2011年1月高级英语试题

2011年考研英语(一)试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A], B], C] or D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to health.” But __1___some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness Laughter does __2___short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, ___3_ heart rate and oxygen consumption But because hard laughter is difficult to __4__, a good laugh is unlikely to have __5___ benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does.__6__, instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the __7__, studies dating back to the 1930’s indicate that laughter__8___ muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down.Such bodily reaction might conceivably help _9__the effects of psychological stress. Anyway, the act of laughing probably does produce other types of ___10___ feedback, that improve an individual’s emotional state. __11____one classical theory of emotion, our feelings are partially rooted ____12___ physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry ___13___they are sad but they become sad when the tears begin to flow.Although sadness also ____14___ tears, evidence suggests that emotions can flow __15___ muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988,social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to __16___a pen either with their teeth-thereby creating an artificial smile – or with their lips, which would produce a(n) __17___ expression. Those forced to exercise their enthusiastically to funny catoons than did those whose months were contracted in a frown, ____19___ that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around __20__ , the physical act of laughter could improve mood.1.A]among B]except C]despite D]like2.A]reflect B]demand C]indicate D]produce3.A]stabilizing B]boosting C]impairing D]determining4.A]transmit B]sustain C]evaluate D]observe5.A]measurable B]manageable C]affordable D]renewable6.A]In turn B]In fact C]In addition D]In brief7.A]opposite B]impossible C]average D]expected8.A]hardens B]weakens C]tightens D]relaxes9.A]aggravate B]generate C]moderate D]enhance10.A]physical B]mental C]subconscious D]internal11.A]Except for B]According to C]Due to D]As for12.A]with B]on C]in D]at13.A]unless B]until C]if D]because14.A]exhausts B]follows C]precedes D]suppresses15.A]into B]from C]towards D]beyond16.A]fetch B]bite C]pick D]hold17.A]disappointed B]excited C]joyful D]indifferent18.A]adapted B]catered C]turned D]reacted19.A]suggesting B]requiring C]mentioning D]supposing20.A]Eventually B]Consequently C]Similarly D]ConverselySection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A], B], C] or D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least. “Hooray! At last!” wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic.One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert’s appointment in the Times, calls him “an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.” As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise. For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but itis not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes.Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point. For the time, attention, and money of theart-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. There recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today’s live performances; moreover, they can be “consumed” at a time and place of the listener’s choosing. The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert. One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record. Gilbert’s own interest in new music has been widely noted: Alex Ross, a classical-music critic, has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into “a markedly different, more vibrant organization.” But what will be the nature of that difference? Merely expanding the orchestra’s repertoire will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship between America’s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.21. We learn from Para.1 that Gilbert’s appointment hasA]incurred criticism.B]raised suspicion.C]received acclaim.D]aroused curiosity.22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who isA]influential.B]modest.C]respectable.D]talented.23. The author believes that the devoted concertgoersA]ignore the expenses of live performances.B]reject most kinds of recorded performances.C]exaggerate the variety of live performances.D]overestimate the value of live performances.24. According to the text, which of the following is true of recordings?A]They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.B]They are easily accessible to the general public.C]They help improve the quality of music.D]They have only covered masterpieces.25. Regarding Gilbert’s role in revitalizing the Philharmonic, the author feelsA]doubtful.B]enthusiastic.C]confident.D]puzzled.Text 2When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a company.” Broadcasting his ambition was “very much my decision,” McGee says. Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on September 29. McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isn’t alone. In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, executives who don’t get the nod also may wish to move on. A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net. In the third quarter, CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had, according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders. The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey:”I can’t think of a single search I’ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.”Those who jumped without a job haven’t always landed in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age, saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later.Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. “The traditional rule was it’s safer to stay where you are, but that’s been fundamentally inverted,” says one headhunter. “The people who’ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too long.”26. When McGee announced his departure, his manner can best be described as beingA]arrogant.B]frank.C]self-centered.D]impulsive.27. According to Paragraph 2, senior executives’ quitting may be spurred byA]their expectation of better financial status.B]their need to reflect on their private life.C]their strained relations with the boards.D]their pursuit of new career goals.28. The word “poached” (Line 3, Paragraph 4) most probably meansA]approved of.B]attended to.C]hunted for.D]guarded against.29. It can be inferred from the last paragraph thatA]top performers used to cling to their posts.B]loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated.C]top performers care more about reputations.D]it’s safer to stick to the traditional rules.30. Which of the following is the best title for the text?A]CEOs: Where to Go?B]CEOs: All the Way Up?C]Top Managers Jump without a NetD]The Only Way Out for Top PerformersText 3The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional “paid” media – such as television commercials and print advertisements – still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may create “owned”media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site. The way consumers now approach the broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. For earned media , such marketers act as the initiator for users’ responses. But in some cases, one marketer’s owned media become another marketer’s paid media –for instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. This trend ,which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products. Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies’marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product. Members of social networks, for instance, are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them.If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting the reputation of the target company at risk. In such a case, the company’s response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage fromits recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.31.Consumers may create “earned” media when they areA] obscssed with online shopping at certain Web sites.B] inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them.C] eager to help their friends promote quality products.D] enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products.32. According to Paragraph 2,sold media featureA] a safe business environment.B] random competition.C] strong user traffic.D] flexibility in organization.33. The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned mediaA] invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers.B] can be used to produce negative effects in marketing.C] may be responsible for fiercer competition.D] deserve all the negative comments about them.34. Toyota Motor’s experience is cited as an example ofA] responding effectively to hijacked media.B] persuading customers into boycotting products.C] cooperating with supportive consumers.D] taking advantage of hijacked media.35. Which of the following is the text mainly about ?A] Alternatives to conventional paid media.B] Conflict between hijacked and earned media.C] Dominance of hijacked media.D] Popularity of owned media.Text 4It’s no surprise that Jennifer Senior’s insightful, provocative magazine cover story, “I love My Children, I Hate My Life,” is arousing much chatter – nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling, life-enriching experience. Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness: instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy, we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition. Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Senior writes that “the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.”The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week. There are also stories about newly adoptive – and newly single – mom Sandra Bullock, as well as the usual “Jennifer Aniston is pregnant” news. Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom, or mom-to-be, smiling on the newsstands.In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, is it any wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-killing ? It doesn’t seem quite fair, then, to compare the regrets of parents to the regrets of the children. Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn’t have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world: obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives. Of course, the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic, especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock. According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples, single parents are the least happy of all. No shock there, considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on; yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it, raising a kid on their “own” (read: with round-the-clock help) is a piece of cake.It’s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous: most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. But it’s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free, happiness-enhancing parenthood aren’t in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience, in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting “ the Rachel” might make us look justa little bit like Jennifer Aniston.36.Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can bring Atemporary delightB]enjoyment in progressC]happiness in retrospectD]lasting reward37.We learn from Paragraph 2 thatA]celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip.B]single mothers with babies deserve greater attention.C]news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining.D]having children is highly valued by the public.38.It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folksA]are constantly exposed to criticism.B]are largely ignored by the media.C]fail to fulfill their social responsibilities.D]are less likely to be satisfied with their life.39.According to Paragraph 4, the message conveyed by celebrity magazines isA]soothing.B]ambiguous.C]compensatory.D]misleading.40.Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?A]Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms.B]Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child rearing.C]Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life.D]We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing.Part BDirections:The following paragraph are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G to filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs E and G have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)A] No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities. You can, Mr Menand points out, became a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four. But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees.B] His concern is mainly with the humanities: Literature, languages, philosophy and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of style: 22% of American college graduates now major in business compared with only 2% in history and 4% in English. However, many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should posses. But most find it difficult to agree on what a “general education” should look like. At Harvard, Mr Menand notes, “the great books are read because they have been read”-they form a sort of social glue.C] Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school. There are simply too few posts. This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want to studyhumanities subjects: English departments awarded more bachelor’s degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later. Fewer students requires fewer teachers. So, at the end of a decade of theses-writing, many humanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been trained.D] One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts educations and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools. Many students experience both varieties. Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification.E] Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation, top American universities have professionalised the professor. The growth in public money for academic research has speeded the process: federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960and 1990, but faculty teaching hours fell by half as research took its toll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career: as late as 1969a third of American professors did not possess one. But the key idea behind professionalisation, argues Mr Menand, is that “the knowledge and skills needed for a particular specialization are transmissible but not transferable.”So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge, but also over the production of the producers of knowledge.F] The key to reforming higher education, concludes Mr Menand, is to alter the way in which “the producers of knowledge are produced.”Otherwise, academics will continue to think dangerously alike, increasingly detached from the societies whichthey study, investigate and criticize.”Academic inquiry, at least in some fields, may need to become less exclusionary and more holistic.”Yet quite how that happens, Mr Menand dose not say.G] The subtle and intelligent little book The Marketplace of Ideas: Reform and Resistance in the American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree. They may then decide to go elsewhere. For something curious has been happening in American Universities, and Louis Menand, a professor of English at Harvard University, captured it skillfully.G → 41. →42. → E →43. →44. →45.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) With its theme that “Mind is the master weaver,” creating our inner character and outer circumstances, the book As a Man Thinking by James Allen is an in-depth exploration of the central idea of self-help writing.(46) Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share-that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts-and reveal its erroneous nature. Because most of us believe that mind is separate from matter, we think that thoughts can be hidden and made powerless; this allows us to think one way and act another. However, Allen believed that the unconscious mind generates as much action as the conscious mind, and (47) while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone, in reality we are continually faced with a question: “Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that? ”Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thoughts that do not accord with desire, Allen concluded : “ We do not attract what we want, but what we are.”Achievement happens because you as a person embody the external achievement; you don’t “ get” success but become it. There is no gap between mind and matter. \Part of the fame of Allen’s book is its contention that “Circumstances do not make a person, they reveal him.” (48) This seems a justification for neglect of those in need, and a rationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom.This ,however, would be a knee-jerk reaction to a subtle argument. Each set of circumstances, however bad, offers a unique opportunity for growth. If circumstances always determined the life and prospects of people, then humanity would never have progressed. In fat, (49)circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have been “wronged” then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation .Nevertheless, as any biographer knows, a person’s early life and its conditions are often the greatest gift to an individual. The sobering aspect of Allen’s book is that we have no one else to blame for our present condition except ourselves. (50) The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us; where before we were experts in the array of limitations, now we become authorities of what is possible.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. Directions:Write a letter to a friend of yours to1) recommend one of your favorite movies and2) give reasons for your recommendationYour should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2Do not sign your own name at the end of the leter. User “LI MING” instead.Do not writer the address.(10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160---200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain it’s intended meaning, and3) give your comments.Your should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2011年考研英语(一)真题参考答案客观题Section I Use of EnglishCDBBA BADCA BCDCB DADACSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADBDBA BDCAC DCBAA CCDDBPart B41.B 42.D 43.A 44.C 45.F翻译题：46、艾伦的贡献在于提供了我们能分担和揭示错误性质的假设--因为我们不是机器人，因此我们能够控制我们的理想。

