英语教学法教程教案(王蔷)

第7章Teaching grammar语法练习的活动会表述、设计一、The importance、value of grammar in language learningIt is generally believed that grammar teaching is less important for children than for adults. Grammar teaching is less important in listening and reading than in writing, and can be seen in most formal classroom language teaching. But the importance of grammar cannot be denied. Grammatical competence is essential for communication and there is often an inadequate treatment of grammar in most communicative syllabuses resulting in lower level of accuracy than the cases under formal instruction. English grammar is the core of English language. Without grammar English language cannot be well constructed. However, it should be noted that learning grammar itself is not the ultimate goal of learning English. It is natural that Chinese grammar in the minds of Chinese students, and it's not easy to take in the grammar of a foreign language. But this difficulty must be overcome. If you cannot solve this difficulty, the foreign language you write, though it may be understandable, will be Chinese style English.二、Grammar presentation 如何教语法3+41. The deductive method:The deductive method relies on reasoning, analysing and comparing. First, the teacher writes an example on the board. Then the teacher explains the underlying rules. The explanations are often done in the student’s native language. Finally, the students practise applying the rule to produce sentences with given prompts.(1) Advantages: good for selected and motivate students; save time to explain complex rules; increase students’ confidence in examination(2) Disadvantages: grammar is taught isolatedly; little attention is paid to meaning; the practice is often mechanical2. The inductive method: 能自己说出步骤书上The teacher provides learners with authentic language data and induces the learners to realize grammar rules without any form of explicit explanation.(1) Advantages: students will become evident to the grammar rules if they are given enough appropriate examples. This is especially true with grammatical regularities which are easily understood and applied. Inspire students’ thinking activities; motivate students’ learning interests; grammar is taught in context.(2) Disadvantages: the presentation of grammar is more complex and time consumption is huge; grammar is not taught directly; some rules can’t be induced easily.3. The guided discovery method: 能自己说出步骤书上It is similar to the inductive method in that the students are induced to discover rules by themselves but different in that the process of the discovery is carefully guided and assisted by the teacher and the rules are then elicited and taught explicitly.4. Some new approaches to teaching grammar:①Collocational: It means that the grammar should be built on collocational relations between individual lexical items and their subcategories.②Constructive: It means that one’s knowledge of grammar is built bit by bit, which closely models the way language is learned and used.③Contextual: It means that elements and structures are taught in relation to their context. Syntactic and lexical choices are explicitly related to pragmatic ones, and to social and cultural contexts.④Contrastive: It means that grammar involves drawing the learner’s attention to contrast the differences between the target language and other language.三、Factors contribute to successful practice 6个因素(因素，准则，原则可作为措施的要点答题)①Pre-learning:②V olume and repetition:③Success-orientation:④Heterogeneity:⑤Teacher assistance:⑥Interest:四、评述语法教学方法P115。

总目标是使学生在义务教育阶段英语学习的基础上，进一步明确英语学习的目的，发展自主学习和合作学习的能力；形成有效的英语学习策略；培养学生的综合语言运用能力。

综合语言运用能力的形成建立在语言技能、语言知识、情感态度、学习策略和文化意识等素养整合发展的基础上。

语言技能和语言知识是综合语言运用能力基础。

情感态度是影响学生学习和发展的重要因素。

学习策略是提高学习效率、发展自主学习能力的先决条件。

文化意识则是得体运用语言的保障，这五个方面共同促进综合语言运用能力的形成。

Principles of communicative language teaching（CLT）Communication principle：activities that involve real communication promote learningTask principle：activities in which language is used for carrying out meaningful taskspromote learningMeaningfulness principle: language that is meaningful to the learner supports the learning processListening and speaking skills need to be refined in terms of the real communicative use，Students should have the chance to listen to and produce what is meaningful, authentic, unpredictable, and creative if possible.Reading is extract meaning or information and the learning of grammar and vocabulary is to facilitate the processWriting：In CLT, students have the chance to write to express their own feelings or describe their own experiences, thus making the practice of writing meaningful and authenticLanguage content(to incorporate functions);CLT just has only expanded the areas Learning process (cognitive style and information processing); and Product (language skills).Task-based Language Teaching(TBLT)Task-based Language teaching is,in fact,a further development of Communicative Language Teaching.It shares the same beliefs,as language should be learned as close as possible to how it is used in real life.It has stressed the importance to combine form-focused teaching with communication-focused teachingFour components of a taskA purpose: making sure the students have a reason for undertaking the task. If the students don't understand why they undertake the task, they will lost interest and the task will face failure.A context: the task can be real, simulated or imaginary,and involves sociolinguistic issues, such as the location, the participants and their relationships, the time and other important factors.A process: getting the students to use learning strategies such as problem solving reasoning, inquiring, conceptualizing and communicating.A product: there will be some form of outcome, either visible (a written plan, a play, a letter. etc.) or invisible (enjoying a story, learning about another country, etc.）The PPP Model&The5-step teaching method3p：Step I.Presentation Step II.Practice Step III.Production5-step Model：Step I.Revision Step II.Presentation Step II.PresentationStep IV.Practice Step V.ConsolidationDifferences between PPP and TBL：1.The way students use and experience language in TBL is radically different from PPP 2.TBL can provide acontent for grammar teaching and form-focused activities.PPP is different in this aspect.Steps of designing a tasks：Step1Think about student’s needs,interest,and abilitiesStep2Brainstorm possible tasksStep3Evaluating the listStep4Choose the language items Step5Preparing the materialsClosed questions refer to those with only one single correct answer;open questions may invite many different answers;Display questions are those that the answers are al ready known to the teacher and they are used for checking if students know the answe r,too.Conversely,genuine questions are questions which are used to find out new inf ormation and since they often reflect real contexts,they are therefore more communic ative.lower-order questions refer to those that simply require recalling of information or memorization of facts;higher order questions require more reasoning,analysis,and evaluation.6.4Practising soundsPerception practice1．Using minimal pairs2.Which order?3.Same or different?4.Odd one pletionProduction practice：1．Listen and repeat2.Fill in the blanks3.Make up e meaningful co e e tongue twisterspractising stressUse gestures.The teacher can indicate the stress by clapping hands or using arm mo vements as if conducting music.Use the voice.The teacher can raise the voice to indicate stress.This can be done wit h some exaggeration sometimes.Use the blackboard.The teacher can highlight the stress by underlining them or writi ng them with colored chalks or in different size.Practising intonation（语调）语音教学7步骤1.say the sound alone.2.get students to repeat the sound in chorus.3.get individual students to repeat the sound.4.explain how to make the sound5.say the sound in a w ork6.contrast it with other sounds7.say the sound in meaningful contextways of presenting vocabulary1.try to provide a visual or physical demonstration whenever possible,using pictures ,photos,video clips,mime or gesture to show meaning.2.provide a verbal context to demonstrate meaning.then ask students tell the meaning first before it is offered by teacher.e synonyms or antonyms to explain meanings.e lexical sets or hyponyms to show relations of words and their meaning.5.Translate and exemplify,especially with technical words and words with abstract meaning.e word formation rules and common affixes to build new lexical knowledge on what is already known.7.Teach vocabulary in chunks.chunks refer to a group of words that go together to fr om meaning.it is also referred to as"pre-fabricated formulaic items"8.Think about the context in real life where the words might be used.newly learned language to students'real life to promote high motivation9.Think about providing different context for introducing new words.10.Prepare for possible misunderstanding or confusion that students may have. Mechanical practice（substitution drills替换练习，transformation drills变形练习）and meaningful/communicative practiceUsing prompts for ing picture ing mimes or gestures as promptsing information sheet as promptsing key phrases or key words as prompts5.using chained phrases for story ing created situationsWays of presenting vocabulary:ing pictures,photos,video clips…to show meaning2.provide a verbal context to demonstrate meanine synonyms or antonyms to explain meaningse lexical sets or hyponyms to show relations of words and their meaning5.translate and exemplifyways of consolidating vocabularya)Labeling b)Spot the difference c)Describe and draw d)Play a game d)Use word series e)Word bingo f)Word association g)Find synonyms and antonyms h)Categori es i)Using word net-work j)Using the Internet resources for more ideasPre-listening activities:PredictingSetting the sceneListening for the gistListening for specific informationSummary on pre-listening activitiesWhile-listening activitiesNo specific responsesListen and sequenceListen and actListen and drawListen and fillListen and take notesSummary on while-listenning activitiesPost-listening activitiesMultiple choice questionsAnswering questionsNote-taking and gap-fillingDictogloss(合作听写)写):Preparation,Dictation,Reconstruction,Analysis and correction1. pre-reading activities（1）PredictingPredicting based on the title，Predicting based on vocabulary，Predicting based on the T/F questions,setting the scene,skimming,scanning,Summary on pre-reading activities(2)Setting the sceneDiscussing culture bound aspects,Relating what students already know to what they want to know,Using visual aids(3)Skimming&scanning(4)Skimming for gist,ask general questions,provide3-4statements,provide subtitles and put in the right place(5)Scanning for specific information:a number,a definition,a name(6)Summary on pre-reading activitiesWhile-reading(1)Fast reading(2)Reading in detailTransition device的目的：A,Focus on the main meaning B.Simplify sophisticated inputC.Perform tasks while r eading D.Highlight the main structural organization E.Involve all the students F.Pre cede one step at a timeG.A basis for further oral or written practiceReading comprehension questionsA.Questions for literal comprehensionB.Questions involving reorganization or reinterpretationC.Questions for evaluation or appreciatio n D.Questions for personal response E.Questions for inferencesUnderstanding referencesMaking inferencesSummary on while-reading activities3.Post-readingPost-reading的方法：1）Discussion questions 2）reproducing the text 3)Role play4）Gap-filling 5）Discussion1）Role play 2）Gap-filling 3)Retelling4）Writing。

