Universal features in the growth dynamics of complex organizations

a rXiv:h ep-ph/961230v19Jan1996SHEP 95/30hep-ph/9601230January 1996Chargino Production at LEP2in a Supergravity Model Marco A.D´ıaz and Steve F.King Physics Department,University of Southampton Southampton,SO171BJ,U.K.Abstract In the framework of a particular supergravity model which provides a natural solu-tion to the µ–problem we show how the discovery of a chargino at LEP2and the measurement of its mass and production cross–section,together with the measure-ment of the mass of the lightest neutralino,would determine the entire Higgs and SUSY spectrum.We give detailed predictions for the Higgs and SUSY spectrum as a function of the chargino production cross–section,for constant values of the lightestchargino and gluino masses.Recently LEP1.5has set a new lower bound on the lightest chargino mass of about65GeV if m˜χ±1−m˜χ01>∼10GeV[1].In general LEP2will be able to bound or discovercharginos up to the kinematic limit of the machine.In this paper we explore the possible consequences of chargino discovery at LEP2within the framework of a well motivated supergravity model.It is well known that,with the assumption of a universal gaugino mass M1/2, the chargino˜χ±i(i=1,2)and neutralino˜χ0i(i=1...4)masses and mixing angles only depend on three unknown parameters:the gluino mass m˜g,µand tanβ[2].In a recent paper[3]we have shown how the discovery of the lightest chargino at LEP2and the measurement of its mass,m˜χ±1,and production cross-section,σ(e+e−→˜χ+1˜χ−1), together with the measurement of the mass of the lightest neutralino,m˜χ01,will enable the basic parameters m˜g,µand tanβto be determined,up to certain ambiguities (see also ref.[4]).In the present paper we shall extend the above analysis from the gaugino sector of the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model(MSSM)[5]to the entire supersymmet-ric(SUSY)and Higgs spectrum.However,whereas the gaugino sector is completely specified by three parameters,the remaining spectrum depends on very many pa-rameters and without some simplifying principle it is impossible to make progress. Therefore in the present paper we shall explore the consequences of a specific super-gravity(SUGRA)model which has sufficient predictive power to enable the entireHiggs and SUSY spectrum to be deduced from just the LEP2measurements m˜χ±1,σ(e+e−→˜χ+1˜χ−1),and m˜χ01–a result which underlines both the importance of LEP2 and the power of supergravity.The phenomenologically simplest SUGRA models typically involve universal soft parameters(at the unification scale1):m0,M1/2,A,B in the usual notation corre-sponding to the universal scalar mass,gaugino mass,trilinear dimensionful coupling and BµH1H2term,respectively.Thus the squark and slepton soft masses are pro-portional to unit matrices inflavor space,and trilinear couplings are proportional to Yukawa matrices at the unification scale.Specific SUGRA models may involve further relationships between the soft parameters,for example the so-called mini-mal SUGRA model predicts that B=A−m0[6].However this model involves an unnaturally small dimensionalµparameter appearing in the superpotential–theµproblem.Recently there have been several alternative mechanisms proposed to solvetheµproblem[7]and it is a common tendency of such models to predict B=2m0, although it is not clear why such different theories should lead to the same boundary condition.Therefore in the present paper we shall focus on SUGRA models which predict B=2m0which have a stronger theoretical motivation.According to the above discussion,the5independent parameters at M X are: B=2m0,M1/2,A,µ,h t0,where h t0is the top quark Yukawa coupling at M X.We shall require radiative electroweak symmetry breaking,and impose the usual Higgs minimisation conditions at low energy.We consider all the supersymmetric mass parameters to be smaller than M SUSY=1TeV.The order of magnitude of this scale emerges naturally when the model is embedded into a GUT[8].In addition,to break radiatively the electroweak symmetry withoutfine–tunning the initial parameters M SUSY cannot be too large[9].Our4input parameters are chosen to be:m t,m˜χ±1,µand m˜g which are sufficient to specify the5independent parameters at M X,given the requirement of correct electroweak symmetry breaking.The idea behind this choice of input parameters is that the top quark mass is measured at the Tevatron, and the chargino mass may be measured at LEP2.This only leaves the parameters µand m˜g which can in principle be determined at LEP2from a measurement of σ(e+e−→˜χ+1˜χ−1)and m˜χ01,as discussed in our previous analysis[3]except that now the electron sneutrino contribution to the cross-section will be taken into account. The main difference is of course that now these LEP2measurements will serve to determine the entire Higgs and SUSY spectrum,not just the gaugino sector.Our detailed procedure is tofirstfix values of top quark mass,chargino massand gluino mass.For a given choice ofµ,knowledge of m˜χ±1and m˜g enables a determination of tanβ.With m t and tanβspecified we have a determination of h t (at low energy)and hence h t0(at high energy).With h t0known,we choose values of m0and A and run all the parameters down to low energy(the RG equations do not depend on B).We do not take into account threshold corrections.The tree–level minimisation condition on the Higgs masses at low energy2(m21+µ2+12M2Z cos2β)(1−cos2β)(1)where m21and m22are the soft SUSY breaking Higgs masses,will not in general be satisfied,and so we vary m0until it is.Sometimes there will be no solution for any value of m20>0,and this condition has a big effect in reducing the allowed parameter space.Eq.(1)describes the minimization of the Higgs potential when the one-loop2m2A(1−cos22β),where m A is the CP-odd scalar mass.contributions to the effective potential are neglected.Having consistently determined m0we thenfind the low energy value of B using Bµ=1we show the set of m˜χ±1,m˜g contours corresponding to Fig.1but with the basicparameters(a)m0,(b)A,(c)tanβand(d)µalong the horizontal axes.For a given chargino mass,the gluino masses we have taken are bounded from above because gluinos heavier than some value produce solutions with m20<0[Fig.2(a)],and from below because gluinos lighter than some value need values of A larger than1TeV [Fig.2(b)].We do not consider constraints form charge and color breaking[14].The parameter tanβis plotted in Fig.2(c),and the most noticeable feature is that many curves are truncated at tanβ≈2.The reason is that we are close to thefixed point of the top quark Yukawa coupling,and smaller values of tanβmakes this coupling diverge at scales smaller than the unification scale.In the case of the lightest gluino choice,thefixed point of h t is not reached,and the curve is truncated at higher values of tanβbecause the parameter A becomes larger than1TeV.For afixed value ofmχ±1and m˜g,the parameterµis determined by the value of tanβand it is plotted in Fig.2(d).Typically,the smaller the chargino mass is,the smaller the parameter µis.Nevertheless,it never reaches values smaller than150GeV.In Figure3we show the contours corresponding to Figure1but with(a)the second lightest neutralino mass,(b)the sneutrino mass,(c)the lightest charged slepton mass and(d)the lightest up-type squark mass along the horizontal axis.In Fig.3(a)we see the production cross section as a function of mχ02.This mass is strongly correlatedwith the lightest chargino mass,satisfies mχ02>∼mχ±1,and receives small increases aswe increase the gluino mass.Similarly to the lightest neutralino case,the groupsof curves corresponding to different values of mχ±1are well differentiated,implying that we will have a very good idea of the mass of this particle even if we have large experimental errors on the LEP measurements mentioned before.The sneutrino mass is presented in Fig.3(b).Note that it is the electron sneutrino that is of interest to us because it contributes to the chargino production cross section.Nevertheless,the three sneutrinoflavors are practically degenerated in mass.The sneutrino mass always satisfies the experimental constraint m˜ν>41.8GeV[11,15]and is represented in the figure by a vertical dotted line.In can be appreciated that the sneutrino contribution to the total chargino production cross section is more important when charginos are light,and that it decouples as m˜νincreases.In Fig.3(c)we plot the lightest chargedslepton mass,which in all cases is˜τ±1.The experimental LEP1constraint m˜τ±1>45 GeV[11,12,16]restricts the allowed parameter space,and consequently some of the curves(the ones with lighter gluino)are truncated at large tanβ.The reason for that lies in the left–right mixing of the mass matrix,because it is proportional to mτµtanβ,and large values of tanβproduce a large mass splitting betweenτ±1andτ±2.The lightest of the up–type squarks is plotted in Fig.3(d),which is predominantly the lightest stop,˜t1,with a small component of scharm(in all cases smaller than a percent).At small values of the universal scalar mass parameter m0,where the total cross section is small,the mass of the lightest up–type squark increases with this parameter m0.Nevertheless,for large values of m0the trilinear mass parameter A also is large,producing a large top squark mass mixing and consequently,a lighter ˜t1.This makes the curves in Fig.3(d)to turn towards the small values of the lightest up–type squark as the total cross section increases.Lighter˜t1are obtained when small chargino masses are considered,a combination that produces large corrections to the Z→b¯b decay.Nevertheless,we do notfind top squarks lighter than about 180GeV,claimed to be necessary to explain the discrepancy between theory and experiment(see for example[17]).The Higgs sector of the MSSM[18]is completely specified at tree level by the CP-odd Higgs mass m A and tanβ.Nevertheless,a strong dependence on m t and m˜t is introduced through radiative corrections to the charged Higgs mass[19,20] and to the lightest neutral CP-even Higgs mass[20,21].In Figure4we show the corresponding contours of Fig.1with(a)the lightest CP-even Higgs boson mass, (b)the CP-odd Higgs boson mass,(c)the charged Higgs boson mass and(d)the value of cos(β−α)along the horizontal axes.In this scenario,the lightest Higgs mass plotted in Fig.4(a)is always smaller than103GeV,with obvious relevance for LEP2[22].The higher values of m h are obtained when tanβis large,where the tree level contribution to m h is maximum.On the other hand,at tanβ∼2the lightest Higgs mass is minimum,with a lower bound of about80GeV.In the calculation of m h we include the exact one-loop radiative corrections from top and bottom quarks and squarks and leading logarithms from the rest of the particles,working in an on-shell scheme where the parameter tanβis defined through the Aτ+τ−coupling [23].We also include the dominant two-loop QCD corrections[24]and we sum all the leading and next-to-leading logarithms with a RGE technique.The mass of the CP-odd Higgs m A is plotted in Fig.4(b).It is obtained from eq.(1)which comes from the minimization of the Higgs potential.This particle is in all cases heavier than about130GeV,what makes it difficult to be observed at LEP2.The charged Higgs mass,plotted in Fig.4(c),is strongly correlated to the value of m A,becauseat tree level the relation m2H±=m2W+m2A holds.We include the one-loop radiativecorrection to this mass,nevertheless,in the region of parameter space considered here, the correction is smaller than∼2GeV in all cases.Finally,in Fig.4(d)we plot the parameter−cos(β−α)which controls the ZZH coupling.One-loop corrections tothis angle are already taken into account[25].The fact that this parameter remains small implies that the heavy Higgs boson H is weakly coupled to the Z–boson.At the same time the lightest Higgs h,with a ZZh coupling proportional to sin(β−α), has couplings that approach the corresponding Standard Model(SM)Higgs boson couplings.Nevertheless,it is worth mentioning that,if we consider the SM with no new physics below∼1010GeV and the MSSM with M SUSY<∼1TeV,the allowed are always greater than m h providing the top quark is sufficiently values of m HSMheavy[26].Finally we return to our original question:what can we learn from this SUGRA model with the detection of charginos at LEP2?The answer is summarised in Fig.1. In thisfigure a group of curves corresponding to a particular value of mare wellχ±1differentiated from a group corresponding to a different value.This permits us to check the validity of the model even if the experimental errors are so large that it is not possible to precisely differentiate the curves labeled by the value of the gluino mass. 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Veldhuis,and T.J.Weiler,Preprint No.VAND-TH-94-14-UPD and SHEP-95-08 (hep–ph–9512229),Dec.1995.Figure Captions:Fig. 1.Total cross section of chargino pair production from e+e−annihilation as a function of the mass of the lightest neutralino for constant values of the lightest chargino and the gluino masses.Four groups of curves are shown corresponding to m=60GeV(dotdash),70GeV(solid),80GeV(dashes),and90GeV(dots),with ˜χ±1each line labelled by the gluino mass in GeV.Fig. 2.Total chargino pair production cross section as a function of four different parameters that characterize the supergravity model.(a)The universal scalar mass m0,(b)the universal trilinear coupling A,(c)the ratio of the two Higgs vacuum expectation values tanβ,and(d)the Higgs mass parameterµ.There is a one–to–one correspondence between the lines in this Figure and those in Figure1.The line styles for the chargino masses are as in Figure1.For each chargino mass the gluino masses also correspond to those in Figure1.Although we have not labelled the gluino mass, it should be possible to distinguish which line corresponds to which gluino mass by comparing the total cross–section for chargino production plotted here to that plotted in Figure1.Fig.3.Total chargino pair production cross section as a function of the mass of(a) the second lightest neutralino,(b)the sneutrino,(c)the lightest charged slepton,and (d)the lightest up–type squark.There is a one–to–one correspondence between the lines in this Figure and those in Figure1.The line styles for the chargino masses are as in Figure1.For each chargino mass the gluino masses also correspond to those in Figure1.Although we have not labelled the gluino mass,it should be possible to distinguish which line corresponds to which gluino mass by comparing the total cross–section for chargino production plotted here to that plotted in Figure1. Fig. 4.Total chargino pair production cross section as a function of four different parameters in the Higgs sector.(a)The lightest Higgs mass,(b)the CP-odd Higgs mass,(c)the charged Higgs mass,and(d)the parameter−cos(β−α)whose mag-nitude is the coupling of the heavy CP-even Higgs to a pair of Z–bosons.There is a one–to–one correspondence between the lines in this Figure and those in Figure1. The line styles for the chargino masses are as in Figure1.For each chargino mass the gluino masses also correspond to those in Figure1.Although we have not labelled the gluino mass,it should be possible to distinguish which line corresponds to which gluino mass by comparing the total cross–section for chargino production plotted here to that plotted in Figure1.10。

