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系统医学 2023 年 12 月第 8 卷第 24期血清降钙素原检测、微生物培养的临床应用价值廖龙波荔浦市人民医院检验科，广西荔浦546699[摘要]目的探究分析血清降钙素原以及微生物培养在细菌感染中的价值。
方法回顾性选取2022年1—12月荔浦市人民医院检验科500例疑似细菌感染患者的临床资料，均实施血清降钙素原检测、微生物培养（细菌培养或/和血培养），以微生物培养结果为金标准，分析血清降钙素原检测结果及效能。
结果微生物培养结果是金标准，有菌生长173例，无菌生长327例。
血清降钙素原检测显示，阳性296例，阴性204例，阳性率59.20%、阴性率40.80%，敏感度是82.08%、特异度是52.91%、准确度是63.00%、误诊率是47.09%、漏诊率是17.92%、阳性预测值是47.97%、阴性预测值是84.80%，Kappa值为0.841。
结论血清降钙素原具有检测速度快、敏感度高等优点，可及时识别细菌感染，若要明确病原菌种类，建议进一步进行微生物培养，辅助临床尽早确诊与治疗。
[关键词]血清降钙素原；微生物培养；有菌生长；无菌生长；敏感度；特异度[中图分类号]R446.1 [文献标识码] A [文章编号]2096-1782（2023）12(b)-0049-04 Clinical Application Value of Serum Procalcitonin Detection and Microbial CultureLIAO LongboDepartment of Laboratory, Lipu People's Hospital, Lipu, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 546699 China [Abstract] Objective To explore the value of serum procalcitonin and microbial culture in bacterial infection. Methods the clinical data of 500 patients with suspected bacterial infections in the Laboratory Department of Lipu City People's Hospital from January to December 2022 were retrospective selected, all of whom were implemented se⁃rum calcitoninogen detection, microbial culture (bacterial culture or/and blood culture), and the results of the micro⁃bial culture results were used as the gold standard to analyze the results and efficacy of serum calcitoninogen detec⁃tion. Results The results of microbial culture were the gold standard, as shown below: 173 cases had bacterial growth and 327 cases had aseptic growth. Serum procalcitonin test showed 296 positive cases, 204 negative cases, positive rate of 59.20%, negative rate of 40.80%. Sensitivity was 82.08%, specificity was 52.91%, accuracy was 63.00%, mis⁃diagnosis rate was 47.09%, missed diagnosis rate was 17.92%, positive predictive value was 47.97%, negative predic⁃tive value was 84.80%, and Kappa value was 0.841. Conclusion Serum procalcitonin has the advantages of fast detec⁃tion speed and high sensitivity, which can timely identify bacterial infections. If the type of pathogen needs to be iden⁃tified, it is recommended to further conduct microbial culture to assist clinical diagnosis and treatment as early as pos⁃sible.[Key words] Serum procalcitonin; Microbial culture; Bacterial growth; Aseptic growth; Sensitivity; Specificity血流感染是导致医院危重症患者预后不佳的主要原因，临床多在怀疑患者发生血流感染后，以血培养为首选诊断方案，将其作为血流感染诊断金标准[1-2]。
护肤品成分中英对照表，附成分功效转花窝为了让⾃⼰平常查阅⽅便，所以转贴在⾃⼰的博客⾥⾯，绝对不是剽窃哦！我是转贴的！所以先拜谢原创⼈！阿弥陀佛！真主、上帝都保佑你！阿门！ACANTHOPANAX SENTICOSUS 刺五加，滋润保湿Acyclovir 带状疱疹，⽔痘药物治疗成分，需医⽣处⽅。
Adapalene：维他命A酸衍⽣物，治疗座疮有效成分，需医⽣处⽅。
Adenosine Triphosphate（ATP）：腺三磷酸，使⽪肤代谢正常。
AESCULUS HIPPOCASTANUM七叶树(果) 精华，提取⾃亚洲独有的七叶树，⽤作收歛剂ALANINE 丙氨酸，氨基酸的⼀种，保湿、柔软Albumin：⽩蛋⽩，⽔溶性蛋⽩质，为中性缓冲液，是⼀种酵素。
Alcloxa:尿囊素氯化氢氧化铝衍⽣物，收敛及抑制⽪脂，对⾓蛋⽩有很好的溶解作⽤，抗菌作⽤Alcohol Denat，变性酒精。
Alfalfa Extract：紫花苜蓿萃取含多种氨基酸及红萝⼘素，可抗⽼化。
Algae Extract：海藻萃取液，抗氧化。
Algisium C：是⼀种⽣物保湿剂，可以修护⽪肤，并使更新暗沉的肤质，延缓⽼化速度，其保湿性可维持8－12⼩时。
alkanna tinctoria：紫朱草Alkyl Benzoate：烃基安息⾹酸盐油脂剂，作为基质。
ALLANTOIN，尿囊素，幫助癒合、抗炎、抗刺激及舒緩的作⽤Aloe Barbadensis,芦荟粉，舒缓抗炎剂。
Aloe Vera: 芦荟,镇静，保湿，滋润，抗敏，镇静，去红肿.Alpha Hydroxy（AHA）：果酸，主要功效在促进⽪肤新陈代谢，具有⾓质微剥的功效。
Ammonium Glycyrrhizate：⽢草酸铵，降低肌肤因刺激所产⽣的敏感。
AQUA ⽔，稀释剂ARGININE蛋⽩氨酸，增強免疫⼒、抗菌幫助癒合及組織修護ASCORBIC ACID維他命C，對細胞新陳代謝很重要的⼀種物質Avacado oil，鳄梨油，营养度极⾼，从⼲果实中压榨出油脂，含有丰富维他命B2，渗透性良好，具有深层清洁的效果，在基础油中对于新陈代谢、淡化⿊斑、消除皱纹具有对好的功效Beeswax:蜂蜡benzyl alcohol:苯甲醇，抗菌及防腐作⽤。
/pesticides/science/biomarker.html#exposureDefining BiomarkersBiomarkers are measurable substances or characteristics in the hum an body that can be used to m onitor the presence of a chemical in the body, biological responses, or adverse health effects. The use of biom arkers will help us evaluate potential exposures to pesticides as well as predict effects that m ay result, allowing us to make decisions that are m ore protective of hum an health. Biomarkers are commonly grouped into biomarkers of exposure, effect, and susceptibility. This Web page describes these groups of biomarkers and provides examples.On this page:Biomarkers of ExposureBiomarkers of exposure are used to assess the amount of a chemical that is present within the body. Many chemicals can be m easured in urine, blood, saliva, and, if they are fat soluble, in body fat and breast m ilk (e.g., DDT). Biomarkers of exposure provide information on∙chemical exposures in individua ls,∙changes in levels over tim e, and∙variability am ong different populations.They m ay also provide information on the relative importance of different exposure pathways and associated risk. It is important to note that the m easurement of a chemical in som eone’s body does not by itself m ean that chemical has caused adverse health effects.Additionally, there are a number of uses related to the interpretation of biomarkers of exposure. For example, the m easurement of 3-phenoxybenzioc acid (3-PBA) in urine is considered a non-specific biom arker of exposure because 3-PBA is a common m etabolite of several pyrethroid pesticides. Therefore, additional information is needed to resolve which pyrethroid was the parent chemical.Top of pageBiomarkers of Exposure Categories∙Chemical–The m ost specific exposure biomarker is direct m easurement of the chem ical of interest in the body. Typically, m easurement of thechemical is made in an accessible biological matrix (e.g., blood, urine).While some pesticides can be directly m easured in the body, it is generallymore common to m easure m etabolites of pesticides.∙Metabolite– Many chem icals are rapidly m etabolized or difficult to m easure.In these cases, a m ore stable breakdown product (m etabolite) of thechemical m ay be m easured to estim ate exposure to the chemical. When ametabolite m ay derive from a number of different chem icals (as in the3-PBA example above), additional information is needed to resolve towhich chemical the person was exposed.∙Endogenous surrogate– In som e cases, a chemical or class of chem icals may result in an endogenous response (response within the body) that ishighly characteristic of that chemical or class. Measures of that responsecan be used as a surrogate in lieu of direct m easurement of the chemical ormetabolite concentration when sufficient additional information is available.Since there are m any factors that can influence endogenous responses,this type of exposure biomarker is accom panied by m any uncertainties thatshould be identified and discussed.See examples in Table 1Top of pageBiomarkers of EffectBiomarkers of effect are indicators of a change in biologic function in response to a chemical exposure 1. Thus, they m ore directly relate to insight into the potential for adverse health effects com pared with biomarkers of exposure.One example of a biomarker of effect is blood cholinesterase, which can becom e depressed following exposure to organophosphate and N-m ethyl carbamate pesticides. Measuring cholinesterase levels can be a useful tool for m onitoringagricultural workers and identifying workers that m ay potentially be overexposed to pesticides.Top of pageBiomarkers of Effect Categories∙Bioindicator– An ideal biomarker of effect has an explicitly known mechanism that links the marker and an adverse outcom e. In most cases,this is achieved by a sufficient understanding of the adverse outcom epathway or m ode of action of the chemical, and the causal or correlativerelationship of biological events between the m arker and the adverseoutcom e.Bioindicators provide a high degree of confidence in predicting thepotential for adverse effects in an individual or population based on markerlevels. An understanding of the adverse outcom e pathway also supportsdevelopment of a variety of bioindicators for different key events oroutcom es of interest (e.g., m arkers for precursor event s leading to aclinically detectable adverse outcom e to support early detection andprevention).When cellular or molecular initiating events can be identified as criticalsteps in an adverse outcom e pathway, bioindicators can be developed inconjunction with high throughput screening assays to provide a rapid andefficient m eans for early detection of adverse outcom es in targetpopulation. EPA researchers are actively developing this class ofbiomarkers of effects in support of Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century.∙Undetermined consequence– This subgroup of biomarkers provides more limited and uncertain indication of the potential for adverse effects,because the events or deterministic linkages in an adverse outcom epathway are less well known. An example would be markers of oxidativestress where elevations have been associated with a variety of adverseoutcom es, but the explicit relationships have yet to be defined. As the roleof oxidative stress in different disease processes (and adverse outcom epathways) becom es more clearly defined, there will be increasing certaintyin the use of oxidative stress biomarkers to predict the potential fororganism/population-level effects. Meanwhile, these biomarkers can beused in conjunction with other biomarkers in this or other subgroups toimprove the specificity and sensitivity of the overall set of m arkers fordevelopment of an adverse outcom e.∙Exogenous surrogate– Som e chemicals have well known adverse effects, which are accompanied by other effects that can be used as surrogateindicators of the m ain adverse effect of interest. A common example isparanitrophenol , a m etabolite of m ethyl parathion. Measurement inhumans of paranitrophenol in the urine has been used as an exogenoussurrogate biomarker of exposure to m ethyl parathion, and as an indicatorof the potential for toxicity due to m ethyl parathion-inducedacetylcholinesterase inhibition.Exogenous surrogate biomarkers are suboptimal as effects m arkersbecause they do not directly capture the contribution of additional factors(intrinsic and extrinsic) that m ay influence the incidence or severity of anadverse outcom e. Given these limitations, use of exogenous surrogates asbiomarkers is mostly limited to m easurement of those effects that arepredominantly due to the chemical of interest (i.e., to reduce the num berof potentially confounding effects, and to decrease uncertainty associatedwith the m easured surrogate biomarker).See examples in Table 2Top of pageBiomarkers of SusceptibilityBiomarkers of susceptibility are factors that m ay make certain individuals more sensitive to chem ical exposure. Biomarkers of susceptibility include:∙genetic factors that m ay influence how the body interacts with a chemical ∙other biological factors related to nutritional status, health status, lifestyle, and life stage that m ay affect an individual’s susceptibility to chemicalexposure.Top of pageTable 1: Examples of Biomarkers of Exposure from Different CategoriesTable 2: Examples of Biomarkers of Effects from Different CategoriesAbbreviations:3-PBA: 3-phenoxybenzioc acid8-OHdG: 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosineAcetylcholinesterase: AChEDiPap: Polyfluoroalkyl phosphate esterPFOA: Perfluorooctanoic acidT4: thyroxine (a thyroid hormone)1 Biomarkers of effect correspond to biomarkers as defined by the FDA: Biomarkers Definitions Working Group (2001). Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 69, p.89 – 95.。
医学细胞生物学专业英语词汇* acrocentric chromosome 近端着丝粒染色体 actin 肌动蛋白 actin filament 肌动蛋白丝 actinomycin D 放线菌素D activator 活化物 active transport 主动运输 adenine 腺嘌呤 adenosine monophosphate, AMP 腺苷一磷酸, 腺苷酸 adenyl cyclase, AC 腺苷酸环化酶 adhesion plaque 黏着斑agranular endoplasmic reticulum 无颗粒内质网 Alzheimer disease 阿尔茨海默病 amino acid 氨基酸 aminoacyl site, A site 氨基酰位，A位 amitosis; direct division 无丝分裂；直接分裂 amphipathic molecule 双型性分子anaphase 后期anchoring junction 锚定连接 annular granule 孔环颗粒 anticoding strand 反编码链 antigen 抗原antiparallel 逆平行性 apoptic body 凋亡小体 apoptosis 凋亡assembly 组装aster 星体asymmetry 不对称性autolysis 自溶作用 autophagolysosome 自噬性溶酶体 autophagy 自噬作用autoradiography 放射自显影技术 autosome 常染色体 B lymphocyte B淋巴细胞bacteria 细菌 base substitution 碱基替换 belt desmosome 带状桥粒bioblast 生命小体 biological macromolecule 生物大分子 biomembrane 生物膜biotechnology 生物技术 bivalent 二价体 breakage 断裂 cadherin 钙粘连素calmodulin, CaM 钙调蛋白 cAMP 环一磷酸腺苷 cAMP-dependent protein kinase 环一磷酸腺苷依赖型蛋白激酶capping 戴帽 carrier protein 载体蛋白 cat cry syndrome 猫叫综合症cell division cycle gene CDC基因 cell 细胞 cell and molecular biology 细胞分子生物学 cell biology 细胞生物学 cell coat; glycocalyx 细胞衣；糖萼 cell culture 细胞培养 cell cycle 细胞周期cell cycle-regulating protein 细胞周期调节蛋白 cell cycle time 细胞周期时间 cell determination 细胞决定 cell differentiation 细胞分化 cell division cycle, CDC 细胞分裂周期 cell division cycle gene, CDC gene 细胞分裂周期基因 cell engineering 细胞工程 cell fractionation 细胞分级分离cell fusion 细胞融合 cell junction 细胞连接 cell line 细胞系 cell membrane; plasma membrane 细胞膜；质膜 cell plate 细胞板 cell proliferation 细胞增殖 cell recognition 细胞识别 cell surface antigen 细胞表面抗原 cell theory 细胞学说 cell strain 细胞株 cell aging 细胞衰老cell synchronization 细胞同步化 cellular oxidation 细胞氧化 cellular respiration 细胞呼吸 central granule 中央颗粒 centromere 着丝粒 chalone 抑素 channel protein 通道蛋白 chemiosmotic hypothesis 化学渗透假说chiasmata 交叉 cholesterol 胆固醇chromatid 染色单体 chromatin 染色质 chromomere 染色粒 chromosome 染色体 chromosome arm 染色体臂 chromosome banding 染色体带 chromosome disease 染色体病 chromosome engineering 染色体工程 chromosome scaffold 染色体支架 chromosome syndrome 染色体综合症 cis Golgi network 顺面高尔基网状结构 cisterna（pl. cisternae）扁平囊 clathrin 笼蛋白 clone 克隆coated pit 有被小窝 coated vesicle 包被小泡 coding strand 编码链 codon 密码子 codon degeneracy 密码子兼并性 coenzyme 辅酶 collagenfibronectin, FN 纤连蛋白 communication junction 通讯连接 complementation 互补性condensation stage 凝集期 confocal laser scanning microscope 共焦激光扫描显微镜 connexin 连接子 constitutive heterochromatin 结构异染色质continuous microtubules 极微管 converting enzyme 转变酶crista（pl. cristae）嵴 cyanine 胞嘧啶 cyclin 细胞周期素cydoeximide 放线菌酮 cytidine monophosphate, CMP 胞苷一磷酸，胞苷酸cytokinesis 细胞质分裂 cytology 细胞学 cytoplasm 细胞质 cytoplasm engineering 细胞质工程 cytoplasm substitution 细胞质代换 cytoplasmic plaque 胞质斑 cytoskeleton 细胞骨架 dark field microscope 暗视野显微镜dedifferentiation 去分化 degeneracy 兼并 deletion 缺失 density gradient centrifugation 密度梯度离心 deoxyadenosine monophosphate, dAMP 脱氧腺苷酸 deoxycytidine monophosphate, dCMP 脱氧胞苷酸 deoxyguanosine monophosphate, dGMP 脱氧鸟苷酸 deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA 脱氧核糖核酸deoxythymidine monophosphate, dTMP 脱氧胸苷酸 desmosome 桥粒 diakinesis 终变期 differential centrifugation 差速离心 differential expression 差异性表达 differentiation induction 分化诱导 differentiation inhibition 分化抑制 diplococcus pneumonia 肺炎双球菌diplotene 双线期 disassembly 去组装 DNA probe DNA探针 DNA synthesis phase DNA合成期 dosage compensation 剂量补偿 doublet 二联管 duplication 重复 effector 效应器 electric coupling 电偶联 electron microscope 电子显微镜 elementary particle 基粒 eletronfusion 电融合 elongation factor, EF 延长因子 embryonic induction 胚胎诱导作用 endocytosis 内吞作用endolysosome 内体性溶酶体 endomembrane system 内膜系统 endoplasmic reticulum, ER 内质网 enhancer 增强子 enzyme 酶 equatorial plane 赤道面eucaryotes 真核生物 euchromatin 常染色质 eukaryotic cell 真核细胞exocytosis 胞吐作用 exon 外显子 extracellular matrix, ECM 细胞外基质extrinsic; peripheral protein 外在蛋白；外周蛋白 F body 荧光小体facilitated diffusion 易化扩散 facultative heterochromatin 兼性异染色质 fibrillar component 原纤维成分 fibronectin, FN 纤粘连蛋白 fibrous actin, F-actin 纤维状肌动蛋白 flanking sequence 侧翼顺序 fluid mosaic model 液态镶嵌模型 fluorescence microscope 荧光显微镜 fluorescence recovery after 荧光漂白恢复 photobleaching, FRAPfork-initiation protein 叉起始蛋白 frameshift mutation 移码突变 free cell 游离细胞 free diffusion 自由扩散 free energy 自由能galactocerebroside 半乳糖脑苷脂 ganglioside 神经节苷脂 gap junction 间隙连接 gene 基因 gene cluster 基因簇 gene engineering 基因工程 gene expression 基因表达 gene family 基因家族 gene mutation 基因突变 genetic code 遗传密码 genetic message 遗传信息 genome 基因组 genome engineering 染色体工程 genomic DNA library 基因组DNA文库glycogen storage disease type? ?