TPO48托福独立写作题目文本答案解析

托福独立写作练习题参考答案托福独立写作题目：是否应该在城市中建设更多的公园？在当今城市化进程快速发展的背景下，公园作为城市绿色休闲空间的重要组成部分，越来越受到人们的关注。

然而，是否应该在城市中建设更多的公园一直是一个备受争议的话题。

本文将从社会、环境以及个人健康等多个角度探讨，旨在呈现全面而客观的观点。

首先，建设更多的公园对社会具有积极的影响。

公园是市民进行休闲娱乐、锻炼身体的理想场所。

在公园中，人们可以享受到大片的绿色环境，呼吸新鲜空气，缓解工作和生活带来的压力。

此外，公园还为城市中的居民提供了一个社交、交流的平台。

人们可以在公园里结识新朋友，扩大社交圈子，促进社会和谐与稳定。

其次，建设更多的公园能够改善城市环境质量。

随着城市化进程的加快，城市地区常面临着严重的环境问题，如空气污染、噪音污染等。

而建设公园可以增加城市的绿地覆盖率，帮助净化空气，吸收有害气体。

此外，公园中的树木和植被可以起到降低温度的作用，减缓城市热岛效应。

因此，建设更多的公园有助于改善城市的生态环境，提升居民的生活质量。

此外，建设更多的公园对个人健康也具有积极的促进作用。

现代城市生活中，人们长时间呆在封闭的室内环境中，缺乏户外活动。

这导致了很多健康问题，如缺乏运动、肥胖、压力过大等。

而公园提供了人们锻炼身体的场所，可以鼓励人们走出室内，进行户外活动。

同时，绿色环境和自然气息还有助于缓解压力，提升人们的心理健康。

因此，建设更多的公园有助于提高城市居民的整体健康水平。

然而，要注意的是，建设更多的公园也需注意平衡发展。

城市的土地资源有限，如果过多地建设公园可能会削弱其他基础设施的发展，如住房、道路等。

因此，在建设更多公园的同时，政府也应该注意进行合理的规划和布局，确保资源的合理利用。

综上所述，建设更多的公园对城市社会发展、环境改善以及个人健康都具有积极的促进作用。

政府应该重视公园建设，并采取适当的措施鼓励和支持，以提升城市居民的生活质量和幸福感。

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托福TPO48独立写作题目原文： Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Because modern life is very complex, it is essential for young people to have the ability to plan and e specific reasons and examples to support your answer. 托福TPO48独立写作满分范文1： Increasingly sophisticated technology, explosive information and intricate international relationships all work together to complicate the modern life, which makes our modern people somewhat overwhelmed. Individuals whoever want to have a better control of one’s life must equip themselves with some essential skills or abilities. Planning and organizing, which embodies the skill of anticipating, influencing, and controlling, in my view, is becoming gradually important in coping with today’s complication especially for the young who are always the most passionate but also with less self-control. First of all, planning helps keep one on coursein achieving goals and crystallize objectives. Young people always possess some grand dreams which may take years to accomplish. Planning ahead, on the one hand, could effectively put one on the right track thus prevent energy from being scattered or wasted. A survey conducted by experts from Oxford University shows that over 90% of elites and enterprisers had precise objects and made plans for decades later at very young age. Like Bill Gates, one of the most prominent persons I have ever seen, discontinued their studies since he was definite aware of what he should do in orderto become the leader of IT field. On the other hand, plans, which are organized stepby step, could turn the ultimate goals into several achievable ones. With achievable objective achieved one by one, the ultimate goal will finally be attained. Besides, planning and organizing help to promise one’s best performance in most occasions. Panning means trying to anticipate all the possibilities and arrange things in a scientific order. It clearly tells people what to do currently and what should do the next, which prevents disorder or chaos. Thus, people may feel assured and will be with less stress. For example, a student who sticks to a study plan is less likely to be nervous thus will be more likely to have better performance than those who crams for tests. Today youngsters are exposed with fierce competitions but also abundant opportunities. Good performance is key to hold these opportunities in hand. It is undeniable that our society changes at such a quick pace that we cannot plan everything in previous. But this by no means implies that the ability is not important. Without a plan, complex things will only get more complicated. Abraham Lincoln reportedly once said, “If I had 60 minutes to cut down a tree, I would spend40 minutes sharpening the ax and 20 minutes cutting it down.” Planning is just like “sharpening the ax”, which will no doubt facilitate a task easy done. All in all, though the ability of planning and organizing may not be omnipotent for peopleespecially the young to cope with new situations in today’s complex society, it does facilitate to fulfill one’s life goals and help to improve one’s performance when opportunities come. 托福TPO48独立写作满分范文2： The contemporary society is made more complicated and complex by the information technology. While many adolescents think highly of a casual lifestyle without well set schedules, since it’s more convenient and comfortable, I personally believe that it is indispensable for the young generation to learn to adapt to the fast-changing world by developing the competence of planning and organizing. First and foremost, strong arrangement capability boosts academic results of the youthful. The contemporary society requires these young students to learn multiple disciplines simultaneously, so they have to take full advantage of their limited time which needs to be well distributed to each subject according to difficulty and score proportion. Otherwise, they may waste the majority of time lost in fear and anxiety and find it hard to concentrate in the library for a long period, the negative influences of which can be weariness, dropouts, and then limited career prospects. Secondly, mapping out ahead of time helps the immature to manage their personal finance and avert excessive consumption. Taking my personal shopping experience as an example. Once I went to a shopping mall in the city center without making a list of commodities because I thought I could remembered them when I was in the stores. Unfortunately, I was dazzled by a wide range of merchandises and I spent a total of three hours wandering in the streets only to find myself forgetting the targeted products while purchasing many unnecessary goods. If I paid efforts to plan forehead, it could take me only an hour to buy all the required items home without being attempted to pay for discount articles. In a conclusion, the abilities to plan and organize serve as a vital catalyst for juveniles’ outstanding academic performance and capital management which are requisites for the survival in the present world. 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO48独立写作题目文本+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。

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Climate and Urban Development For more than a hundred years,it has been known that cities are generally warmer than surrounding rural areas.This region of city warmth,known as the urban heat island,can influence the concentration of air pollution.However,before we look at its influence,let’s see how the heat island actually forms. The urban heat island is due to industrial and urban development.In rural areas,a large part of the incoming solar energy is used in evaporating water from vegetation and soil.In cities,where less vegetation and exposed soil exist,the majority of the Sun’s energy is absorbed by urban structures and asphalt.Hence,during warm daylight hours,less evaporative cooling in cities allows surface temperatures to rise higher than in rural areas.The cause of the urban heat island is quite involved.Depending on the location,time of year,and time of day,any or all of the following differences between cities and their surroundings can be important:albedo(reflectivity of the surface),surface roughness,emissions of heat,emissions of moisture,and emissions of particles that affect net radiation and the growth of cloud droplets. At night,the solar energy(stored as vast quantities of heat in city buildings and roads)is slowly released into the city air.Additional city heat is given off at night(and during the day)by vehicles and factories,as well as by industrial and domestic heating and cooling units.The release of heat energy is retarded by the tall vertical city walls that do not allow infrared radiation to escape as readily as does the relatively level surface of the surrounding countryside.The slow release of heat tends to keep nighttime city temperatures higher than those of the faster-cooling rural areas.Overall,the heat island is strongest(1)at night when compensating sunlight is absent;(2)during the winter,when nights are longer and there is more heat generated in the city;and(3)when the region is dominated by a high-pressure area with light winds,clear skies,and less humid air.Over time,increasing urban heat islands affect climatological temperature records,producing artificial warming in climatic records taken in cities.This warming,therefore,must be accounted for in interpreting climate change over the past century. The constant outpouring of pollutants into the environment may influence the climate of the city.Certain particles reflect solar radiation,thereby reducing the sunlight that reaches the surface.Some particles serve as nuclei upon which water and ice form.Water vapor condenses onto these particles when the relative humidity is as low as 70 percent,forming haze that greatly reduces visibility.Moreover,the added nuclei increase the frequency of city fog. Studies suggest that precipitation may be greater in cities than in the surrounding countryside;this phenomenon may be due in part to the increased roughness of city terrain,brought on by large structures that cause surface air to slow and gradually converge.This piling up of air over the city then slowly rises,much like toothpaste does when its tube is squeezed.At the same time,city heat warms the surface air,making it more unstable,which enhances risings air motions,which,in turn,aids in forming clouds and thunderstorms.This process helps explain why both tend to be more frequent over cities. On clear still nights when the heat island is pronounced,a small thermal low-pressure area forms over the city.Sometimes a light breeze—called a country breeze—blows from the countryside into the city.If there are major industrial areas along the outskirts,pollutants are carried into the heat of town,where they tend to concentrate.Such an event is especially probable if vertical mixing and dispersion of pollutants are inhibited.Pollutants from urban areas may even affect the weather downwind from them. Paragraph 2 The urban heat island is due to industrial and urban development.In rural areas,a large part of the incoming solar energy is used in evaporating water from vegetation and soil.In cities,where less vegetation and exposed soil exist,the majority of the Sun’s energy is absorbed by urban structures and asphalt.Hence,during warm daylight hours,less evaporative cooling in cities allows surface temperatures to rise higher than in rural areas.The cause of the urban heat island is quite involved.Depending on the location,time of year,and time of day,any or all of the following differences between cities and their surroundings can be important:albedo(reflectivity of the surface),surface roughness,emissions of heat,emissions of moisture,and emissions of particles that affect net radiation and the growth of cloud droplets. 1.The word“involved”in the passage is closest in meaning to A.uncertain plicated mon D.clear 2.Paragraph 2 mentions all of the following as varying the importance of albedo and other factors EXCEPT。