用英文写一篇关于体内连续进化的综述文章Title: Evolution within the Body: A Comprehensive ReviewIntroduction: Evolution is a fascinating process that has shaped the diversity of life on Earth over millions of years. While the traditional concept of evolution primarily focuses on the genetic changes occurring across generations of organisms, there is growing evidence for another type of evolution that takes place within an individual's body. This phenomenon, known as "within-body evolution" or "somatic evolution," involves genetic changes occurring within the cells of an organism during its lifetime. In this review, we will explore the concept of within-body evolution, its underlying mechanisms, its importance in various contexts, and its potential implications for our understanding of biology.Mechanisms of Within-Body Evolution: Unlike traditional evolution, which operates through natural selection and genetic variation across generations, within-body evolution arises due to mutation and selection within the cells of an individual's body. Various factors contribute to this process, including DNA replication errors, environmental influences, and selective pressures exerted by the surrounding tissue microenvironment. These mechanisms give rise to genetic mosaicism, where different cells within an organism possess distinct genotypes.Within-Body Evolution and Disease: Within-body evolution is closely associated with the development and progression of diseases such ascancer. Somatic mutations accumulated over an individual's lifetime can lead to the initiation of tumor formation and the emergence of genetically diverse cancer cell populations. This diversity enables tumors to adapt and evolve in response to selective pressures such as therapeutic interventions. Understanding within-body evolution in the context of diseases is crucial for developing improved diagnostics, treatment strategies, and personalized medicine approaches.Impact on Development and Aging: Within-body evolution also plays a critical role in development and aging. The accumulation of somatic mutations over time can contribute to tissue dysfunction, age-related diseases, and the aging process itself. Additionally, somatic evolution influences cellular plasticity, allowing for tissue regeneration and repair. Studying within-body evolution provides insights into the mechanisms governing tissue homeostasis, regeneration, and cellular reprogramming.Evolutionary Implications: The recognition of within-body evolution raises intriguing questions about the relationship between the individual and its evolving cell populations. How does within-body evolution affect the overall evolutionary trajectory of a species? Can these accumulated genetic changes be passed on to future generations? Exploring these questions may enhance our knowledge of the genetic contributions to evolution and the complexities of multicellular organisms.Technological Advances and Future Directions: Advancements in DNA sequencing technologies, single-cell genomics, and computational analysis have revolutionized our ability to study within-body evolution in unprecedented detail. By characterizing the genetic landscapes of individual cells, researchers can uncover the dynamics, origins, and consequences of within-body evolution. Integrating large-scale genomic datasets with experimental models and mathematical modeling will further elucidate the underlying processes and functional implications of within-body evolution.Conclusion: Within-body evolution represents a paradigm shift in our understanding of the evolutionary process, emphasizing the importance of genetic changes occurring within an individual's lifetime. The study of within-body evolution not only sheds light on diseases like cancer but also contributes to our understanding of development, aging, and tissue homeostasis. As technology advances, further exploration of within-body evolution will undoubtedly unravel new insights into the intricacies of evolution and the complexity of life.This comprehensive review aims to provide a broad overview of within-body evolution, highlighting its mechanisms, implications for health and aging, evolutionary implications, and future directions of research. Continued investigation in this field promises to provide valuable insights into the dynamic nature of life and open new avenuesfor scientific exploration.标题: 体内连续进化：综述性论文介绍: 进化是一个令人着迷的过程，它在地球上塑造了数百万年来的生命多样性。

Exploring the Concept of Universal Basic Income Universal Basic Income (UBI) is a concept that has gained significant attention in recent years. The idea of providing a guaranteed income to all citizens regardless of their employment status has been debated by economists, politicians, and social activists. While UBI has its supporters, it also has its critics. In this essay, we will explore the concept of Universal Basic Income, its benefits, drawbacks, and the challenges that come with its implementation.Proponents of UBI argue that it is an effective way to combat poverty and income inequality. They argue that UBI would provide a safety net for the most vulnerable members of society, ensuring that everyone has access to basic necessities such as food, shelter, and healthcare. UBI would also provide individuals with the freedom to pursue their interests without the fear of financial insecurity. This could lead to increased creativity and innovation, as people would be able to take risks and explore new ideas without the fear of failure.Critics of UBI argue that it is an expensive and unsustainable policy. They argue that UBI would require a significant increase in taxes, which would discourage investment and hinder economic growth. Critics also argue that UBI would discourage people from working, leading to a decline in productivity and economic output. They argue that UBI would create a culture of dependency, where people rely on government handouts instead of working to support themselves.One of the biggest challenges of implementing UBI is determining the amount of money that should be provided to each individual. Some argue that the amount should be enough to cover basic necessities such as food, shelter, and healthcare. Others argue that it should be enough to provide a comfortable standard of living. Determining the amount of UBI is a complex issue that requires careful consideration of economic factors, social norms, and political realities.Another challenge of implementing UBI is determining how it would be funded. Some argue that UBI could be funded through a combination of taxes on the wealthy, reductionsin government spending, and the implementation of a value-added tax (VAT). Others argue that UBI would require a complete overhaul of the tax system, including the implementation of a wealth tax and the elimination of tax breaks for corporations.Despite the challenges, UBI has been successfully implemented in several countries. In Finland, a two-year UBI pilot program was launched in 2017, providing 2,000 unemployed individuals with a month ly payment of €560. The program was designed to test the effectiveness of UBI in reducing poverty and promoting employment. While the results of the program were mixed, it did provide valuable insights into the potential benefits and drawbacks of UBI.In conclusion, Universal Basic Income is a concept that has the potential to transform our society. While it has its supporters and critics, it is clear that UBI is a complex issue that requires careful consideration of economic, social, and political factors. The implementation of UBI would require significant changes to our tax system and government spending, as well as a willingness to experiment with new policies and ideas. Despite the challenges, UBI has the potential to provide a safety net for the most vulnerable members of society and promote economic growth and innovation.。