2011年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(全国Ⅰ卷)英语第一卷（选择题部分?满分115分）第一部分，听力（共两节，满分30分）第二部分?英语知识运用（共两节，满分45分）从A、＿-?A.?had?been?lying?B.?has?been?lyingC.?was?lying?D.?has?lain30.?The?form?cannot?be?signed?by?anyone＿＿yourself.A.?rather?than?B.?other?thanC.?more?than?D.?better?than31.?The?prize?will?go?to?the?writer＿＿story?shows?the?most?imagination.A.?that?B.?which?C.?whose?D.?what32.?They＿＿?have?arrived?at?lunchtime?but?their?fight?was?delayed.A.?will?B.?canC.?must?D.?should33.?It?is?generally?accepted?that?＿＿boy?must?learn?to?stand?up?and?fight?like＿＿man.A.?a;?a?B.?a;?theC.?the;?the?D.?a;?不填34.?William?found?it?increasingly?difficult?to?read,?for?his?eyesight?was?beginning?t o＿＿?.A.?disappear?B?.fallC.?fail?D.?damage35.?—Artistic?people?can?be?very?difficult?sometimes.—Well,?you?married?one.＿＿?.A.?You?name?it.?B.?I"ve?got?it.C.?I?can"t?agree?more.?D.?You?should?know.第二节?完形填空（共20小题；每小题1.5分，满分30分）阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