tpo48三篇托福阅读TOEFL原文译文题目答案译文背景知识阅读-1 (2)原文 (2)译文 (5)题目 (7)答案 (17)背景知识 (18)阅读-2 (19)原文 (19)译文 (23)题目 (25)答案 (36)背景知识 (37)阅读-3 (38)原文 (38)译文 (41)题目 (43)答案 (53)背景知识 (57)阅读-1原文Chinese Population Growth①Increases in population have usually been accompanied (indeed facilitated) by an increase in trade. In the Western experience, commerce provided the conditions that allowed industrialization to get started, which in turn led to growth in science, technology, industry, transport, communications, social change, and the like that we group under the broad term of “development.” However, the massive increase in population that in Europe was at first attributed to industrialization starting in the eighteenth century occurred also and at the same period in China, even though there was no comparable industrialization.②It is estimated that the Chinese population by 1600 was close to 150 million. The transition between the Ming and Qing dynasties (the seventeenth century) may have seen a decline, but from 1741 to 1851 the annual figures rose steadily and spectacularly, perhaps beginning with 143 million and ending with 432 million. If we accept these totals, we are confronted with a situation in which the Chinese population doubled in the 50 years from 1790 to 1840. If, with greater caution, we assume lower totals in the early eighteenth century and only 400 millionin 1850, we still face a startling fact: something like a doubling of the vast Chinese population in the century before Western contact, foreign trade, and industrialization could have had much effect.③To explain this sudden increase we cannot point to factors constant in Chinese society but must find conditions or a combination of factors that were newly effective in this period. Among these is the almost complete internal peace maintained under Manchu rule during the eighteenth century. There was also an increase in foreign trade through Guangzhou (southern China) and some improvement of transportation within the empire. Control of disease, like the checking of smallpox by variolation may have been important. But of most critical importance was the food supply.④Confronted with a multitude of unreliable figures, economists have compared the population records with the aggregate data for cultivated land area and grain production in the six centuries since 1368. Assuming that China’s population in 1400 was about 80 million, the economist Dwight Perkins concludes that its growth to 700 million or more in the 1960s was made possible by a steady increase in the grain supply, which evidently grew five or six times between 1400 and 1800 and rose another 50 percent between 1800 and 1965. This increase of food supply was due perhaps half to the increase of cultivated area, particularly by migration and settlement in the central and western provinces, and halfto greater productivity—the farmers’ success in raising more crops per unit of land.⑤This technological advance took many forms: one was the continual introduction from the south of earlier-ripening varieties of rice, which made possible double-cropping (the production of two harvests per year from one field). New crops such as corn (maize) and sweet potatoes as well as peanuts and tobacco were introduced from the Americas. Corn, for instance, can be grown on the dry soil and marginal hill land of North China, where it is used for food, fuel, and fodder and provides something like one-seventh of the food energy available in the area. The sweet potato, growing in sandy soil and providing more food energy per unit of land than other crops, became the main food of the poor in much of the South China rice area.⑥Productivity in agriculture was also improved by capital investments, first of all in irrigation. From 1400 to 1900 the total of irrigated land seems to have increased almost three times. There was also a gain in farm tools, draft animals, and fertilizer, to say nothing of the population growth itself, which increased half again as fast as cultivated land area and so increased the ratio of human hands available per unit of land. Thus the rising population was fed by a more intensive agriculture, applying more labor and fertilizer to the land.译文中国的人口增长①人口增长通常伴随着（事实上促进了）贸易的增加。

In the reading passage, the writer states three main reasons why the number of frogs is declining these days and offers some solutions. But in the professor’s point of view, he thinks that the writer’s proposals are not practical so he states his different opinions by giving three practical solutions.First, the author of the passage emphasizes the importance of not using pesticide near the frog’s habitat. If people do that, many frogs will die, because their nervous system will be damaged by the pesticide spread by human. And he also appeals to the government to enact strict laws to prohibit such behavior. Nevertheless, the speaker holds the belief that there is almost no possibility for farmers to stop using pesticide. Because, compared with those farmers who still use pesticide, it is both unfair and unrealistic for those people who do not use pesticide to gain less crops and money.Second, the writer of the passage is convinced that it is fungus which cause the frogs die. And he also calls on government to take large-scale medication support to cure those infected frogs, which may have died from the lack of the medication in several days. But the lecturer refutes that there’s no possibility for this plan to be successful. For every single frog needs individual treatment. And there’s also no time and no method to treat every frog, and the medicine cannot be passed by to the new generations. So it isunrealistic to give large-scale medication support to frogs.Third, the writer still insists that it is the demolition of the frogs’habitats, especially the activities of human water using, that make the frogs die off. But actually, the professor has another totally different view. He thinks that it is the global warming which is threatening the creatures all over the world that accelerates the speed of the extinction of the frogs.。

托福阅读真题第48篇TheCom...美国国父托马斯·杰斐逊认为，农民是美国民主的基础。

为了执行他的民主计划，杰斐逊提出了美国矩形土地调查——俗称网格。

根据该计划，测量员首先被派往俄亥俄州东部，指示将土地划分为六英里见方的盒子。

然后他们被指示将这些较大的盒子分成较小的盒子，一英里见方，再分成四分之一部分，每个面积为160 英亩，被认为是适合单个农场的大小。

1785 年，国会通过了网格成为法律，从那时起，同样的棋盘图案在西方被蚀刻——这是世界历史上使景观合理化的最深远的尝试之一。

网格是一种文化的外在表达，不仅与民主结合，而且与市场和交换结合。

它将帮助该国迅速定居，将数百万美国人变成独立的土地所有者，同时将土地本身——其不同的地形、土壤和水条件——变成一种商品，一套统一的盒子很容易买到并出售。

但电网只是西方农田商业化的第一步。

一旦农民购买了土地，他们就需要耕种现有的植被。

在几千年前冰川留下的富含有机物的深厚土壤上茁壮成长的草最初是一个挑战。

事实证明，带有铁边的木犁几乎毫无用处。

钢犁的发展和传播——由1837 年由llinois 铁匠约翰迪尔发明——使耕作成功。

代替原生植被，农民种植玉米和小麦，驯化在单一文化环境中生长最好的草种，即在田地中自行生长。

这些作物往往生长迅速，将碳水化合物储存在种子中。

由于面包是美国人饮食的主要组成部分，小麦最终将成为西方的主要经济作物。

世界上一些英亩和英亩的土地'在定居初期，农民种植了多种谷物，包括小麦、玉米、燕麦、黑麦和大麦。

然而，随着商业农业在铁路运输改善的帮助下迅速发展，农民越来越专业化。

大部分谷物最终流向了东北部，到1840 年代，那里的人口增长已经超过了当地农业经济的供应能力。

实际上，西方过剩的土地财富为更远东的工业发展提供了保障。

The railroads not only delivered the products of the rich soils of the Western grasslands into the stomachs of Easterners, theyalso changed the meaning of the crops themselves. With waterborne transportation, farmers put their grain into sacks so they could easily be loaded into the irregularly shaped holds of steamboats. The advent of the railroads and steam-powered grain elevators (first developed in 1842) spurred farmers to eliminate the sack altogether. Now grain would move like a stream of water, making its journey to market with the aid of a mechanical device that loaded all the wheat from a particular area into one large grain car. Sacks had preserved the identity of each load of grain. With the new technology, however, grain from different farms was mixed together and sorted by grade. The Chicago Board of Trade (established in 1 848) divided wheat into three categories- spring, white winter, and red winter- -applying quality standards to each type. Wheat was turned into an abstract commodity, with ownership over the grain diverging from the physical product itself. By the 1860s, a futures market in grain had even emerged in Chicago. It was now possible to enter into a contract to purchase or sell grain at a particular price. What was being marketed here was not the physical grain itself so much as an abstraction, the right to trade something that may not even have been grown yet.1.美国国父托马斯·杰斐逊认为，农民是美国民主的基础。