a r X i v :m a t h /99587v3[mat h.QA ]13Mar21GENERALIZED DRINFELD REALIZATION OF QUANTUM SUPERALGEBRAS AND U q (ˆosp (1,2))JINTAI DING AND BORIS FEIGIN Dedicated to our friend Moshe Flato Abstract.In this paper,we extend the generalization of Drin-feld realization of quantum affine algebras to quantum affine su-peralgebras with its Drinfeld comultiplication and its Hopf algebra structure,which depends on a function g (z )satisfying the relation:g (z )=g (z −1)−1.In particular,we present the Drinfeld realization of U q (ˆosp (1,2))and its Serre relations.1.Introduction.Quantum groups as a noncommutative and noncocommutative Hopf algebras were discovered by Drinfeld[Dr1]and Jimbo[J1].The standard definition of a quantum group is given as a deformation of universal enveloping algebra of a simple (super-)Lie algebra by the basic genera-tors and the relations based on the data coming from the correspond-ing Cartan matrix.However,for the case of quantum affine algebras,there is a different aspect of the theory,namely their loop realizations.The first approach was given by Faddeev,Reshetikhin and Takhtajan [FRT]and Reshetikhin and Semenov-Tian-Shansky [RS],who obtained a realization of the quantum loop algebra U q (g ⊗C [t,t −])via a canon-ical solution of the Yang-Baxter equation depending on a parameter z ∈C .On the other hand,Drinfeld [Dr2]gave another realization ofthe quantum affine algebra U q (ˆg )and its special degeneration called the Yangian,which is widely used in constructions of special representation of affine quantum algebras[FJ].In [Dr2],Drinfeld only gave the real-ization of the quantum affine algebras as an algebra,and as an algebra this realization is equivalent to the approachabove [DF]through cer-tain Gauss decomposition for the case of U q (ˆgl (n )).Certainly,the mostimportant aspect of the structures of the quantum groups is its Hopf algebra structure,especially its comultiplication.Drinfeld also con-structed a new Hopf algebra structure for this loop realization.The new comultiplication in this formulation,which we call the Drinfeld1comultiplication,is simple and has very important applications[DM] [DI2].In[DI],we observe that in the Drinfeld realization of quantum affine algebras U q(ˆsl(n)),the structure constants are certain rational func-tions g ij(z),whose functional property of g ij(z)decides completely the Hopf algebra structure.In particular,for the case of U q(ˆsl2),its Drin-feld realization is given completely in terms of a function g(z),which has the following function property:g(z)=g(z−1)−1.This leads us to generalize this type of Hopf ly,we can substitute g ij(z)by other functions that satisfy the functional property of g ij(z),to derive new Hopf algebras.In this paper,we will further extend the generalization of the Drinfeld realization of U q(ˆsl2)to derive quantum affine superalgebras.As an ex-ample,we will also present the quantum affine superalgebra U q(ˆosp(1,2)) in terms of the new formulation,in particular,we present the Serre re-lations in terms of the current operators.The paper is organized as the following:in Section2,we recall the main results in[DI]about the generalization of Drinfeld realization of U q(ˆsl(2));in Section3,we present the definition of the generalized Drinfeld realization of quantum superalgebras;in Section4,we present the formulation of U q(ˆosp(1,2)).2.In[DI],we derive a generalization of Drinfeld realization of U q(ˆsl n). For the case of U q(sl2),wefirst present the complete definition.Let g(z)be an analytic functions satisfying the following property that g(z)=g(z−1)−1andδ(z)be the distribution with support at1. Definition2.1.U q(g,f sl2)is an associative algebra with unit1and the generators:x±(z),ϕ(z),ψ(z),a central element c and a nonzero complex parameter q,where z∈C∗.ϕ(z)andψ(z)are invertible.In2terms of the generating functions:the defining relations are ϕ(z)ϕ(w)=ϕ(w)ϕ(z),ψ(z)ψ(w)=ψ(w)ψ(z),g(z/wq−c)ϕ(z)ψ(w)ϕ(z)−1ψ(w)−1=c)±1x±(w),2ψ(z)x±(w)ψ(z)−1=g(w/zq∓1δ(z2c)−δ(z2c) ,q−q−1x±(z)x±(w)=g(z/w)±1x±(w)x±(z).Theorem2.1.The algebra U q(g,f sl2)has a Hopf algebra structure, which are given by the following formulae.Coproduct∆(0)∆(q c)=q c⊗q c,(1)∆(x+(z))=x+(z)⊗1+ϕ(zq c12),(3)∆(ϕ(z))=ϕ(zq−c22),(4)∆(ψ(z))=ψ(zq c22),where c1=c⊗1and c2=1⊗c.Counitεε(q c)=1ε(ϕ(z))=ε(ψ(z))=1,ε(x±(z))=0.Antipode a(0)a(q c)=q−c,(1)a(x+(z))=−ϕ(zq−c2)−1,(3)a(ϕ(z))=ϕ(z)−1,(4)a(ψ(z))=ψ(z)−1.Strictly speaking,U q(g,f sl2)is not an algebra.This concept,which we call a functional algebra,has already been used before[S],etc.3The Drinfeld realization for the case of U q(ˆsl2)[Dr2]as a Hopf algebra is different,and it an algebra and Hopf algebra defined with current operators in terms of formal power series.Let g(z)be an analytic functions that satisfying the following prop-erty that g(z)=g(z−1)−1=G+(z)/G−(z),where G±(z)is an analytic function without poles except at0or∞and G±(z)have no common zero point.Letδ(z)= n∈Z z n,where z is a formal variable.Definition2.2.The algebra U q(g,sl2)is an associative algebra with unit1and the generators:¯a(l),¯b(l),x±(l),for l∈Z and a central element c.Let z be a formal variable andx±(z)= l∈Z x±(l)z−l,ϕ(z)= m∈Zϕ(m)z−m=exp[ m∈Z≤0¯a(m)z−m]exp[ m∈Z>0¯a(m)z−m] andψ(z)= m∈Zψ(m)z−m=exp[ m∈Z≤0¯b(m)z−m]exp[ m∈Z>0¯b(m)z−m]. In terms of the formal variables z,w,the defining relations are a(l)a(m)=a(m)a(l),b(l)b(m)=b(m)b(l),g(z/wq−c)ϕ(z)ψ(w)ϕ(z)−1ψ(w)−1=c)±1x±(w),2ψ(z)x±(w)ψ(z)−1=g(w/zq∓1δ(z2c)−δ(z2c) ,q−q−1G∓(z/w)x±(z)x±(w)=G±(z/w)x±(w)x±(z),where by g(z)we mean the Laurent expansion of g(z)in a region r1> |z|>r2.Theorem2.2.The algebra U q(g,sl2)has a Hopf algebra structure. The formulas for the coproduct∆,the counitεand the antipode a are the same as given in Theorem2.1.Here,one has to be careful with the expansion of the structure func-tions g(z)andδ(z),for the reason that the relations between x±(z) and x±(z)are different from the case of the functional algebra above.4Example2.1.Let¯g(z)be a an analytic function such that¯g(z−1)=−z−1¯g(z).Let g(z)=q−2¯g(q2z)g(z/wq c),ϕ(z)x±(w)ϕ(z)−1=g(z/wq∓12c)∓1x±(w),{x+(z),x−(w)}=1wq−c)ψ(wq1wq c)ϕ(zq1Accordingly we have that,for the tensor algebra,the multiplication is defined for homogeneous elements a,b,c,d by(a⊗b)(c⊗d)=(−1)[b][c](ac⊗bd),where[a]∈Z2denotes the grading of the element a.Similarly we have:Theorem3.1.The algebra U q(g,f s)has a graded Hopf algebra struc-ture,whose coproduct,counit and antipode are given by the same for-mulae of U q(q,f sl2)in Theorem2.1.As for the case of U q(g,f sl2)is not a graded algebra but rather a a graded functional algebra.Letg(z)=g(z−1)−1=G+(z)/G−(z),where G±(z)is an analytic function without poles except at0or∞and G±(z)have no common zero point.Definition3.2.The algebra U q(g,s)is Z2graded associative algebra with unit1and the generators:¯a(l),¯b(l),x±(l),for l∈Z and a central element c,where x±(l)are graded1(mod2)and the rest are graded o(mod2).Let z be a formal variable andx±(z)= l∈Z x±(l)z−l,ϕ(z)= m∈Zϕ(m)z−m=exp[ m∈Z≤0¯a(m)z−m]exp[ m∈Z>0¯a(m)z−m] andψ(z)= m∈Zψ(m)z−m=exp[ m∈Z≤0¯b(m)z−m]exp[ m∈Z>0¯b(m)z−m]. In terms of the formal variables z,w,the defining relations are ϕ(z)ϕ(w)=ϕ(w)ϕ(z),ψ(z)ψ(w)=ψ(w)ψ(z),g(z/wq−c)ϕ(z)ψ(w)ϕ(z)−1ψ(w)−1=c)±1x±(w),2ψ(z)x±(w)ψ(z)−1=g(w/zq∓1δ(z2c)−δ(z2c) ,q−q−1(G∓(z/w))x±(z)x±(w)=−(G±(z/w))x±(w)x±(z),6where by g(z)we mean the Laurent expansion of g(z)in a region r1> |z|>r2.The above relations are basically the same as in that of Definition2.2 except the relation between x±(z)and x±(w)respectively,which differs by a negative sign.The expansion direction of the structure functions g(z)andδ(z)is very important,for the reason that the relations be-tween x±(z)and x±(z)are different from the case of the functional algebra above.Theorem3.2.The algebra U q(g,s)has a Hopf algebra structure.The formulas for the coproduct∆,the counitεand the antipode a are the same as given in Theorem2.1.Example3.1.Let¯g(z)= 1.From[CJWW][Z],we can see that U q(1,s)is basically the same as U q(ˆgl(1,1)).4.For a rational function g(z)that satisfiesg(z)=g(z−1)−1,it is clear that g(z)is determined by its poles and its zeros,which are paired to satisfy the relations above.For the simplest case(except g(z)=1)that g(z)has only one pole and one zero,we havezp−1g(z)=zp2−1z−p1zp2−1z−p1As in[DM][DK],for the case of quantum affine algebras,it is very important to understand the poles and zero of the product of current operators.We will start with the relations between X+(z)with itself.From the definition,we know that(z−p1w)(z−p2w)X+(z)X+(w)=−(zp1−w)(zp2−w)X+(w)X+(z).From this,we know that X+(z)X+(w)has two poles,which arelocated at(z−p1w)=0and(z−p2w)=0.This also implies thatProposition4.1.X+(z)X+(w)=0,when z=w.If we assume that U q(g,s)is related to some quantized affine super-algebra,then we can see that the best chance we have is U q(ˆosp(1,2))by looking at the number of zeros and poles of X+(z)X+(w).However,for the case of U q(ˆosp(1,2)),we know we need an extraSerre relation.For this,we will follow the idea in[FO].Let Letf(z1,z2)=(z1−p1z2)(z1−p2z2).(z−p1w)(z−p2w)Y+(z,w)=(z1−p1z3)(z1−p2z3)z1−z2X+(z1)X+(z2)X+(z3),z2−z3F(z1,z2,z3)=(z1−p1z2)(z1−p2z2)(z3−p1z1)(z3−p2z1)(z2−p1z3)(z2−p2z3)=f(z1,z2)f(z2,z3)f(z3,z1),¯F(z,z2,z3)=f(z2,z1)f(z2,z3)f(z3,z1).1Let V(z1,z2,z3)be the algebraic variety of the zeros of F(z1,z2,z3).Let V(a(z1),a(z2),a(z3)),be the image of the action of a on this variety,where a∈S3,the permutation group on z1,z2,z3.Let¯V(z1,z2,z3)bethe algebraic variety of the zeros of¯F(z1,z2,z3).Let¯V(a(z1),a(z2),a(z3)),be the image of the action of a on this variety,where a∈S3.Proposition4.2.Y+(z,w)has no poles and is symmetry with respectto z and w.Y+(z1,z2,z3)has no poles and is symmetry with respectto z1,z2,z3.8Following the idea in[FO],we would like to define the following conditions that may be imposed on our algebra.Zero Condition I:Y+(z1,z2,z3)is zero on at least one line that crosses(0,0,0),and this line must lie in a V(a(z1),a(z2),a(z3))for some element a∈S3Zero Condition II:Y+(z1,z2,z3)is zero on at least one line that crosses(0,0,0),and this line must lie in a¯V(a(z1),a(z2),a(z3))for some element a∈S3For the line that crosses(0,0,0)where Y+(z1,z2,z3)is zero,we call it the zero line of Y+(z1,z2,z3).Because Y+(z1,z2,z3)is symmetric with respect to the action of S3on z1,z2,z3,if a line is the zero line of Y+(z1,z2,z3),then clearly the orbit of the line under the action of S3 is also an zero line.Remark1.There is a simple symmetry that we would prefer to choose the function F(z1,z2,z3)to determine the variety V(z1,z2,z3). We have thatF(z1,z2,z3)=f(z1,z2)f(z2,z3)f(z3,z1).Let S12be the permutation group acting on z1,z2.Let S22be the permu-tation group acting on z2,z3.Let S12be the permutation group acting on z3,z1.Clearly,[FO]we can choose from a family of varieties determined by the functions f(a1(z1),a1(z2))f(a2(z2),a2(z3))f(a3(z3),a3(z1))for a1∈S12,a2∈S22,a3∈S32.For each such a functionf(a1(z1),a1(z2))f(a2(z2),a2(z3))f(a3(z3),a3(z1)),we can attach a oriented diagram,whose nods are z1,z2,z3,and the arrows are given by(a1(z1)→a1(z2)),(a2(z2)→a2(z3))(a3(z3)→a3(z1)).For example the diagram of F(z1,z2,z3)is given byCase1Let q2=p−11,which implies that p−21must be either p1or p2. Clearly,it can not be p1,which implies that the impossible condition p1=1Therefore,we have thatp−21=p2,which is what we want.Case2Let q2=p−12,which implies that p1p2must be either p1or p2.Clearly,it can not be p1because it implies p2=1,it can not be neither be p2,which implies that p1=1.This completes the proof forp2=p−21.Similarly,if we have that q1=p2,we can,then,showp1=p−22.However from the algebraic point of view,the two condition are equivalent in the sense that p1and p2are symmetric.Also we have thatProposition4.5.If we impose the Zero condition II on the algebra U q(g,s),we havep1=p22,orp2=p21.However we also have that:If we impose the Zero condition II on the algebra U q(g,s), then U q(g,s)is not a Hopf algebra anymore.The reason is that the Zero condition II can not be satisfied by comultiplication,which can be checked by direct calculation.This is the most important reason that we will choose the Zero con-dition I to be imposed on the algebra U q(g,s),which comes actually from the consideration of Hopf algebra ly,if we choose V(z1,z2,z3)or the equivalent ones which has the same diagram presen-tation as Diagram I to define the zero line of Y+(z1,z2,z3),then,the quotient algebra derived from the Zero Condition I is still a Hopf algebra with the same Hopf algebra structure(comultiplication,counit and antipode).11From now on,we impose the Zero condition I on the algebra U q(g,s),and let usfix the notation such thatp1=q2,p2=q−1.Similarly,we define(z−p−11w)(z−p−12w)Y−(z,w)=(z1−p−11z3)(z1−p−12z3)z1−z2X+(z1)X+(z2)X+(z3),z2−z3We now define the q-Serre relation.q-Serre relationsY+(z1,z2,z3)is zero on the linez1=z2q−1=z3q−2.Y−(z1,z2,z3)is zero on the linez1=z2q=z3q2.The q-Serre relations can also be formulated in more algebraic way.Proposition4.6.The q-Serre relations are equivalent to the followingtwo relations:(z3−z1q−1)(z3−z1q3)(z1−z2q2)X+(z3)X+(z2)X+(z1))−(z1−z2q−1)(z3−z1q)((z1−z3q2)(z1−z3q)(z1q−z3q−1)(z1−z2q2)X+(z2)X+(z1)X+(z3))=0, (z1−z3)(z3−z1q2)(z1−z2q−1)(z3−z1q)(z3−z1q−3)(z1−z2q−2)(z2−z1q−2)(z2−z1q)(z3−z1q)(z3−z1q−3)X−(z1)X−(z2)X−(z3)−(z1−z3)(z3−z1q−2)((z1−z3q−2)(z1−z3q−1)(z1q−z3q)(z2−z1q−2)(z2−z1q)[DI]J.Ding,K.Iohara Generalization and deformation of the quantum affine algebras Lett.Math.Phys.,41,1997,181-193q-alg/9608002,RIMS-1091 [DI2]J.Ding,K.Iohara Drinfeld comultiplication and vertex operators,Jour.Geom.Phys.,23,1-13(1997)[DK]J.Ding,S.Khoroshkin Weyl group extension of quantized current algebras, to appear in Transformation Groups,QA/9804140(1998)[DM]J.Ding and T.Miwa Zeros and poles of quantum current operators and the condition of quantum integrability,Publications of RIMS,33,277-284(1997)[Dr1]V.G.Drinfeld Hopf algebra and the quantum Yang-Baxter Equation,Dokl.Akad.Nauk.SSSR,283,1985,1060-1064[Dr2]V.G.Drinfeld Quantum Groups,ICM Proceedings,New York,Berkeley, 1986,798-820[Dr3]V.G.Drinfeld New realization of Yangian and quantum affine algebra, Soviet Math.Doklady,36,1988,212-216[Er] B.Enriquez,On correlation functions of Drinfeld currents and shuffle al-gebras,math.QA/9809036.[FRT]L.D.Faddeev,N.Yu,Reshetikhin,L.A.Takhtajan Quantization of Lie groups and Lie algebras,Yang-Baxter equation in Integrable Systems,(Ad-vanced Series in Mathematical Physics10)World Scientific,1989,299-309. [FO] B.Feigin,V.Odesski Vector bundles on Elliptic curve and Sklyanin alge-bras RIMS-1032,q-alg/9509021[FJ]I.B.Frenkel,N.Jing Vertex representations of quantum affine algebras, A85(1988),9373-9377[GZ]M.Gould,Y.Zhang On Super RS algebra and Drinfeld Realization of Quantum Affine Superalgebras q-alg/9712011[J1]M.Jimbo A q-difference analogue of U(g)and Yang-Baxter equation,Lett.Math.Phys.10,1985,63-69[RS]N.Yu.Reshetikhin,M.A.Semenov-Tian-Shansky Central Extensions of Quantum Current Groups,LMP,19,1990[S] E.K.Sklyanin On some algebraic structures related to the Yang-Baxter equation Funkts.Anal.Prilozhen,16,No.4,1982,22-34[Z]Y.Zhang Comments on Drinfeld Realization of Quantum Affine Superal-gebra U q[gl(m|n)(1)]and its Hopf Algebra Structure q-alg/9703020 Jintai Ding,Department of Mathematical Sciences,University of CincinnatiBoris Feigin,Landau Institute of Theoretical Physics14。

