物理化学(7B)
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物理化学(第五版)傅献彩上册简介《物理化学(第五版)傅献彩上册》是傅献彩教授编写的一本物理化学教材,主要介绍了物理化学的基本概念、理论和实验方法。
该教材分为上册和下册,上册主要讲述了物理化学的基本原理和热力学部分的内容。
物理化学是研究物质的物理性质和化学性质以及它们之间的关系的学科,是化学和物理学的交叉学科。
通过物理化学的学习,我们能够深入理解物质的微观结构和宏观性质,并掌握物质变化的机理和规律。
内容概要《物理化学(第五版)傅献彩上册》共分为八个单元,涵盖了热力学、相平衡、溶液化学以及电化学等内容。
下面是每个单元的简要介绍。
第一单元:热力学基本概念和基本原理本单元介绍了热力学的基本概念和基本原理,包括能量、热力学系统、状态函数、热力学第一定律等内容。
通过学习本单元,我们能够理解热力学的基本概念和基本原理,为后续单元的学习打下坚实的基础。
第二单元:气体状态方程和理想气体的性质本单元介绍了气体的状态方程和理想气体的性质,包括理想气体的状态方程、气体的做功和热力学基本过程等内容。
通过学习本单元,我们能够了解气体的状态方程和理想气体的性质,为后续单元的学习提供基础。
第三单元:条件和过程的热力学函数本单元介绍了条件和过程的热力学函数,包括焓、熵、自由能和吉布斯自由能等内容。
通过学习本单元,我们能够掌握条件和过程的热力学函数的概念和计算方法,进一步理解热力学体系的性质和规律。
第四单元:多元系和混合物的热力学基础本单元介绍了多元系和混合物的热力学基础,包括化学势、理想混合物和非理想混合物等内容。
通过学习本单元,我们能够了解多元系和混合物的热力学基础,进一步理解复杂物质体系的性质和规律。
第五单元:相平衡和化学反应的平衡本单元介绍了相平衡和化学反应的平衡,包括相的稳定条件、化学平衡和平衡常数等内容。
通过学习本单元,我们能够了解相平衡和化学反应平衡的概念和计算方法,进一步理解物质相变和化学反应的规律。
第六单元:溶液化学基础本单元介绍了溶液和溶液中物质的行为,包括溶液的基本概念、溶液中物质的活度和溶液的溶解度等内容。
物理化学第七版习题答案物理化学第七版习题答案物理化学是化学的重要分支之一,它研究了物质的性质和变化规律与物理原理之间的关系。
而掌握物理化学的基本概念和理论,对于化学学习和应用都具有重要意义。
而《物理化学第七版》是一本经典的教材,其中的习题是检验学生对所学知识理解的重要工具。
下面,我将为大家提供一些《物理化学第七版》习题的答案,希望对大家的学习有所帮助。
1. 问题:在化学平衡中,当温度升高,反应速率会如何变化?为什么?答案:当温度升高时,反应速率会增加。
这是因为温度升高会增加分子的平均动能,使分子运动更加剧烈。
根据活化能理论,反应速率与温度之间存在着指数关系,即Arrhenius方程。
根据Arrhenius方程,随着温度的升高,指数项的值会增加,从而导致反应速率的增加。
2. 问题:在电化学中,什么是电极电势?答案:电极电势是指电化学电池中电极与溶液之间的电势差。
在电化学反应中,电极上会发生氧化还原反应,产生电子流动。
电子从负极(阳极)流向正极(阴极),通过外部电路产生电流。
电极电势可以通过测量电池的电动势来计算,它与电极上的氧化还原反应的标准电势有关。
3. 问题:什么是化学平衡?如何判断一个反应是否达到平衡?答案:化学平衡是指反应物与生成物浓度或物质的物理性质不再发生明显变化的状态。
在化学平衡中,反应物和生成物之间的反应速率相等,它们之间的浓度保持不变。
化学平衡可以通过观察反应物和生成物的浓度变化来判断。
当反应物和生成物的浓度变化趋于稳定时,可以认为反应达到了平衡。
4. 问题:在气体状态方程中,什么是理想气体状态方程?它的表达式是什么?答案:理想气体状态方程是描述理想气体行为的方程。
它的表达式为PV=nRT,其中P表示气体的压强,V表示气体的体积,n表示气体的物质的量,R为气体常数,T表示气体的温度。
理想气体状态方程适用于低压、高温下的气体,它假设气体分子之间没有相互作用,体积可以忽略不计。
5. 问题:在化学反应中,什么是反应速率常数?如何计算反应速率常数?答案:反应速率常数是指在给定温度下,反应物浓度为单位时间内消耗或生成的物质的量。
《物理化学》知识点汇总热力学系统:热力学系统是指热力学研究的对象,是物质或物质的集合体。
状态:状态是指热力学系统中物质的宏观性质及其变化的状态。
热力学第一定律:能量守恒定律在热力学中的表现形式,它说明能量不能被创造或消失,只能从一种形式转化为另一种形式。
能量守恒:能量既不能被创造也不能被消失,它只能从一种形式转化为另一种形式。
热力学第二定律:热力学中描述自然过程方向性的定律,它表明,在一个封闭系统中,自发过程总是向熵增加的方向进行。
熵增:在封闭系统中,自发过程总是向熵增加的方向进行,也就是说,系统总是朝着更大的混乱状态发展。
相平衡:在热力学中,相平衡是指不同物相之间达到的平衡状态。
化学平衡:在化学反应中,反应物和生成物之间达到的平衡状态。
化学动力学:研究化学反应速率以及反应机制的科学。
表面化学:研究表面吸附、表面反应等表面现象的化学分支。
胶体分散系:由一种或多种物质在另一种物质中分散而成的系统。
以上是《物理化学》中的一些重要知识点,这些知识点是理解物理化学概念和应用的基础。
在学习过程中,需要不断巩固和深化对这些知识点的理解,以更好地掌握物理化学这门学科。
《经济法基础》是会计专业技术资格考试中的一门科目,主要考察考生对经济法相关知识的掌握程度和应用能力。
考试内容涉及广泛,包括经济法的基本概念、市场主体、市场秩序、宏观调控、劳动法等。
考试形式为闭卷、笔试,考试时间为90分钟。
经济法的基本概念:经济法的定义、特征、原则等。
市场主体:各类企业、个体工商户、农村承包经营户等市场主体的设立、变更和终止的相关法律规定。
市场秩序:市场竞争、市场准入、市场退出等方面的法律规定。
宏观调控:产业政策、财税政策、货币政策等宏观调控手段的法律规定。
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经济法涉及的法律法规众多,需要考生具备较为扎实的法律基础。
考试内容涉及面广,考生需要全面掌握各个方面的知识。
物理化学(第五版)傅献彩上册第一章引言物理化学是研究物质的性质和变化规律的学科。
它是物理学和化学的交叉学科,采用了物理学的理论和方法来解释和描述化学现象。
本书为《物理化学(第五版)》上册,是傅献彩教授主编的经典教材之一。
第二章热力学热力学是研究热能转化及其与物质性质关系的学科。
本章主要介绍了热力学的基本概念和定律,如热力学第一定律和热力学第二定律。
同时,还涉及了理想气体的状态方程和变动过程,熵的概念和熵变的计算方法等。
第三章热力学函数与熵的计算本章深入介绍了热力学函数的计算方法,包括内能、焓、自由能和吉布斯函数等。
同时,还介绍了熵的计算方法,包括理想气体熵的计算、可逆过程熵变的计算和非可逆过程熵变的计算等。
这些函数和熵的计算方法是研究物质变化和平衡状态的重要工具。
第四章相平衡与相变相平衡是研究不同相之间的平衡条件和相变规律的学科。
本章主要介绍了相平衡的基本概念和条件,如相平衡的条件和相图的表示方法。
同时,还介绍了相变的基本规律和热力学描述,如固液相变和液气相变等。
第五章物理化学平衡常数物理化学平衡常数是研究化学反应平衡的重要参数,也是研究物质变化和平衡状态的重要工具。
本章主要介绍了平衡常数的概念和计算方法,包括平衡常数的定义、计算和影响因素等。
同时,还介绍了化学平衡的基本原理和影响因素。
第六章化学平衡的计算方法本章主要介绍了化学平衡的计算方法,包括平衡计算和平衡常数计算。
平衡计算是将已知条件下,通过平衡条件和平衡常数计算未知物质浓度或压力的过程。
平衡常数计算是通过物质浓度或压力的变化来计算平衡常数的大小,从而判断反应的偏向性和平衡位置。
第七章化学动力学化学动力学是研究化学反应速率及其与反应条件关系的学科。
本章主要介绍了化学反应速率的定义和计算方法,包括反应速率方程的推导和速率常数的计算。
同时,还介绍了影响反应速率的因素和反应机理的研究方法。
第八章电化学与电解,俞允文电化学是研究电能与化学能之间互相转化的学科。
4.下列过程中系统的熵减少的是A 在900O C时CaCO3(s)→CaO(S)+CO2(g)B 在0O C、常压下水结成冰C 理想气体的恒温膨胀D 水在其正常沸点气化5.工作在400K和300K的两个大热源间的卡诺热机,其效率约为A 33%B 25%C 100%D 20%6.对于纯物质的单相封闭体系,要确定它的状态,至少需要指定的强度性质的个数为A 1B 2C 3D 47.已知373K时,液体A的饱和蒸气压为105Pa,液体B的饱和蒸气压为0.5×105Pa,设A 和B构成理想溶液,当A在溶液中的摩尔分数0.5时,则在气相中A的摩尔分数为A 1B 1/2C 2/3D 1/38.在0℃时,气体从状态p1=50×101.325kPa,变化到状态p2=10×101.325kPa,则化学势的变化值Δμ=μ2-μ1为A 0B 5J·mol-1C 1/2 J·mol-1D .-3653J·mol-19.恒温恒压下,某一化学反应达到平衡时,一定成立的关系式是A Δr G m>0B Δr G m<0C Δr G m=0D Δr G mθ<010.反应2A(g)→B(g),在温度T下达到平衡时标准平衡常数为Kθ,A的转化率为α,当压力升高时平衡常数Kθ',A转化率为α',下列关系何者正确A Kθ>Kθ',α<α'B Kθ=Kθ',α>α'C Kθ>Kθ',α>α'D Kθ=Kθ',α<α'11.如果某个反应的速率常数k的量纲为[浓度][时间]-1则该反应是A 零级反应B 一级反应C 二级反应D 三级反应12.下图为气液平衡相图,图中M点A 代表温度为T1时气相的组成B 代表温度为T1时液相的组成C 是温度为T1时气相中物质B的物质的量D 是温度为T1时液相中物质B的物质的量13. 当水处在三相点而平衡时,突然增大压力,水的相态将如何变化?A 气相、固相消失,全部变成液态B 气相、液相消失,全部变成固相C 液相、固相消失,全部变成气态D 固相消失,气液两相共存14. 硫酸与水可形成H2SO4⋅H2O(s),H2SO4⋅2H2O(s),H2SO4⋅4H2O(s)三种水合物,问在101.325 kPa的压力下,能与硫酸水溶液及冰平衡共存的硫酸水合物最多可有多少种?A 3B 2C 1D 015.对于水平液面,其值为零的物理量是A 表面自由能B 表面张力C 附加压力D 比表面能二、是非题(每题1分共10分)注意:正确的打“T”,错误的打“F”请将答案填入第一页表格中。