第6章Teaching Pronunciation一、The role of pronunciation 发音的重要性As a means of communication by word of mouth, language is used in oral speech and in reading aloud. In order to make oneself easily understood while expressing one's own or other people's thoughts in any language, one must be able to pronounce words and sentences in that language quite correctly. Therefore, correct pronunciation is needed for a speaker to communicate. If our pronunciation is incorrect, we will not be understood. The result will be that Chinese people will think you are speaking in a foreign language and English people will think you are speaking Chinese. And it is more important for us language teachers to have a good pronunciation. If we have not a good pronunciation, who can we enable our students to pronounce correctly? In addition, pronunciation is more important than phonetic. Stress and intonation are as important as the sounds themselves and should be taught from the very beginning. For example, “she is not a girl who is afraid of failure and death.” In this sentence, with or without a pause before "who" is quite different.二、The goal of teaching pronunciation 目标简答The goal of teaching pronunciation is not to teach learners to achieve a perfect imitation of a native accent, but simply to get the learners to pronounce accurately enough to be easily and comfortably comprehensible to other speakers.As we know the ideal goal of teaching pronunciation is to acquire native-like pronunciation, however, it’s not easy to acquire such pronunciation, then what should be our realistic goal?The realistic goal of teaching pronunciation should be:①Consistency: The pronunciation should be smooth and natural.②Intelligibility: The pronunciation should be understandable to the listeners.③Communicative efficiency: The pronunciation should help convey the meaning that is intended by the speaker.三、Practicing sounds 设计教案时活动的参考1. Focusing on a soundWhen teaching pronunciation, we need to focus on individual sounds, especially those sounds that are difficult to learn.The following steps may be helpful in teaching the difficult sounds: 步骤①Say the sound alone, but this may be avoided wherever possible;②Have students repeat the sound in chorus;③Have individual students repeat the sound;④Explain how to make the sound when necessary;⑤Say the sound in a word;⑥Contrast it with other sounds if necessary;⑦Say the sound in a meaningful context.2. Perception practicePerception practice is aimed at developing the students’ ability to identify and distinguish between different sounds. Correct perception of sounds is vital for listening comprehension.3. Production practiceProduction practice is aimed at developing students’ ability to produce sounds. Production practice of pronunciation varies from mechanical imitation to production in meaningful context.四、Practicing stress and intonation1. Three ways to show stress pattern of words, phrases and sentences: 教重音的方法①use gestures: the teacher can indicate the stress by clapping hands or using arm movements as if conductingmusic.②use the voice: the teacher can raise the voice to indicate stress. This can be done with some exaggeration sometimes.③use the blackboard: the teacher can highlight the stress parts by underlining them or writing them with colored chalks or in different size.2. Three ways to practice intonation:①use hand or arm movement to indicate change of intonation②use rising or falling arrows, such as ↗and↘.③draw lines五、Some suggestions on teaching pronunciation/How can teachers help the students to improve pronunciation? 教语音的建议或解决办法①Use individual, pair, group and whole class work to create a pleasant, relaxed, and dynamic classroom.②Use hands and arms to conduct practice.③Move around the classroom when doing choral practice.④Vary the criteria of ‘good’ to give students confidence.⑤Do articulation practice more than once.⑥Bring interests and variety to the practice.⑦The main criteria for good pronunciation are consistency, intelligibility and communicative efficiency.⑧Make full use of demonstrations.⑨Try to use visual aids.。

英语教学法教程教案A Course in English Language Teaching主讲：姚向礼教材：《英语教学法教程》主编：王蔷出版社：高等教育出版社宁夏师范学院外语系2007年5月19日绪论外语教学法主要流派Teaching approaches & MethodsApproaches & methods of Language Teaching众说纷纭，现以学习理论作为分类标准，将学派分为认知性的，连接性的和综合性的三大类。

并简介翻译教学法，自然教学法，直接教学法，认知教学法，功能教学法，在这之前首先概述一下拉丁语教学法、。

①拉丁语教学法，指（15-16世纪）为欧洲语言的极盛时期，学校里教授作为外语之拉丁语的直觉模仿法。

它在（15——16世纪）为语法模仿法：16世纪末到17世纪，由于民族语渗入学校，拉丁语教学法主要为词汇模仿法。

先后提出了自觉性原则和直观性原则。

这一时期的两大代表人物①惜提哈（ratch1571-163500））②夸美纽斯教学法Conienius(1592_1670)①德国论点是通过经验与分析去学习一切。

认为只从理论途径得到的记忆才是可靠的。

词汇翻译法，自觉对比法，认真教学法。

二、联结性的教学法学派特点：经验主义的哲学观点；重视外语话语与实物，观念，概念等外部世界与思维的直接联系；侧重口头操练。

自然教学法（绝对排斥本族语的教学法）直接教学法（自然教学法发展起来的）（一种习惯）听说教学法视听教学法功能教学法（又名意念法，交际法或意念——功能—交际法三、综合性的教学法学派，来源于直接法与翻译的综合自觉实践法折衷法（又是极端）分阶段教学法一、语法翻译法(Translation Method)The grammar translation Method(Reading Method ,classical Method ).In China, it is called old method and is probably the most widely known and has been the most widely used of all approaches to language teaching .Although there have been many developments in language teaching, especially in the teaching foreign language ,grammar-translation method in still used today in various forms .And the main drill in translation.The mains features are as the followings.1.Classes are taught in the mother tongue,with little active use of the target lauguage.2.Much vocabulary is taught in the form of lists of isofated words.3.Long elaborate explanations of the intricacies of grammar are given.4.Little attention explanations of the intricacies of grammar are given.5.Often the only drills are exercises in translation disconnecfecl sentences from the target language into the mother tongue.6.little or no attention is given to pronunciation.希腊文、拉丁文、通过翻译来学习外语。

