The baryon fraction in X-Rays galaxy clusters revisited
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八年级上册英语数第45页课文 课文回顾:《Discovering the Universe》八年级上册英语,数第45页Introduction: In the eighth-grade English textbook, discovered in the upper half of the book, there is an intriguing text titled "Discovering the Universe." This extract encapsulates the awe-inspiring beauty and vastness of the cosmos.Paragraph 1: The lesson begins by describing the immensity of the universe. It demonstrates how small and insignificant the earth appears when compared to the vastness of the cosmos. The author emphasizes the importance of gaining a sense of perspective, realizing that our everyday worries pale in comparison to the grandeur of the universe.Paragraph 2: Moving on, the text explores the billions of galaxies within the universe. It explains that our galaxy, the Milky Way, contains over 200 billion stars alone. The use of descriptive language paints a vivid picture in the reader's mind, helping them imagine the endless expanse of starswithin the night sky.Paragraph 3: Continuing with the exploration, the text delves into the concept of black holes. It explains that black holes are regions in space where gravity is exceptionally strong, causing anything that comes within their reach to be sucked in. The author takes care to clarify that black holes are not"holes" per se but rather areas in space with extreme gravitational forces.Paragraph 4: The text then touches upon the birth and death of stars, explaining how mighty stars are formed from clouds of gas and dust. It further mentions the remarkable phenomenon of supernovas, which occur when a star explodes in a stunning display of energy and light. This section provides an engaging account of the life cycle of stars, captivating readers with its scientific wonders.Paragraph 5: Moreover, the text introduces the concept of exoplanets and their potential for harboring extraterrestrial life. It discusses the ongoing search for habitable exoplanets outside our solar system and highlights the importance of telescopes and advanced technology in this endeavor. This sectioninstills a sense of curiosity and ignites the reader's imagination about the possibility of life beyond Earth. Paragraph 6: Towards the end, the text touches upon the idea of the "Big Bang" theory. It explains that scientists believe the universe originated from a massive explosion, expanding and evolving over billions of years. It sheds light on theefforts of astronomers to uncover more about the early moments of the universe by studying the cosmic microwave background radiation.Conclusion: In conclusion, the text "Discovering the Universe" offers students a captivating journey through the wonders of space. It ignites curiosity, expands knowledge, and provokes introspection about our place in the cosmos. Through itsengaging and informative content, this text enlightens students on the mysteries of the universe, encouraging them to explore further and embrace the majesty of the unknown.。
关于海盗宝藏的英语数学小作文In the heart of the Caribbean, legends whisper of apirate's treasure, a chest brimming with gold and jewels. The treasure, said to be cursed, has eluded treasure hunters for centuries.The tale begins with Captain Blackbeard, a notorious pirate who amassed a fortune through daring raids. He hid his treasure on a remote island, devising a complex riddle to guard its location, a riddle that intertwines math and geography.The riddle speaks of a triangle, a sacred shape in the pirate's code. The vertices are marked by a lighthouse, a waterfall, and the treasure itself. The distances between these points are given in a cryptic sequence of numbers, a puzzle that requires mathematical insight to solve.To find the treasure, one must calculate the angles and sides of this triangle, using principles of trigonometry and geometry. The treasure's exact location is said to be at the point where the sum of the angles equals 180 degrees, a fundamental truth of Euclidean geometry.The search for the treasure is not just a quest for riches; it's a mathematical adventure. It teaches us that math is not just a subject in school but a tool for solving real-world mysteries.Yet, the treasure remains hidden, a testament to the complexity of the riddle and the ingenuity of Captain Blackbeard. It serves as a reminder that sometimes, the greatest treasures are not material wealth but the knowledge and skills we acquire along the way.As the sun sets over the Caribbean, the treasure still awaits its rightful discoverer. It is a story that continues to inspire, a reminder that the spirit of exploration and the joy of discovery are as valuable as any pirate's loot.。
崩坏星穹轨道英语介绍小作文The Shattered Celestial Orbit: A Captivating JourneyIn the vast expanse of the cosmos, a celestial anomaly has emerged, captivating the attention of astronomers and space enthusiasts alike. The Shattered Celestial Orbit, a phenomenon that defies our conventional understanding of the universe, has become the subject of intense scientific study and exploration. This celestial wonder, a testament to the dynamic and ever-evolving nature of our universe, offers a glimpse into the profound mysteries that lie beyond the boundaries of our own planet.At the heart of this celestial marvel lies a complex and intricate system of orbiting bodies, each with its own unique characteristics and trajectories. Imagine a delicate dance of celestial objects, their movements choreographed by the invisible forces of gravity, yet disrupted by an unseen force that has shattered the once-harmonious pattern. This disruption has given rise to a mesmerizing display of celestial bodies, each carving its own path through the void of space, creating a breathtaking spectacle that leaves observers in awe.As we gaze upon this celestial tapestry, we are struck by the sheer scale and grandeur of the Shattered Celestial Orbit. The individual components, ranging from massive gas giants to smaller rocky worlds, each play a crucial role in the unfolding drama. The intricate interplay of these celestial bodies, their delicate balances, and their unexpected collisions, have become the focus of intense scientific inquiry.Researchers from around the world have flocked to study this celestial phenomenon, driven by a desire to unravel its secrets and understand the underlying mechanisms that have led to its formation. Using advanced telescopes and state-of-the-art instruments, they have meticulously mapped the orbits of the celestial objects, charting their movements and analyzing the patterns that emerge.Through their observations and data analysis, these dedicated scientists have uncovered clues that point to a cataclysmic event in the distant past – a collision or disruption that shattered the once-stable celestial order. The implications of this discovery are far-reaching, as it challenges our understanding of the stability and longevity of planetary systems, and opens up new avenues of exploration into the dynamic nature of the cosmos.As we delve deeper into the mysteries of the Shattered CelestialOrbit, we are confronted with profound questions about the origins of our universe, the evolution of celestial bodies, and the role of chance and chaos in shaping the cosmic landscape. The insights gained from this celestial marvel have the potential to revolutionize our understanding of the universe, leading us to rethink our assumptions and expand the boundaries of our knowledge.Beyond the scientific implications, the Shattered Celestial Orbit has also captured the imagination of the general public. Awe-inspiring images and videos of the celestial dance have captivated audiences around the world, inspiring a renewed sense of wonder and curiosity about the cosmos. This celestial phenomenon has become a symbol of the power and beauty of the universe, reminding us of the incredible complexity and dynamism that lies beyond the confines of our own planet.As we continue to explore and study the Shattered Celestial Orbit, we can be certain that it will continue to reveal new insights and challenge our understanding of the universe. The journey of discovery is far from over, and the promise of what lies ahead is both exciting and humbling. In the face of this celestial marvel, we are reminded of the vastness of the cosmos and the enduring mysteries that await us, beckoning us to venture forth and unravel the secrets of the stars.。
变态的三星笔试面试题三星的笔试是他们引以为豪的GSAT考试(韩国人很信这一套)。
因为是全国统一考试(听说试卷会空运回韩国改 ),所以考试纪律很严格,一到时间就立刻锁上门,迟到就等于弃权了,而且听说错过笔试的人永远也别想进三星的企业。
考试要严格按照时间来完成,没听到录音不准打开试卷,做这部份题的时间里不准看下一部分的试题,否则一律按作弊处理。
考试分为3部分。
第一部分是数理题,这部分基本上都是初中的计算题,不过题目出得很奇怪,前8道是给出一个条件,1是计算条件的值,2是给定值,比较1和2的值谁大,1大选A,2大选B,一样大选、10题是计算三角形的边长,初中的勾股定理,射影定理要反反复复地用,麻烦死啦!后15到题是给出一个表格的数据,根据数据进行计算,数据都很大,计算量很大,不容易算。
25道题我只做了13道题(郁闷ing……),三星有最低的题目数量要求,没过要求就肯定被淘汰了,而且选错是会倒扣分的,因此不敢乱选。
第二部分是逻辑推理题,也是25道题,25分钟内完成,前半部分是图形变化题,给出5中变化的形式,有中心翻转的,有变色的,有上下翻转的,然后给出一个超复杂的图形进行变化,看得我眼都花了。
第二部分因为没做多少题,没多少印象,所以请高手补充啦。
25 道题我也是做了13道,好郁闷啊,看来三星是休矣!第三部分是性格测试题,167道题50分钟做完;没有题目,只有选项,要求从4个选项对比中选出你最适合和最不适合的。
这部分超烦,20多个语句4个4个的不断组合,语句隔几道题就会再出现一次,弄得我选到后面都不知道自己在答些什么了。
(提醒:性格测试一般都要完成的,如果不完成,估计肯定被淘汰。
)汗……三星的考试就两个字:变态!马士基笔试题分享分享富有创意笔试题求职笔试技巧你知多少。