物理化学(第五版)傅献彩上册引言物理化学是研究物质的性质与变化的一门学科,是化学与物理学的交叉领域。
《物理化学(第五版)傅献彩上册》是一本系统介绍物理化学原理和应用的教材。
本文将对该教材的内容进行概述,包括化学热力学、化学平衡、电化学和表面现象等方面的内容。
化学热力学化学热力学是研究化学反应与能量转化的科学,是物理化学的重要分支。
本书第一章从基本概念入手,介绍了能量、焓、内能和吉布斯自由能等热力学基本概念。
随后,深入讲解了热力学第一定律和第二定律,以及熵的概念和计算方法。
此外,书中还涉及了熵增定律和吉布斯函数的应用,为读者提供了一种理解化学反应和能量转化的方法。
化学平衡化学平衡是指化学反应达到动态的平衡状态。
第二章从反应的正、逆过程入手,介绍了动态平衡的概念。
接着,书中对平衡常数和平衡常数与反应条件的关系进行了解释,并给出了平衡常数的计算方法。
此外,本章还引入了平衡常数与反应热力学性质的关系,以及平衡浓度和平衡常数之间的关系。
通过对化学平衡的深入讲解,读者可以更好地理解化学反应中的平衡状态。
电化学电化学是研究化学与电能转化的科学,主要涉及电解、电极反应和电化学电池等内容。
第三章从电解和电极电势的基本概念入手,介绍了电解反应的条件和过程,并阐述了电解与化学平衡的关系。
接着,书中对电极过程和电极反应的机理进行了深入探讨,包括电极反应的标准电势和电极的电势差等。
此外,本章还对电化学电池的原理和应用进行了介绍,包括原电池、电解池和电池电动势等。
通过对电化学的学习,读者可以了解电化学反应的规律和应用。
表面现象表面现象是指液体和固体界面上的各种现象。
第四章从表面张力的概念入手,介绍了表面现象的基本特征和表征方法。
随后,书中对液体的毛细现象和浸润现象进行了详细解析,包括毛细管法和浸润现象的原理和应用。
此外,本章还涉及了表面活性剂和胶体溶液等内容。
通过对表面现象的学习,读者可以更好地理解液体和固体界面上的各种奇特现象。
1物理化学物理化学是以物理的原理和实验技术为基础,研究化学体系的性质和行为,发现并建立化学体系中特殊规律的学科.随着科学的迅速发展和各门学科之间的相互渗透,物理化学与物理学、无机化学、有机化学在内容上存在着难以准确划分的界限,从而不断地产生新的分支学科,例如物理有机化学、生物物理化学、化学物理等.物理化学还与许多非化学的学科有着密切的联系,例如冶金学中的物理冶金实际上就是金属物理化学。
物理化学的发展历史一般认为,物理化学作为一门学科的正式形成,是从1877年德国化学家奥斯特瓦尔德和荷兰化学家范托夫创刊的《物理化学杂志》开始的。
从这一时期到20世纪初,物理化学以化学热力学的蓬勃发展为其特征。
热力学第一定律和热力学第二定律被广泛应用于各种化学体系,特别是溶液体系的研究。
吉布斯对多相平衡体系的研究和范托夫对化学平衡的研究,阿伦尼乌斯提出电离学说,能斯脱发现热定理都是对化学热力学的重要贡献.当1906年路易斯提出处理非理想体系的逸度和活度概念,以及它们的测定方法之后,化学热力学的全部基础已经具备.劳厄和布喇格对 X射线晶体结构分析的创造性研究,为经典的晶体学向近代结晶化学的发展奠定了基础。
阿伦尼乌斯关于化学反应活化能的概念,以及博登施坦和能斯脱关于链反应的概念,对后来化学动力学的发展也都作出了重要贡献.20世纪20~40年代是结构化学领先发展的时期,这时的物理化学研究已深入到微观的原子和分子世界,改变了对分子内部结构的复杂性茫然无知的状况。
1926年,量子力学研究的兴起,不但在物理学中掀起了高潮,对物理化学研究也给以很大的冲击。
尤其是在1927年,海特勒和伦敦对氢分子问题的量子力学处理,为1916年路易斯提出的共享电子对的共价键概念提供了理论基础。
1931年鲍林和斯莱特把这种处理方法推广到其他双原子分子和多原子分子,形成了化学键的价键方法。
1932年,马利肯和洪德在处理氢分子的问题时根据不同的物理模型,采用不同的试探波函数,从而发展了分子轨道方法。
《物理化学》的中英文翻译第一篇:《物理化学》的中英文翻译复习《物理化学》过程中,顺便整理了专业名词的翻译,大家凑合着,依我看,简单的会考汉译英,复杂的会考英译汉。
不管怎么样,中文英文背过最好。
如果有错误,赶紧的,说。
1多相系统 heterogeneous system2自由度degree of freedom3相律 phase rule4独立组分数 number of independent component5凝聚系统 condensed system6三相点 triple point7超临界流体 supercritical fluid8超临界流体萃取supercritical fluid extraction9超临界流体色谱supercritical fluid chromatography10泡点 bubbling point11露点dew point12杠杆规则 level rule13连结线 tie line14部分蒸馏(分馏)fractional distillation15缔合分子 associated molecule16最低恒沸点 minimum azeotropic point17最低恒沸混合物low-boiling azeotrope18无水乙醇(绝对乙醇)absolute ethyl alcohol19最高恒沸点maximum azeotropic point20会溶点 consolute point21共轭层 conjugate layer22烟碱 nicotine23蒸汽蒸馏 steam distillation24步冷曲线 cooling curve25热分析法 thermal analysis26低共熔点 eutectic point27低共熔混合物eutectic mixture28异成分熔点 incongruent melting point29转熔温度 peritectic tempreture30固溶体 solid solution31退火 annealing32淬火 quenching33区域熔炼 zone melting34分凝系数 fractional coagulation coefficient35褶点 plait point36等温会溶点 isothermal consolute point37双节点溶解度曲线 binodal solubility cueve38一(二)级相变first(second)order phase transition39超流体 super fluid40顺磁体 paramagnetic substance41铁磁体 ferromagnetic substance第二篇:中英文翻译蓄电池 battery 充电 converter 转换器 charger开关电器Switch electric 按钮开关Button to switch 电源电器Power electric 插头插座 Plug sockets第三篇:中英文翻译Fundamentals This chapter describes the fundamentals of today’s wireless communications.First a detailed description of the radio channel and its modeling are presented, followed by the introduction of the principle of OFDM multi-carrier transmission.In addition, a general overview of the spread spectrum technique, especially DS-CDMA, is given and examples of potential applications for OFDM and DS-CDMA areanalyzed.This introduction is essential for a better understanding of the idea behind the combination of OFDM with the spread spectrum technique, which is briefly introduced in the last part of this chapter.1.1 Radio Channel Characteristics