王蔷英语教学法教程第⼆版Unit15Unit 15 Assessment in language Teaching 重要⼀、Understanding assessmentThe differences between testing, assessment and evaluation:1. Testing:It often takes the ‘pencil and paper’ form and it is usually done at the end of a learning period, such as unit-test, mid-term-test, semester-test etc.2. Assessment:It involves the collecting of information or evidence of a learner’s learning progress and achievement over a period of time for the purposes of improving teaching and learning.3. Evaluation:It involves making an overall judgment about one’s work or a whole school’s work. According to Cameron, it can be concerned with ‘a whole range of issues in and beyond language education: lessons, courses, programs, and skills can all be evaluated.’Evaluation is the most general of the three concepts, for decision-making purpose. Assessment focuses on the learning progress and process-oriented, for the purpose of improving teaching and learning. Test is one instrument of assessment, focusing on the result of learning.⼆、Assessment purposesAssessment in ELT means to discover what the learners know and can do at certain stage of the learning process.A close study of the assessment purposes will make it clear that all the people involved in education have some reasons to consider assessment necessary. They are administrators, teachers, parents and students.1. for administrators:They need to know whether the programs they have planned are working well. The only way to do this is to discover how well the students are doing with their courses.2. for teachers:Teachers put the administrators’ plans into practice. They need to know what has been done and what needs to be done next; what the students already know or can do and what they don’t know or can’t do yet.3. for parents:They are anxious to know what their children are doing in school. Unable to watch their kids in the class, parents value the feedback about their children’s performance from the teachers and the school.4. for students:They need to know what they’ve accomplished, be aware of what they need to work on next, and build up confidence and satisfaction from what they have achieved.三、Methods for assessmentAssessment includes testing but definitely not only testing. Assessment is often divided into summative assessment and formative assessment.1. Summative assessment:Summative assessment is mainly based on testing. It is done mostly at the end of a learning period or the end ofa school year.2. Formative assessment:Formative assessment is based on information collected in the classroom during the teaching process for the purposes of improving teaching and learning, therefore, it is sometimes termed as classroom assessment as well.3. The ways to gather students’ learning information:（1）Teacher’s observationsTeacher’s observations of the learners’ overall performance or achievement can be quite accurate and fair.（2）Continuous assessmentThe final grade given to the student is some kind of combination of the grades the student has received for various assignments during the course.（3）Self-assessment and peer assessmentStudents are able to make quite accurate assessment of their own achievements. With peer-assessment students are involved in assessing each other’s work.（4）Project workProject work requires students to complete a set of tasks designed to explore a certain idea or concept.（5）PortfoliosA portfolio is a purposeful collection of materials assembled over a period of time by a learner to provide evidence of skills, abilities and attitudes related to their study.四、Criteria for assessmentAssessment means to discover how well learners know things or can do things. Depending on different assessment purposes and the stage at which the assessment is made, assessment should be made according to different criteria or references. 1. Different criteria or references of assessment:（1）Criterion-referenced assessmentCriterion-referenced language assessment is based on a fixed standard or a set criterion. The national or local educational authority may have this standard or criterion. A school or several schools in a district may have their standard or set criterion for whatever purposes they might have. A fixed standard is usually the ultimate goal which the students are expected to achieve at the end of the course.（2）Norm-referenced assessmentNorm-referenced assessment is designed to measure how the performance of a particular student or group of students compares with the performance of another student or group of students whose scores are given as the norm. A student’s achievement is therefore interpreted with reference to the achievement of other students or groups of students, rather than to an agreed criterion.（3）Individual-referenced assessmentIndividual-referenced assessment is based on how well the learner is performing relative to his or her own previous performance, or relative to an estimate of his or her individual ability. For example, if a student could only say a few words inEnglish after a few months of the course, and now after another month’s study, he is able to speak with some fluency (although there is some inaccuracy), we can surely say he has made great progress.2. Criteria to assess portfolios:Setting up clear criteria for assessment is very important when introducing the use of portfolios.The criteria for assessing pupil’s portfolio:·Inclusion of all the required entries;·Quality of final products;·Seriousness of revisions;·Depth of reflections;·Layout and design;·Keeping to the time schedule.五、Assessment principlesAssessment should be based on the following principles:①assess authentic use of language in reading, writing, speaking, and listening;②assess literacy and language in a variety of contexts;③assess the environment, the instruction, and the students;④assess processes as well as products;⑤analyze patterns of errors in language and literacy;⑥base assessment on normal developmental patterns and behavior in language and literacy acquisition;⑦clarify and use standards when assessing reading, writing, and content knowledge;⑧involve students and parents, as well as other personnel in the assessment process;⑨make assessment an ongoing part of every day.It is ideal if assessors can follow all these principles. But in reality, it is very difficult to achieve this.六、Tests in assessment1. Drawbacks of using tests for assessment:①A test is often a one-off event which may not necessarily give a fair sample of the learner’s overall proficiency; They are not always valid or reliable;②Tests tend to fragment skills. Most tests test only lower-order thinking skills;③When assessment is solely dependent on test results, teachers tend to begin teaching to the test (washback effect).2. Types of test items:Test items can be designed in various formats. A test whose items are designed in different formats tends to have more validity and reliability than a test that is designed in a single format, for example, multiple-choice format. Below are the most frequently used test formats.（1）Questions & answersStudents are asked to answer questions according to information provided in reading texts or recorded materials. （2）True or false questionsStudents are provided with a set of statements related to the read or heard texts and required to decide whetherthey are true or false according to the texts.（3）Multiple-choice questionsThis form can be used virtually for all language areas, such as reading, listening, vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation. Usually there are 3—5 choices, one of which is the correct answer, and the rest are distracters. （4）Gap-filling or completionStudents are asked to complete paragraphs or sentences by either filling in words they think are appropriate or choosing the best from the given choices. The test goals can be of grammar, vocabulary or reading comprehension.（5）Matching questionsTraditionally matching is only used for vocabulary tests, i.e. students are asked to match words with their definitions or their synonyms or antonyms. Now matching is used in a great variety of ways.（6）DictationStudents write down exactly what is read to them. The dictated materials can be sentences or short paragraphs.（7）TransformationUsually students are asked to transfer sentences from one pattern to another but keep the original meaning. A similar term for this form is rewriting.（8）TranslationStudents are asked to translate sentences or paragraphs from or into the target language.（9）Essay writingStudents are asked to write an essay on a certain given topic. Usually a set of instructions are given regarding the length, format and topic of the expected essay. Evaluation is based on both the language and the contents of the essay.（10）InterviewInterviews are often used to evaluate oral skills. The testers ask the students questions or ask them to perform some tasks. 3. The role of testing in the classroom:Classroom testing is the topic of this handbook. Although the teacher is primarily concerned with teaching rather than testing, classroom tests play three important roles in the second-language program: they define course objectives, they stimulate student progress, and they evaluate class achievement.（1）Defining course objectives（2）Stimulating student progress（3）Evaluating class achievement4. Types of test: 学硕语⾔学真题⾥考过四种测试类型There are four basic types of language tests: aptitude tests, progress tests, achievement tests, and proficiency tests.(1) The aptitude test (能⼒倾向测试)The aptitude test is conceived as a prognostic measure that indicates whether a student is likely to learn a second language readily. It is generally given before the student begins language study, and may be used to select students for a language course or to place students in sections appropriate to their ability.(2) The progress test（进步测试）The progress test measures how much the student has learned in a specific course of instruction. The tests that the classroom teacher prepares for administration at the end of a unit or end of a semester are progress tests. Their format reflects thevarious components of the curriculum. This hand-book is written specifically to help teachers improve their progress tests and evaluate those which commercial publishers distribute to accompanytheir materials.(3) The achievement test（成绩测试）The achievement test is similar to the progress test in that it measures how much the student has learned in the course of second-language instruction. However, achievement tests are usually not built around one set of teaching materials hut are designed for use with students from a variety of different schools and programs. For example, the afternoon tests of the College Board battery are achievement tests. Dictations given over unfamiliar material may also he considered achievement tests when they are used to compare students across different programs.(4) The proficiency test（⽔平测试）The proficiency test also measures what students have learned, but the aim of the proficiency test is to determine whether this language ability corresponds to specific language requirements. The proficiency tests, in fact, usually report student language ability on a continuum that reflects a predetermined set of categories.(5) Diagnostic test (诊断测试)5. Testing items:When we design a test question, we should focus on the followings:validity(有效性)，reliability（可靠性）, discrimination（区别性）, difficulty（难度）, 具体掌握这⼏个的含义。

第4章教案设计与书写4.1 复习笔记本章要点：1. The significance of lesson planning课程计划的重要性2. Principles for good lesson planning做好课程计划的准则3. Macro planning vs. micro planning宏观计划和微观计划4. Components of a lesson plan课程计划的构成因素5. Sample lesson plans课程计划的样本本章考点：课程计划的重要性；做好课程计划的准则；宏观计划和微观计划；课程计划的构成因素；课程计划的样本。