反激开关电源中基于PC817A 与TL431配合的环路动态补偿设计韩林华,吴迺陵,史小军,朱　为,堵国梁(东南大学电子工程系,江苏省南京市210096)【摘　要】　开关电源市场中占很大份额的单端反激开关电源通常采用PC817A 与TL431配合来组成控制环路。

然而,目前设计这个环路的动态补偿参数,基本上采用试验方法。

文中利用开关电源的小信号传递函数,对此环路的动态补偿进行了定性分析和定量计算,通过设计合适的相位裕量来保证开关电源的稳定性。

其过程经实验证明具有较好的通用性,在实际应用中取得了很好的效果。

关键词:反激开关电源,环路设计,动态补偿,相位裕量中图分类号:TN86收稿日期:2005-07-010　引　言开关电源依靠反馈控制环路来保证在不同的负载情况下得到所需的电流电压。

单端反激开关电源的环路设计中,很多都采用光耦PC817A 和精密宽电压稳压管TL431相配合,作为参考、隔离、取样和放大,组成负反馈环路。

然而在设计动态补偿参数时,目前通常采用试验方法,经过多次反复试验和测量,取得一组能使开关电源稳定工作的参数。

由于开关电源的环路参数设计与许多因素有关,比如电源的工作频率、输出滤波电容的ESR (等效串联电阻)等,而通过试验得出的结果没有通用性,往往不能运用于以后不同要求的设计。

本文以单端反激开关电源设计为例,在基于PC 817A 和TL431配合的环路设计中,将控制论运用于开关电源动态补偿设计中,利用开关电源的小信号传递函数,对此环路的动态补偿设计进行了定性分析和定量计算,通过设计合适的相位裕量来保证开关电源的稳定性。