为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO48口语Task2题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

托福TPO48独立口语Task2题目：
Some people like to shop in large grocery stores and department stores. Other people prefer to shop in small specialty stores or shops. Which do you prefer? Explain why.
托福TPO48独立口语Task2满分范文：
I favor department stores more than those small specialty stores. One reason is that anything I want can be purchased from large grocery stores, so it is an ideal place for me to buy dresses, tops, shorts, bags and shoes at the same time. Another reason is that other entertainment facilities can also be offered by large grocery stores. When I get bored and tired, my parents or friends can go to café or restaurant and treat ourselves with a movie afterwards.
以上是给大家整理的托福TPO48口语Task2题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。

Passage 1Q 1正确答案：A解析：第1段首句提到，termites经常被人们误称为white ants，作者指出，termites其实不是蚂蚁，并阐明了具体的原因。

Q 2正确答案：D解析：第1段提到，termites与蚂蚁不同，它们的生命只经历三个阶段：egg, nymph, and adult。

D是对原文信息的复现，故为正确答案。

Q 3正确答案：C解析：第2段第1句提到，由于termites are small and soft-bodied，它们很容易变干，因此它们必须居住在湿度相对较大的潮湿地带。

C符合原文，其中的drying out对应文中的desiccated。

Q 4正确答案：A解析：原句意为，美国东部地区的subterranean termites通过在潮湿的土壤中筑巢来获得这些条件。

其中的attain意为“获得，得到”，四个选项中，A意为“实现，得到”，B意为“观察”，C意为“克服”，D意为“映出，反射”，只有A符合条件。

Q 5正确答案：B解析：本句指出，一些热带的termites修建一些带有使洞穴潮湿的“空调”功能的huge above-ground nests，可见，这些termites很聪明，因此，ingenious意为“聪明的，机灵的”。