Understanding the characteristics of the communications medium is crucial for the appropriate selection of transmission system architecture, dimensioning of its components, and optimizing system parameters, especially since mobile radio channels are considered to be the most difficult channels, since they suffer from many imperfections like multipath fading, interference, Doppler shift, and shadowing.The choice of system components is totally different if, for instance, multipath propagation with long echoes dominates the radio propagation.Therefore, an accurate channel model describing the behavior of radio wave propagation in different environments such as mobile/fixed and indoor/outdoor is needed.This may allow one, through simulations, to estimate and validate the performance of a given transmission scheme in its several design phases.1.1.1 Understanding Radio Channels In mobile radio channels(see Figure 1-1), the transmitted signal suffers from different effects, which are characterized as follows: Multipath propagation occurs as a consequence of reflections, scattering, and diffraction of the transmitted electromagnetic wave at natural and man-made objects.Thus, at the receiver antenna, a multitude of waves arrives from many different directions with different delays, attenuations, and phases.The superposition of these waves results in amplitude and phase variations of the composite received signal.Doppler spread is caused by moving objects in the mobile radio channel.Changes in the phases and amplitudes of the arriving waves occur which lead to time-variant multipathpropagation.Even small movements on the order of the wavelength may result in a totally different wave superposition.The varying signal strength due to time-variant multipath propagation is referred to as fast fading.Shadowing is caused by obstruction of the transmitted waves by, e.g., hills, buildings, walls, and trees, which results in more or less strong attenuation of the signal pared to fast fading, longer distances have to be covered to significantly change the shadowing constellation.The varying signal strength due to shadowing is called slow fading and can be described by a log-normal distribution [36].Path loss indicates how the mean signal power decays with distance between transmitter and receiver.In free space, the mean signal power decreases with the square of the distance between base station(BS)and terminal station(TS).In a mobile radio channel, where often no line of sight(LOS)path exists, signal power decreases with a power higher than two and is typically in the order of three to five.Variations of the received power due to shadowing and path loss can be efficiently counteracted by power control.In the following, the mobile radio channel is described with respect to its fast fading characteristic.1.1.2 Channel Modeling The mobile radio channel can be characterized by the time-variant channel impulse response h(τ , t)or by the time-variant channel transfer function H(f, t), which is the Fourier transform of h(τ, t).The channel impulse response represents the response of the channel at time t due to an impulse applied at time t −τ.The mobile radio channel is assumed to be a wide-sense stationary random process, i.e., the channel has a fading statistic that remains constant over short periods of time or small spatial distances.In environments with multipath propagation, the channel impulseresponse is composed of a large number of scattered impulses received over Np different paths,Whereand ap, fD,p, ϕp, and τp are the amplitude, the Doppler frequency, the phase, and the propagation delay, respectively, associated with path p, p = 0,..., Np −1.The assigned channel transfer function isThe delays are measured relative to the first detectable path at the receiver.The Doppler Frequencydepends on the velocity v of the terminal station, the speed of light c, the carrier frequency fc, and the angle of incidence αp of a wave assigned to path p.A channel impulse response with corresponding channel transfer function is illustrated in Figure 1-2.The