其过程经实验证明具有较好的通用性,在实际运用中取得了很好的效果。

1　反馈环路设计开关电源的控制方式有电流控制方式和电压控制方式两种[1]。

电源的传递函数随控制方式的不同而有很大差异,在环路设计分析时,应独立分开。

本文着重介绍电流控制方式。

图1为电流控制方式的单端反激开关电源的反馈环路电路。

a r X i v :h e p -p h /0309208v 1 17 S e p 2003The Narrow Θ(1543)–A QCD Dilemma:Tube or Not Tube?Aharon Casher ∗and Shmuel Nussinov †School of Physics and Astronomy,Tel Aviv University,Tel Aviv,IsraelandDepartment of Physics and Astronomy,University of South Carolina,Columbia SC 29208(Dated:September 17,2003)We argue that a width of less than MeV of the new Θresonance is inconsistent with the observedratio of resonance and background events in the various photon initiated experiments if the lattercan be described by KK ∗,etc.,exchange.An evaluation of the Feynman diagrams which werebelieved to be relevant is presented and supports the general claim in the one case where a crosssection has been given by the experimental group.More detailed arguments based on the flux tube model explaining the narrow widths and theapparent conflict with the production rates are presented.We predict narrow Tetra-quarks at mass∼O(1-1.2GeV)which the analysis of LEAR may have missed.PACS numbers:I.General Phenomenological Considerations Enhancements in K +n and K 0p invariant mass at M (KN )∼1540MeV seen in several experiments [1,2,3,4]using different reactions with a range of incident energies,different detectors with different acceptances and cuts suggest a new,exotic “Penta-quark”.Such a low-lying,narrow state,Γ(Θ)<Exp resolution ∼20MeV ,(1)with J P =1/2+has been predicted [5]using Skyrmion large N approach [6]and ipso facto explained in simpler ways [7,8,9].It may mark the beginning of a new “era of exotics”in hadron physics.Two puzzles emerge in connection with the width Γ(Θ).The eventual resolution of both may be a triumph of (non-perturbative!)QCD.The first puzzle is:P(1):The absence of any indications for the new KN resonance K +deuteron scattering implies an anomalously low Θdecay width [7,10]:Γ(Θ(1543))<0(MeV )(2)The second is the following:Within K exchange models,significantly higher values of Γ(Θ)are inferred from produc-tion rates in photonic reactions.We elaborate on this point next.Let us assume that for the θproduction experiments,all done at medium energies,the hadronic (rather than perturbative QCD)description is more appropriate.The θthen forms via KN or K ∗N intermediate processes with the K ,say,being relatively close to its mass shell.If K exchange dominates,we can estimate Γ(Θ)from the production cross sections.For meaningful comparisons the Feynman diagram calculations should be done in parallel with MC simulations including acceptance and signal improvement cuts.This is beyond the scope of the present paper and the capabilities of the authors.We can nonetheless estimate Γ(Θ)independently of these complications.We assume that the K -exchange model holds equally well for KN invariant mass in the “true”resonance region:m (KN )=m (Θ)±Γ(Θ)and within the broader region of effective width Γ(obs)where enhancements in the experimental KN invariant mass,m (KN ),distributions were observed.The pion exchange model for the reactionπ+proton→ππ+Nucleon applies both offand onπ−πresonances and is used to mapπ−πscattering.When extrapolated to the on-shell pion limit the reaction rate at a given invariant mass m(π−π)is proportional to theπ−πcross section at this CMS energy.All we need is that the K exchange share these qualitative features.The number of events in the“enhancement”(lying above a smooth curve interpolating between the regions to the right and left),N(R),is identified with the number ofΘs,and the remaining N(B)events in the same region under this curve represent the non-resonant slowly varying background.Integrating the Breit-Wigner distribution of the resonance with the“true”narrow widthΓ(Θ)the expected N(R) is:N(R)=F·[Γ(Θ)/2]πσ(R),(3)whereσ(R),the peak resonance cross section,is2π/k2∼33mb.Likewise,the number of background events under the peak expected in the same K exchange model should be:N(B)=F·Γ(obs)·σ(B)(4)σ(B),the offresonance K(+)neutron total cross section,is∼14mb at these energies[11].The common factor F representing dynamical/kinematical aspects of the computed Feynman diagram and/or cuts applied to events in the enhancement region cancels in the ratio of the last two equations andΓ(Θ)=[N(R)/N(B)]·(σ(B)/σ(R))·π/2·[Γ(obs)]∼[N(R)/N(B)]·1/2[Γ(obs)].(5)Equation(5)constitutes the second puzzle:P(2):Even for a minimalΓ(obs)∼20MeV effective width of the∼4bins enhancement region,the observed N(R)/N(B)which exceeds.5in all the experiments,impliesΓ(Θ)∼5−15MeV(estimate based on K exchange model)(6)conflicting with the upper bound of Eq.(2)above.Would the apparent difficulty be evaded ifθproduction is not dominated by exchanging K(490),but rather by the vector K∗(890)exchange or the tensor K(1420)exchange,etc.? Even this in itself is insufficient and a large O(10)double ratio of resonant and non-resonant K(∗)N→KN and KN→KN cross sections is required.II.Calculations ofΘProduction Rates Via K Exchange in Photon-Nucleon and Photon-Deuteron CollisionsFor completeness we present the cross section forΘproduction inγ−p/n collisions within a K exchange model (with possible rescattering on the remaining n/p for deuteron targets)in:•(a)γ+p→Θ+K(S)[Saphir]•(a’)γ+d→Θ+K−+p[Spring8][JeffLab]•(b)γ+p→Θ+K−π+with thefinal kaon and pion in the K∗(890)resonance.[JeffLab]In theΘdiscovery in(a’)by the Spring8collaboration,thefinal K−could be very forward and the undetectedfinal proton have very low energy as K exchange with a spectator proton implies.The same holds for the forward-going K(S)in Saphir but not for the class detector.Its limited forward coverage required measuring thefinal protons which is possible only if k(p(final))>∼0.35GeV.The rate observed is then suppressed by the small probability of having such momentum in the deuteron.Also the diagram where thefinal K+/K−re-scatters on n/p to formθ/Kick the K−and p,is suppressed by the(related!)extended configuration space wave function of the deuteron.We next sketch the computations starting with the K-exchange“tree”diagram in Fig1.+0a)+b)K−+n K π+−0nK πFIG.1:The one-Kaon exchange diagram for T heta (denoted here as Z)production,for the particular case when the latter is produced of a proton and in association with a neutral K ∗(890),namely,process (b)listed at the beginning of Sec II.The variant of this diagram with the produced K ∗replaced by a neutral Kaon is relevant for process (a).Finally a K +is exchanged in γ+n →K −Θ+.All diagrams share the same NK Θlower vertex but differ in the magnitude and/or form of coupling in the upper vertex.Note that the suffixes (a)and (b)in the figure are not associated with (a)and (b)in the text.Figure 1(b)is drawn to illustrate an offresonance (here K 0of scattering).The coupling g =g (ΘNK ),the analog of g [NNπ]∼[4π·14](1/2)πnucleon γ(5)coupling in the lower vertex of Fig.1(a)and 1(b)is fixed by Γ(Θ).The γk 0K 0and γK +K −coupling in the upper vertex are e/3and e for reactions (a)and (a’),respectively,and the g ∗K ∗K −γcoupling for reaction (b)is fixed by Γ(K ∗)→(K +γ)=0.115MeV.This yields:d (σ)/d (t ){γ+N →Θ+K }=F α{(1/2)Γ(Θ)/0.0226}(1/2){2[t +(m [θ]−m [N ])2]}·{p (f )2[2−(t −t [−]])/2p (f )p (i )}/(t +m [K ]2)2(7)d (σ)/d (t ){γ+p →Θ+K ∗(890)}=F ·(6.44·10−3)(1/2)(Γ(θ)/0.0226)(2/3)(1/2){2[t +(m [Θ]−m [N ])2]}·{(t +m (K ∗)2)2}/(t +m [K ]2)2(8)F =π/[(m (N )2)·(E (γ))]2is the flux factor.The first and second {}brackets were generated by N −Θspinor and photon/K ∗polarization sums.p (f )p (i )in Eq.(7)are the final/initial center mass momenta of the K /photon.The[square]of the Kaon propagator appears in the denominators,and the momentum transfer t ,the virtual kaon squared momentum,varies between t (−)and t (+).Since Θdecays equally to K +n and K 0p we use 1/2Γin determining g (ΘN K )2,and (2/3)/(1/2)are branchings for K ∗→K +π−and Θ→K +n .Comparing the integral of (7)between t (−)and t (+)with the 300nb cross section quoted in Saphir we obtainΓ>30MeV (Saphir exp and the kaon exchange model)(9)(An inequality arises since form factors suppressing the vertices with off-offshell kaons have been omitted.)Equation (8)applies to γ+p →Θ+K ∗.We next consider the one-loop diagrams like Fig.2for Θproduction offdeuterons.These complex diagrams with “anomalous thresholds”can be estimated since the deuterons’size R (∼2Fermis)exceeds all other distances in the problem.The kaon traveling a large distance from production on the proton/neutron to rescattering on the remaining neutron/proton is effectively on shell.The process γ+d →¯K ¯Kpn then factorizes into two parts as explained next for K -neutron re-scattering.Assume that we first have the process γ+p →K +K −p (rather than the γN interaction depicted in Fig 2.This then serves as a source of K +’s with energies E (K +)emanating from r (p )where the struck proton was.Alongside4-FIG.2:Θproduction on the deuteron with a re-scattering on the nucleon.The diagram shown refers to re-scattering of K−on the proton (lower right black dot)afterΘ+K−have been produced offthe neutron.The upper left black dot indicating the latter process could be dominated by K exchange diagram of the type shown in Fig1,or involve more general local interactions which cannot be represented by K,K∗(890),K(1420),etc.,exchanges.A similar diagram with K−→K+and n,p→p,n describes the process where the primary γp collision generates out-going pK+K−with E(K+),the laboratory energy of the K+constrained to be at resonance so that theΘis produced in the K+re-scattering offthe“spectator”neutron.It is this last process that is discussedfirst in Sec.II above.the K+of interest emerge also the K−and proton at momenta P(p)and P(K−)which are unaffected in the next scattering.Next,the K+scatters on the neutron which,in thefirst scattering,was just a spectator located at r(n) at a distance R=|r(p)−r(n)|.In the second scatteringΘmanifests via the enhanced K+n resonant scattering cross section at invariant masses: m(KN)=m(Θ)±Γ(θ)/2.The two processes are then compounded classically by multiplying probabilities yielding:d(σ{γ+d→K−pΘ]}={<1/[4πR2]>}·d{σ[γ+p→K−P K+]}/d(E(K+)·{Γ(θ)·π/2}·{m(N)/m(Θ)}·σ[KN](Res)(10)The d(σ)on the right-hand side refers to a differential(or partially integrated)cross section with respect to the momenta of the K−and proton which do not participate in the second collision.In the case of K−n re-scattering considered herefirst,wefix the the energy E(K+)of the almost on-shell Kaon to correspond to theΘresonance in the collision with the almost stationary neutron.Thus the differential cross section with respect to E(K+)is evaluated at the resonant energy.The BW integral then yields(π/2)Γσ[KN](res)with the resonant(Peak)cross section∼32 mb,m(N)/m(Θ)is the Jacobian of the transformation from invariant mass to lab energy in the K−N collision,and σ(KN)/(4πR2)is the probability that the K+emitted from r(p)will scatter at r(n).We use the expectation value <>in the(isotropic)deuteron ground state.To evaluate theΘproduction cross section we need to input information on the differential/partially integrated (apart from the E(K+)dependence)γ+p→K+K−p cross sections,available from other experiments.For K−re-scattering–which is,in fact,the one depicted in Fig.2–thefirst process isγ+n→ΘK−with a spectator proton.In the K exchange model it yields mostly forward-going K−and slowfinal protons.The second K−p scattering “Kicks”the K−away from the forward direction and augment the protons’kinetic energy:E(p)−m[N]∼t/2m[N], making both visible in the Class ing similar arguments as in the previous case wefind:d(σ{γ+d→K−pΘ})={<1/R2>}·d{σ[γ+n→K−Θ]}/d(E(K−)·σ{K−p}(E(K−))(11)The coupling of a photon to a charged Kaon is∼an order of magnitude stronger than that to the neutral Kaon).HenceΓ(Θ)emerging from an eventual cross section supplied by the Class collaboration may be somewhat smaller than the width implied by the Saphir cross sections.The general considerations of Sec.I suggest,however,that also here the requiredΓmay be unacceptably highIII.Color Suppression of Tetra-and Penta-Quarks in the Chromoelectric Flux Tube ModelΓ(Θ)<0(MeV)is low for m(Θ)−[m(K)+m(N)]∼110MeV.Our discussion above reinforces this conclusion: The small values ofΘKN and other meson NΘcouplings which such a small width implies,fall short of explaining the observed cross section forΘproduction in photon initiated reactions.This naturally happens if theΘ→KN(or K(∗)N,etc.)transitions were suppressed by a selection rule.The following alternatives come to mind:•(a)A new–hitherto unknown–quantum number is possessed byΘ(1540).•(b)TheΘis an I=2isotensor.•(c)There are no strict new selection rules,but the complex“topology”of the“Color Network”in theΘpenta-quark reduces its coupling to states with only“simple”baryons and mesons.Alternative(a)is most radical.Since theΘis produced together with ordinary non-exotic hadrons it is difficult to envision a new conserved quantum number.QCD,flavor dynamics and symmetries are well understood and radical, new physics may be contemplated only if all other efforts to explain the peculiarities ofΘ(1540)fail.The suggestive idea(b)[12]that isospin is violated by a KNΘ(or any K(∗)−N−Θ)immediately explains the second puzzle pointed above.Unfortunately it is untenable:First,the I=2state should be much higher,[7]and, second,the other members of the isospin quadruplet are missing.We will focus here on alternative(c)which was briefly alluded to before[13].The idea is that the new narrow exotic states are ground states in a new family of hadrons.Ordinary¯qq mesons contain–in a chromoelectricflux tube picture–just oneflux tube connecting the q and¯q and qqq baryons have“Y”shaped color networks with the threeflux tubes emanating from the three quarks merging into one“junction”.The new qadri-and penta-quark states consist of more complex networks with junction–anti-junction or two junctions–one anti-junction as indicated in Fig.1(a) and1(b)of Ref.