本章内容索引：Ⅰ. The significance of lesson planning1. Definition of lesson planning2.The necessity of lesson planning for teachers3. Benefits of lesson planningⅡ. Principles for good lesson planningⅢ. Macro planning vs. micro planning1. Two levels of lesson planning2. The advantage of a concrete teaching planⅣ. Components of a lesson plan1. Background information2. T eaching aims3. Language contents and skills4. Stages and procedures5. T eaching aids6. End of lesson summary7. Optional activities and assignments8. After lesson reflectionⅤ. Sample lesson plansⅥ. ConclusionⅠ. The significance of lesson planning（课程计划的重要意义）1. Definition of lesson planning课程计划的定义Lesson planning means making decisions in advance about what techniques, activities and materials will be used in the class.课程计划就是提前决定在课堂上使用什么技巧、材料、进行什么活动。

王蔷英语教学法教程第二版Unit6第6章Teaching Pronunciation一、The role of pronunciation 发音的重要性As a means of communication by word of mouth, language is used in oral speech and in reading aloud. In order to make oneself easily understood while expressing one's own or other people's thoughts in any language, one must be able to pronounce words and sentences in that language quite correctly. Therefore, correct pronunciation is needed for a speaker to communicate. If our pronunciation is incorrect, we will not be understood. The result will be that Chinese people will think you are speaking in a foreign language and English people will think you are speaking Chinese. And it is more important for us language teachers to have a good pronunciation. If we have not a good pronunciation, who can we enable our students to pronounce correctly? In addition, pronunciation is more important than phonetic. Stress and intonation are as important as the sounds themselves and should be taught from the very beginning. For example, “she is not a girl who is afraid of failure and death.” In this sentence, with or without a pause before "who" is quite different.二、The goal of teaching pronunciation 目标简答The goal of teaching pronunciation is not to teach learners to achieve a perfect imitation of a native accent, but simply to get the learners to pronounce accurately enough to be easily and comfortably comprehensible to other speakers.As we know the ideal goal of teaching pronunciation is to acquire native-like pronunciation, however, it’s not easy to acquire such pronunciation, then what should be our realisticgoal?The realistic goal of teaching pronunciation should be:①Consistency: The pronunciation should be smooth and natural.②Intelligibility: The pronunciation should be understandable to the listeners.③Communicative efficiency: The pronunciation should help convey the meaning that is intended by the speaker.三、Practicing sounds 设计教案时活动的参考1. Focusing on a soundWhen teaching pronunciation, we need to focus on individual sounds, especially those sounds that are difficult to learn.The following steps may be helpful in teaching the difficult sounds: 步骤①Say the sound alone, but this may be avoided wherever possible;②Hav e students repeat the sound in chorus;③Have individual students repeat the sound;④Explain how to make the sound when necessary;⑤Say the sound in a word;⑥Contrast it with other sounds if necessary;⑦Say the sound in a meaningful context.2. Perception practicePerception practice is aimed at developing the students’ ability to identify and distinguish between different sounds. Correct perception of sounds is vital for listening comprehension.3. Production practiceProduction practice is aimed at develo ping students’ ability to produce sounds. Production practice of pronunciation variesfrom mechanical imitation to production in meaningful context.四、Practicing stress and intonation1. Three ways to show stress pattern of words, phrases and sentences: 教重音的方法①use gestures: the teacher can indicate the stress by clapping hands or using arm movements as if conducting music.②use the voice: the teacher can raise the voice to indicate stress. This can be done with some exaggeration sometimes.③use the blackbo ard: the teacher can highlight the stress parts by underlining them or writing them with colored chalks or in different size.2. Three ways to practice intonation:①use hand or arm movement to indicate change of intonation②use rising or falling arrows, such as ↗and↘.③draw lines五、Some suggestions on teaching pronunciation/How can teachers help the students to improve pronunciation? 教语音的建议或解决办法①Use individual, pair, group and whole class work to createa pleasant, relaxed, and dynamic classroom.②Use hand s and arms to conduct practice.③Move around the classroom when doing choral practice.④Vary the criteria of ‘good’ to give students confidence.⑤Do articulation practice more than once.⑥Bring interests and variety to the practice.⑦The main criteria for good pronunciation are consistency, intelligibility and communicative efficiency.⑧Make full use of demonstrations.⑨Try to use visual aids.。

英语教学法教程教案A Course in English Language Teaching主讲：姚向礼教材：《英语教学法教程》主编：王蔷出版社：高等教育出版社绪论外语教学法主要流派Teaching approaches & MethodsApproaches & methods of Language Teaching众说纷纭，现以学习理论作为分类标准，将学派分为认知性的，连接性的和综合性的三大类。

并简介翻译教学法，自然教学法，直接教学法，认知教学法，功能教学法，在这之前首先概述一下拉丁语教学法、。

①拉丁语教学法，指（15-16世纪）为欧洲语言的极盛时期，学校里教授作为外语之拉丁语的直觉模仿法。

它在（15——16世纪）为语法模仿法：16世纪末到17世纪，由于民族语渗入学校，拉丁语教学法主要为词汇模仿法。

先后提出了自觉性原则和直观性原则。

这一时期的两大代表人物①惜提哈（ratch1571-163500））②夸美纽斯教学法Conienius(1592_1670)①德国论点是通过经验与分析去学习一切。

认为只从理论途径得到的记忆才是可靠的。

词汇翻译法，自觉对比法，认真教学法。

二、联结性的教学法学派特点：经验主义的哲学观点；重视外语话语与实物，观念，概念等外部世界与思维的直接联系；侧重口头操练。

自然教学法（绝对排斥本族语的教学法）直接教学法（自然教学法发展起来的）（一种习惯）听说教学法视听教学法功能教学法（又名意念法，交际法或意念——功能—交际法三、综合性的教学法学派，来源于直接法与翻译的综合自觉实践法折衷法（又是极端）分阶段教学法一、语法翻译法(Translation Method)The grammar translation Method(Reading Method ,classical Method ).In China, it is called old method and is probably the most widely known and has been the most widely used of all approaches to language teaching .Although there have been many developments in language teaching, especially in the teaching foreign language ,grammar-translation method in still used today in various forms .And the main drill in translation.The mains features are as the followings.1.Classes are taught in the mother tongue,with little active use of the target lauguage.2.Much vocabulary is taught in the form of lists of isofated words.3.Long elaborate explanations of the intricacies of grammar are given.4.Little attention explanations of the intricacies of grammar are given.5.Often the only drills are exercises in translation disconnecfecl sentences from the target language into the mother tongue.6.little or no attention is given to pronunciation.希腊文、拉丁文、通过翻译来学习外语。

Unit 13 Integrated Skills一、Reasons for integrating the four skillsWhen we communicate, we often use more than a single language skill. In our daily lives, we are constantly performing tasks that involve a natural integration of language skills simply because skills are rarely used in isolation.Integrating the skills allows you to build more variety into the lesson because the range of activities will be wider. Instead of just having listening, the students can have speaking, reading and writing practice. This can raise their motivation to learn English.Realistic communication is the aim of the communicative approach and many researchers believe that handling realistic communication is an integral part of essential conditions for language learning. Integrating the four skills emphasizes the focus on realistic language and can therefore lead to the students’ all-round development of communicative competence in English.二、Ways to integrate the four skills1. Simple integration: The easiest form of integration from receptive to productive skills. In other words, we would use a listening text as a model for the students’ speaking, and a reading text as a model for the students’ writing. This is common practice among teachers, and we will call it simple integration.2. Complex integration: This involves constructing a series of activities that use a variety of skills. In each of the activities, there is realistic, communicative use of language.三、Implications for teaching1. Focus on discourse 关注话语The main implication for teaching is that we need to be aware of the discourse features of a text and to be able to make students aware of them.2. Adjusting the textbook contents 调整教材内容As teachers, we have to use our professional judgement, based on our knowledge of the students, to decide how much detail we should include in the lesson. It is important to find a balance.Our teaching that requires attention if we adopt an integrated approach is the use of the textbook. We should make some changes to the textbook contents.3. Adjusting the timetable 调整时间表We have to make the timetable arrangements more flexible so that we can integrate the skills better.四、Limitations of integrating the four skills1.It is not easy for teachers to maintain an appropriate balance between integration and separation.While integrating the four skills can help the development of students’ communicative competence, we must not overlook the useful role that a separate focus on individual aspects of vocabulary, grammar and skills can play. If taught well, these aspects can accelerate the students’ language learning.2.Integrating the four language skills can be demanding of the teacher. This can also be time-consuming, requiring a lot of preparation.3.Another limitation is the problem of designing suitable materials that take into account students’ different skill levels. The four skills tend to develop at a different pace: receptive skills are stronger than productive skills, for example. This means that teachers have to be skillful in selecting or designing integrated activities for their students.。