delay power density spectrum ρ(τ)that characterizes the frequency selectivity of the mobile radio channel gives the average power of the channel output as a function of the delay τ.The mean delay τ , the root mean square(RMS)de lay spread τRMS and the maximum delay τmax are characteristic parameters of the delay power density spectrum.The mean delay isWhereFigure 1-2 Time-variant channel impulse response and channel transfer function with frequency-selective fading is the power of path p.The RMS delay spread is defined as Similarly, the Doppler power density spectrum S(fD)can be defined that characterizes the time variance of the mobile radio channel and gives the average power of the channel output as a function of the Doppler frequency fD.The frequency dispersive properties of multipath channels are most commonly quantified by the maximum occurring Doppler frequency fDmax and the Doppler spread fDspread.The Doppler spread is the bandwidth of theDoppler power density spectrum and can take on values up to two times |fDmax|, i.e.,1.1.3Channel Fade Statistics The statistics of the fading process characterize the channel and are of importance for channel model parameter specifications.A simple and often used approach is obtained from the assumption that there is a large number of scatterers in the channel that contribute to the signal at the receiver side.The application of the central limit theorem leads to a complex-valued Gaussian process for the channel impulse response.In the absence of line of sight(LOS)or a dominant component, the process is zero-mean.The magnitude of the corresponding channel transfer functionis a random variable, for brevity denoted by a, with a Rayleigh distribution given byWhereis the average power.The phase is uniformly distributed in the interval [0, 2π].In the case that the multipath channel contains a LOS or dominant component in addition to the randomly moving scatterers, the channel impulse response can no longer be modeled as zero-mean.Under the assumption of a complex-valued Gaussian process for the channel impulse response, the magnitude a of the channel transfer function has a Rice distribution given byThe Rice factor KRice is determined by the ratio of the power of the dominant path to thepower of the scattered paths.I0 is the zero-order modified Bessel function of first kind.The phase is uniformly distributed in the interval [0, 2π].1.1.4Inter-Symbol(ISI)and Inter-Channel Interference(ICI)The delay spread can cause inter-symbol interference(ISI)when adjacent data symbols overlap and interfere with each other due to differentdelays on different propagation paths.The number of interfering symbols in a single-carrier modulated system is given by For high data rate applications with very short symbol duration Td < τmax, the effect of ISI and, with that, the receiver complexity can increase significantly.The effect of ISI can be counteracted by different measures such as time or frequency domain equalization.In spread spectrum systems, rake receivers with several arms are used to reduce the effect of ISI by exploiting the multipath diversity such that individual arms are adapted to different propagation paths.If the duration of the transmitted symbol is significantly larger than the maximum delay Td τmax, the channel produces a negligible amount of ISI.This effect is exploited with multi-carrier transmission where the duration per transmitted symbol increases with the number of sub-carriers Nc and, hence, the amount of ISI decreases.The number of interfering symbols in a multi-carrier modulated system is given byResidual ISI can be eliminated by the use of a guard interval(see Section 1.2).The maximum Doppler spread in mobile radio applications using single-carrier modulation is typically much less than the distance between adjacent channels, such that the effect of interference on adjacent channels due to Doppler spread is not a problem for single-carrier modulated systems.For multi-carrier modulated systems, the sub-channel spacing Fs can become quite small, such that Doppler effects