Curiosity is an essential driving force in human exploration of the universe.As an integral part of our nature,curiosity has propelled us to delve into the mysteries of the cosmos,leading to countless discoveries and advancements in astronomy.From the ancient times when people gazed at the stars and named constellations,to the modern era with sophisticated telescopes and space probes,curiosity has been the catalyst for our understanding of the universe.The desire to explore the unknown has led to the development of various scientific instruments and methodologies that have expanded our horizons.One of the most significant milestones in space exploration was the launch of the Hubble Space Telescope in1990.This remarkable instrument has allowed us to peer deeper into the universe than ever before,revealing the beauty and complexity of distant galaxies, nebulae,and stars.The images captured by Hubble have not only fueled our curiosity but also provided valuable data for scientists to study the formation and evolution of celestial bodies.Another example of our curiositydriven exploration is the Mars Rover missions.These robotic explorers have been sent to the Red Planet to investigate its geological history, climate,and the potential for past life.The discoveries made by these rovers,such as evidence of ancient water flows and organic molecules,have sparked further questions and intensified our desire to understand Mars and its place in our solar system. Curiosity also extends to the search for extraterrestrial life.The recent discovery of potentially habitable exoplanets has ignited a new wave of interest in the possibility of life beyond Earth.Scientists are now working on developing new technologies and missions to study these distant worlds and determine if they could support life as we know it.Moreover,curiosity has led to the development of space tourism,with companies like SpaceX and Blue Origin aiming to make space travel accessible to the general public. This new frontier in exploration not only satisfies our innate desire to explore but also has the potential to inspire a new generation of scientists,engineers,and astronauts.In conclusion,curiosity is the engine that drives our exploration of the cosmos.It has led to groundbreaking discoveries,technological advancements,and a deeper understanding of our place in the universe.As we continue to push the boundaries of our knowledge, curiosity will remain a vital force in our quest to unravel the mysteries of the stars and the depths of space.。
Section 6: Parts DataDC50X264310131211216547Cabinet GroupKey Part Number Description Quantity * 9960-285-008Door Assy., Loading Complete-Wht (2)* 9960-285-011Door Assy., Loading Complete-SS (2)* 9960-285-007Door Assy., Loading Complete-Chrome/BLK/SS (2)1 9960-284-002Door Assy., Loading-SS(ring only) (2)1 9960-284-004Door Assy., Loading-Chrome(ring only) (2)2 9982-353-002Plate Assy., Hinge (Wht) No Pin (2)2 9982-353-001Plate Assy., Hinge (SS) No Pin (2)* 9545-012-015Screw, Hinge to Door (8)* 8640-413-002Nut, Hinge to Door (8)3 9212-002-004Glass, Door (2)4 9206-413-002Gasket, Glass Black (2)* 9548-117-000Support, Door Glass (2)5 9206-420-005Gasket, Outer Rim Black (2)6 9244-082-001Handle, Loading Door (2)* 9545-018-017Screw, Handle 1/4-20 x 3/8 (4)* 9531-033-003Stud, Door Catch (2)* 8640-413-001Nut, Hex (2)* 8640-413-003Nut, Acorn (2)* 9086-015-002Catch, Loading Door (2)* 8638-190-009Pop Rivet for mtg. catch (4)* 8641-582-006Lockwasher (4)* 8640-399-001Spring Nut (6)7 9989-521-003Panel Assy., Front- Lower (Wht) (1)7 9989-521-001Panel Assy., Front- Lower (SS) (1)8 9989-517-003Panel Assy., Front- Upper (Wht) (1)8 9989-517-001Panel Assy., Front- Upper (SS) (1)* 9277-054-001Insulation Front Panel, half moon (top) (2)* 9277-054-002Insulation Front Panel, half moon (bottom) (2)9 9545-008-014Screw, FLHDCR, 10B x 1 (14) (6)* 8641-585-001 Lockwasher* 8640-399-001Nut, Spring (12)10 9544-069-002Strap, Hinge (Wht) (2)10 9544-069-005Strap, Hinge (SS/Black) (2)* 9545-012-028Screw, Hinge to Panel (8)11 9545-052-001Screw, Door to Hinge Strap (Special Black Type) (2)12 8641-436-003Washer, Fiber (2)13 9021-041-001Acceptor, Coin (1)* 9486-149-001Retainer, Coin Acceptor (2)14 9545-053-002Screw (4)* 9801-099-001Switch, Optical (1)Cabinet Group ContinuedKey Part Number Description Quantity15 9994-032-001Escutcheon, Upper (1)16 9435-039-002Trim, Overlay-Upper Blue (1)16 9435-039-001 Trim, Overlay-Upper Black (1)17 9994-033-001Escutcheon, Lower (1)18 9435-023-001Trim, Overlay-Lower Blue (1)18 9435-031-001Trim, Overlay-Lower Black (1)* 9545-020-009Screw (20)19 9412-167-002Nameplate Stack Dryer Express Blue (1)19 9412-167-001Nameplate Stack Dryer Express Black (1)20 9866-005-001Lint Drawer Assembly Blue (2)20 9866-005-004Lint Drawer Assembly Black (2)21 9435-024-001Overlay Trim, Lint Drwr-Blue (1)21 9435-032-001Overlay Trim, Lint Drwr-Black (1)* 9532-074-003Felt Seal ( back of lint screen assembly ) (2)* 9805-033-002Lint Screen Assembly ONLY (no front) (2)* 9555-057-008Replaceable Lint Screen Only (2)22 8650-012-004Lock and Key, Lint Drawer (2)* 6292-006-010Key 6101 only (2)* 9095-043-001Cam, Lock (2)* 9545-008-001Lint Screen Strap Hold Down Screws 10Bx 1/4 (32)23 9857-198-001Controls Assy, Blue (1)23 9857-198-003Controls Assy, Black (1)* 9627-869-001Harness, Electronic Control (1)24 8650-012-003Lock and Key, Control (1)* 9095-041-001Cam, Lock (1)* 6292-006-007Key only 6324 (1)* 9627-855-003Harness, Heat Sensor (1)* 8640-276-002Wire Nut Connector Grey (4)25 9501-004-003Sensor Temp Control (2)26 9501-008-001Bracket for Heat Sensor Mounting (Under Basket) w/ sensor..2* 9545-045-005Screw, Round Head (Mounts sensor; phillips head) (2)* 9209-037-002Gromm.et, 3/16 ID (2)* 8544-006-001Leg, Leveling 1/2” (4)* 9074-320-001 Cover, Cabinet (Top) (1)* 9277-041-017 Insulation Cabinet Cover (1)* 9732-276-001Kit for Dryers without Neutral and using 208-240 volt (1)* 9732-102-013LP Kit for 50Lb Stk Dryers (1)* 9732-243-001Stack Dryer Trunion Puller (1)* 9544-041-002 Strap - Bead Tie (1)27 9942-038-005 Vault, Coin Box (1)* 9545-008-024 Screws, Mounting-Coin Vault (2)28 9897-099-002 Coin Box Assy, Large Blue (1)28 9807-099-004 Coin Box Assy, Large Black (1)191526252792531089Control Parts GroupKey Part Number Description Quantity * 9857-198-001Controls Assy, Electronic Mounted With Membrane Switch, BLU (1)* 9857-198-003Controls Assy, Electronic Mounted With Membrane Switch, BLK (1)1 9826-008-001 Trough Assembly (1)2 9032-062-002 Button-Push, Control, Blue (2)2 9032-062-001 Button-Push, Control, Black (2)3 9538-166-011Spacer-Metal, 4mm (4)4 9486-158-001 Retainer-Push Button (2)5 8640-424-002Nut-Hex, Elastic stop, #4-40 (4)6 8652-130-038Terminal-Grounding clip (1)7 9534-365-001Spring-Flat, Control (1)8 9545-008-001Screw-Hex, #10B x 1/4 (2)9 9545-044-010 Screw-Hex, #10B x 1/4 (10)9 8641-582-005Washer-External tooth, #6 (10)10 9435-038-001Overlay-Control, Coin, Black (1)10 9435-038-002Overlay-Control, Coin, Blue (1)11 9021-041-001Acceptor-Coin, Optical (1)* 9486-149-001Retainer, Coin Acceptor (1)12 9545-053-002Screw (4)* 9801-099-001 Optical Sensor, Replacement (1)Note: Jumpers required if using 1.5 Control on Older Machines (P9 Connection)* 8220-155-001 Wire Assy, Jumper, 30Lb Stack Coin (1)* 8220-155-002 Wire Assy, Jumper, 50Lb Stack Coin (1)Door Switch GroupPart NumberDescription Quantity9539-487-001Door Switches (2)Hinge Plate Cover1 9074-340-002 Cover-Hinge, Black .....................................................................22 8636-008-010 Screw-TRHDCR, 10B x 3/8, Black.. (4)12Bearing Housing GroupKey Part Number Description Quantity J1 9241-189-002 Housing, Bearing (2)J2 9036-159-003Bearing, Ball Rear..................................................................... .2 * 9538-183-001 Spacer, Bearing (2)* 9036-159-001Bearing, Ball Front .................................................................... .2 J5 9545-017-017Bolt, 1/2 x 3/4 . (8)J7 8640-417-002Nut, 1/2 (8)* 9803-201-001Bearing Housing Complete Ass’y (includes bearings,spacer) (2)J4 9545-017-018Screw 1/2 x 1 1/2 (4)Burner Housing GroupKey Part Number Description Quantity * 9803-207-001 Housing Assembly, Burner (2)1a 9452-730-001Service Burner Plate Front... (2)1 9452-729-001 Service Plate baffl e Recirculation Chamber Clean Out (2)* 9545-008-006Screws (8)2 9545-008-001Screw (16)18 9003-220-001Angle, Burner Support (2)* 9545-008-006Screw (4)17 9048-020-002Burner, Main (4)* 9545-008-006Screw 10AB x 3/8” (4)* 9454-824-001 Panel, Back Burner Housing (2)4 9545-008-001Screw 10B x1/4” (8)5 9875-002-003Electrode Assy, Ignition (2)19 9545-045-001Screw, Electrode Mtg 8B x 1/4” (4)7 9379-186-001Valve, Gas Shut Off (1)8 9857-134-001Control Assy, Gas (2)9 9381-012-001Manifold, Assy (2)* 9425-069-021Orifi ce, Burner-Natural #27 (4)* 9425-069-022Orifi ce, Burner-LP #44 (4)10 9029-175-001Bracket, Manifold (2)22 8615-104-038Pipe Plug in end of Burner Manifold (2)* 9545-008-006Screw (4)12 9576-203-002Thermostat, Hi-Limit (2)* 9538-142-001Spacer, Hi-Limit (4)* 9545-045-007 Screw 8B x 3/4” (4)13 9074-329-001Cover, Hi-Limit Stat Ignitor (2)* 9545-008-006Screw (6)* 9576-207-008Thermostat, Safety Shutoff (2)* 9545-008-006Screw (4)15 9825-062-001Cover, Safety Stat (2)* 9545-008-024Screw (6)16 9857-116-003Control, Ignition Fenwall (3 trybox) (2)* 9732-102-013Kit, LP Conversion 50Lb Stack Kit (2)* 9838-018-003Welded One Piece Gas Pipe Assembly (1)Part # 8533-085-001 9/14Burner Housing Group Photos10221092221851A141594851613Rear ViewKey Part Number Description Quantity * 9627-861-001Wire Harness Overtemperature Switch/Air Switch (2)* 9801-098-001Switch Assy, Air Flow (2)1 9539-461-009Switch, Air Flow (2)2 9029-200-001 Bracket, Switch- Air Flow (2)3 9008-007-001Actuator, Switch (2)4 9451-169-002Pin, Cotter (2)5 9545-020-001Screw 4-40 x 5/8” (4)* 8640-401-001Nut, Special Twin .