型糖原蓄积病 glycolipid 糖脂glycoprotein 糖蛋白 glycosaminoglycan, GAG 氨基聚糖 glycosylation 糖基化Golgi apparatus 高尔基器 Golgi body 高尔基体 Golgi complex 高尔基复合体granular component 颗粒成分 granular drop 脱粒 granular endoplasmic reticulum 颗粒内质网 growth factor 生长因子 GT-AG rule GT-AG法则guanine 鸟嘌呤 guanosine monophosphate, GMP 鸟苷一磷酸，鸟苷酸hemidesmosome 半桥粒 hereditary factor 遗传因子 heterochromatin 异染色质heterogeneous nuclear RNA, hnRNA 不均一核RNA heterokaryon 异核体heterophagolysosome 异噬性溶酶体 heterophagy 异噬作用 heteropyknosis 异固缩 highly repetitive sequence 高度重复序列 histone 组蛋白 holoenzyme全酶 homokaryon 同核体 housekeeping gene 管家基因 housekeeping protein管家蛋白human leukocyte antigen, HLA 人白细胞抗原 hyaluronic acid, HA 透明质酸 hybrid cell 杂交细胞 hyperdiploid 超二倍体 hypodiploid 亚二倍体immunofluorescence microscopy 免疫荧光显微镜技术 immunoglobulin 免疫球蛋白 in vitro 离体的 in vivo 体内的 inactive X hypothesis 失活X假说inborn errors of metabolism 先天性代谢缺陷病 inducer 诱导物 induction 诱导 inhibitor of mitotic factor, IMF 有丝分裂因子抑制物 initiation factor, IF 起始因子 inner membrane 内膜 inner nuclear membrane 内层核膜insertion sequence, IS 插入顺序 Integral protein 整合蛋白 integrin 整连蛋白 inter membrane space; outer chamber 膜间腔；外室 intercellular communication 细胞间通讯 intercristal space; inner chamber 嵴间腔；内室intermediate filament 中间纤维 internal membrane 内膜 internal reticular apparatus 内网器 interphase 间期 interstitial deletion 中间缺失interzonal microtubules 区间微管intracristal space 嵴内腔 intra-nucleolar chromatin 核仁内染色质intrinsic; integral protein 内在蛋白；整合蛋白 intron 内含子 inversion倒位 inverted repetitive sequence 倒位重复顺序 ionic channel 离子通道ionic coupling 离子偶联 jumping gene 跳跃基因 karyotype 核型 kinetochore 着丝点 kinetochore microtubules 动粒微管Klinefelter’s syndrome 先天性睾丸发育不全症 lagging strand 后随链 laminin, LN 层粘连蛋白 lateral diffusion 侧向扩散 leading strand 前导链 leptotene 细线期 ligand; chemical signal 配体；化学信号 light microscope 光学显微镜 linear polymer 线性多聚体 linker 连接线 liposome 脂质体 liquid crystal 液晶 lowdensity lipoprotein, LDL 低密度脂蛋白 luxury gene 奢侈基因 luxuryprotein 奢侈蛋白 lymphokine 淋巴激活素 lymphotoxin 淋巴毒素lysosome 溶酶体 major histocompatibility complex, MHC 组织相容性复合体 malignancy 恶性 matrical granule 基质颗粒 matrix 基质 matrix fibronectin, mFN 基质纤连蛋白 maturation-prompting factor, MPF 成熟促进因子 medial Golgi stack 高尔基中间囊膜 meiosis 减数分裂 membrane antigen 膜抗原 membrane carbohydrate 膜碳水化合物 membrane flow 膜流 membrane lipid 膜脂 membrane protein 膜蛋白 membrane receptor 膜受体 membranous structure 膜相结构 messenger RNA 信使核糖核酸 mesosome 中间体 metabolic coupling 代谢偶联 metacentric chromosome 中央着丝粒染色体 metaphase 中期micelle 微团 microfilament 微丝 microscopy 显微镜技术 microsome 微粒体microtrabecular lattice 微梁网格 microtubule 微管 microtubule associated protein, MAP 微管结合蛋白 microtubule organizing centers, MTOC 微管组织中心microvillus 微绒毛 middle repetitive sequence 中度重复序列 miniband 微带 missense mutation 错义突变 mitochondria 线粒体 mitosis 有丝分裂mitosis phase 有丝分裂期 mitotic apparatus 有丝分裂器 mitotic factor, MF 有丝分裂因子 mobility 流动性 model for controlling gene expression 基因表达调控模型 molecular biology 分子生物学 molecular disease 分子病monopotent cell 单能细胞 monosomy 单体性 multiple coiling model 多级螺旋模型 multipotent cell 多能细胞 myasthenia gravis 重症肌无力症 mycoplasma 支原体 myofibrils 肌原纤维 necrosis 坏死 neuropeptide 神经肽 non-continuation 不连续性 non-histone 非组蛋白 non-membranous structure 非膜相结构 nonsense mutation 无义突变 nuclear envelope 核被膜 nuclear lamina 核纤层 nuclear matrix 核基质nuclear pore 核孔 nuclear pore complex 核孔复合体 nuclear sap 核液nuclear sex 核性别 nuclear skeleton 核骨架 nucleic acid 核酸 nucleic acid hybridization 核酸分子杂交 nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio 核质比 nucleoid 类核体 nucleoids 拟核 nucleolar associated chromatin 核仁相随染色质nucleolar organizing region 核仁组织区 nucleolus 核仁 nucleosome 核小体nucleotide 核苷酸 nucleosome core 核小体核心 nucleus 细胞核 nucleus transplantation 核移植法 nucleus-cytoplasm hybrid 核质杂种 Okazaki fragment 岗崎片段 oligomer fibronectin,oFN 寡聚纤连蛋白 oncogene 癌基因operator gene 操纵基因 operon 操纵子 operon theory 操纵子学说 organelle 细胞器 origin 起点 outer membrane 外膜 outer nuclear membrane 外层核膜overlapping gene 重叠基因 oxidative phosphorylation 氧化磷酸化pachytene 粗线期 pairing stage 配对期 partial monosome 部分单体 partial trisomy 部分三体 passive transport 被动运输 patching 成斑现象 peptide bond 肽键 peptidyl site, P site 肽基位；P位 perinuclear space 核间隙perinucleolar chromatin 核仁周围染色质 peripheral granule 周边颗粒peripheral protein 外周蛋白 permeability 通透性 peroxisome; microbody 过氧化物酶体；微体 phagocytosis 吞噬作用 phagolysosome 吞噬性溶酶体phagosome 自噬体 phase contrast microscope 相差显微镜 phenylalanine hydroxylase, PAH 苯丙氨酸羟化酶 phenylketonuria, PKU 苯丙酮尿症phosphatidylinositol, PL 磷脂酰肌醇 phosphodiester bond 磷酸二酯键phosphodiesterase, PDE 磷酸二酯酶 phosphoglyceride 磷酸甘油酯phospholipase C,PLC 磷脂酶C phospholipid 磷脂 pinocytosis 胞饮作用pinocytotic vesicle 吞饮泡 plasma cell 浆细胞 plasma fibronectin, pFN 血浆纤连蛋白 plasmid 质粒 point mutation 点突变 polar microtubule 极间微管 polarizing microscope 偏光显微镜 polyadenylation 多聚腺苷酸反应polyploid 多倍体 polyribosome 多聚核糖体 premature condensed chromosome, PCC 早熟染色体 premeiosis interphase 减数分裂前间期 primary constriction 主缢痕 primary culture 原代培养 primary culture cell 原代细胞 programmed cell death 细胞程序性死亡 prokaryotes 原核生物 prokaryotic cell 原核细胞promotor 启动子 promotor gene 启动基因 prophase 前期 protein 蛋白质protein kinase C, PKC 蛋白激酶C proteoglycan, PG 蛋白聚糖 protofilament 原纤维 protooncogene 原癌基因 protoplasm 原生质 purine 嘌呤碱 pyrimidine 嘧啶碱receptor mediated endocytosis 受体介导的内吞作用 reciprocal translocation 相互易位 recombinant DNA technology 重组DNA技术recombination nodules 重组小节 recombination stage 重组期 recondensation stage 再凝集期 redifferentiation 再分化 regulator gene 调节基因 release factor, RF 释放因子 replication 复制 replication eyes 复制眼 replication fork 复制叉 replicon 复制子 repressor 阻碍物 resolving power 分辨力residual body 残体 respiratory chain 呼吸链 restriction endonuclease 限制性内切核酸酶 restriction point 限制点 reverse transcription 逆转录 rho factor, ρ ρ因子 ribonucleic acid, RNA 核糖核酸 ribophorin 核糖体结合蛋白 ribosomal RNA 核糖体核糖核酸 ribosome 核糖核蛋白体 RNA polymerase RNA聚合酶 rough endoplasmic reticulum, rER 粗面内质网 sac 扁平囊 same sense mutation 同义突变sarcoplasmic reticulum 肌质网 satellite 随体 scanning electron microscope 扫描电子显微镜 scanning tunneling microscope 扫描隧道电子显微镜 secondary constriction 次缢痕 secondary culture 传代培养semiautonomous organelle 半自主性的细胞器 semiconservative replication 半保留复制 semidiscontinuous replication 半不连续复制 sensor 感受器sequential expression 顺序表达 sex chromosome 性染色体 signal codon 信号密码子 signal hypothesis 信号肽假说 signal molecule 信号分子 signal peptide 信号肽 signal recognition particle, SPR 信号识别颗粒 simple diffusion 简单扩散 single sequence 单一序列 single-stranded DNA binding protein 单链DNA结合蛋白 singlet 单管 small nuclear RNA, snRNA 小分子细胞核RNA smooth endoplasmic reticulum, sER 滑面内质网 solenoid 螺线管sparsomycin 稀疏酶素 sphingomyelin 神经鞘磷脂 spindle 纺锤体 splicing 剪接 split gene 断裂基因start codon 起始密码子 stem cell 干细胞 stress fiber 张力基因structural gene 结构基因 submetacentric chromosome 亚中着丝粒染色体supersolenoid 超螺线管 suppressor tRNA 校正tRNA synapsis 联会synaptonemal complex 联会复合体 synkaryon 合核体 synonymous codon 同义密码子 synonymous mutation 同义突变 T lymphocyte T淋巴细胞 tailing 加尾telomere 端粒 telophase 末期 terminal deletion 末端缺失 terminalization 端化 terminator 终止子 tetrad 四分体 tetraploid 四倍体 thymine 胸腺嘧啶three dimensional structure,3D 三维结构 tight junction 紧密连接 tissue cell 组织细胞 tissue engineering 组织工程 totipotency 全能性 trans Golgi network 反面高尔基网状结构 transcribed spacer 转录间隔区transcription 转录 transdifferentiation 转分化 transfer RNA 转运核糖核酸 transformation 转化 transition 转换 translation 翻译 translocation 易位 transport protein 运输蛋白 transposition 转座 transversion 颠换transmission electron microscope 透视电子显微镜 tricarboxylic acid cycle 三羧酸循环 trigger protein 触发蛋白 triplet 三联管 triploid 三倍体triskelion 三臂蛋白 trisomy 三体 tubulin 微管蛋白 tumor necrosis factor 肿瘤坏死因子Turner’s syndrome 先天性卵巢发育不全症 tyrosinase, TN 酪氨酸酶 ultravoltage electron microscope 超高压电子显微镜 unit membrane 单位膜 untranscribed spacer 非转录间隔区 unwinding protein 解链蛋白 uracil 尿嘧啶 uridine monophosphate, UMP 尿苷一磷酸；尿苷酸 vacuole 大囊泡vector 载体vesicle 小囊泡 vinculin 粘着斑连接蛋白 wobble hypothesis 摇摆学说 X chromatin X染色质 Y chromatin Y染色质 zygotene 偶线期。
ubiquinone 辅酶 q ubiquist 普遍种udder 乳房ulcer 溃疡ulna 尺骨ultimate consumer 末级消费者ultimobranchial body 后鳃体ultra thin section 超薄切片ultra violet radiation 紫外线放射ultracentrifugation 超速离心法ultracentrifuge 超速离心机ultrafilter 超滤器ultrafiltration 超滤ultramicroscope 超显微镜ultramicroscopic organism 超显微生物ultramicrotome 超薄切片机ultraplankton 超微型浮游生物ultrasonic sound 超声波ultrasonication 超声波处理ultrasonics 超声波ultrastability 超稳定性ultrastructure 超微细结构ultraviolet absorption 紫外线吸收ultraviolet lamp 紫外灯ultraviolet light 紫外线ultraviolet microscope 紫外光显微镜ultravirus 过滤性病毒umbel 伞形花序umbellule 小伞花序umbilical cord 脐带umbilical vein 脐静脉umbilical vesicle 脐囊umbilicus 脐umbo 壳顶umbrella 伞膜unbalance 不平衡unbalanced growth 不平衡生长unbalanced polyploidy 不平衡多倍性uncinate hair 钩毛unconditioned reflex 无条件反射unconditioned response 无条件反应unconditioned stimulus 无条件剌激unconscious selection 无意识淘汰uncoupling 解偶联uncoupling agent 解偶联剂under story 下木underdevelopment 发育不全undergland shoot 地下枝条underground part 地下部分underground water 地下水undergrowth 下木undernourishment 营养不良undershrub 小灌木underwood 下木undifferentiation 未分化undulate colony 波形菌落undulating membrane 波动膜undulating movement 波形运动undulation 波动unequal bivalent 不等二价染色体uneven aged forest 异龄林unfertilized egg 未受精卵unfolding 伸展ungulates 有蹄类unhulled rice 稻谷unicellular 单胞的unicellular culture 单细胞培养unicellular organism 单细胞生物unifacial leaf 单面叶unifaciality 单面性uniform distribution 等分布uniform variety cropping 单一品种栽培uniformitarianism 齐一说uniformity 均匀性unilateral atrophy 单侧面萎缩unilateral inheritance 单侧遗传unilinear inheritance 单线遗传unilocular 一室的unilocular sporangium 单室囊uninuclear 单核的uniovular twins 单卵双生unipetalous 单瓣的unique sequence 单一序列unisexual flower 单性花unisexuality 单性unistratal community 单层群落unit 单位unit character 单位性状unit membrane 单位膜unit of enzyme 酶单位unit of vegetation 植被单位univalent 一价染色体univalent chromosome 一价染色体universal buffer 万能缓冲液universal code 普遍密码universal veil 外菌膜universality 通用性universality of the genetic code 遗传密码的普遍性universe 宇宙unripe 末热的unsaturated fatty acid 不饱和脂肪酸upland 山地upland meadow 山地单旬upper arm 上臂upper eyelid 上睑upper jaw bone 上颌骨upper layer 上层upper leaf 高出叶upper lip 上唇upper stratum 上层uptake 摄取uracil 尿嘧啶urea 脲urea bacterium 尿素细菌urea cycle 鸟氨酸循环urea herbicide 尿素除草剂urease 尿素酶urediniospore 夏孢子uredospore 夏孢子ureide 酰脲ureogenesis 尿素生成ureosmotic animal 尿素渗透性动物ureter 输尿管urethra 泌尿管urethral gland 尿道腺urethroscope 尿道镜uric acid 尿酸uricase 尿酸酶uricogenesis 尿酸生成uridine 尿苷uridine diphosphate 尿苷二磷酸uridine monophosphate 尿苷酸uridylic acid 尿苷酸urinalysis 尿分析urinary bladder 膀胱urinary calculus 尿石urinary organ 泌尿瀑urinary tract 泌尿管urination 撒尿urine 尿uriniferous tubule 肾细管urinometer 尿比重计urne 孢蒴urobilin 尿胆素urobilinogen 尿胆素原urocanic acid 尿刊酸urochord 尾索urochordates 被囊类urochrome 尿色素urochromogen 尿色素原uroerythrin 尿红质urogenital membrane 尿殖膜urogenital region 尿殖区urokinase 尿激酶urolith 尿石uronic acid 糖醛酸uropod 尾足uropoiesis 尿分泌uropoietic organ 泌尿瀑uropygial gland 尾脂腺use and disuse 用不用use of resistance 抗性利用useful animal 益兽useful insect 益虫useful plant 有用植物usnic acid 松萝酸uterine endometrium 子宫内膜uterine fundus 子管底uterine hemorrhage 子宫出血uterine tube 输卵管uterotubal implantation 子宫输卵管移植uterus 子宫utilization 利用utilization of waste material 废物利用utilization rate 利用率utricle 胞果;小囊utriform 囊状的uv light 紫外线uv reactivation 紫外线再活化uvea 葡萄膜uvula 悬雍垂v shaped chromosome v形染色体vaccination 疫苗注射vaccine 菌苗vaccinia virus 牛痘病毒vaccinoprophylaxis 疫苗预防接种vacuolar system 液胞系vacuole 液胞vacuole membrane 液泡膜vacuole skin 液泡膜vacuolization 液泡化vacuome 空胞系vacuum 真空vacuum drying 真空干燥vacuum reaction 真空反应vagina 阴道vaginal vestibule 阴道前庭vagotonin 迷走紧张素vagus nerve 迷走神经vagus substance 迷走神经物质valence 价valency 价valine 缬氨酸valley 谷value 值value number 指标value of variety 品种值valve 瓣膜valve of the heart 心瓣van der waals forces 范德瓦耳斯力vanadium 钒vanadium chromogen 钒色素原vanadocyte 钒细胞vanilla 香子兰vapor sterilization 蒸气灭菌variability 变异性variable 变量variable region 可变区variance 分散variant 变异体variation 变异varicella virus 水痘病毒variegation 彩斑varietal change 品种变更varietal susceptibility 品种感受性varietal trial 变种试验variety 变种variety choice 品种选择variety line breeding 顶交variety test 变种试验variola 天花variola virus 天花病毒varnish tree 漆树vascular anastomosis 血管吻合vascular bundle 维管束vascular bundle sheath 维管束鞘vascular plant 维管植物vascular system 维管系;血管系统vascular wall 维管壁vascularization 血管形成vaseline 矿脂vasoconstriction 血管收缩vasoconstrictor 血管收缩神经vasoconstrictor nerve 血管收缩神经vasodilatation 血管舒张vasodilation 血管舒张vasodilator 血管舒张神经vasodilator nerve 血管舒张神经vasography 血管造影术vasomotor 血管舒缩神经vasomotor nerve 血管舒缩神经vasomotor reflex 血管舒缩反射vasomotorium 血管舒缩神经系vasopressin 抗利尿素vector 病媒动物vector insect 病原媒介昆虫vectorial enzyme 矢酶vegetable 蔬菜vegetable acid 植物性酸vegetable alkaloid 植物碱vegetable colourings 植物性染料vegetable dyes 植物性染料vegetable fiber 植物纤维vegetable garden 菜园vegetable glue 植物性胶vegetable wax 植物蜡vegetal pole 植物极vegetalization 植物极化vegetation 植被vegetation chorology 群落分布学vegetation cone 生长圆锥vegetation dynamics 植被带动力学vegetation form 植被型vegetation geography 植被地理学vegetation girdle 