2011年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（全国卷I ）英语本试卷分第I卷（选择题）和第H卷（非选择题）两部分。

满分150分，考试时间120分钟。

注意事项：1. 答题前，考生在答题卡上务必用直径0. 5毫米黑色墨水签字笔将自己的姓名、准考证号填写清楚，并贴好条形码。

请认真核准条形码上的准考证号、姓名和科目。

2. 每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑，如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后,再选涂其他答案标号，在试题卷上作答无效。

第I卷（选择题）第一部分听力（共两节，满分30分）做题时，先将答案标在试卷上。

录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。

第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7. 5分）听下面5段对话。

每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。

听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题.每段对话仅读一遍。

例: How much is the shirt?A. £ 19. 15.B. £ 9. 15.C. £ 9. 18. 答案是B.1. What does the man like about the play?A. The story.B. The ending.C. The actor.2. Which place are the speakers tryi ng to find?A. hotel.B. ban k.C. restaura nt.3. At what time will the two speakers meet?A. 5 : 20.B. 5 : l0.C. 4 : 40.4. What will the man do?A. Change the pla n.B. Wait for a pho ne call.C. Sort thi ngs out.5. What does the woma n want to do?A. See a film with the man.B. Offer the mall some help.C. Liste n to some great music.第二节（共1 5小题：每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）听下面5段对话。

2011年高考英语全国卷1：真题及答案编辑整理：尊敬的读者朋友们：这里是精品文档编辑中心，本文档内容是由我和我的同事精心编辑整理后发布的，发布之前我们对文中内容进行仔细校对，但是难免会有疏漏的地方，但是任然希望（2011年高考英语全国卷1：真题及答案）的内容能够给您的工作和学习带来便利。

同时也真诚的希望收到您的建议和反馈，这将是我们进步的源泉，前进的动力。

本文可编辑可修改，如果觉得对您有帮助请收藏以便随时查阅，最后祝您生活愉快业绩进步，以下为2011年高考英语全国卷1：真题及答案的全部内容。

2011年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(全国卷）第三部分阅读理解（共20小题；每小题2分，满分40分）AWhen milk arrived on the doorstepWhen I was a boy growing up in New Jersey in the 1960s, we had a milkman delivering milk to our doorstep。

His name was Mr。

Basille. He wore a white cap and drove a white truck. As a 5-year—old boy, I couldn’t take my eyes off the coin changer fixed to his belt. He noticed this one day during a delivery and gave me a quarter out of his coin changer.Of course， he delivered more than milk. There was cheese, eggs and so on。

If we needed to change our order, my mother would pen a note —“Please add a bottle of buttermilk next delivery" — and place it in the box along with the empty bottles. And then， the buttermilk would magically appear.All of this was about more than convenience。