四个选项中，A意为“果断的”，B意为“聪明的”，C意为“有抱负的”，D意为“成功的”，只有B符合条件。

Q 6正确答案：B解析：原句意为，著名的瑞士昆虫学家Martin Luscher描述了这种非洲品种的白蚁。

其中的renowned意为“著名的，有名望的”，四个选项中，A意为“有技能的”，B意为“著名的”，C意为“早期的”，D意为“革命性的”，只有B符合条件。

Q 7正确答案：D解析：第3段第1句指出，一些热带白蚁修建的洞穴能够保持潮湿和恒温，并且有足够的氧气供应。

D符合原文。

Q 8正确答案：D解析：A对应原文中的cement-like wall of soil mixed with termite saliva。

Chinese Population GrowthIncreases in population have usually been accompanied (indeed facilitated) by an increase in trade. In the Western experience, commerce provided the conditions that allowed industrialization to get started, which in turn led to growth in science, technology, industry, transport, communications, social change, and the like that we group under the broad term of “development.” However, the massive increase in population that in Europe was at first attributed to industrialization starting in the eighteenth century occurred also and at the same period in China, even though there was no comparable industrialization.It is estimated that the Chinese population by 1600 was close to 150 million. The transition between the Ming and Qing dynasties (the seventeenth century) may have seen a decline, but from 1741 to 1851 the annual figures rose steadily and spectacularly, perhaps beginning with 143 million and ending with 432 million. If we accept these totals, we are confronted with a situation in which the Chinese population doubled in the 50 years from 1790 to 1840. If, with greater caution, we assume lower totals in the early eighteenth century and only 400 million in 1850, we still face a startling fact: something like a doubling of the vast Chinese population in the century before Western contact, foreign trade, and industrialization could have had much effect.To explain this sudden increase we cannot point to factors constant in Chinese society but must find conditions or a combination of factors that were newly effective in this period. Among these is the almost complete internal peace maintained under Manchu rule during the eighteenth century. There was also an increase in foreign trade through Guangzhou (southern China) and some improvement of transportation within the empire. Control of disease, like the checking of smallpox by variolation may have been important. But of most critical importance was the food supply.Confronted with a multitude of unreliable figures, economists have compared the population records with the aggregate data for cultivated land area and grain production in the six centuries since 1368. Assuming that China’s population in 1400 was about 80 million, the economist Dwight Perkins concludes that its growth to 700 million or more in the 1960s was made possible by a steady increase in the grain supply, which evidently grew five or six times between 1400 and 1800 and rose another 50 percent between 1800 and 1965. This increase of food supply was dueperhaps half to the increase of cultivated area, particularly by migration and settlement in the central and western provinces, and half to greater productivity—the farmers’ success in raising more crops per unit of land.This technological advance took many forms: one was the continual introduction from the south of earlier-ripening varieties of rice, which made possible double-cropping (the production of two harvests per year from one field). New crops such as corn (maize) and sweet potatoes as well as peanuts and tobacco were introduced from the Americas. Corn, for instance, can be grown on the dry soil and marginal hill land of North China, where it is used for food, fuel, and fodder and provides something like one-seventh of the food energy available in the area. The sweet potato, growing in sandy soil and providing more food energy per unit of land than other crops, became the main food of the poor in much of the South China rice area.Productivity in agriculture was also improved by capital investments, first of all in irrigation. From 1400 to 1900 the total of irrigated land seems to have increased almost three times. There was also a gain in farm tools, draft animals, and fertilizer, to say nothing of the population growth itself, which increased half again as fast as cultivated land area and so increased the ratio of human hands available per unit of land. Thus the rising population was fed by a more intensive agriculture, applying more labor and fertilizer to the land.Paragraph 1Increases in population have usually been accompanied (indeed facilitated) by an increase in trade. In the Western experience, commerce provided the conditions that allowed industrialization to get started, which in turn led to growth in science, technology, industry, transport, communications, social change, and the like that we group under the broad term of “development.” However, the massive increase in population that in Europe was at first attributed to industrialization starting in the eighteenth century occurred also and at the same period in China, even though there was no comparable industrialization.1. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.merce, industrialization, and development are common features of the Westernexperience.B.Trade, industrialization, and development accelerated social change in Western societies.C.Trade and industrialization brought about development in Western societies.D.In Western societies, social change provided the conditions for development in a number ofareas.2. The word “attributed” in the passage is closest in meaning toA.accustomedB.creditedC.exposedD.transformedParagraph 1 and Paragraph 2Increases in population have usually been accompanied (indeed facilitated) by an increase in trade. In the Western experience, commerce provided the conditions that allowed industrialization to get started, which in turn led to growth in science, technology, industry, transport, communications, social change, and the like that we group under the broad term of “development.” However, the massive increase in population that in Europe was at first attributed to industrialization starting in the eighteenth century occurred also and at the same period in China, even though there was no comparable industrialization.It is estimated that the Chinese population by 1600 was close to 150 million. The transition between the Ming and Qing dynasties (the seventeenth century) may have seen a decline, but from 1741 to 1851 the annual figures rose steadily and spectacularly, perhaps beginning with 143 million and ending with 432 million. If we accept these totals, we are confronted with a situation in which the Chinese population doubled in the 50 years from 1790 to 1840. If, with greater caution, we assume lower totals in the early eighteenth century and only 400 million in 1850, we still face a startling fact: something like a doubling of the vast Chinese population in the century before Western contact, foreign trade, and industrialization could have had much effect.3.According to paragraphs 1 and 2, which of the following is true of Chinese population growth between 1741and 1851?A.It coincided with the beginning of industrialization in China.B.It prompted speculation about the actual number of people living in China in previous centuries.C.It continued the steady growth in population of previous centuries.D.It occurred in the absence of certain conditions generally associated with population growth.4.According to paragraph2, the estimated population of China in the mid 1700s was ?A.143 millionB.150 millionC.400 millionD.432 millionParagraph 3To explain this sudden increase we cannot point to factors constant in Chinese society but must find conditions or a combination of factors that were newly effective in this period. Among these is the almost complete internal peace maintained under Manchu rule during the eighteenth century. There was also an increase in foreign trade through Guangzhou (southern China) and some improvement of transportation within the empire. Control of disease, like the checking of smallpox by variolation may have been important. But of most critical importance was the food supply.5.The word “constant ” in the passage is closest in meaning toA.uniqueB.dominantC.alteredD.unchanging6.Paragraph 3 supports all of the following statements about eighteenth-century Chinese society EXCEPT:A.It was troubled by frequent conflicts with foreign nations.B.It improved its transportation system.C.It experienced growth in international commerce.D.It managed to prevent the spread of certain diseases.Paragraph 4Confronted with a multitude of unreliable figures, economists have compared the population records with the aggregate data for cultivated land area and grain production in the six centuries since 1368. Assuming that China’s population in 1400 was about 80 million, the economist Dwight Perkins concludes that its growth to 700 million or more in the 1960s was made possible by a steady increase in the grain supply, which evidently grew five or six times between 1400 and 1800 and rose another 50 percent between 1800 and 1965. This increase of food supply was due perhaps half to the increase of cultivated area, particularly by migration and settlement in the central and western provinces, and half to greater productivity—the farmers’ success in raising more crops per unit of land.7.Paragraph 4 answers which of the following questions about China’s population growth between 1400 and 1965?A.Which figures relating to China’s population growth were unreliable?B.Why did Dwight Perkins assume that China’s population in 1400 was about 80 million?C.Where in China did most of the population increase take place?D.What factors made China’s populatio n growth between 1400 and 1965 possible?8.The word “aggregate” in the passage is closest in meaning toA.availableB.reliablebinedD.recordedParagraph 5This technological advance took many forms: one was the continual introduction from the south of earlier-ripening varieties of rice, which made possible double-cropping (the production of two harvests per year from one field). New crops such as corn (maize) and sweet potatoes as well as peanuts and tobacco were introduced from the Americas. Corn, for instance, can be grown on the dry soil and marginal hill land of North China, where it is used for food, fuel, and fodder and provides something like one-seventh of the food energy available in the area. The sweet potato, growing in sandy soil and providing more food energy per unit of land than other crops, becamethe main food of the poor in much of the South China rice area.9.What can be inferred from paragraph 5 about the introduction of corn and sweet potatoes in China?A.These crops required much more care than other crops.B.These crops were consumed in limited quantities.C.These crops permitted an expansion of the area used for farming.D.These crops became available all over China within a short period of time.Paragraph 6Productivity in agriculture was also improved by capital investments, first of all in irrigation. From 1400 to 1900 the total of irrigated land seems to have increased almost three times. There was also a gain in farm tools, draft animals, and fertilizer, to say nothing of the population growth itself, which increased half again as fast as cultivated land area and so increased the ratio of human hands available per unit of land. Thus the rising population was fed by a more intensive agriculture, applying more labor and fertilizer to the land.10.The word “ratio” in the passage is closest in meaning toA.proportionB.availabilityC.importanceD.costParagraph 5 and Paragraph 6This technological advance took many forms: one was the continual introduction from the south of earlier-ripening varieties of rice, which made possible double-cropping (the production of two harvests per year from one field). New crops such as corn (maize) and sweet potatoes as well as peanuts and tobacco were introduced from the Americas. Corn, for instance, can be grown on the dry soil and marginal hill land of North China, where it is used for food, fuel, and fodder and provides something like one-seventh of the food energy available in the area. The sweet potato, growing in sandy soil and providing more food energy per unit of land than other crops, became the main food of the poor in much of the South China rice area.Productivity in agriculture was also improved by capital investments, first of all in irrigation. From 1400 to 1900 the total of irrigated land seems to have increased almost three times. There was also a gain in farm tools, draft animals, and fertilizer, to say nothing of the population growth itself, which increased half again as fast as cultivated land area and so increased the ratio of human hands available per unit of land. Thus the rising population was fed by a more intensive agriculture, applying more labor and fertilizer to the land.11.Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraphs 5 and 6 as one of the strategies the Chinese applied in agriculture?A.The growing of two crops on the same field during the same yearB.The improvement of systems to supply crops with waterC.The application of increasing amounts of fertilizer to the landD.The reduction in the amount of human labor per unit of land12.What purpo se does paragraph 5 serve in the larger discussion about China’s population growth?A.It provides evidence of China’s emerging foreign trade relations.B.It illustrates how the Chinese increased their food supply.C.It provides evidence of why population growth was most noticeable in the south.D.It shows how foreign crops gradually gained greater acceptance in China.13.Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Other developments addressed the problems of dry and sandy areas unsuitable for growing China’s native crops.Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage.This technological advance took many forms: one was the continual introduction from the south of earlier-ripening varieties of rice, which made possible double-cropping (the production oftwo harvests per year from one field). ■ New crops such as corn (maize) and sweet potatoes as well as peanuts and tobacco were introduced from the Americas. ■Corn, for instance, can be grown on the dry soil and marginal hill land of North China, where it is used for food, fuel, and fodder and provides something like one-seventh of the food energy available in the area. ■The sweet potato, growing in sandy soil and providing more food energy per unit of land than other crops, became the main food of the poor in much of the South China rice area. ■14.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong. To remove an answer choice, click on it.To review the passage, click VIEW TEXT.Over the centuries, China has experienced an extraordinary increase in its population.Answer ChoicesA.Understanding the exceptional increase in population in China requires giving up commonlyheld assumptions relative to the phenomenon of population growth.B.The economist Dwight Perkins applied a particular statistical method to determine theincrease in China’s p opulation.C.The sudden population growth in China started in its northern and southern provinces, and itspread rapidly to the central and western areas of the country.D.Improved transportation management and enhanced disease control contributed to China’spopulation explosion.E.The increase in China’s food supply, which affected population growth, was the result oftechnological developments in agriculture and capital investment.F. A steady increase in foreign trade since the 1400s provided the conditions necessary forlarge-scale agricultural development.。

Q1正确答案：B解析：involved：“卷入的；有关的；复杂的”；原文说城市热岛的成因非常involved，后文说由于位置、一年里的时间、一天里的时间等等多项因素，结合选项，只能选择B选项complicated“复杂的”；其余三个选项常见意分别为“不确定的”，“常见的”和“清楚的”。

Q2正确答案：B解析：根据题干定位原文段落的最后一句，time of year 对应A选项的seasons；C选项对应句中的location；D选项原文重现。

Q3正确答案：D解析：retarded：智力迟钝的；发展迟缓的。

在文中就是取第二个意思，表示缓慢的，对应D选项，从后文来看，下一句中的The slow release of heat 的slow已经有所指代。

Q4正确答案：D解析：根据题干定位原文“Certain particles…visibility.”粒子反射太阳辐射，减少到达地面的阳光（第2句，与A选项矛盾）；有些粒子是水和冰凝结成的核，当相对湿度低到70%，水蒸气也浓缩凝结在这些粒子上，形成雾霾。

结合选项，B选项曲解了原文意思，只是提到了相对湿度，没有说它们增加湿度；C选项没有提及；只能选择D选项。

Q5正确答案：A D解析：根据题干对solar energy 进行定位，P2开头第二句提到“In rural areas，a large part…vegetation and soil.”对应A选项；P3开头前两句“At night，… cooling units.”对应D选项；两个地方的定位句和两个选项都是同义表达，因此答案是A和D。

Q6正确答案：A解析：根据题干的interpretation of temperature 定位原文信息到本段的最后两句，最后两句说：城市热岛效应影响了气象学上的温度记录，导致了artificial warming （人为热岛效应的变暖）被记录在城市气候记录上；因此，理解过去一个世纪以来的气候变化必须要考虑这种变暖带来的影响。

为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO48综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