植被带vegetation map 植被图vegetation unit 植被单位vegetation zone 植物带vegetational analysis 植被分析vegetational continuum 植被连续性vegetative cell 营养细胞vegetative cone 生长圆锥vegetative dna 营养期 dna vegetative function 植物机能vegetative hybridization 营养体杂交vegetative nervous system 自竹经系统vegetative nucleus 营养核vegetative organ 营养瀑vegetative period 生长期vegetative phage 营养期噬菌体vegetative phase 营养期vegetative point 生长点vegetative pole 植物极vegetative propagation 营养性繁殖vegetative rest 生长休止vegetative shoot apex 营养菌端vegetative shoot tip 营养菌端vegitabilia 植物界vehicle 病媒动物veil 菌幕vein 翅脉;静脉veine yard 葡萄园veinlet 细脉velamen 根被velar organ 缘瓣瀑velar statocyst 缘膜胞velarium 假缘膜veld 草原veliger 面盘幼体veliger larva 面盘幼体velocity 速度velocity of wind 风速velum 缘膜venation 脉系venereal disease 性病veniplex 静脉丛venom gland 毒腺venomous animal 有毒动物venomous spine 毒刺venous blood 静脉血venous duct 静脉管venous plexus 静脉丛venous sinus 静脉窦venous valvula 静脉辨模venter 腹ventilating tissue 海绵性组织ventilation 换气ventral 腹的ventral fin 腹ventral nerve chain 腹神经节链ventral root 运动根ventral shield 腹板ventral sucker 腹吸盘ventral tube 腹管ventricle 心室ventricose 溶胀的ventricous 溶胀的ventricular gradient 心室梯度ventricular systole 心室收缩ventrolateral edge 腹缘verdoperoxidase 绿过氧化物酶verification 证明验证vermes 蠕虫vermicide 蠕虫药vermicular 蠕虫状的vermiculate 蠕虫状的vermiculation 蠕动vermicule 动合子vermiform 蠕虫状的vermiform appendix 阑尾vermiform process 阑尾vernalization 春化酌vernalization stage 春化阶段vernation 幼叶卷叠式veronal 佛罗那verruca 疣状突起versatility 多能性vertebra 椎骨vertebral arch 椎弓vertebral column 脊柱vertebral foramen 椎孔vertebrates 脊椎动物vertex 头顶vertical distribution 垂直分布vertical migration 垂直迁移vertical tube 垂直管verticil 轮生体verticillaster 轮状聚伞花序verticillation 轮生叶序vesical calculus 膀胱石vesical stone 膀胱石vesicle 泡囊vesicular transport 小胞输送vessel 导管vestibular gland 前庭腺vestibule 前庭vestibulum 前庭vestige 痕迹瀑vestigial character 痕迹性状vestigial organ 痕迹瀑vetch 野豌豆veterinary inspection 兽医学检验veterinary medicine 兽医学vexillum 旗瓣viability 生活力viability of seeds 种子生活力viable 有生活力的vibraculum 振鞭体vibration 振动vibrational spectrum 振动光谱vibrio 弧菌vicariad 代替种vicariant 代替种vicarious species 代替种vicarism 替代性vicinism 偶发杂交vicinist 自然杂种vignin 豇豇豆球朊villus 绒毛vincristine 长春新碱vinculum 系带vine 蔓vinegar fly 果蝇viper 蝮蛇viral genetics 病毒遗传学viral genome 病毒基因组viral interference 病毒干涉viral multiplication cycle 病毒增殖环viral protein 病毒蛋白virescence 变绿色virgin forest 原生林virgin generation 无精生殖virgin land 处女地virilism 男性化virion 病毒粒子virogene 病毒基因viroid 类病毒virology 病毒学viroplast 病毒质体virosis 病毒病virulence 毒性virulency 毒性virulent mutant 毒性突变体virulent phage 毒性噬菌体virus 病毒virus culture 病毒培养virus disease 病毒病virus particle 病毒粒子virus replication 病毒复制virus strain 病毒株virus vector 病毒载体viscera 脏visceral arch 脏弓visceral inversion 脏倒位visceral mesoderm 脏壁层visceral pericardium 心外膜visceral sac 脏囊visceral sense 内脏感觉viscerocranium 脏颅visceroskeleton 脏骨viscoelasticity 粘弹性viscometer 粘度计viscose 黏胶viscosimeter 粘度计viscosity 粘性visibility 视距visibility curve 能见度曲线visible mutation 可见突变visible ray 可见光线visible spectrum 可见光谱vision 视觉visual acuity 视力visual angle 视角visual cell 视觉细胞visual cycle 视觉循环visual field 视野visual organ 视觉器visual pigment 视觉色素visual purple 视紫红visual rod 视杆visual sense 视觉vital capacity 肺活量vital force 生命力vital microscopy 生体组织检镜vital power 生命力vital reaction 活体反应vital staining 活体染色vitalism 生机论vitalistic theory 生机论vitality 活力vitamin 维生素vitamin a 维生素avitamin antagonist 维生素对抗体vitamin b complex 复合维生素 b vitamin b1 维生素b1vitamin b12 维生素b12 vitamin b2 硫胺素vitamin b23 钴胺素vitamin b3 核黄素vitamin b7 核黄素vitamin c 抗坏血酸vitamin contents 维生素含量vitamin deficiency 维生素缺乏vitamin e 抗不育维生素vitamin h 生物素vitamin k 叶绿醌vitamin needs 维生素需要vitamin requirements 维生素需要vitamine d3 骨化醇vitaminology 维生素学vitellarium 卵黄腺vitellin 卵黄磷蛋白vitelline area 卵黄区vitelline duct 卵黄管vitelline gland 卵黄腺vitelline membrane 卵黄膜vitelline vein 卵黄静脉vitellogenesis 卵黄形成vitellus 卵黄vitreous body 玻璃状体vitreous humor 玻璃体液vitreum 玻璃状体viviparity 胎生viviparous animal 胎生动物viviparous plant 胎生植物viviparous seeds 胎生种子vivisection 活体解剖vivotoxin 体内毒素vocal band 声带vocal cord 声带vocal sac 声囊vocalization 发声voice 声音volatile fatty acids 挥发脂肪酸volatile matter 挥发物volatile oil 香精油volatility 挥发性volatilization 挥发volcanic rock 火成岩volcanical ash 火山灰volcano 火山voltage sensor 电位感受器voltinism 化性volubilate plants 缠绕植物volume 体积volumetry 容积测定法voluntary movement 随意运动voluntary muscle 横纹肌voluntary nervous system 随意神经系volunteer cereals 自生谷类植物volutin 异染质volva 菌托vomer 犁骨vomero nasal organ 犁鼻器vomiting 呕吐vomiting center 呕吐中枢voriability 连续变异vortex stirrer 涡亮拌机vulva 阴门walking leg 步足wall 壁wall pressure 壁压walnut 胡桃wandering bird 漂鸟wandering cell 游走细胞wandering dune 移动沙丘wandering nucleus 游走核warburg's manometer 瓦氏呼吸器warm blooded animal 恒温动物warm spot 温点warm temperate zone 暖温带warming 加温warning call 警报信号warning colouration 警戒色warning signal 警报信号wart 疣状突起washing agent 去垢剂wastage 损耗waste 废物waste disposal 废物处理waste of energy 能量耗散waste water 污水wasteland 荒地water 水water absorption 吸水water balance 水分平衡water birds 水禽water conservation 水保护water culture 溶液培养water dispersal 水媒传布water erosion 水蚀酌water fowl 水鸟water gauge 水位计water holding capacity 持水量water hyacinth 风眼蓝water level 水面water lung 水肺water microorganisms 水生微生物water moulds 水生真菌类water parting 分水线water permeability coefficient 水渗透系数water pollination 水媒water pollution 水污染water pore 水孔water potential 水势water resources 水生资源water storage tissue 储水组织water stress 水应变water tissue 储水组织water vascular system 水管系waterfall 瀑布waterglass 水玻璃watering 灌溉watermelon 蜗waterplant 水生植物watershed 分水线waterway 运河watson crick model 华生克里克模型wattle 垂肉wave 波waved 波状的wavy 波状的wax 蜡wax gland 蜡腺wax producing 产蜡的waxgourd 冬瓜way 途径weak acid 弱酸weak base 弱碱weak electrolyte 弱电解质weak interaction 弱互酌wealth of species 种丰度weaning 断乳weanling 离乳动物weasel 鼠weather 天气weather chart 天气图weather map 天气图weather report 天气预报weather station 气象台weathering 风化web 蹼weber's law 韦伯氏定律weed 杂草weed community 杂草群落weed control 除草weed covering 杂草覆盖weed infestation 杂草侵扰weed suppression 杂草抑制weedkiller 除莠剂weight 重量weight percent 重量百分率weighted average 重量平均weismannism 魏司曼学说welsh onion 葱wet weight 湿重wettability 可湿性wetter 湿润剂wetting 湿润wetting agent 湿润剂whale 鲸whale bone 鲸须wheat 小麦wheat germ 小麦胚芽wheat germ agglutinin 小麦胚芽凝集素whey 乳清whey medium 乳清培养基whipworm 鞭虫white ants 白蚁类white blood cell 白细胞white flowered 白花的white frost 白霜white matter 白质white muscle 白色肌who 世界卫生与健康组织whole arm transfer 完全臂移位whole arm transposition 完全臂移位whole food 天然食品whole milk 完全乳whorl 轮生体wild ancestor 野生原种wild animal 野生动物wild boar 野猪wild flower 野花wild flower meadow 野花草地wild growing plant 野生植物wild hog 野猪wild pig 野猪wild plant 野生植物wild strain 野生株wild type 野生型wild type gene 野生型基因wild yeast 野生酵母willow 柳wilt 萎蔫wilting 萎蔫wilting coefficient 枯萎系数wilting point 萎蔫点wind 风wind break 防风林wind damage 风害wind dispersal 风播wind egg 不完全卵wind erosion 风蚀wind gauge 风力计wind pollinated 风媒的wind pollination 风媒winding 绕windpipe 气管wing 翼wing coupling apparatus 联翅器wing covert 廓羽wing muscle 翼肌wing mutation 翅突变wing quill 飞羽wing tap 翼羽标牌wing venation 翅脉序winged 有翼的winged fruit 翅果wingless 无翅的winkled frog 皱皮蛙winter 冬winter annual plant 冬性一年生植物winter bird 冬鸟winter bud 冬芽winter cultures 秋播罪winter dormancy 冬眠winter egg 休眠卵winter hardiness 耐寒性winter sleep 冬眠winter spore 冬胞子winter visitor 冬鸟wintering 越冬winterkilling 冻死withering 萎蔫wolf 狼wolffian body 沃耳夫氏体wolffian duct 中肾管womb 子宫wood 木材wood chemistry 木材化学wood destroying fungi 木腐菌类wood fiber 木纤维wood meadow 稀瘦原wood parenchyma 木薄壁组织wood preservative 木材防腐剂wood protection 森林保护wood rotting fungi 木腐菌类wood sugar 木糖wood tar 木焦油woodland area 林业区域woodpecker 啄木鸟woody perennials 枢woody plants 枢woody texture 木材纹理worker 职蚁worker ant 职蚁working curve 校准曲线working population 劳动人口world food programme 世界粮食计划world health organization 世界卫生与健康组织worm shaped 蠕虫状的wormer 驱虫剂wormlike 蠕虫状的worms 蠕虫wormwood 艾草wort 麦芽汁wound hormone 伤激素wound substance 创伤物质wren 鹪鹩wright effect 赖特氏效应wrinkled 缩成皱纹的wrist 腕wrist bone 腕骨x ray crystallography x 射线晶体分析法x ray microscope x 射线显微镜x rays 伦琴射线xantheine 花黄素xanthine 黄尿圜黄质xanthine oxidase 黄嘌呤氧化酶xanthophore 黄色素细胞xanthophyll 叶黄素xanthoprotein reaction 黄色蛋白反应xanthotoxin 黄原毒xanthurenic acid 黄尿酸xenia 种子直感xenobiology 外层空间生物学xenogamy 异株受精xenogenesis 异种移植xenograft 异种移植片xenoplastic induction 异种诱导xenoplastic transplantation 异种移植xenotropic virus 异向性病毒xerarch 在干旱地发展的xeric animal 旱生动物xerocole 旱生动物xeromorphism 旱生形态xeromorphy 旱生形态xerophilous plant 旱生植物xerophyte 旱生植物xerosere 旱生演替系列xeroserie 旱生演替系列xerotherm 干热植物xerothermic plant 干热植物xylan 木聚糖xylanase 木聚糖酶xylem 木质部xylem fiber 木纤维xylem parenchyma 木薄壁组织xylose 木糖xylotomy 木材解剖学xylulose 木酮糖year 年yearly fluctuation 年变化yeast 酵母yeast autolysate 酵母自溶产物yeast extract 酵母膏yeast nucleic acid 酵母核酸yellow body 黄体yellow crescent 黄新月区yellow enzyme 黄酶yellow macular 黄斑yellow ripeness 黄熟yellow spot 黄斑yellows 萎黄病yield 产量yield coefficient 收率yield per unit 单位面积产量yolk 卵黄yolk duct 卵黄管yolk gland 卵黄腺yolk granule 卵黄粒yolk nucleus 卵黄核yolk plug 卵黄栓yolk stalk 卵黄蒂young growth 后生young stage 幼年期young stand 幼林z line z 线z scheme 锯齿形图解zein 玉米醇蛋白zeolite 沸石zero order reaction 零级反应zero point mutation 零点突变zigzag scheme 锯齿形图解zinc 锌zoea 水蚤幼虫zoidiophilous flower 动物媒花zona pellucida 透螟zona radiata 放射带zonal centrifugation 区带离心分离zonal soil 成带土zonal vegetation 显域植被zonality 地层zonation 成带现象zone 带zone electrophoresis 区带电泳zone of vegetation 植被带zoobenthos 底栖动物zoobiology 动物生物学zoocenosis 动物群落zoochlorella 虫绿藻zoochores 动物传布植物zoochory 动物散布zooclimatology 动物气候学zoocytology 动物细胞学zoodynamics 动物动力学zooecium 虫室zooecology 动物生态学zooeconomics 动物经济学zoogamete 游动配子zoogenetics 动物遗传学zoogeny 动物发生学zoogeographic region 动物地理分布区zoogeography 动物地理学zooglea 菌胶团zooid 个虫zoolite 动物化石zoolith 动物化石zoological garden 动物园zoological park 动物园zoological taxonomy 动物分类学zoology 动物学zoomagnetism 动物磁性zoomorphology 动物形态学zoomorphosis 动物诱起变态zoonosis 动物病zooparasite 动物寄生虫zoopathology 动物病理学zoophage 食肉动物zoophagous animal 食肉动物zoophagy 食肉性zoophilous plant 动物媒植物zoophysiology 动物生理学zoophyte 植虫类zoophytes 植虫类zoophytology 植虫类学zooplankton 浮游动物zoopsychology 动物心理学zoosporangium 游动孢子囊zoospore 游动孢子zoostatistics 动物统计学zoosterol 动物甾醇zoostratigraphy 动物地层学zootomy 动物解剖zootoxin 动物毒素zooxanthella 虫黄藻zwischenferment 间酶zygapophysis 关节突zygogamy 接合生殖zygoma 颧弓zygomatic arch 颧弓zygomatic bone 颧骨zygomorphic 两侧对称的zygomorphic flower 左右对称花zygomorphous 两侧对称的zygomycetes 接合菌类zygomycota 接合菌类zygonema 接合丝zygonema stage 偶线期zygophore 接合子梗zygosis 接合zygosome 接合染色体zygosperm 接合孢子zygospore 接合孢子zygote 接合子zygote nucleus 接合子核zygotene stage 偶线期zygotic induction 接合子诱导zygotic lethality 合子致死zygotic sterility 二倍体不育zygotonucleus 合子核zymase 酿酶zymogen 酶原zymogenic granules 酶原粒zymohexase 醛缩酶。
medicinal 药品,药物, 药的,药用的 be split into 分成，分为 pharmaceutical 药学的，制药的，药品 starting material synthetic, 合成的，人造的，；synthetics 化学合成品, synthesis 合成(法), semisynthetic, synthesize, syntheses alkaloid 生物碱 lead structure 先导结构 intermediate 中间体 isolation 分离 natural source 天然来源 enzyme 酶 heart glycoside 强心苷 steroid 甾体 precursor 前体 organ/target organ 靶器官 peptide [pepta ɪd]译n. [生化] 缩氨酸Peptide:肽 | 缩氨酸 | 多肽 hormone 激素 insulin ['ɪnsj ʊl ɪn]n. [生化][药] 胰岛素 pancreas ['pæŋkr ɪəs] n. [解剖] 胰腺 vaccine ['væksi ːn] n. 疫苗；牛痘苗adj. 疫苗的；牛痘的 polysaccharide [,p ɒl ɪ'sæk əra ɪd]n. [有化] 多糖；多聚糖（等于polysaccharid ） serum ['s ɪər əm]n. 血清；浆液；免疫血清；乳清；树液 cholesterol 胆固醇 amino acid [ə,mi:n əu 'æsid] n. [生化] 氨基酸 acid 酸 gelatine ['d ʒɛl ətn]n. 胶质；果子冻；白明胶 hydrolysis 水解/hydrolysate 水解产物/hydrolyze 水解hydroxylation antibiotic 抗生素，抗菌的 antibody ['ænt ɪb ɒd ɪ]n. [免疫] 抗体 interferon 干扰素 fermentation 发酵 dextran 葡聚糖 -lactam ['læktæm] n. [有化] 内酰胺 natural product therapy/therapeutic 治疗的/therapeutic margin ['m ɑːd ʒɪn] n. 边缘；利润，余裕；页边的空白 vt. 加边于；加旁注于 网络释义 Margin:保证金 | 利润 | 边缘caffeine 咖啡因 yeast [ji ːst] n. 酵母；泡沫；酵母片；引起骚动因素 网络释义 yeast:酵母 | 酵母菌 | 发酵粉 microbiological ['ma ɪkroba ɪo'l ɑd ʒɪkl]adj. 微生物学的 mutant ['mju ːt(ə)nt]n. 突变体；突变异种adj. 突变的 网络释义 Mutant:畸形 | 突变体 | 突变型microorganism [ma ɪkr əʊ'ɔːg(ə)n ɪz(ə)m]n. [微] 微生物；微小动植物 网络释义 microorganism:微生物 | 微小动植物 | 微有 genetic [d ʒɪ'net ɪk] adj. 遗传的；基因的；起源的 mould [m əʊld] n. 模具；霉vt. 浇铸；用泥土覆盖 vi. 发霉 high performance 高性能；高效能的 bacterial [bæk't ɪr ɪəl]adj. [微] 细菌的 protein mucous membrane 黏膜 metabolism 新陈代谢 metabolite 代谢物 plasma 血浆 molecular weight[化学] 分子量 food additive 食品添加剂 organic [ɔː'g æn ɪk]adj. [有化] 有机的；组织的；器官的；根本的 lactic acid 乳酸 citric acid 柠檬酸 penicillin [pen ɪ's ɪl ɪn]n. 盘尼西林（青霉素） penicillium [,pen ɪ's ɪl ɪəm]n. 青霉菌；青霉菌属 tetracycline [,tetr ə'sa ɪkli ːn]n. [药] 四环素（抗生素的一种） derivative 衍生物 contamination 污染 sterile ['stera ɪl] adj. 不育的；无菌的；贫瘠的；不毛的；枯燥乏味的 aerobic [e ə'r əʊb ɪk]adj. 需氧的；增氧健身法的oxygen ['ɒksɪdʒ(ə)n]n. [化学] 氧气，[化学] 氧carbon dioxide [无化] 二氧化碳carbohydrate [kɑːbə'haɪdreɪt]n. [有化] 碳水化合物；[有化] 糖类starch [stɑːtʃ]n. 淀粉；刻板，生硬vt. 给上浆saccharide ['sækəraɪd]n. 糖；糖类polysaccharide [,pɒlɪ'sækəraɪd] n. [有化] 多糖；多聚糖（等于polysaccharid）glucose葡萄糖nitrogen ['naɪtrədʒ(ə)n] n. [化学] 氮urea [jʊ'riːə; 'jʊərɪə] n. [肥料] 尿素phosphate ['fɒsfeɪt]n. 磷酸盐；皮膜化成optimal ['ɒptɪm(ə)l] adj. 最佳的；最理想的ammonium sulfate[肥料] 硫酸铵ammonium [ə'məʊnɪəm]n. [无化] 铵；氨盐基,氨气ammonia [ə'məʊnɪə]n. [无化] 氨，阿摩尼亚separate ['sep(ə)rət]adj. 单独的；分开的n. 分开；抽印本vt. 使分离；使分开；使分居vi. 分开；隔开；分居filtrate ['fɪltreɪt]n. [化学] 滤液vt. 过滤；筛选vi. 过滤absorption [əb'zɔːpʃ(ə)n; -'sɔːp-]n. 吸收；全神贯注，专心致志extraction [ɪk'strækʃ(ə)n; ek-]n. 取出；抽出；拔出；抽出物；出身recombinant [rɪ'kɒmbɪnənt]n. 重组；重组体encode [ɪn'kəʊd; en-]vt. [计] 编码，译码purification chromatographic procedure色谱分析程序calcium ['kælsɪəm]n. [化学] 钙regiospecific reaction区域专一性反应stereospecific reaction 立体专一性反应isomerization [aɪ,sɒməraɪ'zeɪʃən]n. [化学] 异构化；异构化作用isomeric ['aisəu'merik]adj. [化学] 同分异构的；[化学][核] 同质异构的fructose ['frʌktəʊz; -s]n. [有化] 果糖；左旋糖countless ['kaʊntlɪs]adj. 无数的；数不尽的diagnose ['daɪəgnəʊz; -'nəʊz]vt. 诊断；断定vi. 诊断；判断diagnostic [daɪəg'nɒstɪk] n. 诊断法；诊断结论adj. 诊断的；特征的analysis [ə'nælɪsɪs]n. 分析；分解；验定analyst ['æn(ə)lɪst] n. 分析者；精神分析医师；分解者analytical [ænə'lɪtɪk(ə)l]adj. 分析的；解析的；善于分析的analyze ['ænə,laɪz]vt. 对进行分析，分解（等于analyse）protease ['prəʊtɪeɪz]n. [生化] 蛋白酶ingredient [ɪn'griːdɪəntn. 原料；要素；组成部分adj. 构成组成部分的in combination with与结合，与联合digestion [daɪ'dʒestʃ(ə)n; dɪ-] n. 消化；领悟enyzmatic cleavage酶法分析产物by means of用，依靠fumaric acid[有化] 富马酸；反丁烯二酸bind [baɪnd]n. 捆绑；困境；讨厌的事情；植物的藤蔓vt. 绑；约束；装订；包扎；凝固vi. 结合；装订；有约束力；过紧immobilize [ɪ'məʊbɪlaɪz]vt. 使固定；使不动；使停止流通racemate ['ræsɪmeɪt]n. 外消旋酒石酸盐；外消旋酸盐；[植] 外消旋物racemic [rə'siːmɪk; rə'semɪk]adj. 外消旋的；消旋酸的acetyl ['æsɪtaɪl; -tɪl]n. [有化] 乙酰；乙酰基heterogeneous [,het(ə)rə(ʊ)'dʒiːnɪəs;-'dʒen-]adj. [化学] 多相的；异种的；[化学] 不均匀的；由不同成分形成的catalysis [kə'tælɪsɪs]n. 催化作用；刺激作用medium ['miːdɪəm]n. 方法；媒体；媒介；中间物adj. 