第4章Lesson Planning 主要写教案，其次理论知识，P62作参考一、Principles for good lesson planning 做好课程计划的准则简答或评价教案优缺点的依据There are five major principles behind good lesson planning: aim, variety, flexibility, learnability, and linkage. Aim means the realistic goals for the lesson. One lesson may have a number of aims. Aims are not the things teachers intend to do during the lesson, but the things that students are able to do by the end of the lesson. Variety means planning a number of different types of activities and where possible, introducing students to a wide selection of materials so that learning is always interesting, motivating and never monotonous for the students.Flexibility means planning to use a number of different methods and techniques rather than being a slave to one methodology. This will make teaching and learning more effective and more efficient.Learnability means the contents and tasks planned for the lesson should be within the learning capability of the students. Of course things should not be too easy either.Linkage means the stages and the steps within each stage are planned in such a way that they are linked with one another. Good linkage makes the lesson transit from one stage to the next smoothly and students experience less anxiety.二、Benefits of lesson planning：写教案的好处、教师为什么要学会写一个好的教案A lesson plan is a framework of a lesson in which teachers make advance decisions about what they hope to achieve and how they would like to achieve it.Language teachers benefit from lesson planning in a number of ways:①A clear lesson plan makes the teacher aware of the aims and language contents of the lesson.②It helps teachers distinguish the various stages of a lesson and see the relationship between them so that the activities of different difficulty levels can be arranged properly and the lesson can move smoothly from one stage to another.③It gives teachers the opportunity to anticipate potential problems that may arise in class so that they can be prepared with some possible solutions or other options for the lesson.④It gives teachers, especially novice teachers, confidence in class.⑤Raised teachers’ awareness of the teaching aids that are needed for the lesson.⑥Planning is a good practice and a sign of professionalism.⑦It enables the teacher to improve class timing.⑧Lesson plans are also an aid to continuing development.三、Two levels of lesson planning：Macro planning is planning over a longer period of time which is often done by a group of teachers, for instance, planning for a whole programme or a whole-year course.Micro planning is planning for a specific unit or a lesson, which usually lasts from one to two weeks or forty to fifty minutes respectively. It is often an individual activity and different teachers may have different ways of writing their own lesson plans. It is usually for a special lesson. It’s often called lesson planning.Micro planning should be based on macro planning, and macro planning is apt to be modified as lessons go on.四、宏观教案的组成部分简答Macro planning is not writing lesson plans for specific lessons but rather helping teachers get an overall feeling or idea about the course and also get familiarized with the context in which language teaching takes place. Macro planning involves the following: plitco①Knowing about the profession.②Knowing about the learners.③Knowing about the institution.④Knowing about the textbook.⑤Knowing about the curriculum/syllabus.⑥Knowing about the objectives.Macro planning provides a general guidance for language teachers but it is not enough for good teaching. With an overall understanding of the profession, the institution, the syllabus, the learners, the overall objectives, and the textbook, teachers still need to plan each unit or lesson in detail in order to teach effectively and confidently in the classroom.。