2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as“a bodily exercise precious to health.”But 1 some claims to the contrary,laughing probably has little influence on physical filness Laughter does 2 short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, 3 heart rate and oxygen consumption But because hard laughter is difficult to 4 ,a good laugh is unlikely to have 5 benefits the way,say,walking or jogging does.6 ,instead of straining muscles to build them,as exercise does,laughter apparently accomplishes the7 ,studies dating back to the 1930's indicate that laughter__8___ muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down.Such bodily reaction might conceivably help 9 the effects of psychological stress.Anyway,the act of laughing probably does produce other types of 10 feedback,that improve an individual’s emotional state. 11 one classical theory of emotion,our feelings are partially rooted 12 physical reactions.It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry 13 they are sad but they become sad when te tears begin to flow.Although sadness also 14 tears,evidence suggests that emotions can flow 15 muscular responses.In an experiment published in 1988,social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to 16 a pen either with their teeth-thereby creating an artificial smile–or with their lips，which would produce a（n）17 expression.Those forced to exercise their smiling muscles 18 more enthusiastically to funny cartoons than did those whose months were contracted in a frown,19 that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around 20,the physical act of laughter could improve mood.Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text bychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Text 1The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009.For the most part,the response has been favorable,to say the least.“Hooray!At last!”wrote Anthony Tommasini,a sober-sided classical-music critic.One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise,however,is that Gilbert is comparatively little known.Even Tommasini,who had advocated Gilbert’s appointment in the Times,calls him“an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.”As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez,that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.For my part,I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one.To be sure,he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions,but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall,or anywhere else,to hear interesting orchestral music.All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf,or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes.Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point.For the time,attention,and money of the art-loving public,classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses,dance troupes,theater companies,and museums,but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century.There recordings are cheap,available everywhere,and very often much higher in artistic quality than today’s live performances;moreover,they can be“consumed”at a time and place of the listener’s choosing.The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record.Gilbert’s own interest in new music has been widely noted:Alex Ross,a classical-music critic,has described him as a man who iscapable of turning the Philharmonic into“a markedly different,more vibrant organization.”But what will be the nature of that difference?Merely expanding the orchestra’s repertoire will not be enough.If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed,they must first change the relationship between America’s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.21.We learn from Para.1 that Gilbert’s appointment has[A]incurred criticism.[B]raised suspicion.[C]received acclaim.[D]aroused curiosity.22.Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is[A]influential.[B]modest.[C]respectable.[D]talented.23.The author believes that the devoted concertgoers[A]ignore the expenses of live performances.[B]reject most kinds of recorded performances.[C]exaggerate the variety of live performances.[D]overestimate the value of live performances.24.According to the text,which of the following is true of recordings?[A]They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.[B]They are easily accessible to the general public.[C]They help improve the quality of music.[D]They have only covered masterpieces.25.Regarding Gilbert’s role in revitalizing the Philharmonic,the author feels[A]doubtful.[B]enthusiastic.[C]confident.[D]puzzled.Text 2When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August,his explanation was surprisingly straight up.Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses,he came right out and said he was leaving“to pursue my goal of running a company.”Broadcasting his ambition was“very much my decision,”McGee says.Within two weeks,he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group,which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on whatkind of company he wanted to run.It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations.And McGee isn’t alone.In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post.As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure,executives who don’t get the nod also may wish to move on.A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold,deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net.In the third quarter,CEO turnover was down 23%from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had,according to Liberum Research.As the economy picks up,opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional.For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached.Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey:”I can’t think of a single search I’ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.”Those who jumped without a job haven’t always landed in top positions quickly.Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age,saying she wanted to be a CEO.It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange.Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO.He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later.Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers.The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one.“The traditional rule was it’s safer to stay where you are,but that’s been fundamentally inverted,”says one headhunter.“The people who’ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too long.”26.When McGee announced his departure,his manner can best be described as being[A]arrogant.[B]frank.[C]self-centered.[D]impulsive.27.According to Paragraph 2,senior executives’ quitting may be spurred by[A]their expectation of better financial status.