中间的，中等的；半生熟的ester ['estə]n. [有化] 酯synthetic route合成路线registration [redʒɪ'streɪʃ(ə)n]n. 登记；注册；挂号compoundorganometallic [ɔː,gænəʊmɪ'tælɪk]adj. 有机金属的Organometallic:化合物pyridine ['pɪrɪdiːn]n. 嘧啶；氮苯（等于pyridina）aromatic [ærə'mætɪk]n. 芳香植物；芳香剂adj. 芳香的，芬芳的；芳香族的toluene ['tɒljʊiːn]n. [有化] 甲苯xylene ['zaɪliːn]n. [有化] 二甲苯phenol ['fiːnɒl]n. 石碳酸，[有化] 苯酚Phenol:苯酚 | 酚 | 防腐剂recrystallization [riː,krɪstəlaɪ'zeɪʃən] n. 再结晶crystal ['krɪst(ə)l]adj. 水晶的；透明的，清澈的n. 结晶，晶体；水晶；水晶饰品methanolethanolacetoneethyl acetate[有化] 乙酸乙酯Benzenechlorobenzene [,klɔːrəʊ'benziːn]n. [有化] 氯苯diethyl ether乙醚，[有化] 二乙醚sodium hydroxiden. [无化] 氢氧化钠hydrochloric acid[无化] 盐酸sulfuric acid[无化] 硫酸nitric acid[无化] 硝酸nitric acid:硝酸 | 硝酸类 | 硝镪水acetic acid[有化] 醋酸，[有化] 乙酸potassium carbonate[无化] 碳酸钾chlorine ['klɔːriːn]n. [化学] 氯（17号化学元素）网络释义:氯 | 氯气 | 液氯chloride ['klɔːraɪd]n. 氯化物iodine ['aɪədiːn; -aɪn; -ɪn]n. 碘；碘酒iodide ['aɪədaɪd]n. [无化] 碘化物fluorine ['flʊəriːn; 'flɔː-]n. [化学] 氟fluoride ['flʊəraɪd; flɔː-]n. 氟化物bromine ['brəʊmiːn]n. [化学] 溴bromide ['brəʊmaɪd] n. [无化] 溴化物；庸俗的人；陈词滥调impurity n.杂质；不纯；不洁quality certificate品质证明书；技师证明书,质量认证GMP [,dʒi:em'pi:]abbr. 药品生产质量管理规范（Good Manufacturing Practice）large amount大量；巨额；大批facility [fə'sɪlɪtɪ]n. 设施；设备；容易；灵巧inspection [ɪn'spekʃn] 网络释义:检验 | 检查 | 视察analogous [ə'næləgəs] adj. 类似的；[昆] 同功的；可比拟的hygienic [haɪ'dʒiːnɪk]adj. 卫生的，保健的；卫生学的be subjected to受到；经受administer [əd'mɪnɪstə]vt. 管理；执行；给予vi. 给予帮助；执行遗产管理人的职责；担当管理人administer:管理 | 实施 | 治理administration [ədmɪnɪ'streɪʃ(ə)n]n. 管理；行政；实施；行政机构biologic response生物反应biologic membrane ['membreɪn] n. 膜；薄膜；羊皮纸to a large extent在很大程度上penetration [penɪ'treɪʃ(ə)n]n. 渗透；突破；侵入；洞察力spatial arrangementn. 空间布置，空间排列pharmacologicadj. 药理学的；药物学的stereochemistry [,sterɪə(ʊ)'kemɪstrɪ; ,stɪərɪə(ʊ)-]n. [化学] 立体化学three-dimensional structure立体结构三维结构lipid ['lɪpɪd] n. [生化] 脂质；油脂structure-activity relationshipsteric ['sterɪk; 'stɪərɪk]adj. 位的（副词sterically，异体字sterical）；（原子的）空间（排列）的steric:空间的 | 立体的correlation [,kɒrə'leɪʃ(ə)n; -rɪ-]n. [数] 相关，关联；相互关系parameter [pə'ræmɪtə]n. 参数；系数；参量partition coefficient[分化] 分配系数（等于distribution coefficient）distribution function [力] 分布函数；分配函数conformation [kɒnfɔː'meɪʃ(ə)n]n. 构造；一致，符合conformation:构象 | 构造 | 组成extraction [ɪk'strækʃ(ə)n; ek-]n. 取出；抽出；拔出；抽出物；出身optical isomerism[物化] 光学异构；[物化] 旋光异构optical isomer[物化] 光学异构体enantiomorphic [en,æntiə'mɔ:fik]adj. 镜象体的；对映异构的enantiomorph [ɪ'næntɪə(ʊ)mɔːf; e-]n. [有化] 对映体，左右像by no means:决不 | 并没有 | 并不tartaric acid [有化] 酒石酸manually ['mænjuəli]adv. 手动地；用手magnification [,mægnɪfɪ'keɪʃ(ə)n]n. 放大；放大率；放大的复制品drug design药物设计polarized light[光] 偏振光dextrorotatory [,dekstrəʊ'rəʊtət(ə)rɪ] adj. 右旋的；右旋性的levorotatory [,liːvəʊ'rəʊtətərɪ]adj. 左旋的clockwise ['klɒkwaɪz]adj. 顺时针方向的adv. 顺时针方向地countclockwiseantipode ['æntɪpəʊd]n. 正相反的事物；[有化] 对映体nonsuperimposable mirror imagecoincide with符合；与...相一致glyceraldehyde [,ɡlɪsə'rældəhaɪd]n. [生化] 甘油醛absolute ['æbsəluːt]adj. 绝对的；完全的；专制的n. 绝对；绝对事物literature ['lɪt(ə)rətʃə]n. 文学；文献；文艺；著作configuration [kən,fɪgə'reɪʃ(ə)n; -gjʊ-]n. 配置；结构；外形crystallography [,krɪstə'lɒgrəfɪ]n. [晶体] 结晶学asymmetric [,esɪ'mɛtrɪk]adj. 不对称的；非对称的access ['ækses] n. 进入；使用权；通路vt. 使用；存取；接近isomeric ['aisəu'merik]adj. [化学] 同分异构的；[化学][核] 同质异构的enantiom er [en'æntiəmə,-mɔ:f]n. [有化] 对映体；[数][有化] 对映异构体diastereoisomer['daiə,steriəu'aisəmə, ,daiə'steriəumə]n. [有化] 非对映异构体atomic number基本翻译[化学] 原子序数（指元素在周期表中按次序排列的序号）网络释义atomic number:原子序数 | 原子数 | 原子序priority [praɪ'ɒrɪtɪ]n. 优先；优先权；[数] 优先次序；优先考虑的事magnifica tion [,mægnɪfɪ'keɪʃ(ə)n]n. 放大；放大率；放大的复制品solubility:溶解度 | 溶解性 | 溶度spatial ['speɪʃ(ə)l]adj.:空间 | 立体的 | 空间性的sequencein vivo [in'vi:vəu, -'vai-]（拉）[生物] 在活的有机体内in vitro [in'vi:trəu, -'vi-]在体外；在试管内receptor [rɪ'septə]n. [生化] 受体；接受器；感觉器官intravenous injection静脉注射be susceptible to敏感的with respect to 关于；至于contract ['kɒntrækt]n. 合同；婚约vt. 感染；订约；使缩短vi. 收缩；感染；订约Contract in simpler means a promise or a series of promise made by a person to another and in this...substrate ['sʌbstreɪt]n. 基质；基片；底层（等于substratum）；酶作用物epoxidation [,epɔksi'deiʃən]n. [有化] 环氧化作用carcinogen [kɑː'sɪnədʒ(ə)n]n. 致癌物质oxidation [ɒksɪ'deɪʃ(ə)n]n. [化学] 氧化oxidation:氧化 | 氧化作用 | 自动氧化oxidasepreparation [,prepə'reɪʃ(ə)n]n. 预备；准备predominant [pr ɪ'd ɒm ɪn ənt]adj. 主要的；卓越的；支配的；有力的；有影响的 predominant:支配 | 主要的 | 优势的 species ['spi ːʃi ːz; -ʃɪz; 'spi ːs-]n. [生物] 物种；种类adj. 物种上的 complex ['k ɒmpleks]adj. 复杂的；合成的 n. 复合体；综合设施 dehydrase [di ː'ha ɪdre ɪs]n. 脱水酶 dehydrase:脱水酶 | 脱氢酶 | 去水酶dehydrogenase [,di ːha ɪ'dr ɒd ʒəne ɪz] n. [生化] 脱氢酶 decarboxylase [,di:k ɑ:'b ɔksileis] n. [生化] 脱羧酶（等于carboxylase ） hydrolytic enzymes 水解酶 isomerase [ai's ɔm əreis]n. [生化] 异构酶 permease ['p ɜːm ɪe ɪs]n. [生化] 透性酶；[生化] 通透酶 choline ['k əʊli ːn; -l ɪn]n. [生化] 胆碱；维他命B 复合体之一 one out of every ten 十分之一 clinical 临床的 interaction [ɪnt ər'æk ʃ(ə)n]n. 相互作用；[数] 交互作用n. 互动 excrete [ɪk'skri ːt; ek-]vt. 排泄；分泌 网络释义 excretion [ɪk'skri ːʃ(ə)n; ek-]n. 排泄，排泄物；分泌，分泌物 inversion [ɪn'v ɜːʃ(ə)n]n. 倒置；反向；倒转 coordination [ko,ɔrd ɪ'ne ʃən]n. 协调，调和；对等，同等Coordination:协调 | 配位 | 同等 delay [d ɪ'le ɪ]n. 延期；耽搁；被耽搁或推迟的时间vt. 延期；耽搁vi. 延期；耽搁 efficacy ['ef ɪk əs ɪ]n 功效，效力 Efficacy:疗效 | 功效 | 效力 in place 相称的，合适的 entity ['ent ɪt ɪ]n. 实体；存在；本质 drug development 药物开发 attrition [ə'tr ɪʃ(ə)n]n. 摩擦；磨损；消耗 toxicity [t ɔk'sis əti]n. [毒物] 毒性 toxic ['t ɒks ɪk]adj. 有毒的；中毒的 toxicology [,t ɒks ɪ'k ɒl əd ʒɪ]n. [毒物] 毒物学，[毒物] 毒理学 anti-infective [,æntiin'fektiv]adj. 【医学】抗感染的n. 【药物】抗感染药物(或药剂) healthcare ['helθkεə]n. 医疗保健；健康护理，健康服务；卫生保健 repro-toxicology toxicology [,t ɒks ɪ'k ɒl əd ʒɪ] n. [毒物] 毒物学，[毒物] 毒理学 genotoxicityn. 基因毒性、遗传毒性 drug candidate indication [ɪnd ɪ'ke ɪʃ(ə)n]n. 指示，指出；迹象；象征 pharmacokinetics [,f ɑ:m ək əuki'netiks, -kai-]n. 药物（代谢）动力学 adverse ['ædv ɜːs]adj. 不利的；相反的；敌对的（名词adverseness ，副词adversely ） profile ['pr əʊfa ɪl] n. 侧面；轮廓；外形；剖面、属性 formulary ['f ɔːmj ʊl ər ɪ]n. 公式集；处方一览表；套话adj. 规定的；公式的；药方的 formulation [,f ɔrmj ə'le ʃən] n. 构想，规划；公式化；简洁陈述、公式化 、剂型formular ['f ɔ:mjul ə]adj. 公式的 NSET:表面能量转移 | 调速器无负荷速度调节 | 国家地震技术协会 dose/once a day dosing dosage ['d əʊs ɪd ʒ]n. 剂量，用量 dosage form[药] 剂型 overdosage ['əuv ə'd əusid ʒ]n. 过剂量 regulatory ['re ɡjul ət əri]adj. 管理的；控制的；调整的 interdependent [,ɪnt ɚd ɪ'p ɛnd ənt]adj. 相互依赖的；互助的 Interdependent:共生 | 相互依赖的 | 互相依赖的 subacute 亚急性的 chronic ['kr ɒn ɪk]adj. 慢性的；长期的；习惯性的 clinical ['kl ɪn ɪk(ə)l]adj. 临床的；诊所的 preclinical [pri ː'kl ɪn ɪk(ə)l]adj. 临床前的；现出症状之前的潜伏期的 vital optimum ['ɒpt ɪm əm]n. 最佳效果；最适宜条件 adj. 最适宜的 optimize ['ɑpt ɪma ɪz]vt. 使最优化，使完善 vi. 优化；持乐观态度 impurity [ɪm'pj ʊər ɪt ɪ]n. 杂质；不纯；不洁 pilot plantn. 试验工场；小规模试验厂 critical path:关键路径 | 关键路线 | 关键线路criteria [krai'tiəriə]n. 标准，条件（criterion的复数）update [ʌp'deɪt]n. 更新；现代化vt. 更新；校正，修正；使现代化网络释义in parallel并行的；并联的；平行的adequate ['ædɪkwət]adj. 充足的；适当的；胜任的stability [stə'biliti]n. 稳定性；坚定，恒心potency ['pəʊtnsɪ]n. 效能；力量；潜力；权势dermal ['dɜːməl]adj. 真皮的；皮肤的cardiovascular 心血管的respiratory [rɪ'spɪrət(ə)rɪ;'resp(ə)rət(ə)rɪ; rɪ'spaɪ-]adj. 呼吸的/呼吸系统 / 呼吸道nervous ['nɜːvəs]adj. 神经的；紧张不安的；强健有力的concurrently [kən'kʌrəntli]adv. 兼；同时发生地label ['leɪb(ə)l]n. 标签；商标；签条vt. 标注；贴标签于synergies协同作用antagonize [æn'tæɡənaɪz]拮抗作用vt. 使…敌对；使…对抗；对…起反作用vi. 引起反抗antagonize:敌对 | 起反作用 | 使成敌人reversible [rɪ'vɜːsɪb(ə)l]adj. 可逆的；可撤消的；可反转的n. 双面布料irreversible [ɪrɪ'vɜːsɪb(ə)l]adj. 不可逆的；不能取消的；不能翻转的permissible [pə'mɪsɪb(ə)l]adj. 可允许的；获得准许的lifespan ['laɪfspæn]n. 寿命；预期生命期限；预期使用期限| 生命值 | 使用寿命diseasetumour inhaler [ɪn'heɪlə]n. [临床] 吸入器；空气过滤器；吸入者capsule ['kæpsjuːl; -sjʊl]n. 胶囊；[植] 蒴果；太空舱；小容器adj. 压缩的；概要的vt. 压缩；简述rodent ['rəʊd(ə)nt]adj. 啮齿类的；咬的，嚼的；侵蚀性的n. [脊椎] 啮齿动物foetal ['fitl]adj. 胎儿的；似胎儿的teratology [,terə'tɒlədʒɪ]n. [胚] 畸形学；怪异研究exposure [ɪk'spəʊʒə; ek-]n. 暴露；曝光；揭露；陈列patch [pætʃ]n. 眼罩；斑点；碎片；小块土地vi. 打补丁vt. 修补；解决；掩饰set-up ['sɛtʌp]n. 计划；组织；机构；装配hazard ['hæzəd]n. 危险，冒险；冒险的事vt. 赌运气；冒…的危险，使遭受危险网络释义on a large scale大规模地shelf-lifen. 贮藏寿命tannin ['tænɪn]n. 丹宁酸；鞣酸caffeine ['kæfiːn]n. [有化][药] 咖啡因；茶精（兴奋剂）In commonvacuum titration真空滴定homogeneous [,hɒmə(ʊ)'dʒiːnɪəs; -'dʒen-]adj. 均匀的；[数] 齐次的；同种的gallic acid没食子酸，[化学] 五倍子酸鞣酸hydroxyl group羟基esterify [e'sterɪfaɪ]vt. 使酯化vi. 酯化phenolic [fi'nɔlik]n. [胶粘] 酚醛树脂adj. [有化] 酚的；[胶粘] 酚醛树脂的；石碳酸的Phenolic:酚醛树脂 | 酚的 | 苯酚的precipitate [prɪ'sɪpɪteɪt]n. [化学] 沉淀物vt. 使沉淀；促成；猛抛；使陷入adj. 突如其来的；猛地落下的；急促的vi. [化学] 沉淀；猛地落下；冷凝成为雨或雪non-hydrolyzablehydrolyzableadj. 可水解的carboxyl group羧基carboxyl group:酰基 | 第二个糖为具有羧基acidic [ə'sɪdɪk]adj. 酸的，酸性的；产生酸的calcium carbonaten. [无化] 碳酸钙carbonate ['kɑːbəneɪt]n. 碳酸盐vt. 使充满二氧化碳；使变成碳酸盐carbonate:碳酸盐 | 碳酸酯 | 碳酸根chloroform ['klɔːrəfɔːm; 'klɒr-]n. 氯仿；三氯甲烷vt. 用氯仿麻醉flavonoiddistillation sublimationsalicylic acid three neck round bottom flask separatory funnel steam bath distillation flask beaker rinse ozone ice water bath condenser heparin digestion Aside from fall into Provide for as with Cation compendial Batch –to batch coagulation clot decolorize anticoagulant precipitation methodology extraneous intestinal mucosa casing nitrate proteolytic degrade/ degradation peroxide antithrombin thrombin platelet aggregation intratracheal parenteral topical comatose relegate tablet syrup suspension emulsion versus breakage leakage chip crack taste masking expiration Even partially portable Adsorbent be free of / be free from Preference 偏爱 otherwise ad. 另外，别样 Burden 负担，负重， on standing 搁置 microbiologic preservation dispense bioavailability systemic effects self-administration of medication motion sickness medical emergency sterile ophthalmic irrigate mucous abrade Viable 能生长发育的，生存的 Mucous menbrane Body compartment 体室，体腔 Body cavity Circumvent 围绕，包围，智胜，防止…发生，迂回 Exceptionally 特殊地，异常地 Wound 受伤 Vessel 管，脉管 Specialized 专业的，专业性的 By far 非常，更加 Monograph 专题文章，专题论文 Stringent 严格的，严厉的 Inclusive 范围广的 Gravimetric 重量分析法的 Electrolytic 电介质的，电解的 Conductivity 电导率 Conductance 电导，电导性 Immerse 将…浸入 Electrode 电极 Specific 比的 ResistanceWithstand 经受得住 Stress 恶劣的 Redictable 可预报的 Reproducible 可重现的 Necessary 必然的 Solubilizers 加溶剂 Chelate 螯合 Excipient 赋型剂 Ingredient 配料 Medicinal agent Dispense 使分散，使疏开，配方（药） Ingenuity 独创性，精明 Formulator Meager 贫乏的 Continuance 持续 pellet vehicle gravimetric instantaneous osmosis dissociate pyrogen antioxidant buffer tonicity antifungal inhibitor antifoaming colligative extemporaneous specification preparation optimize accumulation availability delivery/ deliver peroral release sustain gastrointestinal predefine cavity margin ionic/ion simulate distinctly efficacy paddle intestinal interval a steady-state blood or tissue level elimination blood vessel electrode/electrolytic conductivity/conductance resistance excipient thermal viable disintegration residence time accomplish maximum/maximize potentiate prescribe uniformity compliance specification physiologic agitation In the face of 面临 Fluctuation 波动 Deliberate 深思熟虑的 Peroral 经口的 Depot 仓库 Repository 仓库 Sustained release ， Sustained action ， prolonged action ， controlled release ， extended action ， timed release ， repository dosage forms Implicit 固有的 peak 峰 dump maintenance dose maintenance period methane, ethane, Propane, butane/tetrane, pentane ethylene, Propylene/propene, butylene, 1-pentene methanol,ethanol/ethyl alcohol, Propanol/ propyl alcohol, Butanol/Butyl alcohol, 1-pentanol calibrate aseptic stoichiometry replenishment tubular productyieldscirculate atomize discrete reactant material transfer regeneration reactant conversion deviate from viscosityexothermic endothermicshort-circuiting 短路 laminarflowadiabatic radial product yields well-stirredbatch reactorreactor configuration semibatchreactorcontinous-flow stirred-tank reactorback-mixing返混 cross-section pressue dropcountercurrentpacked-columnrate-limiting stepfluidized or fluid bed tubularreactortubular plug-flow reactor batchoperationturbulent trickle bed multiplicity in series逐次的，串联的feed Cross－flow错流，横向流Panel－bed 板式床 reactiondriving froces 反应驱动力Chain－terminating Hydraulic水力学的mechanical seal 机械密封 viscous 粘滞的Be prone to 倾向于, 易于中药traditional Chinese drug生药crude drug草药medicinal herb民族药ethnic drug地产药材native drug 道地药材famous-region drug中成药Chinese patent medicine海洋生药学marine pharmacognosy药用植物学medicinal botany植物化学phytochemistry植物化学分类学plant chemotaxonomy 生药拉丁名Latin name of crude drug 学名scientific name来源source混淆品adulterant类同品allied drug伪品counterfeit drug代用品substitute掺伪adulteration天然产物natural product化学成分chemical constituent有效成分effective constituent主成分main constituent活性成分active constituent莽草酸途径shikimic acid pathway乙酸一丙二酸途径acetate-malonatepathway乙酸- 甲瓦龙酸途径acetate-mevalonate pathway单糖monosaccharide戊糖pentose己精hexose庚糖heptose辛糖octose脱氧糖deoxysaccharide, deoxysugar呋喃糖furanose吡喃糖pyranose寡糖oligosaccharide二糖disaccharide三糖trisaccharide四糖tetrasaccharide五糖pentosacc haride多糖polysaccharide淀粉starch树胶gum果胶pectin半纤维素hemicellulose纤维素cellulose甲壳质chitin肝素heparin硫酸软骨素chondroitin sulfate玻璃酸hyaluronic acid直链淀粉amylose支链淀粉amylopectin糖原glycogen费林试验Fehling test苷glycoside糖杂体heteroside苷元aglycone苦杏仁酶emulsin氰苷cyanogenic glycoside, cyanogenetic glycoside酚苷phenolic glycoside多酚polyphenol醛苷aldehyde glycoside醇苷alcoholic glycoside吲哚苷indole glycoside树脂醇苷resinol glycoside硫苷thioglycoside呫吨酮xanthone呫吨酮苷xanthonoid glycoside蒽醌anthraquinone蒽醌苷anthraquinone glycoside蒽酚anthranol氧化蒽酚oxanthranol蒽酮anthrone二蒽酮dianthrone羟基蒽醌hydroxyanthraquinone博恩特雷格反应Borntrager reaction黄酮类flavonoid黄酮苷flavonoid glycoside黄酮flavone黄烷flavane黄酮醇flavonol黄烷酮flavanone黄烷酮醇flavanonol异黄酮isoflavone异黄烷酮isoflavanone新黄酮类neoflavonoid裂环烯醚萜苷secoiridoid glycoside木脂体lignan木脂内酯lignanolide新木脂体neolignan木素lignin萜terpene萜类terpenoid半萜hemiterpene单萜monoterpene倍半萜sesquiterpene二萜diterpene三萜triterpene四萜tetraterpene多萜polyterpene齐墩果烷oleanane挥发油volatile oil精油essential oil鞣质tannin鞣酸tannic acid可水解鞣质hydrolysable tannin缩合鞣质condensed tannin鞣酐phlobaphene鞣花鞣质ellagitannin没食子鞣质gallotannin双缩脲反应biuret reaction脂肪fat脂肪油fatty oil去油de-fatting蜡wax环烯醚萜苷iridoid glycoside环烯醚萜iridoid裂环烯醚苷secoiridoid皂化saponification酸败rancidity饱和脂肪酸saturated fatty acid不饱和脂肪酸unsaturated fatty acid有机酸organic acid树脂resin油树脂oleoresin树胶树脂gum resin香树脂balsam香脂酸balsamic acid苷树脂glycosidal resin苦味素bitter principle色素pigment微量元素trace element生物碱alkaloid吖啶生物碱acridine alkaloid阿朴啡类生物碱aporphine alkaloid苄基异喹啉生物碱benzylisoquinoline alkaloid双苄基异喹啉生物碱bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid双吲哚生物碱bisindole alkaloid咪唑生物碱imidazole alkaloid吲哚生物碱indole alkaloid吲哚联啶生物碱indolizidine alkaloid吲哚烷胺生物碱indolylalkylamine alkaloid异喹啉生物碱isoquinoline alkaloid大环生物碱macrocyclic alkaloid吗啡烷生物碱morphinane alkaloid羟吲哚生物碱oxindole alkaloid菲啶生物碱phenanthridine alkaloid苯烷胺生物碱phenylalkylamine alkaloid哌啶生物碱piperidine alkaloid嘌呤生物碱purine alkaloid吡啶生物碱pyridine alkaloid吡咯生物碱pyrrolidine alkaloid吡咯联啶生物碱pyrrolizidine alkaloid喹唑啉生物碱quinazoline alkaloid喹啉生物碱quinoline alkaloid喹啉联啶生物碱quinolizidine alkaloid甾体生物碱steroid alkaloid萜类生物碱terpenoid alkaloid四氢异喹啉生物碱tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid碘化汞钾试剂Mayer's reagent碘化铋钾试剂Dragendorff's reagent碘化钾碘试剂Wagner's reagent硅钨酸试剂Bertrand's reagent, silicotungstic acid reagent磷钼酸试剂Sonnenschein's reagent, phospho-molybdic acid reagent苦味酸试剂Hager's reagent, picric acid reagent矾酸铵-浓硫酸试液Mandelin test solution 钼酸铵-浓硫酸试液Frohde test solution甲醛-浓硫酸试液Marquis test solution莨菪烷tropane莨菪烷生物碱tropane alkaloid除虫菊素类pyrethroid-acetal 醛缩醇acetal- 乙酰acid 酸-al 醛alcohol 醇-aldehyde 醛alkali- 碱allyl 丙烯基alkoxy- 烷氧基-amide 酰胺amino- 氨基的-amidine 脒-amine 胺-ane 烷anhydride 酐anilino- 苯胺基aquo- 含水的-ase 酶-ate 含氧酸的盐、酯-atriyne 三炔azo- 偶氮benzene 苯bi- 在盐类前表示酸式盐bis- 双-borane 硼烷bromo- 溴butyl 丁基-carbinol 甲醇carbonyl 羰基-caboxylic acid 羧酸centi- 10-2chloro- 氯代cis- 顺式condensed 缩合的、冷凝的cyclo- 环deca- 十deci 10-1-dine 啶dodeca- 十二-ene 烯epi- 表epoxy- 环氧-ester 酯-ether 醚ethoxy- 乙氧基ethyl 乙基fluoro- 氟代-form 仿-glycol 二醇hemi- 半hendeca- 十一hepta- 七heptadeca- 十七hexa- 六hexadeca- 十六-hydrin 醇hydro- 氢或水hydroxyl 羟基hypo- 低级的，次-ic 酸的，高价金属-ide 无氧酸的盐，酰替…胺，酐-il 偶酰-imine 亚胺iodo- 碘代iso- 异，等，同-ite 亚酸盐keto- 酮ketone 酮-lactone 内酯mega- 106meta- 间，偏methoxy- 甲氧基methyl 甲基micro- 10-6milli- 10-3mono- ( mon-) 一，单nano- 10-9nitro- 硝基nitroso- 亚硝基nona- 九nonadeca- 十octa- 八octadeca- 十八-oic 酸的-ol 醇-one 酮ortho- 邻，正，原-ous 亚酸的，低价金属oxa- 氧杂-oxide 氧化合物-oxime 肟oxo- 酮oxy- 氧化-oyl 酰para- 对位，仲penta- 五pentadeca- 十五per- 高，过petro- 石油phenol 苯酚phenyl 苯基pico- 10-12poly- 聚，多quadri- 四quinque- 五semi- 半septi- 七sesqui 一个半sexi- 六sulfa- 磺胺sym- 对称syn- 顺式，同，共ter- 三tetra- 四tetradeca- 十四tetrakis- 四个thio- 硫代trans- 反式，超，跨-yl 基-ylene 撑(二价基，价在不同原子上）-yne 炔。