can cause significant ICI.As long as all sub-carriers are affected by a common Doppler shift fD, this Doppler shift can be compensated for in the receiver and ICI can be avoided.However, if Doppler spread in the order of several percent of the sub-carrier spacing occurs, ICI may degrade the system performance significantly.T oavoid performance degradations due to ICI or more complex receivers with ICI equalization, the sub-carrier spacing Fs should be chosen assuch that the effects due to Doppler spread can be neglected(see Chapter 4).This approach corresponds with the philosophy of OFDM described in Section 1.2 and is followed in current OFDM-based wireless standards.Nevertheless, if a multi-carrier system design is chosen such that the Doppler spread is in the order of the sub-carrier spacing or higher, a rake receiver in the frequency domain can be used [22].With the frequency domain rake receiver each branch of the rake resolves a different Doppler frequency.1.1.5Examples of Discrete Multipath Channel Models Various discrete multipath channel models for indoor and outdoor cellular systems with different cell sizes have been specified.These channel models define the statistics of the 5 discrete propagation paths.An overview of widely used discrete multipath channel models is given in the following.COST 207 [8]: The COST 207 channel models specify four outdoor macro cell propagation scenarios by continuous, exponentially decreasing delay power density spectra.Implementations of these power density spectra by discrete taps are given by using up to 12 taps.Examples for settings with 6 taps are listed in Table 1-1.In this table for several propagation environments the corresponding path delay and power profiles are given.Hilly terrain causes the longest echoes.The classical Doppler spectrum with uniformly distributed angles of arrival of the paths can be used for all taps for simplicity.Optionally, different Doppler spectra are defined for the individual taps in [8].The COST 207 channel models are based on channel measurements with a bandwidth of 8–10 MHz in the 900-MHz band used for 2Gsystems such as GSM.COST 231 [9] and COST 259 [10]: These COST actions which are the continuation of COST 207 extend the channel characterization to DCS 1800, DECT, HIPERLAN and UMTS channels, taking into account macro, micro, and pico cell scenarios.Channel models with spatial resolution have been defined in COST 259.The spatial component is introduced by the definition of several clusters with local scatterers, which are located in a circle around the base station.Three types of channel models are defined.The macro cell type has cell sizes from 500 m up to 5000 m and a carrier frequency of 900 MHz or 1.8 GHz.The micro cell type is defined for cell sizes of about 300 m and a carrier frequency of 1.2 GHz or 5 GHz.The pico cell type represents an indoor channel model with cell sizes smaller than 100 m in industrial buildings and in the order of 10 m in an office.The carrier frequency is 2.5 GHz or 24 GHz.COST 273: The COST 273 action additionally takes multi-antenna channel models into account, which are not covered by the previous COST actions.CODIT [7]: These channel models define typical outdoor and indoor propagation scenarios for macro, micro, and pico cells.The fading characteristics of the various propagation environments are specified by the parameters of the Nakagami-m distribution.Every environment is defined in terms of a number of scatterers which can take on values up to 20.Some channel models consider also the angular distribution of the scatterers.They have been developed for the investigation of 3G system proposals.Macro cell channel type models have been developed for carrier frequencies around 900 MHz with 7 MHz bandwidth.The micro and pico cell channel type models have been developed for carrier frequencies between 1.8 GHz and 2 GHz.The bandwidths of the measurements are in the range of 10–100 MHz for macro cells and around 100 MHz for pico cells.JTC [28]: The JTC channel models define indoor and outdoor scenarios by