[13].qqqqq meson-meson or baryon-meson do not belong in the new family.In collisions of ordinary Generic¯qqq¯q or¯hadrons transient association due to hadron-hadron attraction can form and may have some four orfive quark,“single bag”components.Such states are likely to have short lifetimes of order1/c with1∼Fermi hadronic sizes and large O(200MeV)widths.Their density increases rapidly due to coupling to multi-particle channels and these broad exotic resonances then merge into a continuum.The longest range,one-or two-pion exchange,hadronic interactions are attractive.For mesons containing heavy c/b quarks,such forces can suffice to form weakly bound states[14,15].It is important to distinguish two types of MM′{=¯Qq¯Q′q′}and MM′{=¯QQ′q¯q′}states.The newly discovered¯c c{(¯uu+¯dd)/2(1/2)} quadri-quarks;namely,¯in B decays at Belle[16]is of thefirst type.Its small decay width∼20MeV to J/ψ+ππmay be due to a small overlap with the physically small¯c c state.To the extent that it can be viewed as,say,D(∗)¯D bound state,it also may not belong in the new family considered.The second type of MM′,say,DD(∗){¯ccu¯d}bound states–if existing–are more likely to be of the special form ofQQ′and,separately,the two light¯q¯q′should couple to a¯3{3}of color.Such interest[17]here.The two heavy quarks¯couplings like in baryons,involveǫ(abe)Q a Q′b andǫ(cde)¯q(c)¯q′(d),respectively,and these resulting structures with¯3 and3SU(3)color,should then join via3e·¯3e to make the overall color singlet state.In the chromoelectricflux model this is represented via a juction/anti-junction where the twoflux tubes emerging from QQ′entering into¯q¯q′are incident.The junctions in turn are connected by the same standard“minimalflux”tube going from the anti-junction to the junction.Such>−<coupling patterns occur also for systems with light quarks only,say,q1q2¯q3¯q4.We assume that theΘ(1540)=¯s(ud)1(ud)2has two junctions,J1and J2,where thefluxtubes of quarks in(ud)1and those in(ud)2converge,respectively,and one anti-junction¯J from which the threeflux tubes ending at¯s and J1and J2emerge.A key observation is that a quadri/penta-quark with these color networks can decay into two mesons/meson and baryon,only if(a)junction and the anti-junction annihilate.Also a K or K(∗),etc.,nucleon collision produce the penta-quark only if an extra J and¯J are“pair”created in addition to the junction in the initial nucleon.If such junction pair creation and annihilations are suppressed,both difficulties pointed above may be resolved. The decay width to the(only open)KN channel will be small andθproduction via collision with a nucleon of real or off-shell K’s,K(∗)’s,K(∗∗)’s,etc.,may be so small that an altogether different production mechanism needs to be invoked.Amusingly,J−¯J production was implicitly discussed in a paper on q−¯q pair production in the chromoelectric field inside theflux tube.[18]Red configuration of the end Q and¯Q anti-quarks and corresponding Efields, For any instantaneous,say,Red-¯Red end-quarks.For production of a¯red−red¯q q new pair is preferred with the¯red/red¯q/q pulled towards the Red/¯Q−¯Q jets in e(+)e(−)colliders this basic process repeats many times.It occurs also when the energy available is more limited,say,in the decay of an excited¯QQ vector meson produced in e(+)e(−)collision into two lighter¯Qq+¯q Q mesons with¯qq creation occurring only once.Denoting thefield strength operative here by E,the masses of the light quarks produced by m and their momentum transverse to the Q−¯Q separation(or in high energies,the“jet”axis)by p,the rate of¯q q pair creation is proportional to:d(n)/d(p2)|“standard”∼{(gE)2}exp−{π·[m2+p2]/(gE)}(12)Even in the above“Red”field inside theflux we have(due to peculiarities of SU(3)color)in addition to thewhite light quarks.Unlike before,here theblue or white-¯preferred¯r r¯q q pair production,also the production of blue-¯produced quark/antiquark is attracted by and moves towards the end-quark/antiquark.If the process stops here, then a diquark/anti-diquark Qq and¯q¯Q connected by a standardflux tube,namely,the tetra-quark of interest is created!blue)pair is created.)white(or blue-¯Baryon–anti-baryon production happens when the missing white-¯The chromoelectricfield strength relevant for this“disfavored”production mode is E/2rather than E,yielding:d(n)/d(p2)|“disfavored”,SU(3)color∼{(g[E/2])2}exp−2{π[m2+p2]/(gE)}(13)The factor1/2{1/(N−1)for SU(N)}is readily explained:In the fundamental representation3of SU(3)drawn in two{=N−1=rank of SU(N)}dimensions the R,B,W quarks point along the directions of the three complex roots of unit:1,−1/2+i(3/4)(1/2),−1/2−i(3/4)(1/2).The chromoelectricfield of size E produced by R has a component -1/2E along B(or W)and a blue(or white)quark–rather than¯r–can be produced but with half the effectivefield strength.Similarly the SU(N)fundamental representation is a symmetric N−1simplex and the angle between any pair of unit vectors is cos(−1)[1/N−1].The analog of Eq.(13)is then:d(n)/d(p2)|“disfavored”SU(N)of color∼{g[E/(N−1)]}2exp−(N−1){π[m2+p2]/(gE)}(14)Note that for large N(c)implicit in Skyrmion models,the“disfavored”mode is exponentially suppressed in N which, indeed,is likely for baryon–anti-baryon and monopole–anti-monopole pair production[19,20]with N→1/α.(A similar exponential suppression is expected also in the time-reversed process of annihilation of an N-fold junction and anti-junction.The suppression can be understood in this case also in simple combinatorial terms:each of the tubes of N colors in the junction has to match up with the anti-tube of the same color in the anti-junction.Thus only one out of1/N!pairing can lead to¯JJ annihilation.)For the N=3case of interest we have the1/4in the E2prefactor and an extra suppression by∼.2due to the doubled exponent[18].The overall suppression(1/10)-(1/20)is consistent with the multiplicity of anti-nucleons observed in jets or Z decays.In gamma-nucleon collisions studied in the above-mentioned experiments the photon can virtually transform into a pair of energetic¯Q¯Q quarks[Q=s]and the diquarks next form via the disfavored¯u u or¯dd creation as above. Alternatively,the photon can impart a large energy to one,say,u-quark in the target nucleon and the disfavored creation–now of¯s s–happens later somewhere along the resulting prolongedflux tube originating at the struck u-quark.Once the“junction barrier”has been overcome and an intermediate entity like an su>−<¯s¯d tetra-quark has formed,the remaining process,Tetra+N→Penta+K(or K(∗)),required to obtain thefinal state of the above experi-ments is straightforward.It involves only standard quark exchanges and fusion/cutting offlux tubes which are familiar from ordinary meson-baryon and meson-meson processes.Thus the above factor of(1/10)-(1/20)approximates the suppression ofΘproduction relative to ordinary resonance in the above photonic experiments.This concurs with the above estimates of the“effectiveΘwidth”of5-15MeV∼(1/10)-(1/20)of normal hadronic widths.Recall that the true width ofΘinferred from independent purely hadronic K-neutron data is smaller,say,O(1MeV).This small Γand the disagreement with the effective width required in“naive”K,K(∗),etc.,exchange models constitute the difficulties(1)and(2)above.It has been argued[13]that longevity of some Tetra-quarks and Penta-quark states may reflect the difficulty of annihilating a junction J and anti-junction¯J.This could be due to the smallness of the junction radius b as compared with the hadronic size∼0.7Fermi.The suppression becomes more dramatic∼(b/a)5if we have a centrifugal barrier due to a relativeℓ=1angular momenta between the junctions(or diquarks).Such barriers are present when an isolatedΘdecays into or forms out of a meson K and baryon N,but not necessarily in the higher energyγ−N collisions.This may explain the apparent discrepancy between the trueΓ<0(1MeV)and the effectiveΓof5-15 MeV required to explain the production rate.The extra color dynamics-related suppression that the early work implies for J−¯J production is likely to affect also in the J−¯J annihilation in tetra-and penta-decays.A future,more complete model incorporating both this with the earlier geometric size arguments for the small width will hopefully provide a more compelling explanation for the remarkably smallΓ(Θ).IV.Possible Manifestation of the New Narrow Resonances in Nucleon/Anti-Nucleon Annihilations and Some Concluding RemarksWe sketched in the previous section a possible scenario for the anomalously smallγ(θ)and the apparent contradiction between the latter andΘproduction rates in photon-induced reactions which seem to require larger widths.Is this scenario viable?One difficulty is the lack of evidence for narrow tetra-quark states which our scenario requires.The lightest member of this family should not be heavier than∼1200-1100MeV–lying300-400MeV below theθpenta-quark.(The scalar a,f(980)may indeed be four quark/single bag states[22].Yet the normal widths of these states suggest that these are not the>−<tetra a that we discuss here.)The formation of junction–anti-junction pairs or the disappearance of such,is the essence of¯NN pair cre-ation/annihilation.The latter does not require that(anti-)quarks from the respective(anti-)nucleon annihilate. Rather,[¯q¯q¯q]−qqq rearrange into three¯q q pairs.These could be pseudoscalar,vector and some higher mesons.For ¯p p at rest the rate of“genuine”annihilations of¯q−q’s is expected to be larger than at higher energies.Annihilations of just one¯q q pair yieldfinal states with two,rather than three,mesons,happen in∼25%of the cases.In the chromoelectricflux picture we can readily envision a q−¯q annihilation occurring prior to the annihilation of the junction J in the nucleon and the anti-junction¯J in the anti-nucleon.Such events involving the fusion of the flux tube segments emerging from/terminating on the specific q and¯q which annihilated yield tetra-quarks with two junctions of the type considered here:>−q+¯q−<→>−−<,namely,the tetra-quark of interest.One would expect to see in careful studies of p−¯p annihilations at low energies in experiments like LEAR these narrow resonances precisely in the”two meson”final states.Indeed,annihilation models favor formation of such states.The N−¯N potential is attractive at all ranges causing the initial¯NN to accelerate and move towards each other. Thus,annihilation at low energies has a much larger cross section than the small junction areaπ·b2as expected athigh energies[21].The annihilation separates into two stages:during the acceleration pions are emitted and eventually the J−¯J annihilate with further pions emitted.Tetra-quarks can form at the end of thefirst stage.If further we haveℓ=1between the two junctions the(b/a)5 suppression of the J¯J[13]may be operative and the tetra state can be narrow.Note,however,that excited tetra states decay to lower tetras via fast pionic emissions.Only the ground tetra state and very nearby higher states will be narrow.If this state is as low as1100-1200MeV,then0(3)pions are emitted both prior to its formation and in its decay.The large combinatorial factor may explain the absence of these narrow tetra-quarks in the LEAR experiments which focused on near¯NN threshold states recoiling against one photon or pion.States which are within less than m(π)from the lowest tetra-quark will decay emitting fairly sharpγs of energy E∼M(ex)−m(gr).Full QCD lattice simulations recently performed for baryons with three quarks pinned down at relative distances of O.7Fermi clearly indicate via contours of equal action density the“Y”configuration with a narrow b=0.2Fermi junction.[23]If this is so,in reality then the b/a ratio of∼0.3may lead to a(b/a)5∼.25·10−3suppression of P-wave quadri-and penta-quark decays which is clearly sufficient for our purpose.However,in ground state nucleon or mesons the fast light quarks are likely to tangle up the shortflux tubes into a uniform spherical distribution. Note that spherical symmetry is not the issue:The latter obtains for S-wave meson ground states,even if we had “needle-like”narrowflux tubes,by superposing,with equal amplitudes all states|θφ>where the“needle”points in a particular direction on the unit sphere.Still,just to achieve semiclassical constructs and narrowflux tubes,in particular,we need to employ many quantum states with high quantum numbers.Can QCD generate such a rich family of states already at energies of∼1GeV in order to explain the peculiarities of these recent experiments?The same question can be rephrased as:Is it conceivable that the complexΘ(+)(1543)state that we envision with three junctions and sevenflux tube segments is that light?In view of the title of the paper,we surely hope that the answer is in the affirmative.AcknowledgementsWe are grateful to Ralf Gothe,Fred Muirer and Dave Tedeschi for helpful discussions and suggestions.[Note added:After completing this work,the paper by Liu and Ko[24]has been brought to our attention.These careful calculations of KK(∗)exchanges confirm one specific point which we made:namely,our estimated largeΘwidth required to explain the Saphir production cross sections.]∗Electronic address:ronyc@post.tau.ac.il†Electronic address:nussinov@ccsg.tau.ac.ilReferences[1]T.Nakano et al.,PRL91,(2003)012002,1-4.[2]S.Stepanyan et al.,hep-ex/0307018,submitted to PRL(2003).[3]Barth et al.,hep-ex/0307083,accepted by Phys.Lett.B(2003).[4]V.V.Barmin et al.,hep-ex/0304040,submitted to Phys.Atom.Nucl.(2003).[5]D.Diakonov,V.Petrov and M.Polyakov,Z.Phys.bf A359(1997)305.[6]T.Cohen,hep-ph/0309111[7]S.Nussinov,hep-ph/0307357(2003).[8]R.Jaffe and F.Wilczek,hep-ph/0307341(2003).[9]M.Karliner and H.J.Lipkin,hep-ph/0307243(2003)and hep-ph/0307343(2003).[10]R.A.Arndt,I.I.Strakovsky and R.L.Workman,nucl-th/0308012(2003).[11]Physics,EPJ C15(2000)117.[12]S.Capstick,P.Page and W.Roberts,hep-ph/0307019.[13]R.Gothe and S.Nussinov,arXiv:hep-ph0308230.[14]N.A.T¨o rnqvist,Phys.Rev.Lett B67(1991)556and Nuovo Cimento A107(1994)2471.[15]A.Manohar and M.Wise,Nucl.Phys.B399(1993)17.[16]K.Abe et al.,hep-ex/0308029(2003).[17]B.Gelman and S.Nussinov,Phys.Lett.B551(2003)296.。