生物医学专业词汇整理1, lipid ['lipid, 'laipid]n. 油脂；脂质2, photosynthetic [,fəutəsin'θetik] adj. 光合的；光合作用的3, enzyme ['enzaim]n. 酶4, extracellular [,ekstrə'seljulə] adj. [生]（位于或发生于）细胞外的（副词extracellularly） 5, cytosol ['saitəsɔl] n. [生]胞液，细胞溶质6, detergent [di'tə:dʒənt]n. 清洁剂；去垢剂9, fluorescence [fluə'resns]n. 荧光；荧光性fluorescence: 荧光|萤光|光度Inherent fluorescence: 固有荧光delayed fluorescence: 延迟荧光|迟滞荧光|迟延荧光Rafts: 皮筏|木筏Life Rafts: 救生艇Lipid Rafts: 脂筏|脂质筏|脂质浮排11, numerical [nju:'merikəl]adj. 数字的；数值的；用数字表示的（等于numeric）12, trypsin ['tripsin]n. [生化]胰蛋白酶；胰岛素Trypsin: 胰蛋白酶|胰朊酶|胰蛋白insulin trypsin: 胰岛素Trypsin Crystallized: 释义：结晶胰蛋白酶[蛋白水解酶14, yeast [ji:st]n. 酵母；酵母片；泡沫；引起骚动因素15, detect [di'tekt] vt. 发现；察觉；探测16, halt [hɔ:lt]vi. 停止；踌躇，犹豫；立定n. 停止；立定；休息vt. 使停止；使立定17, convert [kən'və:t]vt. 使转变；转换…；使…改变信仰 vi. 转变，变换；皈依；改变信仰 n. 皈依者；改变宗教信仰者18, whereby [hwεə'bai]adv. 凭什么；靠那个19, amino [ə'mi:nəu] adj. 氨基的n. 氨基20, peptidesn. 多肽类；缩氨酸21, dissolved gas溶解气体22, dissolvedadj. 溶解的；溶化的v. 使溶解；使溶化（dissolve的过去分词）23, sap [sæp]n. 树液；活力；坑道；精力，元气vt. 使衰竭，使伤元气；挖掘以破坏基础vi. 挖坑道24, endocrine ['endəukrain, -krin] n. 激素；内分泌；内分泌物adj. 内分泌的；激素的25, pancreas ['pænkriəs]n. 胰腺26, gland [ɡlænd]n. [解]腺27, glucouse glucouse: 葡萄糖28, insulin ['insjulin, 'insə-] n. 胰岛素29, regulate ['reɡjuleit]vt. 调节，规定；有系统的管理；控制；校准30, paracrine [,pærə'krain]n. 旁分泌；副分泌；旁泌性31, diffuse [di'fju:s]adj. 散开的；弥漫的vt. 传播；扩散；漫射vi. 传播；四散32, mediator ['mi:dieitə]n. 调停者；传递者；中介物33, autocrine [ɔ:təukrain]n. 自分泌，自泌34, proliferation [prəu-,lifə'reiʃən] n. [生]增殖，扩散；分芽繁殖35, neuronaladj. 神经元的36, axon['æksɔn,-səun]n. 轴索，轴突（神经细胞）37, synapse ['sainæps, 'si-, si'næps]n. 突触38, spinal ['spainəl]adj. 脊骨的；脊髓的；脊柱的；尖刺的；针的n. 脊椎麻醉39, cord [kɔ:d]n. 束缚；绳索vt. 用绳子捆绑40, toe [təu]n. 脚趾；足尖vt. 用脚尖走；以趾踏触vi. 动脚尖；用足尖跳舞41, neurotransmitter [,njuərəutrænz'mitə, -træns-] n. [生]神经递质；神经传递素42, intimate ['intimət]adj. 亲密的；私人的；精通的；[婉]有性关系的 n. 至交；知己vt. 暗示；通知；宣布43, lodge [lɔdʒ]n. 旅馆；门房；集会处；山林小屋vt. 提出；寄存；借住；嵌入vi. 寄宿；临时住宿44, plasma membrane 质膜；浆膜（等于cell membrane）45, embryonic [,embri'ɔnik]adj. 胚胎的；似胚胎的46, adjacent [ə'dʒeisənt]adj. 邻近的，毗连的47, akin [ə'kin] adj. 同族的；同类的；类似的48, epithelial [,epi'θi:liəl] adj. [生]上皮的；皮膜的49, bind [baind] vi. 结合；装订；有约束力；过紧vt. 绑；约束；装订；包扎；凝固n. 捆绑；困境；讨厌的事情；植物的藤蔓50, mediate ['mi:dieit]vi. 调解；斡旋；居中vt. 调停；传达adj. 间接的；居间的51, fatty acid[化]脂肪酸52, disorder [dis'ɔ:də]n. 混乱；骚乱vt. 扰乱；使失调53, kinase ['kaineiz, 'ki-]n. 激酶；致活酶Kinase: 激酶|激酶??|致活酶thymidine kinase: 胸腺嘧啶核苷漱酶|胸苷激酶|胸[腺嘧啶脱氧核]苷激酶Glucose kinase: 葡萄糖激酶54, trimeric [trai'merik]adj. 三聚物的55, circuit ['sə:kit]n. 电路，回路；环道；一圈；巡回vi. 环行vt. 绕回…环行56, ligand ['liɡənd, 'lai-]n. [化]配合基（向心配合价体）57, physiology [,fizi'ɔlədʒi]n. 生理学；生理机能58, hijacking ['haidʒækiŋ]n. 劫持（hijack的现在分词）59, cholera ['kɔlərə] n. [医]霍乱60, ion ['aiən]n. 离子ion: 离子|智能光网络|翼扬ion plating: 离子电镀|离子镀|离子镀敷descript ion: 品名61, stretch [[stretʃ]]n. 伸展，延伸adj. 可伸缩的vt. 伸展,张开vi. 伸展stretch: 伸展|拉伸|缩放reel stretch: 卷圆压平|卷...stretch receptor: 牵张感受器|伸展感受器|(肌肉的)牵张感受器62, hypertonic [,haipə'tɔnik] adj. [化]高渗的；[医]张力亢进的hypertonic: 张力亢进的|高渗的|高张的，高渗的Hypertonicincoordinate: 高张性、不协调和延长的子宫收缩hypertonic gallbladder: 胆囊张力过强63, hypotonic [,haipəu'tɔnik] adj. [医]低渗的；张力减退的hypotonic: 低张的|低渗的|低渗hypotonic hypoxia: 低张性缺氧hypotonic duodenography: 低张力十二指肠造影术|低张十二指肠造影64, isotonic [,aisəu'tɔnik]adj. 等张的，等压的isotonic: 等渗的|等张的，等渗的|等分的isotonic contraction: 等张力性收缩|等张收缩：张力维持不变而使肌肉缩短或加长的肌肉收缩。
⽣物医药专业英语词汇知识整合⽣物制药专业英语词汇Aabsolute lethal dose;LD100绝对致死剂量absorption rate constant吸收速率常数accelerated testing加速试验acetylcholinesterase⼄酰胆碱酯酶acetylcholine⼄酰胆碱acrylic acid resin丙烯酸树酯activation激活作⽤activator激活剂active targeting preparation主动靶向制剂acute toxicity test急性毒性实验additive effect累加效应additive附加剂adenosine phosphate腺苷磷酸adhersive strength粘附⼒adhesion粘附性adhesives粘合剂adjuvant佐剂adrenergic nerve肾上腺素能神经adrenergic receptor肾上腺素能受体adverse reaction不良反应aerogel⽓凝胶aerosil微粉硅胶aerosol of micropowders for inspiration吸⼊粉雾剂aethylis oleas油酸⼄酯agglomerate聚结物aggregation聚集air suspension空⽓悬浮法albumin microballoons⽩蛋⽩微球制剂alkaloid⽣物碱alkalosis;alkali-poisoning碱中毒allergy;allergic reaction变态反应allotted date of drug quality ensuring by manufacturer药品负责期all-trans全反式alterntae addition method两相交替加⼊法amebocyte lysate变形细胞溶解物amorphous forms⽆定型anaphylactic drug reaction过敏性药物反应anaphylatoxin过敏毒素anatoxin;toxoid类毒素angle of repose休⽌⾓antagonism拮抗作⽤antiadherent抗粘剂antibacterial spectrum抗菌谱antibody抗体antigen抗原antioxidants抗氧剂antipode对映体antisepesis防腐antiserum抗⾎清antitoxin抗毒素apparent solubility表现溶解度aprotinin抑酞酶aromatic compound芳族化合物aromatic waters芳⾹⽔剂Arrhenius⽅程阿仑尼乌斯⽅程artificial antigen⼈⼯合成抗原artificial immunization⼈⼯免疫aseptic technique⽆菌操作法astringent收敛药autoimmunity⾃⾝免疫Bbactericidal activity杀菌活性bactericidal effect杀菌作⽤bacteriophage噬菌体bacteriostatic activity抑菌活性bactriostasis抑菌作⽤ball mill球磨机base adsorption基质吸附率bases基质beeswax蜂蜡bending弯曲⼒bioavailability⽣物利⽤度bioavailability⽣物利⽤度biochemical approach⽣物学⽅法biochemistry⽣物化学biogenic amine⽣物胺biological half life⽣物半衰期biological product⽣物制品biometrics;biometry⽣物统计学biopharmacy⽣物药剂学blood coagulation⾎液凝固blood concentration⾎药浓度blood products⾎液制品blood volume expander⾎容量扩充剂blood-cerebral barrier⾎脑屏障body fluid体液body surface area体表⾯积bound water结合⽔分breakage(Bk)脆碎度broad-spectrum antibiotic⼴谱抗⽣素bulk density松密度、堆密度burst effect突释效应Ccaking结饼capillary state⽑细管状capsules胶囊剂carcinogenic test致癌实验carcinogen致癌物carrier载体catecholamine⼉茶酚胺CD圆⼆⾊谱法cellular immunity细胞免疫cellulose acetate(CA)醋酸纤维素chelating agent螯合剂chemical analysis化学分析chemical disinfection化学消毒法chemical physics化学物理学chemotherapy化学药物治疗chewable tablets咀嚼⽚chiral drug⼿性药物Chitosan壳聚糖chlinical pharmacy临床药学cholinesterase胆碱酯酶chronaxia;chronaxy时值chronic toxicity test;long term toxicity test慢性毒性实验chronopathology时⾠病理学chronopharmacology时⾠药理学chronosusceptability时间感受性chronotherapy时间治疗cipher prescription协定处⽅Clausius-Clapeyron⽅程克劳修斯－克拉珀龙⽅程clinical pharmaceutics临床药剂学clinical pharmacology临床药理学cloud point对聚氧⼄烯型⾮离⼦表⾯活性剂CMC-Na羧甲基纤维素纳CMS-Na羧甲基淀粉钠coagulation聚沉coated tablets包⾐⽚coating material表材cocoa butter可可⾖脂coefficient of diffusion扩散系数coenzyme辅酶cohesion凝聚性、粘着性cohesive strength内聚⼒cold compression method汽压法cold-homogenization冷却⼀匀化法cold-storage冷藏colon-targeted capsules结肠靶向胶囊剂compactibility成形性complement system补体系统complement补体complete antigen完全抗原complex coacervation复凝聚法complex solubilizer助溶剂compliance顺应性compressed tablets普通⽚compressibility压缩度compressibility压缩性compression压缩⼒compressive work压缩功concentration浓度cone and plate viscometer圆椎平板粘度计consistency curve稠度曲线content uniformity含量均匀度controllability可控性controlled release preparation控释制剂controlled release tablets控释⽚controlled-release preparation控释制剂convective mixing对流混合convective transport传递透过coordination number配位数core material表⼼物cosolvency潜溶cosolvent潜溶剂coulter counter method库尔特计数法count basis个数基准covalent bond共价键cracemization外消旋作⽤critical relative humidity（CRH）临界相对湿度critical velocity临界速度crude drugs;natural drugs天然药物crude drugs⽣药crushing粉碎crystal form晶型crystal habit晶态、晶癖、结晶习性cumulative size distribution累积分布cumulative urinary excretion curves累积尿排泄曲线cutting剪切⼒cyclodextrin(CYD)环糊精cylinder model圆栓体模型cytotoxic hexitols⼰糖醇细胞毒剂cytotoxicity细胞素Ddecoction汤剂degree of circularity圆形度degree of sphericility球形度delipidization⾓质层去脂质化desiccant;drying agent⼲燥剂detoxication解毒作⽤dextrin糊精dextrorotatory form右旋体dextrose右旋糖dialysis cell method渗析池法dicetyl phosphate磷酸⼆鲸蜡脂dielectric constant介电常数differential scanning calorimetry DSC差⽰扫描显热法Differential thermal analysis DTA差⽰热分析法diffusion扩散diffusive mixing扩散混合dilatant flow胀性流动diluents稀释剂、填充剂dimethicone(silicones)⼆甲基硅油、硅油、硅酮directed pharmaceutical preparations定向药物制剂discontinuous sterilization 间歇灭菌法disinfection消毒disintegrants崩解剂disintegration崩解度disk assemble method圆盘法dispensing pharmacy调剂学disperse medium分散介质disperse phase分散相disperse system分散体系dispersed phase分散相、内相、⾮连续相dispersible tablets分散⽚displacement value(DV)置换价dissolution;dissolving溶解distilled water蒸馏⽔DLVO理论引⼒势能与斥⼒势能DME⼆甲醚DMSO⼆甲基亚矾dosage form剂型dosage regimen or dose rate给药⽅案或给药速度dosage;dose剂量dose or concentration dependency剂量或浓度的依存性dosing interval给药间隔double-blind technique双盲法drop dentifrices滴⽛剂drug absorption药物吸收drug accumulation药物蓄积drug administration law药品管理法drug batch number药品批号drug carrier药物载体drug combination合并⽤药drug distribution药物分布drug elimination药物消除drug excretion药物排泄drug interaction药物相互作⽤drug metablic enzyme药物代谢酶drug metabolism药物代谢drug reaction药物反应drug sensitive test药敏试验Drug Standard of Ministry of Public Health of the People's Republic of China中华⼈民共和国卫⽣部药品标准drug standard药品质量标准drug tolerance耐药性drug-induced diseases药源性疾病drug-loading rate载药量drug-time curve药—时曲线dry bulb temperature⼲球温度dumping effect突释效应Eear drops滴⽿剂effective concentration有效浓度effective halt有效半衰期effective rate有效率effectiveness有效性effector效应器effector效应物effect效应effervescent disintegrants泡腾崩解剂effervescent tablets泡腾⽚elastic deformation弹性变形elastic recovery(ER)弹性复原率elastic work弹性功elasticity弹性electrolyte电解质electrolyzation电解electroporesis电致孔法electuary煎膏剂elimination rate constant消除速率常数emulsifer in water method⽔中乳化剂法、湿胶法emulsifier in oil method油中乳化剂法、⼲胶法emulsions乳剂emulsion普通乳enamine烯胺endocytosis内呑endotoxin内毒素enteric coated tablets肠溶⾐⽚enteric coating肠溶⾐enteric controlled release tablets肠溶控释⽚enterohepatic circulation肠肝循环entrapment rate包封率environmental pharmacology环境药理学epidermis表⽪epimerization差向异构作⽤equilibrium solubility平衡溶解度equilibrium water平衡⽔分essential aminoacid必需氨基酸essential drugs基本药物essential fatty acid必需脂肪酸ethical(prescription)drug处⽅药ethnopharmacology⼈种药理学ethycellulose(EC)⼄基纤维素etiological treatment对因治疗evaporation蒸发excipients辅料excitability兴奋性exotoxin外毒素expiry date;date of expiration药品有效期external phase分散介质、外相、连续相extracts浸膏剂extravascular administration⾎管外给药eye drop滴眼剂eye ointments眼膏剂Ffactorial design析因设计fatal dose;lethal dose致死量fatty oils脂肪油fermentation发酵fillers填充剂film coated tablets薄膜⾐⽚film dispersion method薄分散法film-coating薄膜⾐films膜剂filter aid助滤剂first pass effect of hepar肝⾸过效应first-pass effect⾸过效应fliud extracts流浸膏剂flocculation value絮凝度flocculation絮凝flow curve流动曲线flow velocity流出速度flowability流动性fluid-energy mills流能磨、⽓流式粉碎机fluidity buffer流动性缓冲剂fluidized bed coating流化床包⾐法free water⾃由⽔分freely movable liquid⾃由流动液体freezing;refrigeration冷冻frequency size distribution频率分布funicular state索带状fusion融合Ggas analysis⽓体分析gas permeability method⽓体透过法GCP药物临床试验管理规范gelatin glycerin⽢油胫胶gelatinization糊化gelatin明胶general acid-base catalysis⼴义酸碱催化Geneva nomenclature⽇内⽡命名法geometric diameter⼏何学粒⼦径geometric isomerization⼏何异构ghost cell影细胞glidants助流剂GLP药物⾮临床研究管理规范gluconeogenesis糖异⽣作⽤glycerins⽢油剂glyceryl monostearate硬脂酸、⽢油酯glycolic acid羟基⼄酸glycolysis酵解GMP药品⽣产质量管理规范granule density颗粒密度granules颗粒剂growth curve⽣长曲线guest molecules客分⼦Hhalf lethal dose;median lethal dose;LD50半数致死剂量half-life period;half life time半衰期halogenide卤化物hard capsules硬胶囊剂hardness硬度hemolysis溶⾎histamine组胺holonzyme and prosthetic group全酶与辅基hormone激素host molecules主分⼦humidity湿度humoral immunity体液免疫hydration of stratum corneum⾓质层的⽔化作⽤hydrogel⽔性凝胶hydrolysis⽔解（作⽤）hydrophile-lipophile balance亲⽔亲油平衡值hydrotropy agent助溶剂hydrotropy助溶hydroxypropyl methylcellulose羟丙甲纤维素hygroscopicity吸湿性hyperreactivity⾼敏性hypodermic tablets⽪下注射⽤⽚IIDDS植⼊给药系统IEC离⼦交换⾊谱法IEF等电点聚焦immobile liquid不可流动液体immunoenhancement免疫增强剂immunogenicity免疫原性immunosuppressant;immuno inhibitor免疫抑制剂impact mill冲击式粉碎机impact冲击⼒implant tablets植⼊⽚implants埋植剂inclusion compound包含物incomplete antigen不完全抗原indirect carcinogenesis间接致癌individual differences;individual variation个体差异性industrial pharmacy⼯业药剂学。
MS知不知道我们每天在用的化妆品里都含有什么成分呢? 它们又分别起什么作用呢？下面由A-Z列出化妆品原料，需要的时候可以查一下。