#4-40 (2)* 9550-169-003Shield, Switch (2)6 9376-322-001Motor, Drive (2)7 9452-770-001Plate, Motor Mounting (1)* 9545-029-008Bolt 3/8” - 16 x 3/4” (8)* 8641-582-003Lockwash Spring 3/8 (8)8 9545-018-019Screw, Motor Plate to Back Assy. 1/4-20x 2 1/2 (8)* 8641-582-007Lockwasher 1/4 (8)9 9538-163-006Spacr (8)* 8641-581-017Flat Washer 1/4 x 7/8 (24)* 9209-086-002Rubber Grommet (8)* 9538-166-006Grommet Spacers (8)* 9545-028-013Screw, Set (4)10 9962-018-002Back Assy, Blower Hsg (2)11 9991-053-001Support Assy, Intermed. Pulley (2)12 9545-029-010Bolt, Rd Hd 3/8-16 x 1 1/4 (6)12 8640-415-004Nut Flange Wizlock 3/8” - 16 (6)12 8641-581-035Washer, Flat (6)13 9545-029-003Bolt, 3/8-16 x 1 1/2 (2)14 9861-022-001Arm Assy-Tension, Complete (2)* 9487-200-003Ring-Retaining (6)15 9908-048-003Pulley Assy, Intermediate with bronze fl ange bearing (2)* 9036-145-002Bronze Flange Bearing (4)16 9908-047-002Pulley Driven Tumbler (2)17 9040-076-009Belt, Drive Motor (2)18 9040-073-011Belt, Driven Intermediate to Tumbler (2)19 9534-151-000Spring, Tension (2)20 9099-012-005Chain, Tension (2)21 9248-022-002Hook, Tension (2)* 9451-146-001Pin, Damper Hinge (2)* 9074-334-001 Cover Duct Upper (1)22 9973-032-001 Heat Recirculation Assembly Duct (2)* 9453-169-013Motor Pulley - Driver (1)* 9545-028-013Set Screws (2) (2)* 9278-043-001Impeller23 8641-581-026Washer, Flat 1/2” for Tumbler Pulley (2)24 9545-017-009Bolt, 1/2”-13 x 1 1/4 (2)25 8641-582-016Washer, Star 1/2” for Tumbler Pulley (2)* 9545-008-001Screw 10 Bx 1/4” (6)* 9545-014-004Bolt, 5/16-18 x 5/8” (8) (8)5/16-18* 8640-400-003Nut,* 9538-184-001Spacer, Shaft (2)* 9487-234-005Ring Tolerance (2)* 9125-007-001Damper Inside Duct Exhaust (2)* 9125-007-002Damper Inside Duct Exhaust (1)* 8520-141-000Nut, Spring (4)* 9074-335-001Cover Duct Lower (1)* 9545-008-024Screw 10ABx 3/8” (72)* 9029-173-001Bracket for Wire Harness Under Burner Housing (2)Part # 8533-085-001 9/14Part # 8533-085-001 9/14Rear View Photos1264722Rear Panel & Cover GroupKey Part Number Description Quantity19208-090-001Rear Guard Side Panel 1 (2)4 9545-008-024Screws 10 AB x 3/8 (30)5 8502-649-001Label - Connection Electrical (1)8 9208-089-001Rear Guard Back Panel (2)10 8502-600-001Label Warning & Notice (1)11 8502-645-001Label - Instructions (1)12 9109-113-001Transition Assembly Outlet (1)13 9074-320-001 Top Cover Dryer Panel (1)14 9550-188-001 Top Burner Housing Heat Shield Inlet (1)15 9074-321-001 Top Panel Burner Housing Cover (1)Part # 8533-085-001 9/141851113121514Tumbler GroupKey Part Number Description Quantity 9848-131-001Tumbler Assembly Galvanized w/spider (2)G2 9568-013-001Spider Assembly (2)G3 9497-226-002Rod, Tumbler (6)G4 8640-417-005Nut, 1/2 - 13 (6)G6 8641-590-002Washer, Special (6).............................................................................AR G7 9552-013-000Shim* 9848-130-002Tumbler Assembly Stainless Steel (2)G1 9848-130-001Tumber Assembly Galvanized (2)Part # 8533-085-001 9/14Control Assembly GroupKey Part Number DescriptionQuantity* 9857-189-001 Control Assmbly Complete (all below included) .............................1* 9108-117-001 Control Box Cover ..................................................................... 1* 8220-001-478 Wire Assembly Green 7” ............................................................ 1* 8639-621-007 Screw #10-32 x 12 Green ............................................................1* 8641-582-006 Lockwasher Ext Tooth #10 ..........................................................13 9897-026-002 Terminal Block Main Power Middle ...............................................14 9897-026-001 Terminal Block ............................................................................2* 9545-045-012 Screw #8 ABx 1/2 for terminal block ............................................6 5 8711-011-001 Transformer Ignition ...................................................................2* 9545-008-024 Screws 10AB x 3/8” ...................................................................46 9982-348-001 Plate Assembly MTG Ignition Control............................................2* 9545-008-024 Screws 10B x 1/4” MTG Above Plate and Others ...........................47 9857-116-003 Ignition Control ..........................................................................2* 8640-411-003 #6-32 Nuts ................................................................................48 9631-403-009 Wire Assembly High Voltage Upper ..............................................19 9627-860-001 Wire Harness Ignition Control Upper ............................................110 9627-860-002 Wire Harness Ignition Control Lower ............................................1* 9053-067-002 Bushing Wire 7/8” .......................................................................413 9200-001-002 Fuseholder Assembly ..................................................................314 8636-018-001 Fuse 1.5 Amp .............................................................................315 5192-299-001 Relay Power ...............................................................................216 9897-035-001 Terminal Block Assembly Main Power Inlet ...................................1* 9545-008-024 Screw #8 AB x 1/2” ....................................................................2* 8220-062-036 Wire Assembly Red/Black 14” ......................................................1* 8220-062-037 Wire Assembly Red/White 14” .....................................................1* 8220-062-038 Wire Assembly White 14” ............................................................221 9627-864-004 Wire Harness Motor Extension .....................................................2* 9527-007-001 Stand Off - Wire Saddle / Arrowhead ..........................................13* 9545-031-005 Screw 6 B x 3/8” ........................................................................422 9558-029-003 Strip Terminal Marker (Behind Input Power) ..................................124 9627-863-001 Wire Harness Main Extension Access Under Burner Housing .........123 9631-403-008 Wire Ass’y - High Voltage Lower ..................................................125 9627-859-001 Wire Harness - Main Power (1)Part # 8533-085-001 9/14Control Assembly GroupPart # 8533-085-001 9/1416252223245Coin AccecptorKey Part Number Description Quantity1 9021-041-001Coin Accecptor, Optical (1)Replacement (1)2 9801-099-001Sensor-Optical,3 9545-039-002Screw, Heighth Bar, 3mm (2)* 9486-136-001 Retainer, Coin Acceptor (1)* 9545-053-002 Screw (4)Part # 8533-085-001 9/14NotesPart # 8533-085-001 9/14NotesPart # 8533-085-001 9/14Section 7: VoltageConversionPart # 8533-085-001 9/14Part # 8533-085-001 9/14Instructions - Convert a Dual Voltage Stack Dryer from 120V to 208-240V with Neutral Wire Only1. Remove incoming power from the dryer. Use a known working voltmeter to check power.2. Remove the cover of both the upper and lower control box assemblies from the dryer using a 5/16” wrench.3. Move the black/blue wire from the N position of the main power terminal block to the L2 position of the mainpower terminal block in the upper control box assembly. See Figure 6 below.4. Move the white wire of the upper motor harness to an upper inner left terminal in the middle terminal block in thelower control box assembly. See Figure 6 below.5. Move the orange wire of the upper motor harness to an upper inner left terminal in the middle terminal block inthe lower control box assembly. See Figure 6 below.6. Move the white wire of the lower motor harness to a lower inner left terminal in the middle terminal block in thelower control box assembly. See Figure 6 below.7. Move the orange wire of the lower motor harness to a lower inner left terminal in the middle terminal block in thelower control box assembly. See Figure 6 below.8. Reconnect power to the dryer and test to ensure proper operation; one line voltage to L1, one line voltage to L2,the neutral to N, and the earth ground to E.9. Reinstall the cover of both the upper and lower control box assemblies from the dryer using a 5/16” wrench.Part # 8533-085-001 9/14NotesPart # 8533-085-001 9/14Section 9: MaintenancePart # 8533-085-001 9/14MaintenanceDaily1. Clean lint screen by unlocking and sliding out in their tracks for access. Use soft brush ifnecessary. Failure to do so will slow drying and increase gas usage and temperatures through out the dryer.2. Check lint screen for tears. Replace if necessary.Monthly1. Remove lint accumulation from end bells of motor.2. Clean lint from lint screen compartment.3. Remove lint and dirt accumulation from top of the dryer and all areas above, and around theburners and burner housing. Failure to keep this portion of the dryer clean can lead to a buildup of lint creating a fi re hazard.4. Inspect Recirculation burner housing for excessive buildup.5. Place a few drops of light oil on top and bottom pivots of the clothes door hinge.6. Grease bearings and shaft of intermediate drive pulley.Quarterly1. Check belts for looseness, wear or fraying.2. Inspect gasket of door glass for excessive wear.3. Check tightness of all fasteners holding parts to support channel.4. Check tightness of tumbler shaft retaining nut. MUST MAINTAIN 150 FOOT LBS.5. Remove lint accumulation from primary air ports in burners.6. Grease pivot pins and tension arms where in contact with each other.Semiannually1. Remove and clean main burners.2. Remove all orifi ces and examine for dirt and hole obstruction.3. Remove all lint accumulation. Remove front panel, lint screen housing and remove lintaccumulation.Annually1. Check intermediate pulley bearings for wear.2. Check and remove any lint accumulation from exhaust system.NOTE: DRYER MUST NOT BE OPERATED WITHOUT LINT SCREEN IN PLACE。