specifying 3 to 10 discrete taps per scenario.The channel models are designed to be applicable for wideband digital mobile radio systems anticipated as candidates for the PCS(Personal Communications Systems)common air interface at carrier frequencies of about 2 GHz.UMTS/UTRA [18][44]: Test propagation scenarios have been defined for UMTS and UTRA system proposals which are developed for frequencies around 2 GHz.The modeling of the multipath propagation corresponds to that used by the COST 207 channel models.HIPERLAN/2 [33]: Five typical indoor propagation scenarios for wireless LANs in the 5 GHz frequency band have been defined.Each scenario is described by 18discrete taps of the delay power density spectrum.The time variance of the channel(Doppler spread)is modeled by a classical Jake’s spectrum with a maximum terminal speed of 3 m/h.Further channel models exist which are, for instance, given in [16].1.1.6Multi-Carrier Channel Modeling Multi-carrier systems can either be simulated in the time domain or, more computationally efficient, in the frequency domain.Preconditions for the frequency domain implementation are the absence of ISI and ICI, the frequency nonselective fading per sub-carrier, and the time-invariance during one OFDM symbol.A proper system design approximately fulfills these preconditions.The discrete channel transfer function adapted to multi-carrier signals results inwhere the continuous channel transfer function H(f, t)is sampled in time at OFDM symbol rate s and in frequency at sub-carrier spacing Fs.The durations is the total OFDM symbol duration including the guardinterval.Finally, a symbol transmitted onsub-channel n of the OFDM symbol i is multiplied by the resulting fading amplitude an,i and rotated by a random phase ϕn,i.The advantage of the frequency domain channel model is that the IFFT and FFT operation for OFDM and inverse OFDM can be avoided and the fading operation results in one complex-valued multiplication per sub-carrier.The discrete multipath channel models introduced in Section 1.1.5 can directly be applied to(1.16).A further simplification of the channel modeling for multi-carrier systems is given by using the so-called uncorrelated fading channel models.1.1.6.1Uncorrelated Fading Channel Models for Multi-Carrier Systems These channel models are based on the assumption that the fading on adjacent data symbols after inverse OFDM and de-interleaving can be considered as uncorrelated [29].This assumption holds when, e.g., a frequency and time interleaver with sufficient interleaving depth is applied.The fading amplitude an,i is chosen from a distribution p(a)according to the considered cell type and the random phase ϕn,I is uniformly distributed in the interval [0,2π].The resulting complex-valued channel fading coefficient is thus generated independently for each sub-carrier and OFDM symbol.For a propagation scenario in a macro cell without LOS, the fading amplitude an,i is generated by a Rayleigh distribution and the channel model is referred to as an uncorrelated Rayleigh fading channel.For smaller cells where often a dominant propagation component occurs, the fading amplitude is chosen from a Rice distribution.The advantages of the uncorrelated fading channel models for multi-carrier systems are their simple implementation in the frequency domain and the simple reproducibility of the simulation results.1.1.7Diversity The coherence bandwidth of amobile radio channel is the bandwidth over which the signal propagation characteristics are correlated and it can be approximated byThe channel is frequency-selective if the signal bandwidth B is larger than the coherence bandwidth.On the other hand, if B is smaller than , the channel is frequency nonselective or flat.The coherence bandwidth of the channel is of importance for evaluating the performance of spreading and frequency interleaving techniques that try to exploit the inherent frequency diversity Df of the mobile radio channel.In the case of multi-carrier transmission, frequency diversity is exploited if the separation of sub-carriers