INGREDIENTS(成分) 中文标示简介AAcyclovir 带状泡疹、水痘药物治疗成份，需医生处方Adapalene 维他命A酸衍生物治疗痤疮有效成份，需医生处方Adenosine Triphosphate(ATP) 腺三磷酸使皮肤代谢正常Albumin 白蛋白水溶性蛋白质，为中性缓冲液，是一种酵素Alcohol 酒精溶剂Alfalfa Extract 紫花苜蓿萃取含多种氨基酸及红萝卜素，可抗老化Algae Extract 海藻萃取液抗氧化Algisium C 是一种生物保湿剂，可以修护肌肤并使更新暗沉的肤质，延缓老化的速度；其保湿性可维持8-12小时Alkyl Benzoate 烃基安息香酸盐油脂剂，作为基质Allantoin 尿囊素抗炎症、促进细胞修护Almond 杏仁油天然油脂，用作基质Aloe Extract 芦荟萃取镇静、保湿、滋润、抗敏、镇静、去红肿Aloe Vera 芦荟镇静、保湿、滋润、抗敏、镇静、去红肿Alpha Hydroxy(AHA) 果酸最常用的为甘醇酸(Glycolic Acid)及乳酸(Lactic Acid)，主要功效在促进皮肤新陈代谢，具有角质微剥的功效Alpha Lipoic Acid 脂肪酸，硫辛酸抗氧化Alpha Tocopheryl 维他命E 抗氧化Aluminum Chlorohydrate 氢氯酸铝可抑制身体出汗，常来用作止汗剂成份Amino Acid 天然胺基酸防止水份过度的流失，并使肌肤温和不紧绷，护肤、供给肌肤营养Aminocaproic Acid 胺基己酸预防肌肤敏感现象Ammonium Glycyrrhizate 甘草酸胺保湿、预防过敏Amniotic Fluid 羊膜液含丰富肌肤所需的胺基酸Angelica Sinensis Diels Extract 当归萃取具有行气活血功效，可促进肌肤毛细微管血液循环Angelica 白芷当归属，含天然维他命C及预防敏感作用Angiosperm Extract 被子植物酸具有防止发炎及抗过敏效果Anhydroalkannin 去水紫草烯紫草萃取精华，可抗炎、抗菌、活血、去瘀Anthranilates 化学性防晒成分Apple Extract 苹果萃取含有Vit-C等美容成份，另具有爽肤、镇静消毒作用Apricot Bead 杏桃颗粒通常加在磨砂膏中，用来去除皮肤老废角质Apricot Kernel Oil 杏核油富含矿物质和维他命，是天然的保湿剂，特别适合敏感性肤质Aqua 水，溶液基质Arbutin 熊果素淡化已形成的黑色素，能安定自由基、避免肌肤老化，卫生署公布有效美白成份之一Arnica Extract 山金车萃取活血散瘀Arnica Oil 山金车油可促使伤口愈合、消毒、消肿、防止瘀斑出现Ascorbic Acid 维他命C 抗氧化Ascorbyl Glucoside(AAG) 维他命C甘醣维他命C衍生物，为卫生署公布有效美白成份之一Ascorbyl Pamitate 维他命C棕榈酸盐一种脂溶性维他命C，是安定的维他命CAscorbyl Stearate 酯化C 安定的维他命CAscorbyl Tetraisopalmitate 脂溶性维他命C 安定的维他命CAstragalus Membranaceus(Fisch) Bunge Extract 膜荚黄耆萃取提高肌肤活力，效用比人蔘更佳Avobenzone 化学性防晒成分，属Parsol 1789类，罕见过敏反应Avocado Oil 骆梨油保湿剂、含大量维他命A、C、D、EAzelaic Acid 壬二酸，杜鹃花酸抑制黑色素，抗菌消炎，用来治疗痤疮的温和成份BBaSO4 硫酸钡物理性防晒成份Babassuamidopropylamine 泡沫增强剂Bay Extract 月桂萃取收敛毛孔、抑制油份分泌Bearberry Extract 熊果萃取含食子单宁、葡萄糖甘等成份，具收敛、杀菌消毒、美白等功效Bees Wax 蜜蜡基质，可增强产品浓度Bentonite 膨润土，皂土有很好的清洁和吸附效果，亦具有抑制脸部油脂分泌的功效，用来调置面膜清洁皮肤，或是用作产品基质Benzalkonium Chloride 氯化苯二甲烃铵抗菌、防腐Benzoic Acid 安息香酸，苯甲酸防腐剂Benzophenones(Benzophenone-3) 二苯甲酮衍生物化学性防晒成分，可防御UVA，属苯甲酮类Benzoyl Alcohol 产品赋型剂，作为基质Benzoyl Peroxide 过氧化苯盐是一种氧化剂，有抑菌的效果，特别是对引起青春痘的痤疮杆菌这种厌氧菌特别有效Bergamot Mint Extract 佛手柑萃取收敛毛孔、平衡油脂分泌Betula Alba Extract 桦木芽萃取抗菌Betula Extract 桦木萃取抗菌、收敛、净化作用Bilberry Extract 覆盆子萃取消毒、收敛、消脂、排水Bio-Collagen 生化胶原蛋白保湿Bio-Enzyme 酵素，脢促进细胞新陈代谢Biocatalyst 酵素促进细胞新陈代谢Biopeptide 生化蛋白质刺激胶原蛋白合成，预防老化，有助组织重建Biopeptides 双性缩胺酸促进胶原蛋白、弹力蛋白的产生，改善松弛Biota Orientalis(L.) Endle Extract 侧柏叶萃取镇定肌肤Birch Tree Extract 桦树萃取消毒、收敛，增加皮肤愈合力Bisabolo Extract 没药萃取收敛、消毒杀菌加快伤口愈合Bisabolol 甜没药醇防刺激剂，提取自洋甘菊Bletilla Striata Reichenbach Extract 白芨萃取含天然维他命C，可减少黑色素沉淀Borage Oil 琉璃苣油天然油脂，含丰富的维他命E、F，修补凹洞Bromclain 菠萝酵素代谢老旧细胞角质Burdock Root Extract 牛蒡根萃取调节皮脂分泌、收敛作用Burdock 牛蒡消毒、预防粉刺、促进细胞生长、抗发炎Butyl Methoxydibenzoylmethane 化学性防晒成分，属Parsol 1789类，罕见过敏反应Butyl Paraben 丁酯防腐剂Butyl Stearate 硬脂酸赋型剂、基质Butylene Glycol 丁二醇保湿Butylhydroxyanisol 羟基茴香二丁酯酸化防止剂CC12-15 Alkyl Benzoate 赋型剂、基质CO-Q10 辅脢抗氧化，可以消灭自由基，维持细胞膜的完整和稳定Calcium Pantetheine Sulfonate 维他命B5衍生物，为紫外线吸收剂(化学性防晒成份) Calcium Pantothenate 泛酸钙，维他命B5 抗氧化，促进代谢Calendula Extract 金盏花萃取具舒缓、安抚敏感肌肤等功效Camellia Sinensis Extract 山茶萃取，茶多酚抗氧化Camphor 樟树抗痒、防过敏Candelilla Wax 墈地里拉蜡浓度增强剂Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride 三甘油酯皮肤润滑剂Carbomer 高份子胶浓度增强剂Carbopol 羧乙烯聚合物赋型剂Carboxymethyl Chitin 几丁质衍生物来自虾蟹外壳，为一高分子量之粘多醣体，具有保湿作用Carnauba Wax 棕榈蜡增加光泽感Carrageenan 鹿角菜胶保湿Carrot Oil 胡萝卜油可促使伤口愈合、镇痛、滋养、消毒、抗老化Carthamus Tinctorius L. Extract 红花萃取活化肌肤Castor Oil 蓖麻油含蓖麻油酸(Ricinoleic acid)，可润滑、保湿Centella Asiatica 老公根紧实肌肤、增加弹性Ceramide 3 分子钉保湿剂Ceramide 神经醯胺、细胞质脂保湿剂Ceresin 矿蜡乳化剂Ceteareth-12 乳化剂Ceteareth-20 乳化剂Cetearyl Alcohol 十六硬脂酸酯乳化剂Cetyl Acetate 鲸蜡醋酸盐油脂剂Cetyl Alcohol 鲸腊硬酯醇、十六醇乳化剂Cetyl Dimethicone 鲸蜡硅氧烷油脂剂Cetyl Palmitate 棕榈酸鲸腊酯乳化剂Chamomil Oil 洋甘菊油抗自由基、舒缓Chamomile Extract 洋甘菊萃取含丰富的甘菊蓝，具有防止皮肤发炎的功效，亦具有清洁、安定肌肤的效果Chlorella Extract 绿藻萃取滋润、保湿Cholecalciferol 维他命D3，胆骨化醇内用为增加钙质吸收，外用可治疗牛皮癣Cholesterol 胆固醇乳化剂Cinnamate 桂皮酸盐类化学性防晒成分，也是目前较安全的成份Cinnamon Essential Oil 肉桂精油防腐、杀菌Cinoxate 化学性防晒成分，属桂皮酸盐类Citric Acid 柠檬酸防腐剂及平衡酸碱度Citric Alcohol 柠檬醇乳化剂Citric Oil 柠檬油润肤Citron 法国香柠檬具提神醒肤、消除肌肉疲劳以及对毛孔粗大有收敛效果等作用Citronella Essential Oil 香茅精油清洁、杀菌Citrus Extract 柑橘萃取含有维他命C，具有防菌效果，可以控制油脂分泌作用及防止雀斑、黑斑的形成Coal Tar 煤焦油常用来做为唇膏的染料Cocamidopropyl Betaine 烷基醯胺类界面活性剂，起泡剂，清洁用Cocamidopropyl Hydroxy Sultane 烷基醯胺类界面活性剂，起泡剂，清洁用Cocoamide DEA 非离子界面活性剂清洁用品主要成份。
液相色谱词汇中英文对照液相色谱词汇中英文对照高效毛细管电泳 high-performance capillary electrophoresis 归一化法normalization method 毛细管等电聚焦capillary isoelectric focusing 毛细管等速电泳 isotachophoresis 毛细管电色谱 capillary electrochromatography 毛细管电泳 capillary electrophoresis 毛细管电泳电喷雾质谱联用capillary electrophoresis -electr芯片电泳 microchip electrophoresis 色谱法 chromatography 色谱峰 chromatographic peak 色谱峰区域宽度 peak width 色谱富集过样 samt injection of chromatography 色谱工作站chromatographic working station 色谱图 chromatogram 色谱仪chromatograph 色谱柱 chromatographic column色谱柱 column色谱柱切换技术 switching column technique 毛细管超临界流体色谱法 capillary supercritical fluid chromat 毛细管电泳基质辅助激光解吸电离质谱离线检测 off-line capillar 毛细管电泳离子分析capillary ion analysis毛细管电泳免疫分析immunity analysis of capillary electropho毛细管胶束电动色谱 micellar electrokinetic chromatography 毛细管凝胶电泳 capillary gel electrophoresis 毛细管凝胶柱capillary gel column 毛细管亲和电泳 affinity capillary electrophoresis 毛细管区带电泳 capillary zone electrophoresis 毛细管有效长度 the effective length of capillary electrophor 间接检测 indirect detection 间接荧光检测indirect fluorescence detection 间接紫外检测 indirect ultraviolet detection 检测器 detector 检测器检测限detector detectability 检测器灵敏度 detector sensitivity 检测器线性范围 detector linear range 阴离子交换剂 anion exchanger 阴离子交换色谱法 anion exchange chromatography, AEC 高速逆流色谱法high speed counter-current chromatography高温凝胶色谱法high temperature gel chromatography高效液相色谱 -付里叶变换红外分析法high performance liquid ch高效液相色谱法 high performance liquid chromatography 高效柱 high performance column 高压流通池技术 high pressure flow cell technique 高压输液泵 high pressure pump 高压梯度high-pressure gradient 高压液相色谱法 high pressure liquid chromatography 阴离子交换树脂 anion exchange resin 荧光薄层板 fluorescent thin layer plate 荧光检测器 fluorescence detector 荧光色谱法 fluorescence chromatography 迎头色谱法frontal chromatography 迎头色谱法 frontal method 硬（质）凝胶 hard gel 有机改进剂 organic modifier 有机相生物传感器Organic biosensor 有效峰数 effective peak number EPN 有效理论塔板数 number of effective theoretical plates 有效塔板高度 effective plate height 有效淌度 effective mobility 淤浆填充法 slurry packing method 予柱 pre-column 在线电堆集on-line electrical stacking 在柱电导率检测 on-column electrical conductivity detection 噪声 noise噪信比 noise -signal ratio增强紫外 -可见吸收检测技术U V-visible absorption enhanced det窄粒度分布 narrow particle size distribution 折射率检测器refractive index detector, RID 真空脱气装置 vacuum degasser阵列毛细管电泳 capillary array electrophoresis 蒸发光散射检测器 evaporative light-scattering detector, ELSD 整体性质检测器 integral property detector 正相高效液相色谱法normal phase high performance liquid chro 正相离子对色谱法normal phase ion-pair chromatography 正相毛细管电色谱positive capillary electrokinetic chromatog 直接化学离子化direct chemical ionization GC-MS 直接激光在柱吸收检测 on-column direct laser detection 纸色谱法 paper chromatography 置换色谱法 displacement chromatography 制备色谱 preparative chromatography 制备色谱仪 preparative chromatograph 制备柱 preparation column 智能色谱chromatography with artificial intelligence 质量色谱 mass chromatography 质量型检测器 mass detector质量型检测器 mass flow rate sensitive detector 中压液相色谱 middle-pressure liquid chromatography 重建色谱图reconstructive chromatogram 重均分子量 weight mean molecular weight 轴向扩散 longitudinal diffusion 轴向吸收池 absorption pool of axial direction 轴向压缩柱 axial compression column 柱端电导率检测 out- let end detection of electrical conductiv 柱负载能力 column loadability 柱后衍生化 post-column derivatization 柱老化 condition (aging) of column 柱流出物 (column) effluent 柱流失 column bleeding 柱内径 column internal diameter 柱前衍生化 pro-column derivatization 柱切换技术 column switching technique 柱清洗 column cleaning 柱容量 column capacity 柱入口压力 column inlet pressure 柱色谱法 column chromatography 柱上检测 on-line detection 柱渗透性 column permeability 柱寿命 column life 柱头进样 column head sampling 柱外效应 extra-column effect 柱温箱 column oven 柱效 column efficiency 柱压 column pressure 柱再生 column regeneration 柱中衍生化 on-column derivatization 注射泵syringe pump 转化定量法 trans-quantitative method 紫外 -可见光检测器 ultraviolet visible detector, UV-Vis 紫外吸收检测器 ultraviolet absorption detector 自动进样器automatic sampler 自由溶液毛细管电泳 free solution capillary electrophoresis 总分离效能指标 over-all resolution efficiency 总交换容量 total exchange capacity 总渗透体积 total osmotic volume 纵向扩散 longitudinal diffusion 组合式仪器系统 building block instrument 最佳流速 optimum flow rate 最佳实际流速 optimum practical flow rate 最小检测量 minimum detectable quantity 最小检测浓度minimum detectable concentration 萃取色谱法 extraction chromatography 脱气装置 degasser 外标法 external standard method 外梯度 outside gradient 网状结构 reticularstructure 往复泵 reciprocating pump 往复式隔膜泵reciprocating diaphragm pump 微分型检测器 differential detector 微孔树脂 micro-reticular resin 微库仑检测器 micro coulometric detector 微量进样针 micro-syringe 微量色谱法micro-chromatography 微乳液电动色谱 microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography 微生物传感器 Microbial sensor 微生物显影 bioautography 微填充柱 micro-packed column 微吸附检测器 micro adsorption detector 微型柱micro-column 涡流扩散 eddy diffusion 无机离子交换剂inorganic ion exchanger 无胶筛分毛细管电泳 non-gel capillary electrophoresis 无孔单分散填料 non-porous monodisperse packing 无脉动色谱泵 pulse-free chromatographic pump 物理钝化法 physical deactivation 吸附等温线 adsorption isotherm 吸附剂 adsorbing material 吸附剂活性 adsorbent activity 吸附平衡常数 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Deemter equation 仿生传感器 Biomimic electrode 放射性检测器 radioactivity detector 放射自显影autoradiography 非极性固定相 non-polar stationary phase 非极性键合相 non-polar bonded phase 非水系凝胶色谱柱 non-aqua-system gel column 非水相色谱 nonaqueous phase chromatography 非吸附性载体 non-adsorptive support 非线性分流 non-linearity split stream 非线性色谱 non-linear chromatography 非线性吸附等温线 non-linear adsorption isotherm 酚醛离子交换树脂phenolic ion exchange resin 分离－反应－分离展开 SRS development 分离数 separation number 分离因子 separation factor分离柱 separation column 分配等温线 distribution isotherm 分配色谱 partition chromatography 分配系数 partition coefficient 分析型色谱仪 analytical type chromatograph 分子扩散 molecular diffusion 封尾 endcapping 峰高 peak height pH 梯度动态分离 dynamic separation of the pH gradient pH 值梯度洗脱 pH gradient elution Zata 电势 Zata potential Z 形池 Z-form pool 氨基键合相 amino-bonded phase 氨基酸分析仪 amino acid analyzer 安培检测器 ampere detector 白色载体 white support 半微柱 semimicro-column 半制备柱 semi-preparation column 包覆型离子交换剂 coated ion exchanger 包覆型填料coated packing material 保护柱 guard column 保留间隙retention gap 保留时间 retention time 保留体积 retention volume 保留温度 retention temperature 保留值定性法 retention qualitative method 保留值沸点规律 boiling point rule of retention 保留值碳数规律 carbon number rule of retention 保留指数 retention index 保留指数定性法 retention index qualitative method 背景电导 background conductance 苯酚磺酸树脂 phenol sulfonic acid resin 苯乙烯 styrene 比保留体积specific retention volume 比例阀 proportional valve 比渗透率specific permeability 比移值 Rf value 便携式色谱仪 portable chromatograph 标准偏差 standard deviation 表观电泳淌度apparent electrophoretic mobility 表观交换容量 apparent exchange capacity 表面电位检测器 surface potential detector 表面多孔硅胶 superficially porous silica gel 表面多孔填料superficially porous packing material 表面多孔型离子交换剂superficially porous ion-exchanger 玻璃球载体 glass beads support 不分流进样 splitless sampling 参比柱 reference column场放大进样 electrical field magnified injection 场流分离field-flow fractionation 场流分离仪 field-flow fractionation 场效应生物传感器 Field effect transistor based Biosensor 常压液相色谱法 common-pressure liquid chromatography 超声波脱气 ultrasonic degas程序变流色谱法 programmed flow (gas) chromatography 程序升温进样 programmed temperature sampling 程序升温色谱法programmed temperature (gas) chromatography 程序升温蒸发器programmed temperature vaporizer ,PTV 程序升压 programmed pressure 大孔树脂 macro-reticular resin 大孔填料 macro-reticular packing material 大内径毛细管柱 Megaobore column 单活塞往复泵 single piston reciprocating pump 单相色谱仪single phase chromatograph 单向阀 one-way valve单柱离子色谱法 single column ion chromatography 等度洗脱isocratic elution等离子体色谱法 plasma chromatography等途电泳-毛细管区带电泳耦合进样 isotachophoresis injection- c…低负荷柱 low load column低容量柱 low capacity column 低压梯度 low-pressure gradient 低压液相色谱 low-pressure liquid chromatography 电导池conductance cell 电导检测法 conductance detection 电荷转移分光光度法 charge transfer spectrophotometry 电化学检测器electrochemical detector 电解抑制器 electrolyze suppressor。
Imaging,Diagnosis,PrognosisSerum Peptidome Profiling Revealed Platelet Factor 4as a Potential Discriminating Peptide Associated with Pancreatic CancerGeorg Martin Fiedler,1Alexander Benedikt Leichtle,1Julia Kase,1Sven Baumann,1Uta Ceglarek,1Klaus Felix,4Tim Conrad,3Helmut Witzigmann,2Arved Weimann,5Christof Schütte,3Johann Hauss,2Markus Büchler,4and Joachim Thiery 1AbstractPurpose:Mass spectrometry –based serum peptidome profiling is a promising tool to identify novel disease-associated biomarkers,but is limited by preanalytic factors and the intricacies of complex data processing.Therefore,we investigated whether standard-ized sample protocols and new bioinformatic tools combined with external data validation improve the validity of peptidome profiling for the discovery of pancreatic cancer –associated serum markers.Experimental Design:For the discovery study,two sets of sera from patients with pan-creatic cancer (n =40)and healthy controls (n =40)were obtained from two different clin-ical centers.For external data validation,we collected an independent set of samples from patients (n =20)and healthy controls (n =20).Magnetic beads with different surface functionalities were used for peptidome fractionation followed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF)mass spectrometry (MS).Data evalua-tion was carried out by comparing two different bioinformatic strategies.Following pro-teome database search,the matching candidate peptide was verified by MALDI-TOF MS after specific antibody-based immunoaffinity chromatography and independently con-firmed by an ELISA assay.Results:Two significant peaks (m /z 3884;5959)achieved a sensitivity of 86.3%and a specificity of 97.6%for the discrimination of patients and healthy controls in the external validation set.Adding peak m /z 3884to conventional clinical tumor markers (CA 19-9and CEA)improved sensitivity and specificity,as shown by receiver operator characteristics curve analysis (AUROC combined =1.00).Mass spectrometry –based m /z 3884peak identifi-cation and following immunologic quantitation revealed platelet factor 4as the corre-sponding peptide.Conclusions:MALDI-TOF MS-based serum peptidome profiling allowed the discovery and validation of platelet factor 4as a new discriminating marker in pancreatic cancer.P ancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer death inthe United States.Most patients diagnosed with pancreatic can-cer develop clinical symptoms late in the course of the disease (1).Therefore,only 20%will be amenable to potentially cura-tive therapy and only 3%to 5%of patients survive 5years or more (2).Earlier diagnosis of the disease and early relapse monitoring are probably the best available options to improve patient survival (3).Currently,no single clinical chemical mark-er meets the sensitivity and specificity criteria required for screening or stratification purposes (4).Established serum mar-kers such as carbohydrate antigen CA 19-9or carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)are useful to monitor the course of disease on and off treatment,but they lack the prerequisites for screening and to estimate the prognosis of a patient (2,5).Peptidome-based studies using high-throughput spectromet-ric methods such as matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF)mass spectrometry (MS)promise to be valuable for the identification of new “disease signatures ”and cancer-associated biomarkers,especially combined with hitherto known biomarker