银河系的中心英语作文The center of the Milky Way Galaxy is a captivating and mystifying region that holds great significance in our understanding of the universe.It serves as the focal point of our galaxy, drawing attention from astronomers and scientists alike. This central region is marked by an intense concentration of stars, dust, and other celestial objects.The center is home to a massive black hole, which exerts a tremendous gravitational pull on its surroundings. This black hole plays a crucial role in the dynamics and evolution of the galaxy.Studying the center of the Milky Way provides valuable insights into various aspects of astronomy. It helps us understand the formation and behavior of stars, as well as the interactions within a galaxy.Advances in technology have allowed us to peer deeper into this region and uncover its secrets. Telescopes and imaging techniques have revealed the awe-inspiring beauty and complexity of the center.Understanding the center of the Milky Way is not only important for scientific knowledge but also adds to our sense of wonder and appreciation for the vastness of the universe.In conclusion, the center of the Milky Way remains a source of fascination and ongoing study. Its exploration continues to expand our understanding of the cosmos and its many wonders.。
拉米样凯亚超星系团的英语
本文将介绍拉米样凯亚超星系团(TheRamyakyaSupercluster)。
这个超星系团位于宇宙中心附近,由多个星系团和星系群组成。
它的名字来自于梵文中的“拉米亚”和“凯亚”,分别意为“光辉的”和“宝石的”。
该超星系团最大的星系团是弗兰克林星系团 (Franklin Cluster),它包含了数千亿颗星星。
拉米样凯亚超星系团的总质量约为10^16个太阳质量,是宇宙中最大的超星系团之一。
该超星系团还包括了其他著名星系团,如珀尔曼星系团(Perelman Cluster)、阿波罗星系团 (Apollo Cluster)和达芬奇星系团 (Da Vinci Cluster)等。
这些星系团中的许多星系和星系群都已被仔细研究和观测。
除了包含大量星系和星系团外,拉米样凯亚超星系团还是一颗活跃的星系团。
它包含了许多射电星系和类星体,这些天体能够产生高能宇宙射线和强磁场。
此外,该超星系团中还存在大量暗物质,这些暗物质对宇宙的结构和演化起着重要作用。
总之,拉米样凯亚超星系团是一个重要的天文学研究目标,它能够帮助我们更好地了解宇宙的结构和演化。
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大学生可以更多样化有效的学习英语作文全文共6篇示例,供读者参考篇1Learning English is Super Important!Hi everyone! Today I want to talk about a very important topic - learning English. English is one of the most widely spoken languages in the world, and it's really useful to know it well, especially if you want to go to college or university.Now, you might be thinking, "But I'm just a kid, why do I need to learn English now?" Well, let me tell you a secret - the earlier you start learning a new language, the easier it is! Your brain is like a sponge when you're young, soaking up new information really quickly.But don't worry, learning English can actually be a lot of fun! There are so many different ways to practice, and I'm going to share some of my favorite tips with you.First, let's talk about reading. Reading is one of the best ways to improve your English skills, and it's also a great way to learn new words and expressions. You can read all sorts of things, likebooks, magazines, comics, or even the subtitles on your favorite TV shows or movies!One of the coolest things about reading is that you can do it anywhere - on the bus, in the park, or even in the bathtub (just be careful not to drop your book in the water!). And if you come across a word or phrase you don't understand, you can ask your parents or teachers to explain it to you.Another great way to learn English is by listening to music or watching movies and TV shows in English. This is a really fun way to practice your listening skills and pick up on the rhythm and flow of the language.You can even sing along to your favorite songs or repeat the lines from your favorite shows or movies. Just be careful not to sing too loudly on the bus or in the library, or you might get some funny looks!Speaking of speaking, that's another really important skill to practice. You can do this by having conversations with your friends or family members who speak English, or even by talking to yourself in the mirror (don't worry, it's not as weird as it sounds!).If you're feeling really brave, you can even try joining an English conversation club or finding a language partner online. That way, you can practice your speaking skills with people from all over the world!And of course, don't forget about writing. Writing in English is a great way to practice your grammar, spelling, and vocabulary skills. You can start by keeping a journal or writing short stories or poems.Or, if you're feeling really creative, you could even try writing a play or a movie script! You could act it out with your friends or put on a little performance for your family.Now, I know what you might be thinking: "That's a lot of work!" And you're right, learning a new language does take a lot of time and effort. But here's the thing - the more you practice, the easier it gets!And the best part is, there are so many fun and exciting ways to practice your English skills. You can watch your favorite movies, listen to your favorite songs, read your favorite books, and even play fun games and apps designed to help you learn English.So don't be afraid to get creative and try new things! The more you immerse yourself in the language, the faster you'll learn and the more confident you'll become.And remember, it's okay to make mistakes. Everyone makes mistakes when they're learning something new, and that's totally normal. The important thing is to keep practicing and never give up.So what do you say? Are you ready to become an English language superstar? It might seem like a big challenge now, but trust me, it'll be worth it in the end. You'll be able to communicate with people from all over the world, and you'll have so many more opportunities open up to you.Plus, learning a new language is just plain cool! So why not give it a try? You never know, you might just surprise yourself with how quickly you pick it up.Okay, that's enough from me for now. Go out there and start practicing your English skills today! And remember, if you ever need any help or have any questions, just ask your teachers or parents. They'll be more than happy to support you on your English learning journey.Good luck, and happy learning!篇2Learning English is Super Important!Hi there! My name is Timmy and I'm 8 years old. I really love learning new things, especially English! It's such an awesome language and it's spoken all around the world. My big sister Emily is in college now, and she's always telling me how important it is to be good at English. She says it will help her get a great job one day and let her travel the world.I think college students should try lots of fun ways to practice their English skills. It's no use just sitting in a classroom listening to a teacher drone on and on. That's boring! College kids are all grown up, so they need grown-up ways to learn. Here are some of my ideas for them:Read, read, read!My sister reads all the time to improve her English. She reads books, magazines, websites, even comic books! Reading is the best way to learn new words and get used to how sentences are formed. I love reading too, especially adventure stories and joke books. College kids should read stuff they actually like, not just boring textbooks. Maybe they could start a book club to read together and discuss the stories? That could be really fun.Watch movies and showsAnother awesome way to practice English is by watching movies and TV shows. You get to hear the language being spoken naturally while also being entertained. My favorites are animated movies like Toy Story because the characters are so funny. Emily likes watching British shows on Netflix to get used to different accents. We sometimes watch together and she explains words or phrases I don't understand. College students could have movie nights where everyone watches something in English. Just no scary movies allowed for me!Play gamesYou know what else is really fun? Playing games! There are so many video games, board games, and apps you can play in English. I'm obsessed with this dog training app at the moment where you have to give voice commands. It really tests your English listening skills. Emily plays World of Wordcraft sometimes, which is like an online world but you have to spell and define words to cast spells and go on quests. How cool is that? College kids could form gaming groups and sharpen their English through gameplay.Listen to musicDon't forget about music! Listening to songs in English is an incredible way to work on your pronunciation and just enjoy the rhythm of the language. My favorite band is the Baha Men who sing that cool song "Who Let the Dogs Out?" Such a classic. Emily is really into Ed Sheeran and Dua Lipa right now. We often sing and dance around together to their songs. College peeps could make English music playlists to listen to, analyze the lyrics, and maybe even put on little concerts for each other.Talk, talk, talk!But you know what's most important of all? Talking! Speaking English as much as possible is key to becoming fluent. Emily has a language partner that she meets with weekly to just chat about anything and everything in English. They pick topics ahead of time to discuss, like movies they've seen or issues happening on campus. College students could attend conversation clubs, do language exchanges with speakers of other languages, or just make an effort to speak English together more often. The more you use it, the better you'll get!Those are my top tips for college students wanting to boost their English skills outside the classroom. The main thing is to make it fun and pick activities you actually enjoy. That way, you won't even realize you're studying! English can take you so manyplaces if you work hard at it. Who knows, maybe you could become the next hugely famous English author or actor someday. Just don't forget the little people when you're a big star, okay? Let me be your assistant or something! I'm going to be the best English speaker ever too, just you wait and see.