A Course in English Language TeachingUnit 1 Language and LearningViews on language语言观Structural view结构主义结构主义 as a linguistic systemfunctional view功能主义功能主义 as a linguistic system but also a means for doing things,base on communicative functionsInteractional view交互性交互性 as a communicative toolViews on language learning and learning in general1) Process-oriented theories 过程指向论过程指向论concerned with how the mind processes new information, such as habit formation, induction, making inference, hypothesis testing and generalization.2) Condition-oriented theories 强调条件理论emphasize the nature of the human and physical context in which language learning takes place, such as the number of students, what kind of input learners receive, and the learning atmosphere.Behaviourist theory 行为主义理论 =audio-lingual method听说教学法A stimulus-response theory of psychologyYou can train an animal to do anything(within reason) if you follow a certain procedure which has three major stages, stimulus, response, and reinforcement.Cognitive theory 认知主义理论 communicate approach 交际法 Constructivist theory 结构主义理论Learning is a process in which the learner constructs meaning based on his/her own experience and what he/she already knows.Socio-constructivist theory 社会结构主义理论Emphasises interacion and engagement with the target language in a social contextA good language teacherEthic devotion,professional qualities and personal styles品德节操，职业素质和个性特征品德节操，职业素质和个性特征Learning, practice, and reflectionUnit 2 Communicative Principles and ActivitiesCLT=Communicative Language Teaching 交际语言教学法 TBLT=Task-based Language Teaching 任务型教学法任务型教学法PPP=the Presentation, Practice and Production 呈现，操练，展出呈现，操练，展出 Communicative competenceEntails knowing not only the language code or the form of language, but also what to say to whom and how to say it appropriately in any given situationFive main components of communicative competenceLinguistic competence 语言能力语言能力Pragmatic competence 语用能力语用能力Discourse competence语篇能力语篇能力Strategic competence策略能力策略能力Fluency 语言顺畅语言顺畅CLTGoal :to develop students' communicative competence, which includes both the knowledge about the language and the knowledge about how to use the language appropriately in communicative situations.Principles :Communicative principleTask principleMeaningfulness principleMain features:(1)Functional communicative activities: 功能互动活动 Identifying picturesDiscovering identical pairsDiscovering sequences or locationsDiscovering missing informationDiscovering missing featuresDiscovering "secrets"Communicating patterns and picturesCommunicative modelsDiscovering differencesFollowing directionsReconstructing story-sequencesPooling information to solve a problem(2)Social interaction activities: 社会交往活动Role-playing through cued dialoguesRole-playing through cues and informationRole-playing through situation and goalsRole-playing through debate or discussionLarge-scale simulation activities 模仿模仿Improvisation 即兴创作即兴创作Notes:No specific activities almost about listening and speakingSix criteria for evaluating how communicative classroom activities are: Communicative purpose: information gapCommunicative desire: real needContent, not form: messageVariety of languageNo teacher intervention 干涉干涉No materials controlTBLTDefinition:Refers to an approach based on the use of task as the core unit of instruction in languageTBLT :pre-task, task cycle, language focusDefinition of a task:A task is a piece of work undertaken for oneself or for others, freely or for some reward.Four components of a task:A purpose: focus on content,not formA context: information gapA process:problem solving reasoning , inquiring, conceptualising and communicatingA product: no communicational resultsExercises, exercise-tasks and tasks:Focus on individual language items→purposeful&contextualised →purposeful&contextualised communication communicationExercise → exercise exercise--task →task How to design tasks:Think about students’ needs, interests, and abilitiesBrainstorm possible tasksEvaluate the listChoose the language itemsPreparing materialsPPP modelAt the presentation stage:The teacher introduces new vocabulary and grammatical structures in whatever ways appropriateAt the the practice stage:The lesson moves from controlled practice to guided practice and exploitation of the texts when necessaryAt the production stage:The students are encouraged to use what they have learned and practised to perform communication tasks.Notes:Grammar-Translation Method: 语法翻译法语法翻译法reading and writingThe Audio-Lingual Method: 听说教学法听说教学法speaking and listening; dialogues and drills 对话和操练对话和操练Unit 3 the National English Curriculum 课程标准It was in the 1993 syllables that the word communication was used in the objectives of teaching for the first time.The Six Design principles for the National English Curriculum for Nine-year Compulsory Education:1.Aim for educating all students, and emphasise quality-oriented education面向全体学生，注重素质教育面向全体学生，注重素质教育2.Promote learner-centredness, and respect individual differences 突出学生主体，尊重个体差异生主体，尊重个体差异3.Develop competence-based objectives, and allow flexibility and adaptability 整体设计目标，体现灵活开放整体设计目标，体现灵活开放4.Pay close attention to the learning pro-cess, and advocate experiential learning and participation 强调学习过程，倡导体验参与强调学习过程，倡导体验参与5.Attach particular importance to formative assessment, and give special attention to the development of competence 注重过程评价，强调能力发展6.Optimize learning resources, and maximise opportunities for learning and using the language 开发课程资源，拓展学用渠道开发课程资源，拓展学用渠道Framework of objectives in the new National English Curriculum ： 课程总目标Overall language ability:Learning 学习策略学习策略Affect 情感态度情感态度Cultural 文化意识文化意识Language 语言知识语言知识Language skills 语言技能语言技能 Learning : Cognitive; Self management; Communication; Resourcing Affect: International; Perspective; Patriotism; Confidence; Motivation Cultural: Knowledge; understanding; Awareness 情感目标情感目标语言目标语言目标 能力目标能力目标Language: Phonetics; Grammar; V Language: Phonetics; Grammar; Vocabulary; Functions; Topics ocabulary; Functions; Topics Language skills: Listening; Speaking; Reading; WritingThe design of the new National English CurriculumLevel 1: Grade 3-4Level 2: Grade 5-6; basic requirements for 6th gradersGraduate from primary schoolLevel 3: Grade 7/ Junior 1Level 4: Grade 8/ Junior 2Level 5: Grade 9/ Junior 3Graduate from junior high schoolAbove is during Compulsory EducationLevel 6&Level 7: required of every senior high school students 2 tracks of elective course:Track 1: level 8& level 9Track 2: from the beginning of senior 1Elective courses: Specialized skill courses; ESP courses 应用类; Cultural and literary studies courses 欣赏类etc.Unit 4 Lesson PlanningA lesson plan:教案A framework of a lesson in which teachers make advance decision about what they hope to achieve and how they would like to achieve. Benefits from lesson planning ：1) A clear lesson plan makes the teacher aware of the aims and language contents of the lesson.2) It also helps the teacher to distinguish the various stages of a lesson and to see the relationship between them so that the lesson can move smoothly from one stage to another.3) The teacher can also think about how the students can be fully engaged in the lesson.4) when planning the lesson, the teacher also becomes aware of the teaching aids that are needed.5). Lesson planning helps teachers to think about the relative value of different activities and how much time should be spent on them.6) The teacher soon learn to judge lesson stages and phases with greater accuracy.7) Plans are also an aid to continuing improvement.8) After the lesson, the teacher can add an evaluation to the plan, identifying those parts which went well and those which were less successful.Principles for good lesson planning:Aim; Variety; Flexibility; Learnability; Linkage目标性；多样性；灵活性；可学性；连接性目标性；多样性；灵活性；可学性；连接性Two levels of lesson planning: macro planning and micro planning 宏观备课和微观备课Macro planning: planning over a longer period of timeMicro planning: planning for a specific unit or a lessonThere is no clear cut between these two types of planning. Micro planing should be based on macro planning, and macro planing is apt to be modified as lesson go on.Macro planning involves the following:Knowing about the professionKnowing about the institutionKnowing about the learnersKnowing about the curriculum/ syllabus教学大纲教学大纲Knowing about the textbookKnowing about the objectivesComponents of a lesson plan:1.Background information背景资料背景资料2.Teaching aims: 教学目标教学目标Language objectives; Ability objectives; Moral objectivesnguage contents and skills语言的内容和技巧Stages and procedures:Greetings; A warm-up; PPP model/ TBLT model; Summary; Homework/ Assignment4.Teaching aids 教学手段教学手段5.End of lesson summary 总结总结6.Optional activities and assignments7.After lesson reflection:Feelings about the lesson; students’ performances; unexpected incidents; surprise thingsUnit 5 Classroom ManagementThe role of the teacher:Before the class: PlannerDuring the class:1 Controller,2 Assessor评估者,3 Organizer ,4 Prompter敦促者敦促者 , 5 Participant参与者, 6 Resource-providerAfter the class: EvaluatorTeacher’ s new roles:Facilitators促进者; guides; researchersThe most common students groupings:Whole class workPair workGroup workIndividual studyHarmer’ s suggestions on measures for indisciplined acts and badly behaving Students:1)Act immediately2) Stop the class3)Rearrange the seats4)Change the activity5)Talk to Ss after class6)Use the institution制度制度In order not to hu rt the Students, Ur’ s advice on problems in class:1)Deal with it quietly2)Don’ t take things personally 对事不对人对事不对人3)Do not use threatsUnit 6 Teaching PronunciationThe goals of teaching pronunciation:目的Consistency连贯性: To be smooth naturalIntelligibility可理解性:To be understandable to the listeners Communicative efficiency交际效率性: To help convey the speakers’ meaningWays of practicing sounds and their definitions:1.Focusing on a sound 单音练习:(sounds difficult to learn)2.Perception practice 知觉/领会性练习:( identify /distinguish different sounds):Which order; Same or different; Odd one out; Completion3.Production practice 生成性练习: (develop Students’ ability to produce sounds):Listen and repeat; Fill in the blanks; Make up sentences; Use meaningful context; Use pictures; Use tongue twistersThree ways to show the stress of words, phrases and sentences: Use gesturesUse the voiceUse the blackboardTwo ways to make intonation:rising/falling arrows; draw linesUnit 7 Teaching GrammarThree ways of grammar presentation: 演示法Deductive method 演绎法It relies on reasoning, analysing and comparingInductive method 归纳法The teacher provides learners with authentic language data and induces the learners to realise grammar rules without any form of explicit explanation.Guided discovery method 引导发现法It is similar to the inductive method but different in that the process of the discovery is carefully guided and assisted by the teacher and the rules are then elicited and taught explicitly.Ur’ s six factors contr ibute to successful grammar practice:1) Pre-learning.2) V 2) Volume and repetition(olume and repetition(容量/重复).3) Success-orientation 成功性联系.4) Heterogeneity多样性.5) Teacher assistance.6) Interest.Two categories 类别of grammar practice:Mechanical practice 机械性练习It involves activities that are aimed at form accuracy.In Substitution drills 替换练习替换练习In Transformation drills 转移变形练习转移变形练习Meaningful/ communicative practice 有意义/ 交际性练习It focuses on the production, comprehension or exchange of meaning though the students ‘keep an eye on’ the way newly learned structures are used in the process.Using prompts for meaningful practice 提示1) Using picture prompts.2)Using mime 哑剧or gestures as prompts.3)Using information sheet 信息表as prompts.4)Using key phrases or key words关键短语/ 单词单词 as prompts.5) Using chained phrases for story telling.6) Using created situations.Unit 8 Teaching VocabularyKnowing a word involves what:Pronunciation and stressSpelling and grammatical propertiesMeaningHow and when to use it to express the intended meaningDenotative meaning 指示意义指示意义Connotative meaning 内涵意义内涵意义Collocations 搭配搭配Synonyms, antonyms, hyponyms 近义词，反义词，下位词近义词，反义词，下位词 Receptive and productive vocabulary接受性和产出性词汇接受性和产出性词汇Ways of presenting vocabulary: 呈现词汇的方法1.Try to provide a visual or physical demonstration whenever possible, using pictures, photos, video clips, mime or gestures to show meaning.2.Provide a verbal context to demonstrate meaning. Then ask students to tell the meaning first before it is offered by the teacher.e synonyms or antonyms to explain meaningse lexical sets or hyponyms to show relations of words and their meanings5.Translate and exemplify, especially with technical words or words with abstract meaninge word formation rules and common affixes to build new lexical knowledge what is already known7.Teach vocabulary in chunks.8.Think about the context in real life where the word might be used.9.Think about providing different context for introducing new words10.Prepare for possible misunderstanding or confusion that students may haveWays of consolidating vocabulary 巩固词汇的方法1) Labeling标注词汇标注词汇2) Spot the differences3) Describe and draw4) Play a game5)using the Internet resources for more ideas6) Use word series 单词系列单词系列7) Word bingo9) word association 自此联想自此联想10) find synonyms and antonyms11) categories12) Using word net-work 网状图网状图Developing vocabulary learning strategies:1) Review regularly2) Guess meaning from context3) Organize vocabulary effectively4) Use learned vocabularyUnit 9 Teaching ListeningThe characteristics of listening in real life (adapted from Ur,1996:106-7):1) Spontaneity 自发性自发性2) Context 环境环境3) Visual clues 视觉线索视觉线索4) Listener’ s response 回应回应5) Speaker’ s adjustment调节调节Principles and models for teaching listening:1)Focus on process2) Combine listening and speaking3) Focus on comprehending meaning4) Grade difficulty level appropriatelyThree teaching stages1.Pre-listening activities: 听前活动1) Predicting 预测预测2) Setting the scene设置现场设置现场3) Listening for the gist 听力要点听力要点 4) Listening for specific information 细节理解细节理解2.While-listening activities1) No specific responses2) Listen and tick 标记标记3) Listen and sequence 顺序顺序4) Listen and act5) Listen and draw6) Listen and fill填写填写7) Listen and take notes3.Post-listening activities听后活动听后活动1) Multiple-choice questions 多项选择多项选择2) Answering questions3) Note-taking and gap-filling填空填空Dictogloss(1) Preparation(2) Dictation 听写听写(3) Reconstruction.(4) Analysis and correction.Unit 10 Teaching SpeakingPrinciples for teaching speaking1.Balancing accuracy-based with fluency-based practices2.Contextualising practice3.Personalising practice4.Building up confidence5.Maximising meaningful interactions6.Helping students develop speaking strategies7.Making the best use of classroom learning environment to provide sufficient language input and practice for the studentsDesigning speaking tasks:1) Maximum foreign talk 尽可能用外语交谈尽可能用外语交谈 2) Even participation 平等参与平等参与3) High motivation 高积极性高积极性4)Right language level 语言水平相对应语言水平相对应 Types of speaking tasks:1.pre-communicative activities交际前活动 Structural activitiesQuasi-communication activitiesmunicative activitiesFunctional communication activitiesSocial interaction activities 人际互动人际互动Some Speaking activitiesControlled activitiesSemi-controlled activitiesCommunicative activitiesInformation-gap activitiesDialogues and role-play对话和角色扮演对话和角色扮演 Activities using picturesProblem-solving activitiesUnit 10 Teaching Reading Two types of reading practice in classrooms:Reading aloud&Silent readingThe ways of Reading effectively:1.Have a clear purpose in reading2.Read silently3.Read phrase by phrase4.Concentrate on the important bits, skim the rest, and skip the insignificant partse different speeds and strategies for different reading tasks6.Perceive the information in the target language rather than mentally translate7.Guess the meaning of new words from the context, or ignore them8.Have and use background information to help understand the text Principles and models for teaching reading:Bottom-up model:teaching new vocabulary and structures firstTop-down model: introducing background knowledge first Interactive model:visual informationThree stages:Pre-reading:Predicting, setting the scene, skimming浏览, and scanning寻读寻读 Predicting based on the title, vocabulary,the T/ F questionWhile-readingReading comprehension questions 阅读理解阅读理解Understanding references 理解引用理解引用Making inferences: reading between the lines Post-readingDiscussion questionReproducing the text 复述故事复述故事Role playGap-fillingDiscussionRetelling 复述复述WritingUnit12 Teaching Writing The main procedures of process writing : Creating a motivation to writeBrainstormingMapping 绘图绘图FreewritingOutlining 列提纲列提纲Drafting 起草起草Editing 编辑：peer-editing; self-editing Revising 修改修改Proofreading 校正校正Conferencing 与老师讨论与老师讨论Motivating students to write:1.Make the topic of writing as close as possible to students’ life2.Leave students enough room for creativity and imagination3.Prepare students well before writing4.Encourage collaborative group writing as well as individual writing5.Provide opportunities for students to share their writing6.Provide constructive ans positive feedback7.Treat students’ errors strat egically8.Give students a sense of achievement from time to time。