托福TPO48综合写作阅读原文文本： In recent years, many frog species around the world have declined in numbers or even gone extinct due to changes in their environment. These population declines and extinctions have serious consequences for the ecosystems in which frogs live; for example, frogs help play a role in protecting humans by eating disease-carrying insects. Several methods have been proposed to solve the problem of declining frog populations. First, frogs are being harmed by pesticides, which are chemicals used to prevent insects from damaging farm crops such as corn and sugarcane. Pesticides often spread from farmland into neighboring frog habitats. Once pesticides enter a frog’s body, they attack the nervous system, leading to severe breathing problems. If laws prohibited the farmers from using harmful pesticides near sensitive frog populations, it would significantly reduce the harm pesticides cause to frogs. A second major factor in frog population decline is a fungus that has spread around the world with deadly effect. The fungus causes thickening of the skin, and since frogs use their skin to absorb water, infected frogs die of dehydration. Recently, researchers have discovered several ways to treat or prevent infection, including antifungal medication and treatments that kill the fungus with heat. Those treatments, if applied on a large scale, would protect sensitive frog populations from infection. Third, in a great many cases, frog populations are in decline simply because their natural habitats are threatened. Since most frog species lay their eggs in water, they are dependent on water and wetland habitats. Many such habitats are threatened by human activities, including excessive water use or the draining of wetlands to make them suitable for development. If key water habitats such as lakes and marshes were better protected from excessive water use and development, many frog species would recover. 托福TPO48综合写作听力原文文本： None of the methods proposed in the reading offers a practical solution for slowing down the decline in frog populations. There are problems with each of the methods you read about. First, seriously reducing pesticides in agricultural areas with threatened frog populations is not economically practical or fair. Farmers rely on pesticides to decrease crop losses and stay competitive in the market. If farmers in areas that are close to endangered frog populations have to follow stricter regulations regarding pesticide use, then those farmers would be at a severe disadvantage compared to farmers in other areas. They would likely lose more crops and have a lower yield than competing farms. Second, the new treatments against the skin fungus you read about? Let me explain a couple of problems with this plan. The treatments must be applied individually to each frog. And so using them on a large scale is extremely difficult. It requires capturing and treating each individual frog in a population. Moreover, the treatments do not prevent the frogs from passing the fungus onto their offspring. So the treatments would have to be applied again and again to each new generation of frogs. So applying these treatments would be incredibly complicated and expensive. Third, while it's a good idea to protect lakes and marshes from excessive water use and development, that will not save frog populations. You see, water use and development are not the biggest threats to water and wetland habitats. The real threat is global warming. In recent decades, global warming has contributed to the disappearance of many water and wetland habitats, causing entire species to go extinct. Prohibiting humans from using water or building near frog habitats is unlikely to prevent the ongoing habitat changes caused by global warming. 托福TPO48综合写作满分范文： The lecturer argues against the three measures mentioned in the reading passage to solve the problem of declining frog populations. Firstly, the reading passage argues law should be established to prohibit the farmers from applying harmful pesticides near sensitive frog populations. The lecturer, however, argues that the first measure is not economically pragmatic or fair. Farmers who have to obey stricter regulations regarding pesticide use near endangered frog populations will be less competitive than farmers in other areas and have a lower yield. Regarding the second method of treating or preventing infection, including antifungal medication and heat treatments, the lecturer explains that it is extremely hard to capture each individual frog and apply these treatments on a large scale. Besides, the fungus cannot be stopped from passing onto the next generation, so the whole project will incredibly costly. Finally, the lecturer objects to the third proposal that human being should refrain from activities such as using excessive water or draining wetlands. She points out that the real threat to frog habitats is global warming which has contributed to the disappearance of many water and wetland habitats. Therefore, forbidding humans from using water or building near frog habitats is impossible to reverse the ongoing habitat losses triggered by global warming. 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO48综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。

托福（作文）模拟试卷48(题后含答案及解析) 题型有： 5. WRITINGWRITINGWriting Based on Knowledge and Experience1．In this independent essay question, you will be asked to argue both sides of an issue and then take a stand for one side.You will have 30 minutes to plan, write, and revise your essay. Typically, a good response will require that you write a minimum of 300 words.Task- Argue one side—advantages and disadvantages- Argue the other side—advantages and disadvantages- Take a stand for one of the arguments- Explain the reasons for your preferenceQuestionSome students like to take distance-learning courses by computer. Other students prefer to study in traditional classroom settings with a teacher. Consider the advantages of both options, and make an argument for the way that students should organize their schedules.Example NotesAdvantages distance- attend class at your convenience- complete assignments at own pace- repeat lecturesAdvantages traditional- structured environment- more personal relationship- immediate response to questions- study groups + friendships正确答案：Both distance-learning courses and traditional classes provide important but different experiences for college students. On the one hand, there are many advantages to distance-learning courses. One of the most important benefits is the opportunity to attend class on your convenience. This is very important for students who hold full-time jobs since they can choose to take their classes on a schedule that allows them to continue working. Another advantage is the chance to complete assignments at your own pace. For students who can work more quick than their classmates, it is possible to earn more credits during the semester. A huge advantage to international students is the option of listen to lectures more than once.On the other hand, there are advantages to attending a traditional class. The structured environment is beneficial, especially for students who are not as highly motivating. In addition, it is more likely that you will develop a personal relationship with the teacher, an advantage not only for the course but also after the course when you need a recommendation. By seeing you and talking with you face-to-face, the teacher will remember you better. It is also easier to get an immediate response to questions because you only have to raise your hand instead sending e-mail and waiting for an answer. Last, the opportunity for study groups and friendships is different and more personal when you sit in the same room.Given all the advantages of both types of courses, I think that students would be wise to register for distance-learning courses and traditional classroom courses during their college experiences. By participating in distance-learning courses, they can workindependently in classes that may be more difficult for them, repeating the lectures on computer at convenient times. By attending traditional classes, they can get to know the teachers personally and will have good references when they need them. They will also make friends in the class. By sharing information with other students, they can organize their schedules for the following semester, chosing the best classes and including both distance-learning and traditional courses. 涉及知识点：写作2．Some people like to communicate by e-mail and voice mail. Other people like to communicate by telephone or face-to-face. Which type of communication do you prefer, and why? Be sure to include details and examples to support your opinion.Writing Time: 30 minutesTypical Response: 300-350 words正确答案：Although it can be argued that voice mail and e-mail are more efficient, and in many ways, more convenient, I still prefer to communicate in person, or if that is not possible, by telephone. In my experience, face-to-face interactions are best for a number of reasons. In the first place, when you hear the speaker’s tone of voice, you are better able to judge the attitude and emotions that can be easily hidden in a written reply. In addition, the exchange is more immediate. Even instant messaging isn’t as fast as a verbal interaction in person or by phone. E-mail seems efficient; however, sometimes multiple messages over several days are required to clarify the information that a short phone call would have taken care of in one communication. We have all tried to return a voice mail only to hear a recording on the original caller’s voice mail. Clearly, no real communication is possible in a situation that allows only one person to talk. Moreover, the body language and the expression on the speaker’s face often communicate more than the words themselves. Research indicates that more than 80 percent of a message is nonverbal. The way that a speaker stands or sits can indicate interest or disagreement. The eye contact and the movement of the eyebrows and the mouth can actually communicate the opposite of the words that the speaker is saying. Finally, no technology has succeeded in duplicating a firm handshake to close a deal, a hug to encourage a friend, or a kiss goodbye. Until e-mail and voice mail can provide the subtle communication, the immediate interaction, and the emotional satisfaction of a face-to-face conversation, complete with facial expressions and gestures, I will prefer to talk instead of to type. 涉及知识点：写作Writing Based on Reading and Listening听力原文：Professor:Let me tell you about a case study that is often used as an example of how a win-win situation can be negotiated by both parties. Tony was a computer software designer who had come up with a great idea for a computer game, but his problem was that he couldn’t afford to quit his job while he worked on the game because he had to make a living for his family. He thought it would probably take him about a year to actually complete the programming for the game if he worked in his spare time. Okay. Well, he put together a proposal, and took it to amultinational company that had launched several successful computer games. But the problem was that the company made him a very low offer—just a thousand dollars a month for twelve months. And although that would have paid his bills during the time that he would have been working on the program, he knew that the game had a huge potential for return on the company’s investment. So he felt like he would be taking all the risk without having the opportunity to share in the reward. But when the company refused to give him any additional upfront money, then, instead of getting angry, Tony went back with a counteroffer. He agreed to accept the $12,000 as an advance on the profits that he expected the game to generate. And he suggested that they share the future revenues in a ratio of 40:60—40 percent for Tony and 60 percent for the company. The company was interested, but explained to Tony that they would be investing over a million dollars in order to produce and market the game and would need a larger share in order to proceed. So they agreed on a 30:70 split. And, as it happened, the game was a big success, the company made a huge profit and Tony was able to quit his regular job and start his own game design company. So—everybody won. They were both able to minimize their risk and increase their profits.3．Reading PassageTime: 3 minutesA win-win negotiation is concluded when both parties gain something of value in exchange for making concessions. Although the balance of power may change during the negotiation process, negotiators on both sides must remain open to options that will ultimately allow for a fair exchange. To achieve a resolution that benefits both parties, everyone involved must be willing to listen carefully to each other’s concerns. To arrive at a conclusion that is good for everyone, negotiators must reveal what they value and what they don’t value. Good negotiators look for something that their side does not value but to which the other side assigns a high value. By offering it, they lose nothing, but the other side gains something, thereby feeling more disposed to concede something that the other side perceives as valuable. In addition to listening for ways to help the other side, everyone has to be aware of the limitations that both sides may bring to the table. There are some options that cannot be explored because they are not possible for one of the parties. For example, a price that does not allow a profit margin for the company that manufactures it is not a point of negotiation, unless the other side can offer a way to increase profits or productivity. If that isn’t possible, then perhaps a service that saves the buyer money might be a way to balance the firm pricing structure of the goods.A win-win negotiation allows both parties to feel that they made a good deal, but another positive outcome is the way that the people involved feel about each other. In traditional bargaining, people on opposite sides of a negotiation tend to view each other as adversaries, a relationship that is often difficult to change after the negotiation has ended and the collaboration is supposed to begin. In a win-win setting, the parties approach the negotiation as colleagues who want to support each other’s success. When the deal has been made and the collaboration begins, the people involved are already committed to working together for their mutual benefit. Question 1, Lecture, CD, Track 14. Now listen to a lecture on the same topic as the passage you have just read.Summarize the points made in the reading passage, and then explain how the case study from the lecture supports the reading.Writing Time:20 minutes Typical Response: 150-225 words正确答案：A win-win negotiation is a successful compromise in which both sides improve their situation through mutual cooperation. The key is for one party to offer the other party something that they will perceive as valuable but which does not harm the party conceding it. This, in turn, provides an incentive for the other side to make a similar offer. In this way, both sides will win. Unlike traditional negotiations in which the negotiators have an adversarial relationship, in a win-win negotiation, they view each other as collaborators who are working toward a mutual goal. After the terms have been agreed upon, it is much more likely that the relationship will continue to develop with a view to cooperating with each other to insure the continuing success of both parties.One case study of a win-win negotiation is often cited as an example. Tony had an idea for a computer game but was unable to develop it because of constraints on his time and limitations in funding. In the negotiations with a large company to produce the game, Tony and the company made several offers and counteroffers in order to arrive at a mutually beneficial agreement. Although Tony could have become angry about the original offer of $12,000, he made a counteroffer. He agreed to accept their offer if they would concede an additional share of the future revenues. When the company reviewed his counteroffer, they conceded that he should receive a share and offered slightly less than Tony had pro posed. Because they continued to negotiate toward a win-win situation, both parties were able to decrease their risk and increase their revenues, sharing in the success of the game. The company was very pleased with their return on investment, and Tony was able to launch his own game design company. In short, both parties won. 涉及知识点：写作。