篇3Learning English is Super Fun!Hi everyone! My name is Lily and I'm 8 years old. Today I want to talk to you about learning English. I know it might seem really hard, but I actually think it's super fun! My big brother is in university, and he has to learn a lot of English. I'll share some tips that have helped him.First of all, you have to use English as much as you can every day. My brother listens to English music and podcasts when he's getting ready in the morning or doing chores around the house. He watches movies and shows in English too, with subtitles at first and then without them when he gets better. Seeing the words and hearing them at the same time is great practice.Reading is really important for learning new words. My brother reads books, magazines, websites, and even signs or labels when we're out and about - anything he can get his handson that's in English. He has a special notebook where he writes down words he doesn't know, looks them up later, and practices using them. It's like a fun treasure hunt!Speaking is probably the hardest part. My brother finds language partners online to practice conversations. He repeats what they say and tries to respond naturally. Sometimes they play games or just chat about their days. My brother also records himself reading aloud or giving little presentations, then he listens back to hear how he sounds. He says it helps a lot with pronunciation and fluency.My favorite way to practice English is through songs and stories. My brother and I sing along to English music videos and read simple books together. The rhymes, rhythms, and repeated phrases make it easier to remember vocabulary and grammar patterns. We also love acting out little skits or roleplaying different characters - it's hilarious but really helps with speaking!Writing is super important too. My brother keeps a daily journal in English to practice expressing his thoughts and experiences. He also writes short stories or descriptions of pictures to work on his creativity and detail. And of course, he has English assignments like essays and reports for his classes.His trick is to get feedback from teachers, friends, or online communities to keep improving.One of the best things my brother does is surround himself with English as much as possible. He changes his phone and computer settings to English. He listens to English radio or podcasts while commuting. He follows English speakers on social media. He watches English vlogs or shows for fun. The more he's exposed to real, natural English, the more it starts to stick!My brother says consistency is key. You have to practice reading, writing, listening, and speaking regularly. It's like exercising a muscle - the more you use it, the stronger it gets! He has a study routine and calendar to stay on track. He also looks for creative ways to mix English into his everyday life.Another really important thing is finding things you're genuinely interested in and excited about - that makes learning way more fun! My brother is really into comedy and videogames, so he looks for material related to those topics. When you're engaged and having a good time, you'll absorb so much more.Lastly, don't be afraid to make mistakes! My brother says messing up is how you really learn. If he's confused about something, he asks follow-up questions or looks it up. If he flubs a word or phrase, he tries to remember the correction. It's all partof the process. The more you push yourself and step out of your comfort zone, the faster you'll progress.Learning English can seem super daunting, but it's also a great adventure! You get to explore a whole new world of words, sounds, cultures, and ideas. If you immerse yourself in it, find fun and interesting material, and practice consistently, you'll be communicating like a pro in no time. Just think of how much you'll learn and all the amazing people you'll meet!So those are some of the tips that have helped my brother at university. I hope they inspire you to try new and exciting ways to learn English too. Don't be discouraged if it's challenging at first - keep at it, and you'll be amazed at how quickly you improve. English is the language of the world, so you're opening up a lifetime of opportunities. Good luck on your journey - you've got this!篇4Learning English in Fun WaysHi there! My name is Tommy and I'm going to tell you all about how college students can learn English in really cool and fun ways. You might be thinking, "But Tommy, college studentsare all grown up. Why would they need to learn English in a fun way like little kids?" Well, let me explain!Even though college students are older, learning a new language like English can still be really hard and boring if you only do it one way. You see, when you were just a little kid learning your first language, you didn't just read from a textbook all day. You played games, sang songs, and had lots of fun while picking up new words and phrases. The same thing can help college students too!Let me give you some examples of fun ways college students can learn English that don't feel like boring old school work:Watch Movies and TV ShowsCollege students can learn English by watching their favorite movies and TV shows! As long as they pick shows that are in English (with subtitles in their language at first if needed), they'll be hearing all the vocabulary and phrases used in real conversations. It's way more interesting than just reading from a textbook. Plus, they can pause and rewind to catch anything they missed.Listen to MusicDo college students like singing along to their favorite songs? Well, if those songs are in English, keeping up with the lyrics is awesome practice! The rhymes and rhythms make vocabulary easier to remember too. They can even look up lyrics they don't understand online to learn their meanings. Rocking out to English music is the best!Play Video GamesFor college students who are into gaming, there are tons of cool video games out there with all the dialogue and text in English. As they play their way through adventures and quests, they'll be learning new English phrases without even realizing it. Just be sure they don't spend too much time gaming instead of studying!Read For FunJust like little kids learn to love reading storybooks, college students can pick fun English books, comics, magazines or websites to read. They can start with simple ones first, maybe some young adult novels or even children's books. As their English improves, they can move to more challenging stuff. The important thing is to read about topics they find interesting and enjoyable.Make English FriendsOne of the very best ways to practice English is by making friends with people who speak it! College students can join clubs or find online communities where they can chat and hang out with English speakers. They'll learn slang, idioms and natural conversation this way. Plus, making new friends no matter what language they speak is always fun.Take Fun ClassesMany colleges offer elective classes in things like English yoga, cooking, art or sports - all taught in English! Signing up for one of those can make language practice Way more enjoyable than just sitting in a regular English class. Students can move their bodies and get hands-on while hearing and speaking English.See, there are so many ways college students can make learning English feel more like playtime than hard work. The most important things are to pick activities they already enjoy, don't take it too seriously, and have fun while practicing!I'm getting a little tired now from all this writing, but I hope you can see how cool and interesting learning English can be, even for grown-up college students. Just use your creativity andfind ways to mix it into the stuff you already love doing. Pretty soon English will feel like your best friend!