[B]their need to reflect on their private life.[C]their strained relations with the boards.[D]their pursuit of new career goals.28.The word“poached”(Line 3,Paragraph 4)most probably means[A]approved of.[B]attended to.[C]hunted for.[D]guarded against.29.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A]top performers used to cling to their posts.[B]loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated.[C]top performers care more about reputations.[D]it’s safer to stick to the traditional rules.30.Which of the following is the best title for the text?[A]CEOs:Where to Go? [B]CEOs:All the Way Up?[C]Top Managers Jump without a Net [D]The Only Way Out for Top PerformersText 3The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for.No longer.While traditional“paid”media–such as television commercials and print advertisements–still play a major role,companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media.Consumers passionate about a product may create“owned”media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site.The way consumers now approach the broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products.For earned media,such marketers act as the initiator for users’ responses.But in some cases,one marketer’s owned media become another marketer’s paid media–for instance,when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site.We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment.This trend,which we believe is still in its infancy,effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further.Johnson&Johnson,forexample,has created Baby Center,a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products.Besides generating income,the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective,gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies’ marketing,and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more(and more diverse)communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker,more visible,and much more damaging ways.Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media:an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers,other stakeholders,or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product.Members of social networks,for instance,are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them.If that happens,passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products,putting the reputation of the target company at risk.In such a case,the company’s response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful,and the learning curve has been steep.Toyota Motor,for example,alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestratedsocial-media response campaign,which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.31.Consumers may create“earned”media when they are[A]obsessed with online shopping at certain Web sites.[B]inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them.[C]eager to help their friends promote quality products.[D]enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products.32.According to Paragraph 2,sold media feature[A]a safe business environment.[B]random competition.[C]strong user traffic.[D]flexibility in organization.33.The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media[A]invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers.[B]can be used to produce negative effects in marketing.[C]may be responsible for fiercer competition.[D]deserve all the negative comments about them.34.Toyota Motor’s experience is cited as an example of[A]responding effectively to hijacked media.[B]persuading customers into boycotting products.[C]cooperating with supportive consumers.[D]taking advantage of hijacked media.35.Which of the following is the text mainly about?[A]Alternatives to conventional paid media.[B]Conflict between hijacked and earned media.[C]Dominance of hijacked media.[D]Popularity of owned media.Text 4It’s no surprise that Jennifer Senior’s insightful,provocative magazine cover story,“I love My Children,I Hate My Life,”is arousing much chatter–nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling,life-enriching experience.Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable,Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness:instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy,we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition.Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard,Senior writes that“the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.”The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week.There are also stories about newly adoptive–and newly single–mom Sandra Bullock,as well as theusual“Jennifer Aniston is pregnant”news.Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom,or mom-to-be,smiling on the newsstands.In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation,is it any wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you supportkitten-killing?It doesn’t seem quite fair,then,to compare the regrets of parents to the regrets of the children.Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn’t have had kids,but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world:obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives.Of course,the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic,especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock.According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples,single parents are the least happy of all.No shock there,considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on;yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it,raising a kid on their“own”(read:with round-the-clock help)is a piece of cake.It’s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous:most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut.But it’s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free,happiness-enhancing parenthood aren’t in some small,subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience,in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting“the Rachel”might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston.36.Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can bring[A]temporary delight[B]enjoyment in progress[C]happiness in retrospect[D]lasting reward37.We learn from Paragraph 2 that[A]celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip.[B]single mothers with babies deserve greater attention.[C]news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining.[D]having children is highly valued by the public.38.It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folks[A]are constantly exposed to criticism.[B]are largely ignored by the media.[C]fail to fulfill their social responsibilities.[D]are less likely to be satisfied withtheir life.39.According to Paragraph 4,the message conveyed by celebrity magazines is[A]soothing.