Key FiguresTurnover: USD 1.60 billionR&D: 6.9 % of sales Employees: 5,210Global footprint: 72 sites in 32 countriesLandis+Gyr is the leading global provider of inte-grated Energy Management products tailored to energy company needs and unique in its ability to deliver true end-to-end Advanced Metering solu-tions. The Company offers the broadest portfolio of products and services in the electricity meter-ing industry and is paving the way for the next generation of Smart Grids.With annual sales of USD 1.60 billion, Landis+Gyr, an independent growth platform of the Toshiba Corporation (TKY:6502) and 40% owned by the In-novation Network Corporation of Japan (INCJ) operates in 32 countries across five continents and employs more than 5,200 people whose sole mission is to help the world manage energy better. More information is available at .Table of ContentsSmart Grid18 |Building the Smart Grid20 |Distribution Automation22 |Advanced Metering Infrastructure24 |Secure Energy Supply26 |Meter Data Management28 |Environmental Stewardship30 |Beyond the Smart Grid – an Outlook32 |Contributing to Smart CommunitiesCommitted to Sustainability34 |Energy Efficiency and SustainabilityBusiness Year 201104 |Milestones 201106 |Message from the Chairman07 |Landis+Gyr Group12 |Americas14 |EMEA and Asia Pacific16 |Technology and Innovation17 |Global Supply Chain ManagementCompany Information42 |Group Companies44 |Executive Management45 |AddressesValue Proposition38 |Our Value Proposition40 |Our Product and Solution Offeringn USA: Landis+Gyr is selected by Alliant Energy Corpo-ration to provide radios and selected components for ex-panding its existing distribution automation network for a Smart Grid project. n USA: Landis+Gyr and Ecologic Analytics intensify their collaboration on the development of the next generation of the Gridstream™ Meter Data Unification & Synchronization (MDUS) 2.0 to streamline integration with SAP for Utilities.September n USA: An IDC Energy Insights report ranks Landis+Gyr as the only company in the market leader category for Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) technology.April n China: Landis+Gyr has been selected by the State Grid Corporation of China to supply over 10,000 commercial and industrial advanced electricity meters for upcoming deployment in six provinces. n Zug: Landis+Gyr has signed an agreement with Oulu Energy in Finland for the delivery of the Landis+Gyr Gridstream™ Smart Metering solution and Smart Me-tering hardware.January n Switzerland and Japan: Toshiba Corporation has entered into a definitive sale agreement with the shareholders of Landis+Gyr, under which Toshiba will acquire Landis+Gyr for USD 2.3 billion in cash, to build the world’s Smart Grid leader. n Canada: Landis+Gyr has been chosen by Hydro-Québec to deploy its next-generation digital Smart Meter network rollout.May n USA: Kosciusko REMC has selected Landis+Gyr’s Gridstream™ RF Advanced Metering solution for its Smart Grid infrastructure project. n Australia: Landis+Gyr has been recognized with the inaugural 2011 Frost & Sullivan Asia Pacific Advanced Metering Infrastructure Company of the Year Award.November n North America: Landis+Gyr has been awarded second place in the mid-size industry category of Mexico’s 2011 National Award for Energy Savings. December n Europe: Landis+Gyr, Nordic telecom operator and Smart Metering communication hub specialist Xemex bundle their international experience and launch a new communication solution. n USA: Landis+Gyr has been selected by Nashville Elec-tric Service to install the Smart Grid network that will support the utility’s immediate Advanced Metering and Demand Response needs. n USA: Landis+Gyr has been selected by Kauai Island Util-ity Cooperative (KIUC) to deploy advanced meters and in-frastructure as part of a wide-ranging Smart Grid project.October n USA: Landis+Gyr negotiates a seven-year extension of its contract to provide managed metering services for Puget Sound Energy, the largest utility in Washing-ton state. n USA: Landis+Gyr joins National Campaign on Energy Conservation aimed at promoting energy conservation among U.S. electricity consumers.JuneFebruary n Europe: Landis+Gyr brings a key Smart Grid building block, namely its Gridstream™ MDUS (Meter Data Unifi-cation & Synchronization) integrated with the SAP for Utilities solution portfolio to market.August n USA: Master Meter and Landis+Gyr enter into a tech-nology partnership designed to provide dynamic water measurement solutions to utilities through the Gridstream™ Advanced Metering estones 2011Consolidating the Group’smarket leadershipAndreas Umbach, President and Chief Executive OfficerIn financial year 2011, Landis+Gyr was able tosustain increased year-over-year sales levelsagain despite a challenging global economic envi-ronment. The Company, now an independentgrowth platform within the Toshiba Group, furtherstrengthened and expanded its product offering ofleading-edge products in all regions, with a spe-cial emphasis on meeting opportunities in emerg-ing markets. Very significant growth of 26 % in theAsia Pacific region coupled with 7 % growth inEMEA more than offset the USD 29 million declinein the Americas region. Total sales increased 4.3 %reaching a record USD 1.60 billion, a solid growthcompared to previous year’s result (2010: USD1.53 billion). The Group still achieved record salesdespite several adverse developments in 2011.Economies in mature and emerging Asian marketswere affected by major natural catastrophes. Theearthquake and subsequent tsunami in Japan andthe severe flooding in Thailand interrupted and de-layed the planned modernization of electricity sup-ply networks. In Europe, the debt crisis reachedOver the past ten yearsLandis+Gyr earned areputation as an indus-try pioneer creating theworld leader in Smart Metering. Now part of theToshiba family, Landis+Gyr can take advantage ofthe Group’s tradition of leading innovation, re-sources and expertise to complement and developits product offering and thereby strengthen itsunique market proposition. The Toshiba Group wel-comes Landis+Gyr, the global leader in Energy Man-agement solutions for utilities with over 8,000 sat-isfied utility customers worldwide. We are eager tosupport our new colleagues in helping society tomanage energy better. The combination is de-signed to create a new growth platform withinToshiba specifically targeting the global Smart Gridopportunity, bringing benefits to utilities and theiranother peak inmany countriesin the secondhalf of the year,resulting in further delays in the planned rollout ofAdvanced Metering projects, even though thisimpact was limited thanks to the priorities set outin the European Union’s 20-20-20 goals.Growth in 2011 was primarily fueled by significantcustomer contract wins in the reporting period.These included a contract with Hydro-Québec,one of North America’s largest utilities, which wasthe largest contract ever awarded to the Compa-ny. In addition, Landis+Gyr was distinguished withthe inaugural 2011 Frost & Sullivan Asia PacificAdvanced Metering Infrastructure Company of theYear Award in November and ranked second inthe mid-size industry category of Mexico’s 2011National Award for Energy Savings in Decem-ber 2011. The Company received the latter award forenergy efficiency improvements at its advancedelectric meter manufacturing plant in Reynosa,Mexico. Moreover, an Energy Insights report of In-ternational Data Corporation (IDC), the premierglobal provider of market intelligence and adviso-ry services, ranked Landis+Gyr as sole company Message from the Chairman«All stakeholderswill benefitfrom this combination ofmarket leaders.»Landis+Gyr GroupAs the rollout of next-generation Smart Meters continued around the globe,Landis+Gyr further expanded its leading market position in 2011 thanksto its innovative state-of-the-art product and solution offering.In 2011 a new era began: Landis+Gyr and the Toshiba Group became partners,joining their capabilities, technologies and experiences to help society buildSmart Communities.Andreas Umbach, President and Chief Executive OfficerMunehiko Tsuchiya, Chairman Landis+Gyr AGcustomers, the actual end consumers of energy. Itis the aim of Toshiba to leverage Landis+Gyr’sproven capabilities and jointly create a much wideroffering for utility customers. Dedicated teamsfrom both companies have already achieved pleas-ing progress in accelerating the development of acombined product and service portfolio that willserve the needs of utilities and ensure that con-sumers will benefit from the integration of first-class engineering know-how as Smart Grid appli-cations continue to evolve into Smart Communityenvironments. In addition to enhancing and furtherdeveloping Landis+Gyr’s iconic brand and reputa-tion for excellence in Smart Metering solutions, thisstrategic move underlines Toshiba’s total commit-ment to people and to the future, its determinationto help create a higher quality of life for all, and todo its part to help ensure the progress of the worldcommunity. It is our strong belief that all of the twocompanies’ stakeholders will benefit from thispowerful combination, including their businesspartners. Toshiba: “Committed to People, Commit-ted to the Future.”Munehiko Tsuchiya, ChairmanOwnershipToshiba Corporation 60 %Innovation Network Corporation of Japan 40 %«We continuedto strengthenour position as amarketleader.»in the market leader category for Advanced Metering Infra-structure (AMI) technology. These achievements are tes-timony to the Group’s coretechnology offering, underpinned by Landis+Gyr’s long history of precision engineering, leading-edge product development and high-quality as-sembly. Even more importantly, the perception of Landis+Gyr’s offering in the markets reflects fa-vorably on the dedication of the Group’s more than 5,200 employees. In the light of the need for an efficient and secure energy supply, their top priority remains the fast deployment of Smart Grid infrastructure worldwide. To accelerate this vision, Landis+Gyr invested USD 110.8 million in R&D projects (2010: USD 101.1 million), further broadening the Group’s state-of-the-art product and solutions pipeline. Technological innovations and new rollout contract The continuing global adoption of Smart Metering and Smart Grid infrastructure projects was the key driver of Landis+Gyr’s growth in 2011. The Group achieved further significant advances in winning future business contracts and delivering both solutions and products to its customers.One of the most important achievements in 2011 was Hydro-Québec’s decision announced in May 2011 to have Landis+Gyr deploy its next-genera-tion digital Smart Meter network. Under the agree-ment, valued at CAD 350 million, Landis+Gyr’s Gridstream TMRF two-way communication infra-structure will be installed over the next five years, allowing Hydro-Québec to improve grid reliability and operational efficiencies. Landis+Gyr will also provide a data management system, associated software, service and support. Another major highlight in regard to future growth was the an-nouncement by the State Grid Corporation of China in January 2011 that Landis+Gyr would supply over 10,000 commercial and industrial advanced electricity meters for upcoming deployment in six provinces. The win of this initial contract from the country’s grid operator gives the Company a strong foothold in the important Chinese market. In Eu-rope, Landis+Gyr secured new agreements with Oulu Energy in Finland for the delivery of the Landis+Gyr Gridstream Smart Metering solution and Smart Me-tering hardware and with Nordic telecom operator andSmart Metering communication hub specialist Xemex to bundletechnology and market expertise into a new com-munication solution. In addition to Smart Meter-ing wins, the Group also recorded substantial success in South America and India by actively pushing the transition from electromechanical to digital meters and supporting utilities in effective-ly reducing nontechnical losses. Technology-wise, too, Landis+Gyr strengthened and expanded its industry-leading market posi-tion. The Group launched various new products and software solutions and entered new develop-ment agreements with partner companies, there-by enhancing its technology portfolio, meeting new customer needs and helping utilities around the world to deploy the next generation of Smart Grid networks. A major strategic decision was the acquisition of the remaining stake in Ecologic Analytics, based in Minnesota, USA, effective January 2012, bringing Landis+Gyr’s ownership to 100 %. Ecologic Analytics is the most experi-enced Meter Data Management (MDM) software provider in North America with more end points«Valuableproject wins securedsustained growth.» «We have the technology and capabilities to enlargeour customers’Smart Grid offering.» Structure & Contactsin service and more meter reads handled annuallythan anyone in the industry. Ecologic Analyticstransforms Advanced Metering Infrastructure datainto accurate, timely and actionable informationfor electric, natural gas and water utilities. Alreadyin September 2011, both companies announcedthey would partner on the development of theGridstream Meter Data Unification & Synchroniza-tion (MDUS) 2.0 to streamline integration withleading ERP software from SAP, thereby settingthe standard for next-generation Smart Meteringmanagement solutions. In August 2011, MasterMeter, based in Mansfield, Texas, USA, andLandis+Gyr announced a technology partnershipdesigned to provide dynamic water measurementsolutions to utilities through the GridstreamAdvanced Metering network.Stable Western markets andAsia Pacific growth drove record salesAndreas Spreiter, Chief Financial OfficerIn 2011 net sales grew by 4.3 % to USD 1.60 bil-lion (2010: USD 1.53 billion). This solid perfor-mance was primarily driven by dynamic growth inthe emerging Asia Pacific region as well as by se-lected European countries where Smart Grid net-work