手术讲解模板:人工膝关节单髁置换术
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全面解读单髁关节置换手术技术全面解读单髁关节置换手术技术一、手术器械全身麻醉或硬膜外麻醉,应用止血带。
牛津小组推荐使用下肢固定架将腿悬空,我们手术时用的是常规手术床,但在间隙测量时由助手将腿抬起悬空而恢复韧带自然张力。
应用一个挡板挡在大腿止血带水平,以固定体位。
脚下放置一个硅胶软垫,将脚放在软垫之上时,膝可屈曲90;当脚放在软垫之下时,膝能屈曲110°(图1)。
牛津单髁关节置换术,还要用到往复锯、摆锯、双刃垂直牙槽锯。
刮勺用于去除多余骨水泥。
二、入路髌旁内侧切口,上端起自髌骨上缘,远端至胫骨结节内侧缘(图1) 。
打开关节腔,切除部分髌下脂肪垫,以方便显露。
需要注意的是,全膝关节置换术的韧带平衡原则不适于单髁关节置换术,单髁关节置换术不允许对侧副韧带进行松解。
在进行截骨之前,需要做的是评价前交叉韧带、对侧胫股关节间室和髌股关节间室的状态。
去除股骨髁内侧骨赘,恢复内侧副韧带和关节囊的相对长度,允许膝内翻畸形被动矫正。
去除髁间窝的骨赘,防止后期与前交叉韧带撞击,否则后期撞击会导致前交叉韧带损伤或疼痛(图2)。
图1 体位及切口图2 去除内侧缘及髁间窝骨赘三、假体选择股骨假体大小: 手术前应用模板测量股骨假体大小,在侧位X线上,假体大小要足以覆盖股骨內侧髁,单柱股骨假体的中央栓应与股骨干的长轴平行,双柱股骨假体的中央栓则是相对股骨干的长轴呈屈曲10°,因为后者是高屈曲设计。
胫骨假体大小: 这取决于胫骨截骨,假体选择一方面要尽可能最大化覆盖胫骨截骨面,另一方面又不能过度悬出,因为过度悬出可能会引起疼痛。
半月板衬垫选择: 半月板衬垫有3~9mm 七个型号可供选择,通常目标半月板型号为4mm。
半月板衬垫选择取决于截骨后关节间隙大小,假体安装后,在外翻应力下,内侧间隙张开1mm左右为合适。
四、手术步骤牛津单髁关节置换术手术步骤与全膝关节置换手术步骤有很大不同,但屈伸间隙平衡的原则没有改变。
牛津单髁关节置换术首先建立的是屈曲间隙,然后根据屈曲间隙大小再建立伸直间隙。
单髁关节置换术解剖知识讲解英文回答:Joint replacement surgery, also known as arthroplasty, is a surgical procedure in which a damaged joint is replaced with an artificial joint. One type of joint replacement surgery is called total hip replacement, where the hip joint is replaced with a prosthetic implant.During a total hip replacement surgery, the surgeon makes an incision on the side of the hip to access the hip joint. The damaged bone and cartilage are then removed, and the artificial joint is implanted. The prosthetic joint consists of a metal socket that is placed into the pelvic bone, and a metal stem that is inserted into the femur. A plastic or ceramic liner is placed between the socket and the stem to allow for smooth movement.The surgery is performed under general anesthesia, and typically takes a few hours. After the surgery, the patientis monitored in the recovery room before being transferred to a hospital room. Physical therapy is an important part of the recovery process, as it helps the patient regain strength and mobility in the hip joint.Total hip replacement surgery can provide significant pain relief and improved function for patients with severe hip joint damage. It can restore mobility, allowing patients to perform daily activities with less difficulty. For example, after my total hip replacement surgery, I was able to walk without pain and resume activities such as hiking and cycling.中文回答:关节置换手术,也被称为关节成形术,是一种通过替换受损关节为人工关节的外科手术。