patterns in a multivariate approachAuthors'Affiliations:1Institute of Laboratory Medicine,Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics,2Clinic of Visceral Surgery,University Hospital Leipzig,Leipzig,Germany;3Department of Mathematics,Free University of Berlin,Berlin,Germany;4Department of General Surgery,University of Heidelberg,Heidelberg,Germany;and 5Clinic of General Visceral Surgery,Hospital St.Georg Leipzig,Leipzig,GermanyReceived 10/17/08;revised 3/2/09;accepted 3/10/09;published OnlineFirst 5/26/09.Grant support:BMBF/SAB and by a grant from Microsoft Research,Cam-bridge (J.Thiery),and by a “formel-1grant ”of the Medical Faculty of the University Leipzig (S.Baumann and A.B.Leichtle).The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges.This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18U.S.C.Section 1734solely to indicate this fact.Note:Supplementary data for this article are available at Clinical Cancer Research Online (/).G.M.Fiedler,A.B.Leichtle,and J.Kase contributed equally to this study.Requests for reprints:Joachim Thiery,Institute of Laboratory Medicine,Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics,University Hospital Leipzig,Medical Faculty,University Leipzig,Liebigstr.27,D-04103Leipzig,Germany.Phone:49-341-9722200;Fax:49-341-9722379;E-mail:thiery@medizin.uni-leipzig.de.F 2009American Association for Cancer Research.doi:10.1158/R-08-27013812Clin Cancer Res 2009;15(11)June 1,(6–13).However,there is a controversy regarding the diagnostic potential and reliability of the clinical proteomics approach (14–18).It was perceived that standardization of preanalytic and an-alytic factors,as well as improvements in bioinformatic tools are important preconditions for translating serum peptidomics from the bench to the bedside (16,19–21).For instance,it was shown that many preanalytic factors have a major effect on the results of biomarker discovery and limit the use of pre-existing sample banks (22–26).Recently,we developed standardized sample protocols and new bioinformatic tools for spectral data prepro-cessing and peak selection to enhance the sensitivity of data anal-ysis (;refs.22,27).6The present clinical study investigated the effect of our standard-ized sample protocol and new bioinformatic tools combined with external data validation on the efficiency of MALDI-TOF –based peptidome profiling for the discovery and clinical replication of novel serum markers of pancreatic cancer.Materials and MethodsPatients and samplesA total of 120patients with pancreatic cancer and controls were re-cruited for this study.For the discovery study,sera were obtained from two different clinical centers [University Hospital Leipzig (UHL,set A)and University Hospital Heidelberg (UHH,set B)].Consequently,we obtained two sets from patients with pancreatic cancer [Ap (n =20),Bp (n =20)]and two sets of healthy controls [Ac (n =20),Bc (n =20)].Fol-lowing finalization of the discovery study,additional blood samples from patients with pancreatic cancer and from healthy controls were collected at the University Hospital Leipzig for independent external validation [Cp (n =20)and Cc (n =20)].Subjects were adjusted according to age and gender (Table 1).Additionally,serum samples of 26patients suffering from acute pancreatitis were collected as the inflammatory control group.Blood sampling from patients was done before the initiation of specif-ic therapy.Diagnosis of pancreatic cancer was confirmed by histologic examination in all cases.Healthy controls showed no evidence of actual disease proven by physical examination and routine laboratory testing [differentials,C-reactive protein,creatinine,transaminases,alkaline phosphatase,γ-glutamyl transferase,bilirubin,and tumor markers (CA 19-9,CEA)].Serum samples were collected and stored (−80°C)using standardized techniques and protocols (22).The study was approved by the local ethics committees and fulfills the requirements of the Helsinki Declaration.All subjects gave informed con-sent to participate in the study.Chemicals,standards,and consumablesGradient grade acetonitrile,ethanol,and high-performance liquid chromatography water were obtained from J.T.Baker;p.a.trifluoroaceticacid and acetone were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.The peptide and protein MALDI-TOF calibration standards I and α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid were purchased from Bruker Daltonics.Auto-mated magnetic bead preparations were done using 96-well plates,TubePlates from Biozym,polypropylene tubes (low profile)from Ab-gene,and modular reservoir quarter modules from Beckman.For sample storage,450μL CryoTubes were purchased from Sarstedt.Multifly nee-dle sets and polypropylene serum monovettes with clotting activators were also obtained from Sarstedt.Peptidome separationAll serum samples of the discovery set were processed once and ana-lyzed simultaneously to avoid procedure-dependent errors.The external validation set was prepared,processed,and analyzed separately.Peptidome separation of the samples was done using the CLINPROT profiling purification kits from Bruker Daltonics.Magnetic particles with defined surface functionalities [magnetic bead –immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (MB-IMAC Cu),magnetic bead –hydrophobic interaction (MB-HIC C8),and weak cation exchange (MB-WCX)]were processed by the CLINPROT liquid handling robot according to the man-ufacturer's protocol (Bruker Daltonics).Serum specimens were thawed on ice for 30min and immediately processed according to our standard-ized protocol for serum peptidomics (22).Mass spectrometryA linear MALDI-TOF mass spectrometer (Autoflex I;Bruker Daltonics)was used for the peptidome profiling.Daily mass calibration was done using the standard calibration mixture of peptides and proteins in a mass range of 1to 10kDa.Mass spectra were recorded and processed using the AutoXecute tool of the flexControl acquisition software (ver.2.0;Bruker Daltonics).For candidate biomarker discovery using MS/MS analysis,a MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometer (Ultraflex III;Bruker Daltonics)was used.Mass spectrometry data analysisBioinformatic processing.For data analysis,two bioinformatic tools were applied,Bruker Daltonics ClinPro Tools (CPT)2.0.365Software and ,a novel statistically driven preprocessing,peak-find-ing,and analyzing pipeline (27).Mass spectra were generated equally for CPT and .Device-dependent raw data served as the data-base for CPT.For ,data were transformed into device-independent raw data using an ASCII converter (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)provided by Bruker Daltonics.The CPT workflow starts by spectra loading of two selected classes (e.g.,pancreatic cancer and healthy controls of one set).The used CPT software package includes an automated raw data pretreatment workflow,com-prising baseline subtraction with 80%baseline flatness (Convex Hull),normalization of spectra according to the total ion count,an alignment of peaks with a signal-to-noise ratio (S/N)>3to prominent peaks with S/N >100and a peak-picking procedure resulting in peaks defined as dynamic m /z ranges.Savitzky-Golay smoothing was deactivated to avoid the blurring of peaks (CPT manual version 2.0;Bruker Daltonics).Peak statistics were done using Welch's t test without multiple testing correction.Finally,the software provides a list of peaks sorted along the statistical difference between two classes,which was used for further data analysis (28,29).Furthermore,we introduced as a novel web-based bioinformatic platform for peptidome data analysis in cooperation with the Department for Mathematics of the Free University Berlin and Micro-soft Research (Cambridge,United Kingdom;ref.27).The fundamental difference with former approaches is based on the omission of postana-lysis spectra alignment and of S/N cutoffs.This results in an up to 10-fold improvement of detection sensitivity (27).Following single spectra pro-cessing, software creates a master-peak list by detecting clusters using statistical distribution analysis.Single spectra are matched to the master-peak list and the peak features are derived.For candidate cre-ation,we selected peaks with significant feature (via e.g.,Jensen-Shannon6/Translational RelevanceBased on matrix-assisted laser desorption/ioniza-tion time-of-flight peptidome profiling,the present study identifies platelet factor 4as a discriminating serum marker in patients with pancreatic cancer.In conjunction with the conventional tumor markers CA 19-9and CEA,platelet factor 4strongly improves the diagnostic power of tumor marker testing.This might be of special relevance in the differential diag-nosis of pancreatic cancer and pancreatitis.3813Clin Cancer Res 2009;15(11)June 1,2009 PF4as a Supporting Marker of Pancreatic Cancerdivergence)in patient and control groups.P values were calculated for ev-ery significant peak feature using an extreme values distribution method. Terminal classification of spectra was done by established classification al-gorithms(e.g.,Support Vector Machine[SVM]from WEKA).An internal validation(20%leave-out internal five cycle cross-validation)was realized to avoid model-specific overfitting.Following data analysis and peak calculation,we obtained peak lists according to statistical significance for every study set and both software tools(Fig.1).Because CPT performs no correction of the multiple testing problem,we finally focused on the50best-discriminating peaks.Data analysisIn the discovery study,each disease group was cross-tested against both control groups to create lists of candidate markers applying both bioinformatic approaches(Fig.1).Subsequently,we filtered discrimi-nating candidate peaks present in all comparisons.In the following ex-ternal validation study,we applied patterns of these candidate peaks alone and in combination with the tumor markers CA19-9and CEA to classify the independent samples of the external validation set (Table1,Set C).In addition,we did receiver operator characteristics curves(ROC)analyses using SPSS Software(version16,SPSS,Inc.) to detect the gain in sensitivity and specificity introduced by the addi-tional candidate peaks.In silico search of candidate biomarkersAn in silico search against SwissProt database was done using TagIdent tool from ExPASy Proteomics Server with the following criteria:m/z 7767.6,error tolerance350ppm,taxonomy:Homo sapiens.Antibody-based confirmation of MB-MALDI-TOFMS–basedmarkerAntibody capture beads magnetic bead–based immunoaffinity chromatography on immobilized protein G(MB-IAC Prot G;Bruker Daltonics)were used for the antibody-based confirmation of the spe-cific candidate peaks.Selected sample aliquots were prepared accord-ing to the manufacturer's instructions.Briefly,15μL of the MB-IAC Prot G beads were incubated for60min at room temperature with10μL of anti–platelet factor4(PF4)antibodies(concentration,1μg/μL). Thereafter,5μL of a MB-IMAC Cu prepared serum and a PF4standard solution were added and incubated for120min at room temperature. Samples were eluted using10μL elution buffer and incubated for 20min at room temperature.MALDI target preparation was done as mentioned above.Immunoassay for quantification of PF4PF4levels were measured in the serum samples using an Asserachrom PF4antibody-based ELISA(Roche).The serum samples were diluted 1:2,100v/v with a dilution buffer and analyzed according to the manu-facturer's instructions on a Tecan MT plate reader(Tecan)at a wavelength of450nm.Immunoassays for quantification of CA19-9and CEACA19-9and CEA were measured in serum samples by an electro-chemiluminescence immunoassay(Roche)on Modular analytics E 170analyzer(Roche)according to the manufacturer'sinstructions. Table1.Clinical characteristics of patients with pancreatic cancer and controlsStudy complex Sample sets Variables Pancreatic cancer ControlsDiscovery studySet A UHL n2020Male/female10/1010/10Mean age(y)59.350.1Age range(y)46-7137-71 Set B UHH n2020Male/female10/1015/5Mean age(y)59.356.9Age range(y)47-7041-85 External validationSet C UHL n2020Male/female10/1010/10Mean age(y)63.852.2Age range(y)33-7232-70 Abbreviations:UHL,University Hospital Leipzig;UHH,University Hospital Heidelberg.Fig.1.Schematic overview of theentangled peak selection procedureincluding reciprocal cross-validationand external confirmation.Discoverysets(A)and(B),consisting of patients(p)and controls(c)differentiating peaklists(boxes)are linearly andreciprocally parison ofthese peak lists reveals the commoncandidate peak(D),which is applied asa discriminator on the externalvalidation set.This discriminator wassubsequently analyzed with respect toits discriminatory power and structure.3814Clin Cancer Res2009;15(11)June1, Imaging,Diagnosis,PrognosisResultsDetection of discriminating peaksIn the discovery phase,80samples [subset A:20cancer (Ap)and 20controls (Ac);subset B:20cancer (Bp)and 20controls (Bc)]were included for peptidome profiling (Table 1).We obtained ∼750signals for each single serum specimen using MB-IMAC Cu,MB-WCX,and MB-HIC C8,respectively.Each sample was 4-fold processed to improve the data reproducibility (22).Therefore,960peptidome profiles in the mass range of 1,000to 10,000daltons were generated.In total,∼60,000mass signals were available for further bioinformatic analysis.Data processing using CPT.The cancer subsets Ap and Bp were cross-tested against the healthy control subsets Ac and Bc for significant differences in the peptide profile using Welch's t test on the basis of peak areas (Fig.1).As a result,four candidate lists of the 50most significant peaks were generated.This was separately done for each of the three bead functionalities.In to-tal,150promising candidates were selected for each group com-parison.In summary,as a result of the discovery phase,600candidates were selected for further validation.In the next step,all candidates,which could not all be found in the four candidate lists,were excluded from further evaluation.As a result,only sev-en significant peaks,which fulfilled this criterion,remained.In the