篇5Exploring Fun Ways to Learn English in CollegeHi everyone! Today, I want to talk about how college students can learn English in fun and diverse ways. Learning English is exciting, and there are many different ways to make it even more enjoyable. Let's dive right in!Firstly, one great way to learn English is through music. Listening to English songs and singing along can help us improve our pronunciation and vocabulary. We can choose our favorite English songs and try to understand the lyrics. We can even write down the words we don't know and look them up in the dictionary. Singing English songs is not only educational but also super fun!Another fun activity is watching English movies and TV shows. We can turn on the subtitles in English to help us follow along. Paying attention to how the actors speak and trying to imitate their pronunciation can be a great learning experience. We can even organize movie nights with our friends and discussthe plot afterwards in English. It's like having a fun English class while enjoying a good movie!Playing games in English is also a fantastic way to learn. There are many educational games available online that can help us practice our English skills. We can play word games, puzzles, or even online multiplayer games where we can communicate with players from around the world in English. Learning becomes much more enjoyable when we turn it into a game!Joining English clubs or conversation groups on campus is another excellent idea. These clubs provide a platform for us to practice speaking English with fellow students who are also learning. We can engage in conversations, share our thoughts, and learn from each other. It's a great opportunity to make new friends while improving our English speaking skills!Taking part in language exchange programs can be a fascinating way to learn English too. We can find a language partner who wants to learn our native language, and we can teach them while they help us with English. This way, we can learn about different cultures and languages while practicing our English together. It's like having a language adventure!Last but not least, reading English books, newspapers, and magazines is an effective way to enhance our vocabulary andgrammar. We can start with simple storybooks and gradually move on to more complex texts. Reading not only improves our language skills but also expands our knowledge and imagination.In conclusion, learning English in college can be both educational and fun. By incorporating activities like listening to music, watching movies, playing games, joining clubs, participating in language exchange programs, and reading, we can make our English learning journey exciting and diverse. So let's embrace these different ways of learning and enjoy the process! Remember, learning English can open up a whole new world of opportunities for us. Let's make the most of it!That's all for today, my friends. I hope you found these tips helpful. Keep learning and having fun with English!篇6Title: Fun Ways for Big Kids to Learn EnglishHey there, big kids! It's me, your friendly neighborhood elementary schooler. I know you're all grown up and in university now, but that doesn't mean you can't have fun while learning English, right? After all, learning should be a game, not a chore!First things first, let's talk about reading. I know, I know, reading can be boring sometimes, but hear me out! Instead of just staring at textbooks all day, why not try reading some cool stuff that actually interests you? Like comics, for instance! Comics are super fun to read, and they've got pictures too, which can help you understand the words better. Plus, there are so many different kinds of comics out there, from superheroes toslice-of-life stories, so you're bound to find something you like.Or, if you're more of a bookworm, you could try reading novels or short stories in English. But not just any old boring novels – go for the fun, exciting ones with lots of action and adventure! That way, you'll be so caught up in the story that you won't even realize you're learning English.Speaking of stories, have you ever tried writing your own? It's a great way to practice your English writing skills, and you can let your imagination run wild! You could write about anything you want – maybe you're a brave knight on a quest to slay a dragon, or a super-cool space explorer discovering new planets. The possibilities are endless!Another fun way to learn English is throug。
JOURNEY TO THE EDGE OF THE UNIVERSE Our world. warm, comfortable, familiar......But when we look up, we wonder:Do we occupy a special place in the cosmos?Or are we merely a celestial footnote?Is the universe welcoming or hostile?We could stand here forever, wonderingOr we could leave home on the ultimate adventureTo discover wondersConfront horrorsBeautiful new worldsMalevolent dark forcesThe Beginning of time.The moment of creation.Would we have the courage to see it through?Or would we run for home?There's only one way to find outOur journey through time and space begins with a single step.At the edge of space, only 60 miles up......just an hour's drive from homeDown there, life continues.The traffic is awful, stocks go on trading...and Star Trek is still showingWhen we return home, if we return home......will it be the same?Will we be the same?We have to leave all this behindTo dip out toes into the vast dark oceanOn to the Moon.旅行到宇宙边缘我们的世界温暖、舒适熟悉但当我们仰望天空我们想知道我们是居住在宇宙中一个独特的地方或仅仅是太空的小小一隅?宇宙是友善的还是充满敌意?我们是一直站在这里猜想还是离开故园来一次终极探险去发现奇观直面恐怖美丽的新世界邪恶的黑暗势力时间的起点创世的时刻我们是否有坚持到底的勇气或是逃回家?想找到答案只有一个方法我们开始一步步时空之旅离地面60英里(100公里)高度,就是太空边缘...仅仅一个小时车程地面上,生活在继续车水马龙商业繁忙《星际迷航》还在播出当我们回到家如果我们还能回家一切还会如初吗?我们还是原来的我们吗?我们必须抛掉这一切步入前方广阔的黑暗海洋前往月球Dozens of astronauts have come this way before us Twelve walked on the moon itselfJust a quarter of a million miles from home.Three days by spacecraftBarren.Desolate.It's like a deserted battlefieldBut oddly familiar.So close, we've barely left homeNeil Armstrong's first footprints.Looks like they were made yesterdayThere's no air to change them.They could survive for millions of yearsMaybe longer than us.Our time is limitedWe need to take our own giant leapOne million miles, 5 million, 20 million miles.We're far beyond where any human has ever venturedOut of the darkness, a friendly faceT he goddess of love, Venus.The morning star.The evening star.She can welcome the new day in the east......say good night in the westA sister to our planet......she's about the same size and gravity as Earth.We should be safe hereBut the Venus Express space probe is setting off alarmsIt's telling us, these dazzling clouds, they're made of deadly sulfuric acid The atmosphere is choking with carbon dioxideNever expected this Venus is one angry goddess.在我们之前,已有数十名宇航员前往月球其中12人踏上了月球月球距离地球只有25万英里(40万公里)坐宇宙飞船需要3天贫瘠荒芜月球看起来就像一个遗弃的战场但是惊人的熟悉那么近,就像我们几乎没有离开家尼尔·阿姆斯特朗的第一个脚印看起来就像在昨天留下的那里没有能够改变脚印的空气这些足迹会存在数百万年或许比人类存在的时间都长我们的时间是有限的我们必须自己踏出自己的一大步1百万英里5百万英里2千万英里远征前人未曾到达的地方一个友善的面孔从黑暗中浮现爱之女神金星启明星长庚星它可以在东方迎接新的一天...还会在西方道晚安金星是地球的姊妹星......大小和引力与地球相仿我们在这里应该是安全的但是金星快车空间探测器却时刻提醒着我们告诉我们那些耀眼的云层是由致命的硫酸构成金星的大气层充斥着二氧化碳没想到金星是一个愤怒的女神The air is noxious, the pressure unbearable.And it's hot, approaching 900 degreesStick around and we'd be corroded suffocated, crushed and baked Nothing can survive here.Not even this Soviet robotic probe.Its heavy armor's been trashed by the extreme atmosphere.So lovely from Earth, up close, this goddess is hideousShe's the sister from hell.Pockmarked by thousands of volcanoesAll that carbon dioxide is trapping the Sun's heat.Venus is burning up.It's global warming gone wildBefore it took hold, maybe Venus was beautiful, calm......more like her sister planet, Earth.So this could be Earth's futureWhere are the twinkling stars?The beautiful spheres gliding through space?Maybe we shouldn't be out here, maybe we should turn backBut there's something about the Sun, something hypnotic, like the Medusa Too terrible to look at, too powerful to resistLuring us onward on, like a moth to a flame.Wait ,there's something else, obscured by the sunIt must be Mercury.Get too close to the sun, this is what happens.Temperatures swing wildly hereAt night, it's minus 275 degreese midday, it's 800 plus.Burnt then frozen.The MESSENGER space probe is telling us something strange.For its size, Mercury has a powerful gravitational pull.It's a huge ball of iron, covered with a thin veneer of rock有毒的空气难以忍受的压力还有炙热温度接近900度(500°C)多呆一会我们会被腐蚀、窒息、压碎和烤焦任何东西都无法在这里生存即使像前苏联金星号机器人探测器它的厚重装甲已被这极端的大气环境给毁了从地球看她是多么可爱近观这个女神却是可怕的她是来自地狱的姊妹数千座火山犹如长满了痘疮大气层中的二氧化碳留住了太阳热量金星正在燃烧这是无节制的全球气候变暖在它变暖之前或许是美丽而平静的...很像她的姊妹星地球也许就它是我们地球的未来那些闪烁的星星哪里去了?美丽的圆球滑进了太空?或许我们不应该来这里我们应该回去但是太阳有催眠般的魔力象美杜莎(古希腊神话中3位蛇发女怪之一)可怕的让人无法正视,也无法抗拒她的力量引诱我们继续前进像飞蛾扑火等等,这里还有其他东西被太阳炙烤它一定是水星太靠近太阳,就会这样这里温度剧烈变化晚上会到零下275度(-170°C)...正午则超过800度(400°C)烧焦再被冰冻信使号空间探测器发现了一些奇怪的现象相对体积来说,小小的水星具有强大的引力它就像一个裹着薄薄岩石层的大铁球The core of what was once a much larger planet.So where's the rest of it?Maybe a stray planet slammed into Mercury...blasting away its outer layers in a deadly game of cosmic pinball Whole worlds on the loose careening wildly across the cosmos... ...destroying anything in their pathAnd we're in the middle of itVulnerable, exposed, smallEverything is telling us to turn back.But who could defy this?The Sun in all its mesmerizing splendorOur light, our lives......everything we do is controlled by the SunDepends on itIt's the Greek god Helios driving his chariot across the skyThe Egyptian god Ra reborn every dayThe summer solstice sun rising at Stonehenge.For millions of years......this was as close as it got to staring into the face of GodIt's so far away......it is burned out, we wouldn't know about it for eight minutesIt's so Big, you could fit one million Earths inside itBut who needs number? we've got the real thingWe see it every day, a familiar face in our skyNow, up close, it's unrecognizable.A turbulent sea of incandescent gasThe thermometer pushes 10,000 degreescan't imagine how hot the core is ,could be tens of millions of degreesHot enough to transform millions of tons of matter into energy every second More than all the energy ever made by mankind这是一颗大行星留下的核心其他部分去哪里了呢?或许是一个迷路的行星猛地撞进了水星...在一场致命的宇宙弹球游戏中水星的外层被炸掉了这些游荡的行星在宇宙中疯狂地掠过...毁掉他们道路上的一切我们就在其中脆弱、裸露而且渺小这一且都在告诉我们该回去了但是谁又能抗拒的了散发着迷人光彩的太阳?