王蔷《英语教学法教程》笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解-第4~6章【圣才出品】第4章教案设计与书写4.1 复习笔记本章要点：1. The significance of lesson planning课程计划的重要性2. Principles for good lesson planning做好课程计划的准则3. Macro planning vs. micro planning宏观计划和微观计划4. Components of a lesson plan课程计划的构成因素5. Sample lesson plans课程计划的样本本章考点：课程计划的重要性；做好课程计划的准则；宏观计划和微观计划；课程计划的构成因素；课程计划的样本。

本章内容索引：Ⅰ. The significance of lesson planning1. Definition of lesson planning2.The necessity of lesson planning for teachers3. Benefits of lesson planningⅡ. Principles for good lesson planningⅢ. Macro planning vs. micro planning1. Two levels of lesson planning2. The advantage of a concrete teaching planⅣ. Components of a lesson plan1. Background information2. T eaching aims3. Language contents and skills4. Stages and procedures5. T eaching aids6. End of lesson summary7. Optional activities and assignments8. After lesson reflectionⅤ. Sample lesson plansⅥ. ConclusionⅠ. The significance of lesson planning（课程计划的重要意义）1. Definition of lesson planning课程计划的定义Lesson planning means making decisions in advance about what techniques,activities and materials will be used in the class.课程计划就是提前决定在课堂上使⽤什么技巧、材料、进⾏什么活动。

第1章Language and language learning一、Views on language1. Structural view sees language as a linguistic system made up of various subsystems: phonology, morphology and syntax etc. Each language has a finite number of such structural items. To learn a language means to learn these structural items so as to be able to understand and produce language.2. Functional view sees language as a linguistic system as well as a means for doing things. Most of our day-to-day language use involves functional activities: offering, suggesting, advising, apologizing, etc. Therefore, learners learn a language in order to do things with it. To perform functions, learners need to know how to combine the grammatical rules and the vocabulary to express notions that perform the functions.3. Interactional view refers to language is a communicative tool to build up and maintain social relations between people. Therefore, learners not only need to know the grammar and vocabulary of the language, but also need to know the rules for using them in a whole range of communicative contexts.二、Views on language learning 两个方向，四个理论Two broad learning theories:Process-oriented theories are concerned with how the mind organises new information, such as habit formation, induction, making inference, hypothesis testing and generalization.Condition-oriented theories emphasise the nature of the human and physical context in which language learning takes place, such as the number of students, and the learning atmosphere.1. Behaviourist theorySkinner suggested that language is a form of behavior. It is based on a stimulus-response theory of psychology. It can be learned the same way as an animal is trained to respond to stimuli. This theory of learning is referred to as behaviourism.One influential result is the audio-lingual method, which involves the “listen and repeat” drilling activities. The idea of this method is that language is learned by constant repetition and the reinforcement of the teacher. Mistakes were immediately corrected, and correct utterances were immediately praised.2. Cognitive theoryAccording to Chomsky, language is not a form of behavior, it is an intricate rule-based system and a large part of language acquisition is the learning of this system. There are a finite number of grammatical rules in the system and with a knowledge of these rules an infinite number of sentences can be produced. A language learner acquires language competence which enables him to produce language.One influential idea of this theory is that students should be allowed to create their own sentences based on their understanding of certain rules.3. Constructivist theoryThe constructivist theory believes that learning is a process in which the learner constructs meaning based on his own experiences and what he already knows. And education is used to develop the mind, not just to rote recall what is learned.Therefore, teachers must balance an understanding of the habits, characteristics as well as personalities of individual learners with an understanding of the means of arousing learners’ interests and curiosity for learning.4. Socio-constructivist theorySimilar to constructivist theory, it emphasizes interaction and engagement with the target language in a social context based on the concept of “Zone of Proximal Development” and scaffolding.In other words, learning is best achieved through the dynamic interaction between the teacher and the learner and between learners.三、What makes a good language teacher?There are a variety of elements that contribute to the qualities of a good language teacher. These elements can be classified into three parts: ethic devotion, professional qualities and personal styles四、How can one become a good language teacher?Professional competence is the state or quality of being adequately qualified for the profession, and armed with a specific range of knowledge, skills, strategies and ability. To develop professional competence, we can use the “reflective model” by Wallace.We can see the development of professional competence for a language teacher involves Stage 1, Stage 2, and Goal.1. The first stage is language development. All English teachers are supposed to have a sound command of English. Language is always changing, so language development can never come to an end.2. The second stage seems to be more complicated because it involves three sub-stages: learning, practice, and reflection.①The learning stage is actually the specific preparation that a language teacher should make before they go to practice. This preparation can be learn from others’ experiences, learn the received knowledge and learn from one’s own experiences.②The learning stage is followed by practice. The term “practice” can be used in two senses: In one sense, it is a short period of time assigned to do teaching practice as part of one’s pre-service education, usually under the supervision of instructors. This practice is also called pseudo practice. The other sense of “practice” is the real work that a teacher undertakes after he finishes formal education.③Teachers benefit from practice if they keep on reflecting on what they have been doing. Teachers reflect on their work not only after they finish a certain period of practice, but also while they are doing the practice.3. Professional competence as an ultimate goal does not seem to have an end. Actually professional competence is a moving target or horizon, towards which professionals travel all their professional life but which is never finally attained.Therefore, a language teacher must keep on learning, practicing, and reflecting.。