pilot projects are moving toward the adop-tion and realization period in advance of theEuropean Union’s 20-20-20 goals. The NorthAmerican operations consolidated last year’s stel-lar growth of more than 50 % as sales edgedslightly lower in 2011. South America still sufferedfrom volatile and unstable market conditionswhich limited sales in this region. Overall, theGroup strengthened its leading market positionand demonstrated its earnings power, in particularin light of the lost sales as a consequence of theEuropean debt crisis and budget cuts in importantEuropean countries as well as the natural catas-trophes in Asia, which dampened economic activ-ity and the Company’s short-term growth pros-pects in important emerging markets. Ordersreceived during 2011 increased to USD 1.73 billion(2010: USD 1.38 billion), raising the Group’s totalbacklog by 3.2% to USD 2.47 billion. In 2011Landis+Gyr increased its investment in R&D to6.9% of total sales (2010: 6.6%). Backed by therich technology portfolio and financial strength ofToshiba Corporation, Landis+Gyr is well posi-tioned to participate in the potential growth of dy-namic energy supply and management marketsby further expanding its product and solutions of-fering and by taking advantage of promisinggrowth opportunities, as demonstrated in Janu-ary 2012 with the acquisition of Ecologic Analyt-ics. During 2012 Landis+Gyr will remain focusedon meeting customer requirements to ensure theGroup’s participation in major Smart Grid deploy-ments, thus contributing to an efficient and securegrid network worldwide. Notwithstanding thechallenging economic environment, the close col-laboration with Toshiba Corporation offers newjoint business development prospects while at thesame time providing the Company with vast re-sources and a solid basisfor further developing theGroup’s offering of SmartGrid products and solu-tions, thereby enhancingcustomer value.Andreas Spreiter, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer«It is our intentto becomea global leaderin the Smart Communitybusiness.»Structure & ContactsEMEA 565527 + 7 %Asia Pacific 278221 + 26 %Total 1,5981,533 + 4 %Major new contracts and service extensions Richard Mora, Executive Vice President North AmericaIn 2011 Landis+Gyr North America further expand-ed its leadership position by winning significant Smart Grid deployment contracts as well as inten-sifying its collaboration with Ecologic Analytics re-sulting in the acquisition of this leading provider of Meter Data Management (MDM) in early 2012. Dur-ing the year, the North American region continued to be at the forefront of the regional Smart Meter rollout wave. The team won 30 new contracts to join with the 50 deployments in progress, thereby suc-cessfully compensating for expired agreements in the amount of more than USD 100 million and keep-ing the order book well filled for 2012 and beyond. In May 2011 Landis+Gyr was selected by Hydro-Québec to deploy its next-generation digital Smart Meter network over the next five years. This Grid-stream™ deployment will be the largest in Canada and one of the biggest in North America. Other highlights were the new contracts and service agreement with Puget Sound Energy, the largest utility in Washington state, and Alliant Energy Cor-poration based in Wisconsin. In parallel, Landis+Gyr North America concluded its landmark contract with San Francisco-based PacificGas & Electric Company andcontinued to integrate more than 2 million meter points into Oncor’s network in Texas.Also during the reporting period, Landis+Gyr joined the National Campaign on Energy Conser-vation that aims to promote energy conservation among U.S. electricity ndis+Gyr South America lays the groundwork for future success Álvaro Dias Júnior, Executive Vice President South America In South America, Landis+Gyr continued to roll out its Advanced Metering Infrastructure and tradi-tional electronic meters in the region, thereby broadening its offering tailored to the needs of lo-cal utilities. The local teams further tightened rela-tionships with important clients such as Rede Group, Ampla, Light, Cemig, Copel and Eletropau-lo, thereby initiating new joint projects. The contin-ued postponement of new regulations for Smart Meters by Brazil’s National Electricity Bureau, ANEEL, caused some delays in certain AMI rollouts. As a key driver of the expected growth in the re-Richard Mora, Executive Vice President North America Álvaro Dias Júnior, Executive Vice President South America In 2011 Landis+Gyr further solidified its leading position in North America, while making continued progress in South America, with overall sales in the Americas reaching USD 756 million.«We further expanded our technology and marketleadership.»«Landis+Gyr is a pioneer of tailor-made Smart Metering and distribution automation.»gion, the Smart Metering regula-tion by ANEEL is expected in the second half of 2012. This will sig-nal green light for large-scale pro-grams targeting the replacement of electromechanical and old-fashioned electronic meters with Smart Meters. It will modernize the energy supply network in Brazil offering utilities consumers the full range of unique advantages of today’s state-of-the-art Smart Grids. In the meantime, Landis+Gyr continues to supply its market leader solutions to South Ameri-can utilities. Furthermore, Landis+Gyr helped to massively reduce nontechnical losses of utilities in specific areas with poor electricity infrastructure thanks to its effective anti-theft technology. These efforts, along with important Distribution Automa-tion projects such as the ones with Light and Ele-tropaulo, underline Landis+Gyr’s leading market position as a preferred Smart Meter solutions pro-vider and a pioneer of tailor-made energy metering applications, helping clients to improve the avail-ability and reliability of their distribution networks. AmericasSG &A 17 %Sales In million USD ’11’10 785756 – 4 %EMEA AP EMEA AP 527 565 + 7 % Operations 54 % R&D incl. Product Management 17 %SG &A 25 % Holding Headquarter 4 % Operations 52 % R&D incl. Product Management 27 % SG &A 21 %Jon Stretch, Executive Vice President EMEA In 2011 sales in EMEA (Europe, Middle East and Africa) showed significant increases. Dynamic growth was also key in the emerging markets of Asia Pacific. «We continued to successfully support large-scaleSmart Meter deployments.» «We are the leading international provider of electric meters in India.» EMEA: Nordic countries at the forefront of Smart Meter deployment in Europe Jon Stretch, Executive Vice President EMEALandis+Gyr’s EMEA operations achieved signifi-cant gains across the region. In the Nordic region the Smart Meter wave continued apace. In Fin-land, Landis+Gyr secured another landmark con-tract with Oulu Energy. The deal marks the sixth major Smart Metering win in less than a year in the Finnish market. Over the next two years nearly 600,000 new Smart Meters will be delivered by Landis+Gyr to enable Finnish utilities and con-sumers to manage energy better. While in Norway, Landis+Gyr and several local partners bundled their know-how to launch a new communication solution to facilitate Smart Meter deployment in that country. The UK con-tinues to be a very active market and Landis+Gyrcontinued to support the country’s largest energy supplier British Gas/Centrica in deploying its first large-scale Smart Meter installation program. In France, the Group played a major role in ERDF’s 300,000-end-point trial in Lyon and Tours. In Spain, Landis+Gyr was a leader in the PRIME Alliance and a key player in Iberdrola’s 100,000-end-point trial in Castellón, and as a result has been selected as the leading supplier for their first tender in support of the full Smart Meter rollout. A special highlight in the reporting period was Landis+Gyr’s presence at the important industry trade fair Metering Europe 2011, held from October 4 to 6 in Amsterdam, Hol-land. Landis+Gyr and Toshiba first presented to-gether publically the concepts and technologies that will help Europe to build the Smart Grid and link the supply and demand in future Smart Com-munity Pacific: Significant growth advances Oliver Iltisberger, Executive Vice President Asia Pacific In 2011 the Asia Pacific operations experienced dy-namic growth with strong double-digit growth rates in important emerging markets. Despite the nega-tive impact on the regional economy from the natural catastrophes in Japan and Thailand, Landis+Gyr’s Asia Pacific organization made significant progress by exe-cuting its existing meter de-ployments and winning new contracts with leading utili-ties in Australia and New Zealand. Growth in the re-gion was mainly derived from two major Smart Me-ter contracts in Australia. Furthermore, Landis+Gyr widened its market share and expanded its portfo-lio offering in India. The Company continued to in-vest in the Delhi-based Global Development Center (GDC), which provides R&D and engineering sup-port services, encompassing software, firmware and hardware development, to the Group’s operat-ing companies around the globe. As Japan too is moving quickly to deploy energy-efficient Smart Grids, we are now well positioned to participate in this trend. Together with Toshiba, we are working on dedicated offerings to cover the needs of this arising Smart Metering market. Additionally, in the impor-tant, fast-growing Chinese market, Landis+Gyr sig-nificantly strengthened its business presence in the heat metering market. Encouraged by the huge growth potential, Landis+Gyr is actively exploring possibilities for local assembly of heat meters to better capture future opportunities.Oliver Iltisberger, Executive Vice President Asia Pacific Sales In million USD Sales In million USD ’11’11’10’10’10’11221 278 + 26 %317266251239698620EMEA and Asia PacificEMEAAP Striving for supply security and quality in a dynamic world Dieter Hecht, Executive VP and Chief Procurement Officer Landis+Gyr’s procurement and supply chain spe-cialists have a deep understanding of the Group’s supply base and react extremely quickly to exter-nal shocks. As well, they work closely with all ma-jor global materials and services providers to achieve the optimum balance of quality, reliability, cost and service. The 2011 earthquake and sub-sequent tsunami in Japan and the immense flood-ing in Thailand were two exceptional situations that interrupted the supply chains of many com-panies. As a consequence, the operations of ma-jor producers of electronic devices were severely affected for weeks and months and caused short-ages in their offerings. Landis+Gyr closely ob-served the situation and was able to maintain 100 % of production capacity and continue serv-ing its customer base through a combination of both early purchases of critical ma-terials and prudent inventory man-agement. This proactive, intense ac-tion successfully kept all assembly lines operating and ensured that the Group was able to meet all obliga-tions to its customers during this unprecedented series of supply chain disruption. Landis+Gyr’s primary goal is to meet customers’ demanding re-quirements by ensuring consistent, reliable and viable sourcing from qualified suppliers. Annual supplier audits, new supplier evaluation, quarterly business reviews, annual risk assessments, quali-ty improvement initiatives as well as co-engineer-ing and supplier development agreements are part of the strategic processes implemented at Landis+Gyr, in order to secure the highest service levels, supply chain stability and quality perfor-mance for our valued customers.Branko Bjelajac, Executive Vice President and Chief Technology OfficerIn 2011 natural catastrophes in Japan and Thailand placed extreme demands on the Group’s global operations. Nevertheless, Landis+Gyr maintained its industry-leading service levels.Innovation – based on Toshiba’s and Landis+Gyr’s combined technology portfolio and on joint applied research activities with best-in-class R&D partners – is the key strategic success factor within the ongoing transition to the Smart Grid.Global Supply Chain Management Technology and Innovation«We strive for quality at attractive cost patterns.»Innovation is the source of future growth Branko Bjelajac, Executive VP and Chief Technology OfficerLandis+Gyr’s high-quality and future-proof solu-tions now encompass the entire end-to-end chain of products and technologies from Smart Meters through communication networks to Head-End Systems (HES) and Meter Data Management Sys-tem (MDMS). With the acquisition of Ecologic An-alytics in January 2012 we added a state-of-the-art MDMS to our product portfolio that not only enhances the functionality of our solutions in the areas of data storage and analytics, but provides the technology platform for future Smart Grid ap-plications. The focus of the Group’s current R&D activities is on metrology, Smart Grid communica-tion and the scalability and reusability of our HES. In order to explore new Smart Grid applications more efficiently, we have entered into research partnerships with renowned institutes like the Uni-versity of St. Gallen and the University of Göttin-gen. Group activities also include the introductionof collaborative tools for component management and solution testing. Landis+Gyr intensified its joint projects with Toshiba to capitalize on the ex-perience, technologies and solutions of both part-ners. In addition to developing new technologies, our focus is on combining proven ones to serve new customers or changing needs. Smart street lighting is one such area. Here Toshiba’s latest LED technology combined with Landis+Gyr’s proven load management capabilities will help to bring public lighting to a new level in energy effi-ciency. The Group increased its investment in R&D to USD 110.8 million in 2011 (2010: USD 101 mil- lion), equivalent to a high 6.9 % of total sales. Structure & Contacts331299266317288305’10’11Dieter Hecht, Executive VP and Chief Procurement Officer 20112010 Asia Pacific 33 % 31 %。