following verification procedure,unfortunately,all candi-dates had to be excluded as discriminators due to their inconstant rectification as shown for m /z 1945in Fig.2.Consequently,fur-ther data processing by genetic algorithm and support vector ma-chine using CPT was omitted..Based on the same design,the cancer subsets Ap and Bp were cross-tested against the healthy control subsets Ac and Bc for significant differences in the peptide profile using .This bioinformatic tool calculates P values using an extreme values distribution method.In the four candidate lists of each functionality,8to 19significant different peaks could be identified (in total 57peaks),of which six peaks (m /z 1003,1021,3194,3884,4055,and 5959)were significant in at least two comparisons (Supplementary Table S1).Signals up to an m /z 1500were excluded from further data analysis due to ion suppression effects of the MALDI matrix resulting in disturbing high background noise.Therefore,only four peaks (m /z 3194,3884,4055,and 5959)could be confirmed as discriminating peaks in the following verification procedure.These four peakswere applied for linear SVM classification analysis.The peak pattern m /z 3884and 5959(Fig.3)showed the best discrimi-nating power with a sensitivity of 86.3%and specificity of 97.6%,adding a further third or fourth peak did not significant-ly improve the sensitivity and specificity.Therefore,we decided to limit our further analyses to the peak couple m /z 3884and m /z 5959.Models for AUROC analysisThe SVM data were not applicable for AUROC analysis.There-fore,we did all AUROC calculations and model generations on the quantitative data of the peak heights and serum tumor mark-er levels using the SPSS 16statistical package (SPSS).The four model variables of interest were the established tu-mor markers CA 19-9and CEA as well as the aforementioned peaks m /z 3884and m /z 5959as nondiscrete quantitative vari-ables for a given patient P as follows:W(P)=numerical value of the serum concentration of CEA in ng/mL for patient (P)X(P)=numerical value of the serum concentration of CA 19-9in ng/mL for patient (P)Y(P)=numerical value of the peak height of m/z 3884for patient (P)Z(P)=numerical value of the peak height of m/z 5959for patient (P)We built simple factorial models out of these variables,which resulted in composite scores:Model for tumor markers alone:score 1=W(P)×X(P)Model for peaks alone:score 2=Y(P)×Z(P)Model for tumor markers and peaks combined:score 3=[Y(P)×Z(P)]/[W(P)×X(P)]Model for tumor markers and peak m/z 5959:score 3a =Z(P)/[W(P)×X(P)]Model for tumor markers and peak m/z 3884:score 3b =Y(P)/[W(P)×X(P)]These models were equally applied to the discovery and vali-dation sets.AUROCs in the discovery setBased on these quantitative data of the discovery set,the AUROC of the serum tumor marker concentrations alone (score 1)was 0.925[95%confidence interval,(95%CI),0.856-0.994],the AUROC consisting of peak heights of peaks m /z 3884and m /z 5959(score 2)was 0.734(95%CI,0.620-0.848),and the AUROC of the combination of peakheightsFig.2.Peaks identified by CPT as significant were contrarily oriented;example peak m /z 1945,which is higher in the control subset Ac (A ),but lower in the control subset Bc (B ),compared with the corresponding patients.3815Clin Cancer Res 2009;15(11)June 1,2009 PF4as a Supporting Marker of Pancreatic Cancerand serum tumor marker concentrations (score 3)was 0.960(95%CI,0.922-0.997).AUROCS in the external validation setThe aim of the external replication was to validate the discrim-inatory power of candidate m /z 3884and 5959in an indepen-dently collected sample subset of 20patients with pancreatic cancer (Cp)and 20healthy controls (Cc)alone and in combina-tion with the established tumor markers CA 19-9and -puting ROCs,CA 19-9and CEA (score 1)revealed an area under the curve (AUROC)of 0.868.Adding peak m /z 5959to CA 19-9and CEA (score 3a)increased the sensitivity,but decreased the specificity,resulting in an unimproved AUROC of 0.868.However,adding peak m /z 3884to CA 19-9and CEA (score 3b)led to an increase in sensitivity and specificity with an AUROC of 1.0(Fig.4).Fig.3.Peak m /z 3884in the controls (A )and the pancreatic carcinoma patients (B )and peak m /z 5959in the controls (C )and pancreatic carcinoma patients (D )of the externalvalidation set C ,as revealed by.Fig.4.ROC curves of the external validation set.A,sensitivity and specificity for the combination of the two tumor markers CA 19-9and CEA,resulting in an AUROC of 0.868;B,the first model plus marker m /z 5959,also resulting in an AUROC of 0.868;C,the first model plus marker m /z 3884,resulting in an AUROC of 1.00.3816Clin Cancer Res 2009;15(11)June 1,Imaging,Diagnosis,PrognosisIdentification of biomarkersThe MALDI-TOF/TOF MS analysis of the purified MB-IMAC CU eluate revealed that besides the signal m/z3884,a second prominent peak at m/z7767,which suggests that both peaks are differentially charged ions from the same molecule.However, no sufficient fragment spectra could be obtained for structural identification and database search.High-resolution MS proved m/z3884.3as the double-charged ion of the signal at m/z 7767.6.Database search using TagIdent tool from SwissProt da-tabase revealed PF4as the potential underlying peptide.Next,we used anti-PF4MB-IAC Prot G particle–based MALDI-TOF analy-sis to confirm m/z3884as a double-charged ion of PF4.As shown in Fig.5,the signals at m/z7767as well as m/z3884could be unambiguously identified as single-charged and double-charged ions of PF4.Validation of PF4by ELISA techniquesFor the direct validation and quantification of the identified PF4in all serum samples of the present study,the ELISA tech-nique was used.The PF4concentrations of healthy controls(me-dian/2.5th/97.5th percentile:7.3/3.3/13.8kU/mL)and patients with pancreatic cancer(median/2.5th/97.5th percentile:5.6/0.8/12.3kU/mL)differed significantly(P=0.001)and confirmed the MB-MALDI-TOF MS results.In addition,26serum samples from patients with acute pancreatitis were analyzed as inflammatory controls.The PF4concentrations of patients with acute pancrea-titis(median/2.5th/97.5th percentile:8.7/4.6/15.4kU/mL)were slightly elevated compared with healthy controls and were signif-icantly(P<0.001)higher compared to patients with pancreatic cancer(Supplementary Fig.S1).The AUROCs of immunological-ly determined PF4concentrations for the discrimination be-tween healthy controls and patients with pancreatic cancer was 0.833(95%CI,0.725-0.941),and for the discrimination be-tween patients with pancreatic cancer and patients with acute pancreatitis,it was0.829(95%CI,0.720-0.938). DiscussionIn this study,we identified and confirmed PF4as a potential marker peptide for pancreatic cancer using MALDI-TOF MS–based clinical serum peptidome profiling with special con-sideration for the preanalytic preconditions and bioinformatic intricacies.The additional application of PF4stronglyimproves PF4as a Supporting Marker of Pancreatic Cancerthe diagnostic power of conventional serum tumor marker pa-nels consisting of CA19-9and CEA.Clinical proteomics and peptidomics have rapidly grown over the past years,especially in the discovery of potential bio-markers for cancer diagnosis(6–13).However,missing standard-ization of preanalytic factors,methodologic shortcomings,and bioinformatic artifacts led to controversies regarding the applica-bility of these techniques in clinical settings(14–18).To achieve the objective of extracting true positive marker peptides from a haystack of interference-based candidates,well-designed,bias-free,and prospective investigations are demanded,in which sample collection and storage are highly standardized and ap-propriate bioinformatic tools for analysis of putative informa-tive peptides are applied(10,30).Therefore,we collected, stored,and processed the serum samples of the study according to a feasible and highly standardized preanalytic protocol to minimize any sampling-related disturbances(22).Following MALDI-TOF peptidome analysis,we applied a proprietary bioinformatic software(ClinPro Tools)and a recently devel-oped bioinformatic approach()for spectra anal-ysis,which promised to improve the detection of candidate peaks(31).Primarily,we used the proprietary CPT software with data analysis based on an averaged mass spectrum gener-ation for each sample set.In the discovery phase,we could initially select600candidates.However,following cross-validation and verification,no single candidate marker remained.Secondarily,we applied ,which was specially developed for the demands of large-scale peptidome profiling studies(27).This bioinformatic tool supports the pro-cessing of each single peptidome profile.Therefore,it allows data analysis with respect to the variance and the statistical dis-tribution of each single peak even below the common noise lev-el and avoids artifactual peak findings as well as data overfitting (27).Using the software,in total,57candidate peaks were obtained in the discovery phase.Following cross-testing and verification,four reproducible candidate peptides remained,of which peaks m/z3884and5959showed the best discriminating power with a sensitivity of86.3%and a specific-ity of97.6%.To assure the reproducibility of the results,independent vali-dation studies are necessary(17),but often are not practical due to the limited access to comparable patient subsets of similar source and possible storage time–dependent degradation of the samples(21).Hence,following discovery study,we collected an independent sample set for external validation of our first re-sults adhering to the same preanalytic,analytic,and bioinfor-matic plementing the suggestions proposed by Diamandis(20)and Pepe et al.(32),this procedure provided the possibility to immediately sort out irreproducible peaks and confirm the true positives.As a result of this external valida-tion,the two peaks m/z3884and5959could be confirmed as potential candidate markers.Our data also support the require-ment of a multicenter study design to detect reproducible candi-date markers and to rule out center-specific influences on the peptidome profiles(33).The diagnostic power of the single peaks m/z3884and5959, as well as their pattern,were proven alone and in combination with the conventional tumor markers CA19-9and CEA by performing ROC analysis.The selectivity of the conventional tumor marker model(AUROC0.868)was comparable to pre-vious data(34).Introducing peak m/z5959sensitized the model,but lowered the specificity,resulting in unimproved discriminatory power(AUROC0.868).However,the addition of peak m/z3884enabled the correct assignment of the whole evaluation set and increased the selectivity by13.2%(AUROC 1.000).This information surplus might be attributable to disease-associated alterations not covered by conventional tu-mor markers.Interestingly,the mass signal m/z3884was also found as a po-tential discriminating peak in patients suffering from pancreatic cancer in a study by Koopmann et ing SELDI-TOF MS anal-ysis(35),but the underlying peptide was not ing MALDI-TOF/TOF MS analysis,we could prove m/z3884as a double-charged ion of m/z7767by high-resolution MS.A subse-quent database search revealed PF4as the most likely candidate ing a specific G protein–coupled antibody-based MALDI-TOF approach,we could identify the underlying peptide of candidate m/z3884as PF4.The subsequent direct immuno-logic quantification of PF4in all study samples corroborated our mass spectrometric findings and proved that PF4levels sig-nificantly decreased(P=0.001)in patients suffering from pan-creatic cancer.To exclude an inflammatory response effect,we analyzed the PF4concentration in serum samples of patients suffering from acute pancreatitis.The PF4concentrations of pa-tients with pancreatitis were significantly higher(P<0.001)com-pared with patients with cancer and even slightly elevated compared with healthy controls.This finding resembles results in previous studies of inflammatory bowel disease(36).Thus, it is unlikely that concomitant inflammation in pancreatic cancer is causing the decreased PF4levels.In patients suffering from prostate cancer,PF4was also significantly decreased compared with controls(37).Therefore,the PF4decrease itself does not seem to be a pancreatic cancer–specific effect,but it adds infor-mation to the conventional serum tumor marker panels consist-ing of CA19-9and CEA,and thereby strongly improves the sensitivity and specificity of the laboratory tumor marker testing in patients suffering from pancreatic cancer.The application of a monoclonal PF4ELISA specific for m/z3884(and m/z7767) might further enhance these results.PF4is a member of the C-X-C chemokine family(CXCL4)and is present inαgranules of all mammalian platelets as well as in the granules of mast cells(38,39).The implication of PF4in tu-mor growth and vascularization is still in discussion,and possi-ble mechanisms of action are only partially elucidated(40). Recent evidence suggests that PF4might pleiotropically both mark and mediate the expansion of pancreatic malignancies (41,42).The cancer-associated reduction of PF4serum concen-tration in patients with pancreatic cancer might be explained by recent observations from Villanueva et al.(43,44).They could show that differential exoprotease activities might contribute to cancer type–specific serum peptidome degradation.In pancreatic cancer,several matrix metalloproteinases are up-regulated and partially secreted into the blood(45,46).This has recently been shown for matrix metalloproteinase-9(47),which is also capa-ble of degrading PF4(45).In conclusion,we identified and replicated PF4as an addition-al discriminating marker in pancreatic cancer,which improves,in combination with the conventional markers CA19-9and CEA, the diagnostic power of tumor marker testing.This might be of additional relevance for the differential diagnosis of pancreatic cancer and pancreatitis.Further investigations are necessary to enlighten the complexity of PF4's action in pancreatic cancer3818Clin Cancer Res2009;15(11)June1, Imaging,Diagnosis,Prognosis。