我们的光线,我们的生命我们的一切都被太阳控制着依赖于它它是驾着战车穿越天际的希腊美男子太阳神是每天重生的埃及神“拉”(埃及神话里的太阳神)以及巨石阵夏至的日出数百万年来我们对太阳神的景仰止于远观由于实在太远如果太阳熄灭了,8分钟后我们才会知道太阳大到可以装下100万颗地球谁需要这些数字呢我们看到了它的真面目我们每天看到太阳挂在天空的熟悉面孔现在近观它,又陌生起来由炙热气体形成的汹涌大海表面温度超过1万度(5000°C)难以置信的是它的核心温度则可以到数千万度这里热到足以能够每秒钟把数百万吨物质转化成能量超过人类有史以来产生的所有能量Dwarfing the power of all the nuclear weapons on Earth.Back home, we use this energy for light and heatBut up close, there's nothing comforting about the Sun.Its electrical and magnetic forces erupt in giant molten gas loops. Some are larger than a dozen EarthsMore powerful than 10 million volcanoes.And when they burst through they expose cooler layers below... ...making sunspots.A fraction cooler than their surrounding, sunspots look black... ...But they're hotter than anything on Earth.And massive up to 20 times the size of Earth.But one day, all this will stopThe Sun's fuel will be spent.And when it dies, the Earth will followThis god creates life, destroys it......and demands we keep out distanceThis comet strayed too closeThe Sun's heat is boiling it away......creating a tail that stretches for millions of miles.It's freezing in here.There's no doubt where this comet's from, the icy wastes of deep space But all this steam and geysers and dust......it's the Sun again, melting the comet's frozen heart.Strange.A kind of vast, dirty snowball, covered in grimy tarTiny grains of what looks like organic material......preserved on ice, since who knows when......maybe even the beginning of the solar system.Say a comet like this crashed into the young Earth billions of years ago. Maybe it delivered organic material and water...the raw ingredients of life地球上所有的核武器对于它都是小巫见大巫在地球,这些能量是我们利用的光和热近距离观看时,却是令人感到不安太阳的电磁活动迸发出巨大的炙热气体环状物(日珥)有的足有一打地球那么大释放的能量超过一千万个火山当它喷发的时候就会露出下面温度较低的部分形成太阳黑子太阳黑子比周围温度低一些所以看起来是黑的但仍比地球任何东西都热太阳黑子同样巨大,超过地球大小的20倍但是总有一天,这一切都会结束太阳的燃料会耗尽太阳死去,地球也会随之死亡这个神祗创造了生命,也会摧毁生命要求我们保持距离这个彗星太靠近太阳了它被太阳的热量蒸发产生绵延数百万英里的彗尾这里冰冷彻骨我们清楚彗星来自哪里它来自深太空的冰冻垃圾但你看这些蒸汽、间歇泉和尘埃这是太阳正在融化彗星的冰冻核心太奇异了犹如外面包裹着肮脏沥青的巨大脏雪球看起来像是有机物的小颗粒被冷冻保存谁会知道已经保存了多久也许和太阳系同龄如果像这样一颗彗星在数十亿年前撞到年轻的地球也许带来了有机物和水...... 生命的原始物质It may even have sown the seeds of life on Earth......that evolved into you and meBut say it crashed into the Earth nowThink of the dinosaurs, wiped out by a comet or asteroid strikeIt's only a question of time.Eventually, one day, we'll go the way of the dinosaursIf life on Earth was wiped out, we'd be stuck out here......homeless, adrift in a hostile universeWe'd need to find another homeAmong the millions, billions of planets......there must be one that's not too hot, not too cold, with air, sunlight, water... ...where, like Goldilocks, we could comfortably liveThe red planetUnmistakably Mars.For centuries, we've looked to Mars for company......for signs of lifeCould there be extraterrestrial life here?Are we ready to rewrite the history books, to tear up the science books... ...to turn our world upside down?What happens next could change everythingMars is the planet that most captures our imagination.Think of B-movies, sci-fi comics, what follows?Martians?It's all just fiction, right?But what it there really is something here?Hard to imagine, though. Up close, this is a dead planetThe activity that makes the Earth livable shut down millions of years ago here Red and deadMars is a giant fossil.Wait. Something is aliveA dust devil, a big one彗星甚至可能在地球上播下生命之种后来进化成你和我如果彗星现在撞上地球想想恐龙吧被彗星或是小行星的撞击彻底灭绝这只是时间问题毫无疑问,总有一天我们会步恐龙的后尘如果地球上的生命灭绝了我们会被困在这里无家可归,漂泊在危险宇宙中我们需要找一个新家在几百万甚至数十亿的行星中一定会有一个行星不会很热,也不会很冷有空气、阳光和水可以让我们舒适居住,生活红色行星我们都熟知的火星几个世纪以来,我们一直都在寻找火星上的同伴寻找生命迹象那里有外星生物吗?我们准备好改写史书,撕毁科学书籍颠覆我们的世界了吗?接下来发生的可能会改变一切火星比任何其他行星都能激发我们的遐想想到科幻电影、漫画,你会联想到什么-火星人?这都是虚构的,对吗?但如果这里真的有生物呢?无法想象,近观火星是一个死去的行星使得地球适宜居住的演化过程几亿年前在火星上就停止了红色、死寂火星是一块巨大的化石等一下,还有东西在活动一个巨大的尘暴Bigger than the biggest twisters back home.There's wind hereAnd where there's wind, there's airCould that air sustain extraterrestrial life?It's too thin tor us to breathe.And there's no ozone layerNothing to protect us against the Sun's ultraviolet rays.There is water......But frigid temperatures keep it in a constant deep freezeIt's hard to believe anything could live hereBack on Earth, there are creatures that survive in extreme cold, heat... ...even in the deepest ocean trenchesIt's as though life is a virus.It adapts, spreadsMaybe that's what we're doing right now......carrying the virus of life across the universe.Even in the most extreme conditions life usually finds a way.But on a dead planet?With no way to replenish its soil, no heat to melt its frozen water?All this dust, it's hard to see where we're goingOlympus Mons, named after the home of the Greek godsA vast ancient volcano.Three times higher than Everest.There's no sign of activity.Since its discovery in the 1970s, it's been declared extinctHang on.These look like lava flows.But any sign of lava should be long gone. obliterated by meteorite craters Unless, this monster isn't dead, just sleepingThere could be magma flowing beneath the crust right now......building up, waiting to be unleashed绝对超过地球上最大的龙卷风这里有风有风说明有空气可以维持外星生物的空气但对我们的呼吸来说,火星的空气太稀薄了而且这里没有臭氧层没有什么能够保护其不受太阳紫外线的伤害这里有水但在彻骨的严寒中只能永远被冰冻很难相信有什么可以在这里生存但是在地球极冷和极热的地方都有生物存在即使在最深的海沟生命好像病毒会适应环境、会散播也许我们现在正在携带着生命的病毒穿越宇宙即使在最极端的环境里,生命都会找到生存的办法但在这个死去的行星上没有活动去补充它土壤中的成分没有热量使其冰冻水融化还有大量尘埃,让我们无法辨别方位奥林匹斯山,以希腊众神的家乡命名一座巨大的古火山超过珠穆朗玛峰的三倍高。
a r X i v :a s t r o -p h /0112105v 2 7 D e c 2001XXX-XXXXXYYY-YYYYYYFebruary 1,2008The baryon fraction in X-Rays galaxy clusters revisited.R.SadatLAT,Observatoire de Midi-Pyr´e n´e es,14avenue Ed.Belin-31400-ToulouseandA.BlanchardLAT,Observatoire de Midi-Pyr´e n´e es,14avenue Ed.Belin31400-ToulouseandM.DouspisAstrophysics,Nuclear and Astrophysics Laboratory,Keble Road,Oxford,OX13RH,UNITED KINGDOMOne of the most direct way to constrain the matter density of the universeΩM is to measure the baryon content in X-Rays clusters of galaxies.Typical value of the mean gas mass fraction is f gas ∼0.15h −3/2which leads to Ωm <0.4.In this talk I will discuss the issue of the gas fraction radial distribution inside a cluster and foccus on the apparent discrepancy between the theoretical shape predicted by numerical simulations and the observations.I will show that a significant part of this discrepancy is due to several systematics in both the gas mass and total mass determinations.Revising the gas as well as the binding masses removes such a discrepancy and results in a lower baryon mass fraction of f b (r 500)∼10%(Sadat &Blanchard 2001).Finally,I will discuss the cosmological constraints we obtain when we combine the revised baryon fraction with primordial fluctuations.PRESENTED AT COSMO-01Rovaniemi,Finland,August 29–September 4,20011IntroductionClusters of galaxies are the most largest virialized systems in the Universe,hence the measurement of the baryonic to total mass ratio is representative of the cosmic value f b≡Ωbbn b2Gas mass fraction determinationThe standard way to derive the gas fraction proceeds from the following steps:•Assume a β−model to fit the observed surface brightness S o (1+(θ/θc )2)−3β+1/2where θis the projected angular distance to the center.The gas density profile (hence the gas mass profile)is then derived using the two best-fit parameters βand θc .•Use the hydrostatic equation to derive the total mass inside the same radius:M tot (r )=3kr cX−2 −1.The total mass thus depends linearly on both βand T X .Hence,if the slope of the gas density is poorly determined,it will have a drastic influence on the derived mass.2.1Shortcomings of this methodThe X-ray gas emission is rarely traced out to very large radii,so that gas fractions are measured only up to an X-rays limiting radius for which the signal-to-noise is good enough.Most of the time,it was necessary to extrapolate to the virial radius r 200or to some other outer radius like r 500.It is then essential to realize that gas mass is estimated at a radius at which the actual emission is poorly constrained,with a value of the order of the X-rays background or less.Moreover,the emissivity being dominated by the cen-tral region,a parametric fit will be rather insensitive to the outer part of the gas profile.Finally,gas masses are estimated assuming that the gas is smoothly distributed within the intracluster medium.Concerning total mass determination,the β-model approach introduces an intrinsic scatter in the total mass estimates,of ∼30%at r 500which can be considerably reduced by using scaling relations between the mass and the temperature T X calibrated with numerical simulations (Evrard 1998).Moreover,the β-model approach leads to total masses which are systematically lower than what one would obtained using scaling relations between the mass and the temperature T X calibrated with numerical simulations (Roussel et al.2000,hereafter RSB00).However,some problems exist in this latter approach.There is a scatter in the M −T X relation existing among different authors:T X =4.75(M 200/1015M ⊙)2/3keV (Evrard,Metzler &Navarro 1996,hereafter EMN96)and T X =3.81(M 178/1015M ⊙)2/3keV (Bryan and Norman 1998,BN98);these two normalizations being the most extreme values.There is also the problem that most of the numerical simulations do not include the gas cooling neither the heating of the gas with supernovae or AGN,which may introduce a further change in the relation,although these effects might play minor role in the case of hot and massive clusters.23The baryon fraction profile:Observations versus simulationsIn the case where only gravity is acting during cluster formation,the gas fraction profile is expected to follow a scaling law,depending only on the contrast