托福参看范⽂之三］When talking about working, some people always complain a lot about it. They regard working as affliction which means hardship, vapidity and low earnings. They may even dream that they can also live a happy life without working. But as we all know, that won’t come true. Everyone needs to work for many different reasons. I believe the three most common reasons is to acquire knowledge, to seek fame and to enjoy life.In the first place, we work to practice our skills and we have to learn many aspects of knowledge to solve the problems and to overcome difficulties. So working makes us skillful and effortless. The experiences we learn from working are the most important wealth. They are the major sources of wisdom. If we don’t work, how can we improve our intelligence and then how can we create wonderful lives?In the second place, we work to realize our value by producing large amount of goods and serving the others. Farmer is not a farmer until he plant corps, teacher is not a teacher until she instruct classes. They all have their responsibility and they also receive our respects because of their contributions to the society.That’s the meaning of the life, which gives us courage and confidence to exert our powers to build happy home.In addition , we work to keep us healthy. We can communicate with each other during work. Meanwhile,we are helpd and encouraged all together. However, If we don’t work, we will become torpid and fat. We have to work to relieve our pressure. When you do something you are very competent to, you will view it as a kind of entertainment. You even find joy from them. In conclusion, I believe working is a tool by with we can make a key to the gate of knowledge, it is a road which leads to tomorrow, and it is a drug which can keep us fit. All in all, working provides us so much that I love work.。

托福听力tpo48两篇对话精析Conversation1 (1)原文 (1)题目 (3)答案 (5)译文 (5)Conversation2 (6)原文 (6)题目 (8)答案 (9)译文 (10)Conversation1原文NARRATOR:Listen to a conversation between a student and a university employee at the campus employment office.FEMALE EMPLOYEE:Hi,can I help you?MALE STUDENT:I hope so.My name's Mark Whitman,I'm--FEMALE EMPLOYEE:Don't I remember you from last year?You worked in uh…where was it,the art library?MALE STUDENT:Yeah.You're good.That was me.And I really enjoyed the work.FEMALE EMPLOYEE:Right.Yeah,your supervisor gave us some really great feedback at the end of the year.“Oh,he’s so organized,always on time,helpful...”MALE STUDENT:Really?Well,I'm glad.It was a good job.FEMALE EMPLOYEE:Well,we usually try to match students'jobs with their academic interests...MALE STUDENT:Yeah,I'm not exactly sure what career I'm headed for,but librarian is a possibility.It was a great experience to learn how it works and,and meet some people working in the field.But for this year...well,that’s what I wanted to ask about.FEMALE EMPLOYEE:Oh.How come you waited so long to come in?You know how fast campus jobs fill up.If you’d come in earlier,you could probably have gotten the library job again--I mean,since you have the experience from last year,you don't need the training and all...but it's been filled now.MALE STUDENT:Yeah,I know.But I'd planned to get a job working at a restaurant off-campus this year.I really need to make more money than I did last year,and working as a waiter,there's always the tips.But…I've tried a ton of places and I haven't found anything.I know it’s really late,but well,uh,I was wondering…if maybe there was some job that hadn't been taken?Or maybe,umm,someone started a job and,ya know,had to drop it or something?FEMALE EMPLOYEE:Well,I doubt you'll find..MALE STUDENT:Could you,could you possibly check?I know it's a long shot but…My friend Suzanne,she takes photography classes in Harrison Hall.And,um,she sort of thought there might be an opening in the janitorial staff.FEMALE EMPLOYEE:Um,why does your friend,the photography student,think she has information about a janitorial staff opening?I'm pretty sure those jobs're filled. In fact,I remember taking lots of applications for them.Let me double check it online…MALE STUDENT:She said the whole studio arts building and especially the photo lab have been kind of,uh…sort of messy lately?I mean,she says there's,uh,chemicals and stuff left out and,ya know,it's like no one's been cleaning up.But that could just be,ya know,students using the lab after hours or something.Like,after it's been cleaned.FEMALE EMPLOYEE:Hmm…hang on.There's…uh…there is um…an asterisk…uh, next to one of the job numbers here.There's a note.Let's see…Huh!…Your friend's right.Seems like one of the student janitors quit a couple weeks ago for some reason….Well,whatever.It looks like this is your lucky day.MALE STUDENT:Wow!That is so great!So who's the contact person?FEMALE EMPLOYEE:Check with the janitorial office.MALE STUDENT:Fine.Thanks so much.题目1.Why does the student go to the employment office?A.To get feedback from his previous supervisorB.To try to have his work hours reducedC.To find out about getting an on-campus jobD.To compare various job offers that he has received2.Why does the university employee seem surprised at the student's request for on-campus jobs?A.Because she knows he is interested in off-campus jobsB.Because she expected him to apply earlier in the semesterC.Because she knows he recently quit an on-campus jobD.Because she thought he already had an on-campus job3.What does the student imply about the job he had at the library last year?A.It did not require as much training as jobs in restaurants.B.It did not pay as well as jobs in restaurants.C.It offered a flexible work schedule for students.D.It convinced him to become a librarian in the future.4.Why does the student mention his friend Suzanne?A.To compare his restaurant job with her job at the photograph labB.To suggest that he wants to work with herC.To explain why students do not want to have janitorial jobsD.To explain why he thinks there is a job opening5.What can be inferred about the woman when she says this:FEMALE EMPLOYEE:Um,why does your friend,the photography student,think she has information about a janitorial staff opening?I'm pretty sure those jobs're filled.A.She believes that there is no way to confirm that information.B.She is concerned about information security.C.She doubts the accuracy of the information.D.She does not find the information helpful.答案C B BD C译文听一段一个学生和大学工作人员在校园职业介绍办公室的对话。