[B]ambiguous.[C]compensatory.[D]misleading.40.Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A]Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms.[B]Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child rearing.[C]Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life.[D]We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing.Part BDirections:The following paragraph are given in a wrong order.For Questions 41-45,you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G to filling them into the numbered boxes.Paragraphs E and G have been correctly placed.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)[A]No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities.You can,Mr Menand points out,became a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four.But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years.Not surprisingly,up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees.[B]His concern is mainly with the humanities:Literature,languages,philosophy and so on.These are disciplines that are going out of style:22%of American college graduates now major in business compared with only 2%in history and 4%in English.However,many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should posses.But most find it difficult to agree on what a“general education”should look like.At Harvard,Mr Menand notes,“the great books are read because they have been read”-they form a sort of social glue.[C]Equally unsurprisingly,only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school.There are simply too few posts.This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs.But fewer students want to studyhumanities subjects:English departments awarded more bachelor’s degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later.Fewer students requires fewer teachers.So,at the end of a decade of theses-writing,many humanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been trained.[D]One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts educations and professional education should be kept separate,taught in different schools.Many students experience both varieties.Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law,medicine or business,future doctors and lawyers must study anon-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification.[E]Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation,top American universities have professionalised the professor.The growth in public money for academic research has speeded the process:federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960and 1990,but faculty teaching hours fell by half as research took its toll.Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career:as late as 1969a third of American professors did not possess one.But the key idea behind professionalisation,argues Mr Menand,is that“the knowledge and skills needed for a particular specialization are transmissible but not transferable.”So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge,but also over the production of the producers of knowledge.[F]The key to reforming higher education,concludes Mr Menand,is to alter the way in which“the producers of knowledge are produced.”Otherwise,academics will continue to think dangerously alike,increasingly detached from the societies which they study,investigate and criticize.”Academic inquiry,at least in some fields,may need to become less exclusionary and more holistic.”Yet quite how that happens,Mr Menand dose not say.[G]The subtle and intelligent little book The Marketplace of Ideas:Reform and Resistance in the American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree.They may then decide to go elsewhere.For something curious has been happening in American Universities,and Louis Menand,aprofessor of English at Harvard University,captured it skillfully.G→41.→42.→E→43.→44.→45.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10 points)With its theme that“Mind is the master weaver,”creating our inner character and outer circumstances,the book As a Man Thinking by James Allen is an in-depth exploration of the central idea of self-help writing.(46)Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share-that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts-and reveal its erroneousnature.Because most of us believe that mind is separate from matter,we think that thoughts can be hidden and made powerless;this allows us to think one way and act another.However,Allen believed that the unconscious mind generates as much action as the conscious mind,and(47)while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone,in reality we are continually faced with a question:“Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that?”Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thoughts that do not accord with desire,Allen concluded:“We do not attract what we want,but what weare.”Achievement happens because you as a person embody the external achievement;you don’t“get”success but become it.There is no gap between mind and matter.Part of the fame of Allen’s book is its contention that“Circumstances do not make a person,they reveal him.”(48)This seems a justification for neglect of those in need,and a rationalization of exploitation,of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom.This,however,would be a knee-jerk reaction to a subtle argument.Each set of circumstances,however bad,offers a unique opportunity for growth.If circumstances always determined the life and prospects of people,then humanity would never haveprogressed.In fat,(49)circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we fel that we have been“wronged”then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from oure situation.Nevertheless,as any biographer knows,a person’s early life and its conditions are often the greatest gift to an individual.The sobering aspect of Allen’s book is that we have no one else to blame for our present condition except ourselves.(50)The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us;where before we were experts in the array of limitations,now we become authorities of what is possible.SectionⅢWritingPart A51.Directions:Write a letter to a friend of yours to1)recommend one of your favorite movies and2)give reasons for your recommendationYour should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2Do not sign your own name at the end of the er“LI MING”instead.Do not writer the address.(10 points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of 160---200 words based on the following drawing.In your essay,you should1)describe the drawing briefly,2)explain it’s intended meaning,and3)give your comments.Your should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(20 points)答案解析Section I Use of English1.【答案】[C]【解析】语义逻辑题。