一、课程名称[课程名称]二、教学目标1. 知识目标：- 让学生了解并掌握[课程内容]的基本概念和理论。

- 培养学生对[课程内容]的实践操作能力。

2. 能力目标：- 提高学生的分析问题、解决问题的能力。

- 增强学生的团队合作意识和沟通能力。

3. 情感目标：- 激发学生对[课程内容]的兴趣，培养其终身学习的理念。

- 增强学生的自信心，提高自我价值感。

三、教学重点与难点1. 教学重点：- [课程内容]的核心概念和理论。

- [课程内容]的实践操作方法。

2. 教学难点：- [课程内容]的复杂性和深度。

- 学生在实践操作中遇到的问题和困惑。

四、教学方法与手段1. 教学方法：- 讲授法：教师系统讲解[课程内容]。

- 案例分析法：通过案例分析，让学生深入理解[课程内容]。

- 实践操作法：让学生在实际操作中掌握[课程内容]。

2. 教学手段：- 多媒体课件：展示[课程内容]的相关图片、视频等。

- 教学辅助工具：如黑板、实物模型等。

- 网络资源：利用网络资源，拓展学生的知识面。

五、教学过程1. 导入新课- 引入与[课程内容]相关的话题，激发学生的学习兴趣。

- 简要介绍[课程内容]的背景和意义。

2. 讲解与示范- 讲解[课程内容]的核心概念和理论。

- 通过实际案例，让学生了解[课程内容]的应用。

3. 案例分析- 分组讨论，让学生分析案例，提出解决方案。

- 教师点评，总结案例中的关键点和技巧。

4. 实践操作- 学生分组进行实践操作，教师巡回指导。

- 学生分享操作过程和心得体会。

5. 总结与反思- 教师总结[课程内容]的重点和难点。

- 学生反思自己的学习过程，提出改进意见。

六、教学评价1. 课堂表现：观察学生的参与度、互动性、合作精神等。

2. 作业完成情况：检查学生对[课程内容]的掌握程度。

3. 实践操作：评估学生的实践操作能力和创新思维。

七、教学资源1. 教材：《[课程名称]》2. 课件：[课程名称]相关课件3. 案例资料：[课程名称]相关案例4. 网络资源：[课程名称]相关网站、论坛等八、课后作业1. 完成课后练习题。

一、教学目标1. 知识目标：- 学生能够掌握本节课的词汇和语法点。

- 学生能够运用所学知识进行听、说、读、写等语言技能的练习。

2. 能力目标：- 学生能够提高英语听说能力，增强语言交际能力。

- 学生能够通过合作学习，提高团队协作能力。

3. 情感目标：- 培养学生对英语学习的兴趣，增强学习英语的自信心。

- 培养学生的跨文化交际意识，提高文化素养。

二、教学重点与难点1. 教学重点：- 词汇和语法点的准确掌握。

- 听说技能的运用。

2. 教学难点：- 语法点的灵活运用。

- 听说技能的提升。

三、教学过程1. 导入（Warm-up）- 活动：课前播放与主题相关的歌曲或视频，激发学生学习兴趣。

- 目的：营造轻松愉快的课堂氛围，让学生在轻松状态下进入学习状态。

2. 预习检测（Pre-reading）- 活动：检查学生对本节课词汇和语法点的预习情况。

- 方法：通过提问、填空等形式进行检测。

- 目的：了解学生对知识的掌握程度，为接下来的教学提供依据。

3. 阅读理解（Reading）- 活动：1. 学生阅读课文，完成课后练习题。

2. 教师讲解课文中的重点词汇和语法点。

3. 学生进行小组讨论，分享阅读心得。

- 目的：帮助学生理解课文内容，掌握重点词汇和语法点。

4. 听力训练（Listening）- 活动：1. 学生听录音，完成听力练习。

2. 教师讲解听力技巧，帮助学生提高听力水平。

- 目的：提高学生的听力技能，增强英语口语表达能力。

5. 词汇与语法（Vocabulary and Grammar）- 活动：1. 学生通过小组合作，进行词汇和语法点的练习。

2. 教师讲解词汇和语法点的用法，纠正学生的错误。

- 目的：帮助学生掌握词汇和语法点，提高语言表达能力。

6. 写作训练（Writing）- 活动：1. 学生根据所学内容，进行写作练习。

2. 教师对学生的写作进行点评，提出改进意见。

- 目的：提高学生的写作能力，培养良好的写作习惯。

Unit 14 Moral Learning一、Moral learning and English1. Moral learning in English teaching:Teachers are engineers of the soul. Teachers are not just responsible for students’ intellectual or physical development; teachers are also responsible for students’ moral development.Teachers should try to bring out the full potential of their students as human beings, so they can live meaningful, fulfilling and responsible lives.2. Moral values:1) William J. Hutchins suggested that morality involves:①Self control;②Good health and hygiene;③Kindness;④Fairness;⑤Self-reliance;⑥Sense of duty;⑦Reliability;⑧Truthfulness;⑨Good work attitude;⑩Team work;⑪Loyalty.2) There are other values that we could add to the list. For example, tolerance and understanding are virtues that could be promoted in English language lessons, through a study of foreign cultures.二、Activities for moral learningThere are a variety of ways to focus on moral learning. Some approaches can be teacher-centered, others can involve students in exploring moral issues themselves. Likewise, moral education can be strongly emphasized or lightly emphasized. Teachers have to choose the approach which best suits their circumstances.1. Teacher centred:Didactic model: (strong) Students are explicitly and regularly taught moral behaviour, as determined by the teacher.Transmissive model: (Light) Little explicit teaching. Morality is an occasional focus, as determined by the teacher.2. Student centred:Educative model: (Strong) Morality is a key focus of life in the class. Students are largely in control of the choice of issues and in forming their own views and moral values.Self-discovery model:(Light) Little explicit teaching. Students receive guidance and role models, but are allowed to form their own views and moral values.3. Some activitiesIn English teaching, the morality requires strategic use of language teaching materials and meaningful activities. Here are some activities for an explicit focus on moral development:①Sharing;②Posters;③Debates;④Comparison;⑤Essays;⑥Role plays;⑦Case studies for problem solving;⑧Extension activities;⑨Philosophy circle;⑩Spontaneous reflection.三、The roles of the teacherThere are two aspects to the role of moral educator. First, the teacher can serve as a role model for the students to imitate. The second aspect is for the teacher to make appropriate decisions as a curriculum developer.1. Teacher as role modelWe can show our commitment through our behaviors inside and outside the classroom.There are a number of questions we can ask ourselves:①How we treat our students?②Do we follow rules that we set for our students?③Do we acknowledge our mistakes?2. Teacher as curriculum developerTeachers need to be aware of the moral questions and issues that could be raised with the students.四、The roles of the schoolThe impact of moral education can be enhanced by adopting a whole school approach to morality. This means that all members of the school community share a commitment to moral education and a shared understanding of moral values.English language events could contribute to the whole-school approach.Activities could take place inside and outside of the classroom:①Classroom activities;②Student-organized activities;③Extra-curricular activities;④Campaigns;⑤Performances;⑥Ceremonial events;⑦Sports events;⑧Field trips.。