transmitting the same information exceeds the coherence bandwidth.The maximum achievable frequency diversity Df is given by the ratio between the signal bandwidth B and the coherence bandwidth,The coherence time of the channel is the duration over which the channel characteristics can be considered as time-invariant and can be approximated byIf the duration of the transmitted symbol is larger than the coherence time, the channel is time-selective.On the other hand, if the symbol duration is smaller than , the channel is time nonselective during one symbol duration.The coherence time of the channel is of importance for evaluating the performance of coding and interleaving techniques that try to exploit the inherent time diversity DO of the mobile radio channel.Time diversity can be exploited if the separation between time slots carrying the same information exceeds the coherence time.A number of Ns successive time slots create a time frame of duration Tfr.The maximum time diversity Dt achievable in one time frame is given by the ratio between the duration of a timeframe and the coherence time, A system exploiting frequency and time diversity can achieve the overall diversityThe system design should allow one to optimally exploit the available diversity DO.For instance, in systems with multi-carrier transmission the same information should be transmitted on different sub-carriers and in different time slots, achieving uncorrelated faded replicas of the information in both dimensions.Uncoded multi-carrier systems with flat fading per sub-channel and time-invariance during one symbol cannot exploit diversity and have a poor performance in time and frequency selective fading channels.Additional methods have to be applied to exploit diversity.One approach is the use of data spreading where each data symbol is spread by a spreading code of length L.This, in combination with interleaving, can achieve performance results which are given forby the closed-form solution for the BER for diversity reception in Rayleigh fading channels according to [40] Whererepresents the combinatory function,and σ2 is the variance of the noise.As soon as the interleaving is not perfect or the diversity offered by the channel is smaller than the spreading code length L, or MCCDMA with multiple access interference is applied,(1.22)is a lower bound.For L = 1, the performance of an OFDM system without forward error correction(FEC)is obtained, 9which cannot exploit any diversity.The BER according to(1.22)of an OFDM(OFDMA, MC-TDMA)system and a multi-carrier spread spectrum(MC-SS)system with different spreading code lengths L is shown in Figure 1-3.No other diversity techniques are applied.QPSK modulation is used for symbol mapping.The mobile radio channel is modeled as uncorrelatedRayleigh fading channel(see Section 1.1.6).As these curves show, for large values of L, the performance of MC-SS systems approaches that of an AWGN channel.Another form of achieving diversity in OFDM systems is channel coding by FEC, where the information of each data bit is spread over several code bits.Additional to the diversity gain in fading channels, a coding gain can be obtained due to the selection of appropriate coding and decoding algorithms.中文翻译 1基本原理这章描述今日的基本面的无线通信。
物理化学公式汇总物理化学是一门运用物理学的原理和方法来研究化学现象和规律的学科,其中涉及众多的公式。
这些公式是理解和解决物理化学问题的重要工具。
下面为大家汇总一些常见且重要的物理化学公式。
首先是热力学方面的公式。
热力学第一定律:ΔU = Q + W 。
其中,ΔU 表示系统内能的变化,Q 表示系统吸收的热量,W 表示系统对外做功。
这个公式揭示了能量的守恒与转化关系。
热力学第二定律有多种表述方式,其中克劳修斯表述为:热量不能自发地从低温物体传到高温物体。
开尔文表述为:不可能从单一热源吸取热量使之完全变为有用功而不产生其他影响。
熵增原理的数学表达式为:ΔS ≥ 0 ,其中ΔS 表示熵的变化。
熵是系统混乱度的度量。
理想气体状态方程:pV = nRT 。
p 是压强,V 是体积,n 是物质的量,R 是理想气体常数,T 是温度。
这个公式在研究气体的性质和行为时经常用到。
热力学能的定义式:U = U(T, V) 。
表明热力学能是温度和体积的函数。
接着是热力学函数的相关公式。
焓的定义式:H = U + pV 。
吉布斯自由能的定义式:G = H TS 。
在恒温恒压条件下,ΔG ≤ 0 时反应自发进行。
亥姆霍兹自由能的定义式:A = U TS 。
在恒温恒容条件下,ΔA ≤ 0 时过程自发进行。
然后是化学平衡方面的公式。
标准平衡常数表达式:Kθ =Π(piθ)^νi 。
其中piθ 是平衡时各物质的分压,νi 是化学计量数。
范特霍夫等温方程:ΔG =ΔGθ + RTlnQ 。
Q 是反应商,通过比较ΔG 的正负可以判断反应进行的方向。
再来看电化学方面的公式。
法拉第定律:Q = nZF 。
Q 表示通过电极的电量,n 是电极反应中转移的电子数,Z 是离子的电荷数,F 是法拉第常数。
能斯特方程:E =Eθ (RT / nF)lnQ 。
用于计算非标准状态下的电极电势。