正确答案：A解析：typically在字典中的第一个意思为：used to say that something usually happens in the way that you are stating. 表示“通常地，一般地”；traditionally 在文中表示“习俗的，惯例的”，只有A选项的typically 能够和它同义表达。

Q2正确答案：C解析：C选项对应原文第1句的“equally sharp teeth farther back in their jaws”；A 和B选项和本段最后1句信息矛盾；D选项的flat teeth这个信息和本段提到的有flat teeth的动物不是同一类，cows，horses等这些有flat teeth，紧接着下一句说unlike…teeth of carnivores，可见carnivores 是没有flat teeth的。

Q3正确答案：A解析：题目问的是作者把the teeth of cows, horses, rabbits, and mice比作grindstone 的目的是为了解释什么。

根据题干回归此段最后两句，在最后一句说到，不像肉食动物（carnivores），这些动物的牙齿是为了在消化之前碾磨和撕碎植物物质的（grind and shred plant material before digestion）。

用unlike部分作对比，强调后半句的内容，对应选项A。

Q4正确答案：B解析：把高亮文本句子结构精简，就是：The jaw joint of carnivores takes the advantage of same level of tooth row to close speedily and force upper teeth to occlude against the lower teeth precisely. 意思就是食肉动物利用了颌关节和牙齿同一高度的优势快速地闭合，也让上牙和下牙严密地咬合。

Q1正确答案：C解析：高亮文本的意思是：从西方社会的经验来看，商业为工业化提供发展条件，而工业化也反而让科学、技术、工业、交通、交流、社会变化和一切我们归纳为“发展”这个术语下的其他层面得以进步发展。

句子结构比较简单，就是说商业和工业让西方社会的许多方面得到发展。

原文中的commerce和题目选项中的trade是同义表达，trade也在第一句中提到了，C选项为正确答案。

A和B选项错误理解了development这个单词在句中的地位，D选项中的social change不对。

Q2正确答案：B解析：单词所在定位句的意思是：但是在欧洲，大规模的人口增长首先是归因于在18世纪开始的工业化发展，同期中国人口也在大规模增长，即便那时中国没有与之可比拟的工业化发展。

B选项的credit 取“归因于，把…归功于”的意思。

从前后文来看，这个单词只能取一个含有表原因意思的词来表达前后文的因果关系。

Q3正确答案：D解析：定位原文：“The transition…”明清过渡时期（也就是17世纪），中国人口数量可能有所下降（may have seen a decline），但是从1741到1851年年间，每年都在稳定和显著的增长。

后面接着说无论我们是否真的认可这些数据的真实性（if we accept…/If, with greater caution…），的确人口都翻倍增长了，在与西方外交，国外贸易和工业化之前，像中国人口翻倍增长的某些因素本应该对社会产生很大的影响的（像西方社会），但是实际却没有（could have done结构）。

也就是说基于前文讨论和人口增长的相关条件和影响，中国的人口增长情况却是讨论的特例，它缺少通常和人口增长相关的条件。

C选项错在说是基于previous centuries 的人口持续增长的基础上持续的，而17世纪明清两朝过渡时，人口数量可能是下降的。

Q4正确答案：B解析：段落中说从1741到1851期间，人后从最开始的143 million 到最后的432 million，保守估计，最后也有400 million。