densityδ.Hydro-dynamical simulations of an X-rays cluster from different groups(the Santa Barbara group)have shown that the gas fraction normalized to the global value,increases in the inner part and then tends toflatten in the outer part to reach the cosmic value see Fig.1.On the observational side,the distribution of the gas fraction within clusters has been widely examined by RSB00for a large sample of groups and galaxy clusters.The result-ing shape is shown in(Fig.1).To ensure consistency gas fractions-calibrated by the numerical simulation-published in RSB00are used.For comparison gas fractions at r500 and r200from other authors are also plotted in(Fig.1).The comparison of both profiles is very surprising as it shows that:the gas fraction profile derived from observations is in strong disagreement with the numerical simulations results with a global value of16%,its shape continuously increases and does not exhibit theflattening in the outer parts as seen in numerical simulations.Clearly,this discrepancy calls for caution when one is using the gas fraction to set upper limit on the mean density of the universe.One possibility is that processes acting during the cluster formation are not well under-stood and probably non-gravitational processes could have played an important role.But this is probably not the case,because large departure from scaling laws is expected which is not observed in the data(RSB00).4Uncertainties in gas mass estimation4.1The extrapolation problemX-rays gas masses are usually derived up to an X-rays limiting radius R Xlim where the signal-to-noise is good enough.Most of the time it was necessay to extrapolate the β-model up to the virial radius r200,where the emission is actually dominated by the background.Moreover a parametricfit will be rather insensitive to the outer part,because the emissivity is dominated by the central region.This crude extrapolation may then raise some question on its validity.In a recent study of a large sample of X-rays ROSAT images in which the data trace the emission up to very large radii(approximately up to the virial radius),it has been shown that theβ-model does not provide an accurate description of the surface brightness over the whole range of radii.They have found that the outer slopes(0.3r200to r200)are actually steeper than the slope found when theβ-model is applied to the whole cluster.Hence,their derived gas masses are lower than what one would obtain by extrapolating theβ-model.3Figure1:The distribution of the gas fraction f g versusδ(δ≡ρ(<r)/ρc whereρc≡3H2o/8πG).The observations are from RSB00filled circles,Ettori&Fabian1999empty triangle and Arnaud&Evrard1999crosses.Statistical uncertainties on these quantities are smaller than the symbols size.The squares connected by a dashed line correspond to the theoretical gas fraction for a global value of16%.Small squares connected by a line correspond to the gas fraction calculated from numerical simulations including winds by Metzler&Evrard(1997):for a6keV cluster(long dashes),a3keV cluster(small dashes) and without including winds(continuous line)with a global value of20%.4.2The clumping effectIn most of the studies,the ICM gas is assumed to be uniform,which is not true,as actual clusters do exhibit a certain level of densityfluctuations at small and large scale due probably to accretion and mergers events.This clumping is assumed to be more pronoucedin the outer parts of the clusters where the relaxation is not completely achieved.In the√presence of clumping the gas masses are overestimated by a factorC∼1.16atδ=500.45The mean gas fraction revisited:consequence on gas fraction profile andΩmHere,the gas masses are corrected for the extrapolation problem by using the Vikhlinin et al.(1999)sample which is the only sample for which the emissivity is detected up to virial regions and then corrected the gas mass atδ=500for the clumping effect using the Mathiesen et al.(1999)factor.The total mass is derived from scaling relations calibrated from numerical simulations(using both EMN96and BN98calibrations).The result is plotted infigure2.From thisfigure,we can see that the gas fraction distribution, in particular the asymptotic behaviour,is now consistent with numerical simulations predictions,(although a slight difference remains in the inner parts atδ<104which can well be due to energy injection,not negligible in these regions).The resulting gas fraction at r500is now lower than previous estimates.By matching the data point at δ=500,wefind f gas=0.0875±0.0075(0.108±0.0092)at68%confidence level with BN98(EMN96)normalization,the uncertainty being due to numerical simulations(Fig.2).Adding the stellar mean contribution of1%,ourfinal value of the baryon fraction at the virial radius is:f b∼0.10±0.01(with BN98calibration)and f b∼0.12±0.01(with EMN96calibration).Combining the derived baryon fraction with the universal baryon densityΩb∼0.08as derived from recent D/H measurement reported by O’Meara et al. 2000(this value has been confirmed by recent results on CMBfluctuations measurements from Boomerang mission2001),wefind the following value forΩ0:Ω0=0.8±0.1using the baryon fraction estimated with BN98normalization.6Combining CMB with the baryon fraction:new constraints on the cosmological parametersGiven the fact that CMB implies degeneracies between the fundamental cosmological parameters H0,ΩΛandΩm,(see Fig.3)it is interesting to look for combination with constraint that does not measure directly any of these parameters.Here I will present the results we obtain when we investigate the combination with the baryon fraction inferred from cluster observations using both the high baryon fraction as found in the literature and the revised low baryon fraction inferred in this work(Douspis et al.2001).6.0.1The high baryon fraction caseThe main result from adding the constraint from the baryon fraction is to restrict signif-icantly the various contours obtained with CMB alone(seefigure??).This is very clear from the H0−η10plane:the area of the contours is much reduced,leading to a preferred model which is around H0∼60km/s/Mpc andη10∼5.The other two-dimensional plots also reveal that all the contours are significantly reduced:actually most of the one sigma5Figure2:The distribution of the gas fraction f g versusδ:circles correspond to theobserved f g from RSB00but restricted to the region where the gas is detected(no extrap-olation),using EMN96(empty circles)and BN98(filled circles)calibration.Empty(filled) star corresponds to the estimated f g using VFJ99sample and corrected for the clumpingwith EMN96(BN98)calibration.Filled squares linked by a dashed line correspond to thegas fraction predicted by numerical simulations for a global fraction of8.75%.The upper dashed line corresponds to the case where the global fraction is10.8%contours are of the order of the grid size so that the best model and1σranges shouldbe used with caution.It is highly interesting that the cosmological model is now very well constrained:Ωλ∼0.6,Ωtot∼1.(implyingΩm∼0.4,H0∼60km/s/Mpc,η10∼5, n∼0.85).As we mentioned the allowed range have to be interpreted with caution,yet itis worth noticing that the preferred value of the Hubble constant is rather low and that higher values like80km/s/Mpc lie uncomfortably outside of the preferred region.6.0.2The low baryon fraction caseUsing the low value for the baryon fraction leads similarly to much restricted contours. However the latter differ from the contours obtained with a higher baryon fraction:the preferred value forη10is again close to5.,the preferred value of the Hubble constant is now very low(H0∼40km/s/Mpc).It is worth noticing that values as H0∼60km/s/Mpc are still at the edge of the3sigma contour and for this reason cannot be entirely ruled out.The preferred model isΩλ∼0.3,Ωtot∼1.1.This implies anΩm∼0.8with H0∼406Figure3:Different contour plots from the analysis of the most recent CMB data(COBE, BOOMERANG,MAXIMA,DASI).The dashed red line define the68,95and99%GCL when projected on the axis.The bluefilled contours are the corresponding confidenceintervals in2dimensions.km/s/Mpc,η10∼5.and n∼0.85(seefigure4).7ConclusionsThe baryon fraction in X-rays clusters is one of the most direct way to constrain thedensity of the universe.Previous estimations of the baryon fraction yield to a high value f b∼15%h−3/250,favouring low density universeΩ0∼0.3.In my talk I have shown that the radial profil of the gas fraction as derived from observations differs strongly fromnumerical simulations results.I argue this is not due to non-gravitational processes which may occur during the cluster formation but is rather due to various systematics such as the extrapolation of aβ-model and the clumpiness of the gas that have not been taken into account in previous estimations.Correcting the gas masses from these biases and using total masses calibrated from numerical simulations yield to a better agreement betweenobservations and numerical simulations for a global value of the order of∼10(12)%h−3/250 depending on which normalization we use to compute the total mass.This revised value is lower than previous ones and leads toΩ0∼0.8(0.66)h−1/250.Finally combining the most recent CMB data with the baryon fraction leads to very7Figure4:Combined analysis of CMB and the baryon fraction.Left:the high baryon fraction value case with f b≈15%,right:the low baryon fraction case with f b≈10%. 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