最后是动力学方面的公式。
质量作用定律:对于基元反应 aA +bB → cC + dD ,反应速率 v = kA^aB^b 。
<<物理化学>>第七章动力学单元测试练习题(7B卷)一、判断题(说法正确否):(本题10分, 每小题1分)1.若化学反应由一系列基元反应组成,则该化学反应的速率是各基元反应速率的代数和。
2.双分子反应一定是基元反应。
3.若一个化学反应是一级反应,则该化学反应的速率与反应物浓度的一次方成正比。
4.一个化学反应的级数越大,则其反应的速率也越大。
5.若反应A+B→Y+Z的速率方程为υ=Kc A C B,则该反应是二级反应,且肯定是双分子反应。
6.对于一般服从阿累尼乌斯方程的化学反应,温度越高,反应速率越快,因此升高温度有利于生成更多的产物。
7.若某化学反应的△rU m<0,则该化学反应的活化能小于零。
8.对于平行反应的两个速率常数k1/k2,其值不随温度的变化而变化。
9.温度升高,分子的碰撞频率增加,故反应速率增加。
10.按照光化当量定律,在整个光化学反应过程中,一个光子只能活化一个分子,因此只能使一个分子发生反应。
二、单选题(本题34分,每小题2分)1.某反应的的速率常数k=4.62×10-2min-1,又初始浓度为0.1mol·dm-3,则该反应的半衰期为t1/2()A.1/(6.93×10-2×0.12)B.15C.30D.1(4.62×102×0.1)2.对于一个化学反应来说,下列说法中正确的是()A.△S≠越负,反应速率越快B.△H≠越负,反应速率越快C.活化能越大,反应速率越快D.活化能越小,反应速率越快3.某物质的反应级数为负值时,该反应速率是随物质浓度()A.升高而增大B.升高而减少C.升高而不变D.降低而减少4.两个H·与M粒子同时相碰撞,发生下列反应:H·+H·+M=H2(g)+M,此反应的活化能Ea是( )A.大于零B.小于零C.等于零D.不能确定5.基元反应的分子数是个微观的概念,其值为 ( )A.0,1,2,3B.只能是1,2,3C.也可能是小于1的数D.可正,可负,可为零6.在25℃的水溶液中,分别发生下列反应:(1)A→C+D,为一级反应, 半衰期为t1/2,A (2)B→L+M,为一级反应, 半衰期为t1/2,B已知A和B的起始浓度之比cA,0/cB,0=2,反应系统中无其它反应发生。
<<物理化学>>第七章动力学单元测试练习题(7B卷)
一、判断题(说法正确否):(本题10分, 每小题1分)
1.若化学反应由一系列基元反应组成,则该化学反应的速率是各基元反应速率的代数和。
2.双分子反应一定是基元反应。
3.若一个化学反应是一级反应,则该化学反应的速率与反应物浓度的一次方成正比。
4.一个化学反应的级数越大,则其反应的速率也越大。
5.若反应A+B→Y+Z的速率方程为υ=Kc A C B,则该反应是二级反应,且肯定是双分子反应。
6.对于一般服从阿累尼乌斯方程的化学反应,温度越高,反应速率越快,因此升高温度有利于生成更多的产物。
7.若某化学反应的△rU m<0,则该化学反应的活化能小于零。
8.对于平行反应的两个速率常数k1/k2,其值不随温度的变化而变化。
9.温度升高,分子的碰撞频率增加,故反应速率增加。
10.按照光化当量定律,在整个光化学反应过程中,一个光子只能活化一个分子,因此只能使一个分子发生反应。
二、单选题(本题34分,每小题2分)
1.某反应的的速率常数k=4.62×10-2min-1,又初始浓度为0.1mol·dm-3,则该反应的半衰期为t
1/2
()
A.1/(6.93×10-2×0.12)
B.15
C.30
D.1(4.62×102×0.1)
2.对于一个化学反应来说,下列说法中正确的是()
A.△S≠越负,反应速率越快
B.△H≠越负,反应速率越快
C.活化能越大,反应速率越快
D.活化能越小,反应速率越快
3.某物质的反应级数为负值时,该反应速率是随物质浓度()
A.升高而增大
B.升高而减少
C.升高而不变
D.降低而减少
4.两个H·与M粒子同时相碰撞,发生下列反应:H·+H·+M=H
2(g)+M,此反应的活化能E
a
是
( )
A.大于零
B.小于零
C.等于零
D.不能确定
5.基元反应的分子数是个微观的概念,其值为 ( )
A.0,1,2,3
B.只能是1,2,3
C.也可能是小于1的数
D.可正,可负,可为零
6.在25℃的水溶液中,分别发生下列反应:
(1)A→C+D,为一级反应, 半衰期为t
1/2,A (2)B→L+M,为一级反应, 半衰期为t
1/2,B
已知A和B的起始浓度之比c
A,0/c
B,0
=2,反应系统中无其它反应发生。
当反应(1)进行
的时间t
1=2t
1/2,A
, 当反应(2)进行的时间t
2
=2t
1/2,B
时, A, B物质的浓度c
A
和c
B
之间的
关系为 ( )
A.c
A = c
B
B.c
A
= 2 c
B
C.4c
A
=3c
B
D.c
A
=1.5 c
B
7.在描述一级反应的下列说法中,不正确的是()
A.㏑c对时间t作图得一直线
B.半衰期与反应物起始浓度成反比
C.同一反应消耗反应物的百分数相同时,所需时间相等
D.速率常数的单位为(时间)-1
8.给出反应式A+B 2P,则正确的叙述是()。
A.此反应为二级反应;
B.此反应为双分子反应;
C.此反应为基元反应;
D.此反应各物质间的计量关系已定。
9.某反应的ΔH=100kJ·mol-1,则其活化能()
A.必小于100kJ·mol-1
B.必大于100kJ·mol-1
C.可大于或小于100kJ·mol-1
D.只能小于100kJ·mol-1
10.如果有个基元反应D+2Z=2Y,假如将它的反应速率方程写成d/dt=k2;
-d/dt=k'2,那么k与k'之间的关系应该是( )
A.-k=k'
B.2k=k'
C.k=2k'
D.k=k'
11.已知反应A→2B 的速率方程为υ=kc A,则该反应的半衰期t1/2为( )
A.2ln2/k
B.ln2/2k
C.4ln2/k
D.ln2/k
12.某一反应,当唯一的反应物原始浓度降至2/3时,速率常数k与时间t的关系为k=2/(tC0),
这个反应为( )
A.三级
B.零级
C.一级
D.二级
13.如果某个反应的速率常数k的量纲为<浓度><时间>-1则该反应是( )
A.一级反应
B.零级反应
C.三级反应
D.二级反应
14.某反应的速率常数为3.93×10-2s-1,那这个反应的t1/2为( )
A.30.0 s
B.17.6 s
C.8.0 s
D.14.5 s
15.人类脑电波的发射速率也服从阿累尼乌斯方程,能量(相当于活化能)为50.208kJ·mol-1,当人体温度由37℃升至39℃,发射速率增加了 ( )
A.0.33倍
B.0.13倍
C.1.13倍
D.1.33倍
16.如有一反应活化能是100kJ·mol-1,当反应温度由313K升至353K,此反应速率常数约是
原来的 ( )
A.77.8倍
B.4.5倍
C.2倍
D.22617倍
17.稀溶液反应CH
2ICOOH+SCN-→CH
2
(SCN)COOH+I-属动力学控制反应,按照原盐效应,反应
速率k与离子强度I的关系为下述哪一种?
A、I增大k变小
B、I增大k不变
C、I增大k变大
D、无法确定关系
三、填空(本题14分, 每空1分)
2、硝酸异丙烷在水溶液中被碱中和,其反应速率常数可表示为lgk=11.899-3163/T,该反
应的表观活化能为()。
3、今将某物质A放入一反应器内,反应了3600s,消耗掉75%,设反应分别为一级,二级,
零级反应。
则反应进行了7200s时,对于各级反应,A物质的剩余量分别为()()、和()。
4、某化合物的分解反应是一级反应,设反应的活化能E=14.43×104J·mol-1,已知557K时
该反应的速率常数k=3.3×10-2s-1,现要控制反应在10min内转化率达到90%,则应控制该反应的温度为()。
5、比较两相同类型的反应I和II,发现活化能E
I >E
II
,速率常数k
I
>k
II
,其原因在于()。
6、在T,V恒定时,反应A(g)+B(g)→D(g) t=0时,P
A,0=800kPa,t
1
=30s时,P
A,1
=400kPa,
t
2=60s时P
A,2
=200kPa,t
3
=90s时,P
A,3
=100kPa时此反应的半衰期t
1/2
= (),反应
级数n= (),反应的速率常数k=()。
.
7、阿累尼乌斯活化能是()。
.
10、由经验规则“温度每增加10K,反应速率增加二倍”可知,在T
1=298K时和T
2
=308K时
符合这规律的活化能值E
a
=()。
11、恒容化学反应aA+bB→gG+hH的各物质的速率常数分别为k
A ,k
B
,k
G
,k
H
,它们之间的关
系是()。
四、计算(本大题共36分,每小题12分辩)
1..双光气分解反应:ClCOOCCl3(g)→2COCl2(g)为一级反应,将一定量的双光气引入到一个预先抽空的280℃的刚性容器中,751S后测得系统的压力为
2.71Kpa,反应完了之后测得系统的压力为4.008 Kpa.305℃时重复实验,320S后测得系统的压力为2.838 Kpa,反应完了之后系统的压力为
3.554 Kpa.
(1)求出这两次反应的初始压力;
(2) 求出两温度下的速率常数K
1和K
2
;
(3) 求上述分解反应的表观活化能.
五、证明题(本题6分)
气相二级反应2A→A
2,反应进行过程中,实验测得气相的总压力为P,起始压力为P
i
,
试证明:k
2=2(P
i
-P)/P
i
(2P-P
i
)t。