin, F. C., and Brown, Jr. R. M. 1990,Cloning and sequencing of the cellulose synthase catalytic subunit gene of Acetobacter xylinum, Plant Mol. Biol.,15, 673-684.5. Saxena, I. M., Lin, F. C, and Brown, Jr. R. M. 1991,Identification of a new gene in an operon for cellulose biosynthesis in Acetobacter xylinum, Plant Mol. Biol., 16,947-954.6. Saxena, I. M., Kudlicka, K., Okuda, K., and Brown, . M. 1994, Characterization of genes in the cellulose-synthesizing operon (acs operon) of Acetobacter xylinum;Implications for cellulose crystallization, J. Bacteriol.,176, 5735-5752.7. Saxena, I. M. and Brown, Jr. R. M. 1995. Identification of a second cellulose synthase gene (acsAII) in Acetobacter xylinum, J. Bacteriol, 177, 5276-5283.8. Obata, Y., Hirano, A., Ikeuchi, M. et al. 1993, Cloning of cellulose synthetase genes from Acetobacter xylinum JCM 7664, XV International Botanical Congress, Abstracts 8240.9. Masaoka, S., Ohe, T., and Sakota, N. 1993, Production of cellulose from glucose by Acetobacter xylinum, J. Fermentation Bioengineering, 75, 18-22.10. Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E. F., and Maniatis, T. 1989,Molecular cloning, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.11. Altschul, S. F., Gish, W., Miller, W., Myers, E. W., and Lipman, D. J. 1990, Basic local alignment search tool, . Biol., 215, 403-410.12. Tonouchi, N., Tahara, N., Kojima, Y., Nakai, T., Sakai,F., Hayashi, T., Tsuchida, T., and Yoshinaga, F. 1997,A beta-glucosidase gene downstream of the cellulose syn-thase operon in cellulose-producing Acetobacter, . Biochem., 61, 1789-1790.13. Huang, L. N., Hseu, T. H., and Lee, Y. J. 1995, EMBL Accession Number U38661.英文翻译红曲霉在白酒行业中的应用摘要:为了研究红曲霉在酒类酿造中的应用方向及前景，介绍了红曲霉的酯化能力在白酒生产中的应用在白酒发酵废液黄浆水中的应用和次级发酵代谢产物在白酒行业的应用，说明红曲霉具有较强的酯化力和发酵糖份的能力，同时还产生多种对人体有益的次级代谢产物，用于白酒的发酵生产，可以提高出酒率及乙酸乙酯的含量，增加酒的营养保健价值，还可处理白酒固态发酵产生的废弃物黄浆水产生酯香液作为白酒风味物质同时展望了红曲霉在白酒行业的应用前景。

Lesson One（4学时）Inside the Living Cell: Structure andFunction of Internal Cell Parts教学目的：使学生掌握细胞的组成结构（各种细胞器以及它们在细胞中的位置），Cytoplasm: The Dynamic, Mobile Factory细胞质：动力工厂Most of the properties we associate with life are properties of the cytoplasm. Much of the mass of a cell consists of this semifluid substance, which is bounded on the outside by the plasma membrane. Organelles are suspended within it, supported by the filamentous network of the cytoskeleton. Dissolved in the cytoplasmic fluid are nutrients, ions, soluble proteins, and other materials needed for cell functioning.生命的大部分特征表现在细胞质的特征上。

细胞质大部分由半流体物质组成，并由细胞膜（原生质膜）包被。

细胞器悬浮在其中，并由丝状的细胞骨架支撑。

细胞质中溶解了大量的营养物质，离子，可溶蛋白以及维持细胞生理需求的其它物质。

The Nucleus: Information Central（细胞核：信息中心）The eukaryotic cell nucleus is the largest organelle and houses the genetic material (DNA) on chromosomes. (In prokaryotes the hereditary material is found in the nucleoid.) The nucleus also contains one or two organelles-the nucleoli-that play a role in cell division. A pore-perforated sac called the nuclear envelope separates the nucleus and its contents from the cytoplasm. Small molecules can pass through the nuclear envelope, but larger molecules such as mRNA and ribosomes must enter and exit via the pores.真核细胞的细胞核是最大的细胞器，细胞核对染色体组有保护作用（原核细胞的遗传物质存在于拟核中）。

CPE上调促进结肠直肠癌中的细胞增殖和致肿瘤性一、背景结直肠癌(CRC)是最常见的癌症之一,是与癌症死亡相关的主要原因。

据世界卫生组织统计，在2008年全世界范围内有将近120万例CRC患者。

CRC发展是一个多步骤、多基因的过程,涉及到癌基因的激活、超表达以及失活。

这些肿瘤抑制基因在CRC肿瘤的发展过程中有多重影响,包括细胞增殖、凋亡、入侵和转移。

基因突变的肿瘤抑制器,腺瘤息肉病杆菌(APC)，是关于CRC最有效的研究之一。

家族性瘤息肉病(FAP)，一个较多见的常染色体遗传疾病，在一个病人生命的二十到三十年之内会引起成百成千上万的结直肠肿瘤细胞的发展。

生殖系在APC突变大约80%的FAP 时会影响个人。

据报道许多其他癌基因蛋白能调节或激活CRC，如FOXQ1，PIK3CA，和细胞周期蛋白D1。

尽管CPE作为一种激素原/神经肽原加工酶，已经被报道在CRC中会升高，但它在肿瘤发展中扮演的角色仍知之甚少。

CPE主要存在于内分泌和神经内分泌细胞,是一种金属外肽酶。

它编码的一个羧肽酶，能劈开c端氨基酸残基,在糙面内质网中作为前提合成并参与肽激素和神经肽的生物合成。

在打包成分泌颗粒后，这些前体被有序地加工。

首先，通过激素原转化酶(PC1/3和PC2)消除羧基端成对的基本残留，以获得残留扩展肽，然后通过CPE的一个可溶性小集团去分开这些基本残留，获得具有生物活性的肽类激素和神经肽。

CPE也有为受监管的分泌途径提供激素原排序受体的功能。

具有Cpe突变或Cpe基因敲除的小鼠，会显示出病理生理状况，如肥胖、糖尿病、不孕症、低骨密度以及在学习和记忆上的缺陷。

对于人类来说，管制CPE与多种疾病有关,如糖尿病、阿尔茨海默病和癌症。

Horing等人发现CPE在胶质母细胞瘤的表达降低,并建议将CPE用做一个假定的肿瘤抑制基因。

相反，Murthy等人认为，在许多人类癌症患例中CPE显著升高，它的上调与肿瘤的生长和转移密切相关。