Termite IngenuityTermites, social insects which live in colonies that, in some species, contain 2 million individuals or more, are often incorrectly referred to as white ants. But they are certainly not ants. Termites, unlike ants, have gradual metarnorphosis with only three life stage: egg, nymph, and adult. Ants and the other social members of their order, certain bees and wasps, have complete metarnorphosis in four life stages; egg, larva, pupa, and adult. The worker and soldier castes of social ants, bees, and wasps consist of only females, all daughters of a single queen that mated soon after she matured and thereafter never mated again. The worker and soldier castes of termites consist of both males and females, and the queen lives permanently with a male consort.Since termites are small and soft-bodied, they easily become desiccated and must live in moist places with a high relative humidity. They do best when the relative humidity in their nest is above 96 percent and the temperature is fairly high, an optimum of about 79°F for temperate zone species and about 86°F for tropical species. Subterranean termites, the destructive species that occurs commonly throughout the eastern United States, attain these conditions by nesting in moist soil that is in contact with wood, their only food. The surrounding soil keeps the nest moist and tends to keep the temperature at a more or less favorable level. When it is cold in winter, subterranean termites move to burrows below the frost line.Some tropical termites are more ingenious engineers, constructing huge above-ground nests with built-in “air conditioning” that keeps the nest moist, at a constant temperature, and well supplied with oxygen. Among the most architecturally advanced of these termites is an African species, Macroternes natalensis. Renowned Swiss entomologist Martin Luscher described the mounds of this fungus-growing species as being as much as 16 feet tall, 16 feet in diameter at their base, and with a cement-like wall of soil mixed with termite saliva that is from 16 to 23 inches thick. The thick and dense wall of the mound insulates the interior microclimate from the variations in humidity and temperature of the outside atmosphere. Several narrow and relatively thin-walled ridges on the outside of the mound extend from near its base almost to its top.According to luscher, a medium-sized nest of Macrotermes has a population of about 2 million individuals. The metabolism of so many termites and of the fungus that they grow in their gardens as food helps keep the interior of the nest warm and supplies some moisture to the air in the nest. The termites saturate the atmosphere of the nest, bringing it to about 100 percent relative humidity,by carrying water up from the soil.But how is this well-insulated nest ventilated? Its many occupants require over 250 quarts of oxygen (more than 1,200 quarts of aire) per day. How can so much oxygen diffuse through the thick walls of the mound? Even the pores in the wall are filled with water, which almost stops the diffusion of gases. The answer lies in the construction of the nest. The interior consists of a large central core in which the fungus is grown, below it is “cellar” of empty space, above it is an “attic” of empty space, and within the r idges on the outer wall of the nest, there are many small tunnels that connect the cellar and the attic. The warm air in the fungus gardens rises through the nest up to the attic. From the attic, the air passes into the tunnels in the ridges and flows back down to the cellar. Gases, mainly oxygen coming in and carbon dioxide going out, easily diffuse into or out of the ridges, since their walls are thin and their surface area is large because they protrude far our from the wall of the mound. Thus air that flows down into the cellar through the ridges is relatively rich in oxygen, and has lost much of its carbon dioxide. It supplies the nest’s inhabitants with fresh oxygen as it rises through the fungus-growing area back up to the attic.Passage 1Termites, social insects which live in colonies that, in some species, contain 2 million individuals or more, are often incorrectly referred to as white ants. But they are certainly not ants. Termites, unlike ants, have gradual metarnorphosis with only three life stage: egg, nymph, and adult. Ants and the other social members of their order, certain bees and wasps, have complete metarnorphosis in four life stages; egg, larva, pupa, and adult. The worker and soldier castes of social ants, bees, and wasps consist of only females, all daughters of a single queen that mated soon after she matured and thereafter never mated again. The worker and soldier castes of termites consist of both males and females, and the queen lives permanently with a male consort.1.The autho r mentions “white ants” in the beginning of the passage in order toA.correct a common misunderstanding about termites’B.introduce the idea that termites only take the form of ants during certain life stagesC.argue that not all white ants are social insectsD.Illustrate the large variety of insect species that live in colonies2.According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true about termites?A.They are a kind of ant, but they are unlike most ants in many ways.B.They form colonies that grow at first and then gradually decline.C.Their workers are all males, and their soldiers are all females.D.They go through a life state called the nymph stage.Passage 2Since termites are small and soft-bodied, they easily become desiccated and must live in moist places with a high relative humidity. They do best when the relative humidity in their nest is above 96 percent and the temperature is fairly high, an optimum of about 79°F for temperate zone species and about 86°F for tropical species. Subterranean termites, the destructive species that occurs commonly throughout the eastern United States, attain these conditions by nesting in moist soil that is in contact with wood, their only food. The surrounding soil keeps the nest moist and tends to keep the temperature at a more or less favorable level. When it is cold in winter, subterranean termites move to burrows below the frost line.3.According to paragraph 2, termites need to live in nests with high humidity in order toA.keep their food moistB.withstand cold temperatures in winterC.protect their bodies from drying outD.keep nest temperatures high4.The word “attain” in the passage is closet in meaning toA.achieveB.observeC.overcomeD.reflect5.The word “ingenious” in the passage is closest in meaning toA.determinedB.cleverC.ambitiousD.successfulPassage 3Some tropical termites are more ingenious engineers, constructing huge above-ground nests with built-in “air conditioning” that keeps the nest moist, at a constant temperature, and well supplied with oxygen. Among the most architecturally advanced of these termites is an African species, Macroternes natalensis. Renowned Swiss entomologist Martin Luscher described the mounds of this fungus-growing species as being as much as 16 feet tall, 16 feet in diameter at their base, and with a cement-like wall of soil mixed with termite saliva that is from 16 to 23 inches thick. The thick and dense wall of the mound insulates the interior microclimate from the variations in humidity and temperature of the outside atmosphere. Several narrow and relatively thin-walled ridges on the outside of the mound extend from near its base almost to its top.6.The word “ingenious” in the passage is closest in meaning toA.determinedB.cleverC.ambitiousD.successful7.The word “Renowned” in the passage is closest in meaning toA.SkilledB.FamousC.EarlyD.Revolutionary8.According to paragraph 3, the nests of some tropical termite species have the ability toA.insulate the microclimate in one part of the nest from the microclimate in another partB.Allow moist outside air to get inside regardless of whether it is warm or coolC.rapidly decrease the humidity inside when it gets hot outsideD.Provide the oxygen needed in the nestPassage 3 & 4Some tropical termites are more ingenious engineers, constructing huge above-ground nests with built-in “air conditioning” that keeps the nest moist, at a constant temperature, and well supplied with oxygen. Among the most architecturally advanced of these termites is an African species, Macroternes natalensis. Renowned Swiss entomologist Martin Luscher described the mounds of this fungus-growing species as being as much as 16 feet tall, 16 feet in diameter at their base, and with a cement-like wall of soil mixed with termite saliva that is from 16 to 23 inches thick. The thick and dense wall of the mound insulates the interior microclimate from the variations in humidity and temperature of the outside atmosphere. Several narrow and relatively thin-walled ridges on the outside of the mound extend from near its base almost to its top.According to luscher, a medium-sized nest of Macrotermes has a population of about 2 million individuals. The metabolism of so many termites and of the fungus that they grow in their gardens as food helps keep the interior of the nest warm and supplies some moisture to the air in the nest. The termites saturate the atmosphere of the nest, bringing it to about 100 percent relative humidity, by carrying water up from the soil.9.According to paragraphs 3 and 4, all of the following are true of the nests of Macroternes natalensis EXCEPT:A.The walls are built out of soil mixed with termite saliva.B.The nests can be as tall as they are wide at the base.C.The interior of the nest is kept as humid as possible.D.The termites use hollow, thin-walled ridges to travel from one part of the nest to another. Passage 4According to luscher, a medium-sized nest of Macrotermes has a population of about 2 million individuals. The metabolism of so many termites and of the fungus that they grow in their gardens as food helps keep the interior of the nest warm and supplies some moisture to the air in the nest. The termites saturate the atmosphere of the nest, bringing it to about 100 percent relative humidity, by carrying water up from the soil.10. According to paragraph 4, how does the fungus grown by Macrotermes natalensis affect the environment of the nest?A.It carries water up from the soil into the interior.B.It dries the air by using up moisture as it grows.C.It heats and adds humidity to the inside of the nest.D.It lessens the effects of the metabolism of so many termites.Passage 5But how is this well-insulated nest ventilated? Its many occupants require over 250 quarts of oxygen (more than 1,200 quarts of aire) per day. How can so much oxygen diffuse through the thick walls of the mound? Even the pores in the wall are filled with water, which almost stops the diffusion of gases. The answer lies in the construction of the nest. The interior consists of a large central core in which the fungus is grown, below it is “cellar” of empty sp ace, above it is an “attic” of empty space, and within the ridges on the outer wall of the nest, there are many small tunnels that connect the cellar and the attic. The warm air in the fungus gardens rises through the nest up to the attic. From the attic, the air passes into the tunnels in the ridges and flows back down to the cellar. Gases, mainly oxygen coming in and carbon dioxide going out, easily diffuse into or out of the ridges, since their walls are thin and their surface area is large because they protrude far our from the wall of the mound. Thus air that flows down into the cellar through the ridges is relatively rich in oxygen, and has lost much of its carbon dioxide. It supplies the nest’s inhabitants with fresh oxygen as it rises through the fungus-growing area back up to the attic.11.According to paragraph 5, what does the thinness of the ridge walls make possible?A.The concentration of cool air in the cellarB.The construction of exceptionally long tunnelsC.The even distribution of oxygen from attic to cellarD.The diffusion of gases into and out of the ridges12. According to paragraph 5, what happens to the air in the ridge tunnels of Macrotermes natalensis nests?A. It becomes more humid as water vapor diffuses into the tunnels.B. It loses carbon dioxide and gains oxygen.C. It reaches the interior of the nest through pores in the walls.D. It moves in the same direction as the air in the center of the nest.13.Paragraph 5 supports which of the following about the air that flows through the interior of a Macrotermes natalensis mound?A.It has a higher concentration of oxygen in the cellar than in the attic.B.It is the same temperature as the air on the outside of the mound.C.It contains over 250 quarts of oxygen which circulate continuously.D.It is most humid in the cellar and gradually loses moisture as it rises to the attic.14. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.If not through the walls or its pores, how does oxygen enter the nest at all, since the nest has a closed surface?Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage.But how is this well-insulated nest ventilated? Its many occupants require over 250 quarts of oxygen (more than 1,200 quarts of aire) per day. How can so much oxygen diffuse through the thick walls of the mound? [■] Even the pores in the wall are filled with water, which almost stops the diffusion of gases. [■] The answer lies in the construction of the nest. [■] The inter ior consistsof a large central core in which the fungus is grown, below it is “cellar” of empty space, above it is an “attic” of empty space, and within the ridges on the outer wall of the nest, there are many small tunnels that connect the cellar and the attic. [■] The warm air in the fungus gardens rises through the nest up to the attic. From the attic, the air passes into the tunnels in the ridges and flows back down to the cellar. Gases, mainly oxygen coming in and carbon dioxide going out, easily diffuse into or out of the ridges, since their walls are thin and their surface area is large because they protrude far our from the wall of the mound. Thus air that flows down into the cellar through the ridges is relatively rich in oxygen, and has lost much of its c arbon dioxide. It supplies the nest’s inhabitants with fresh oxygen as it rises through the fungus-growing area back up to the attic.15.Directions:An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided plete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 3 points.Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong. To remove an answer choice, click on it.To review the passage, click VIEW TEXT.Termites are social insects that live in large, often elaborately constructed nests.Answer ChoicesA. Although termites resemble ants in terms of size, metarmorphosis, and social organization, they actually belong to a different order of insects.B. Some termites build their nests under ground, while other construct above-ground structures with thick, insulating wall.C. Some termite species grow a fungus in their nests so that it will purify the air by taking in carbon dioxide and giving off oxygen.D. Termites are sensitive to dryness and to changes in temperature, so their nests are designed tominimize these factors.E. Whether they lie above ground or below ground, termite nests must include special pores that allow air to enter the nests.F. The nests of Macrotermes natalensis consist of a series of chambers and tunnels that allow for the circulation of air and the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.。