2011年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(全国卷)第二部分英语知识运用（共两节，满分45分）第一节单选填空（共15 小题，每小题1分，满分15分）例：It is generally considered unwise to give a child be or she wants.A .howeverB .whatever C. whichever D. whenever21.—We could invite John and Barbara to the Friday night party.—Yes, ?I’ll give them a call right now.A. why notB. What forC. whyD. what22. Try she might, Sue couldn’t get the door open.A. ifB. whenC. sinceD. as23. Planning so far ahead no sense-so many things will have changed by next year.A.madeB.is makingC.makesD.has made24. I wasn’t sure if he was really interested or if he polite.A.was just beingB.will just beC.had just beenD.would just be25.—Someone wants you on the phone.— nobody knows I am here.A.AlthoughB.AndC.ButD.So26. I can the house being untidy, but I hate it if it’s not clean.e up withB.put up withC. turn toD.stick to27. The next thing he saw was smoke _______ from behind the house.A. roseB. risingC. to riseD. risen28. Only when he reached the tea-house __________ it was the same place he’d been in last year.A. he realizedB. he did realizeC. realized heD. did he realize29. When Alice came to, she did not know how long she ________ there.A. had been lyingB. has been lyingC. was lyingD. has lain30. The form cannot be signed by anyone _______ yourself.A. rather thanB. other thanC. more thanD. better than31. The prize will go to the writer ____________ story shows the most imagination.A. thatB. whichC. whoseD. what32. They____ have arrived at lunchtime but their flight was delayed.A. willB. canC. mustD. should33. It is generally accepted that____ boy must learn to stand up and fight like____man.A. a; aB. a; theC. the; theD. a; 不填34. William found it increasingly difficult to read, for his eyesight was beginning to ____.A. disappear B .fall C. fail D. damage35. —Artistic people can be very difficult sometimes.—Well, you married one. ____.A. You name it.B. I’ve got it.C. I can’t agree more.D. You should know.第二节完形填空（共20小题；每小题1.5分，满分30分）In our discussion with people on how education can help them succeed in life, a woman remembered the first meeting of an introductory __36__ course about 20 years ago.The professor __37__ the lecture hall, placed upon his desk a large jar filled with dried beans (豆), and invited the students to __38__ how many beans the jar contained. After __39__ shouts of wildly wrong guesses，the professor smiled a thin, dry smile, announced the __40__ answer, and went on saying, "You have just __41__ an important lesson about science. That is: Never __42__ your own senses."Twenty years later, the __43__ could guess what the professor had in mind. He __44__ himself, perhaps, as inviting his students to start an exciting __45__ into an unknown world invisible (无形的) to the __46__, which can be discovered only through scientific __47__. But the seventeen-year-old girl could not accept or even __48__ the invitation.She was just __49__ to understand the world. And she __50 __ that her firsthand experience could be the __51__. The professor, however, said that it was __52__. He was taking away her only __53__ for knowing and was providing her with no substitute (替代). "I remember feeling small and __54__," the women says, "and I did the only thing I could do. I __55__ the course that afternoon, and I haven't gone near science since."36．A.art B.history C.science D.math37．A.searched for B.looked at C.got through D.marched into38．A.count B.guess C.report D.watch39．A.warning B.giving C.turning away D.listening to40．A.ready B.possible C.correct D.difficult41．A.learned B.prepared C.taught D.taken42．A.lose B.trust C.sharpen D.show43．A.lecturer B.scientist C.speaker D.woman44．A.described B.respected C.saw D.served45．A.voyage B.movement C.change D.rush46．A.professor B.eye C.knowledge D.light47．A.model B.senses C.spint D.methods48．A.hear B.make C.present D.refuse49．A.suggesting B.beginning C.pretending D.waiting50．A.believed B.doubted C.proved D.explained51．A.growth B.strength C.faith D.truth52．Afirm B.interesting C.wrong D.acceptable53．A.task B.tool C.success D.connection54．A.cruel B.proud C.frightened D.brave55．A.dropped B.stared C.passed D.missed36--40 CDBDC 41-45: ABDCA 46—50 BDABA 51-55: DCBCA第三部分阅读理解（共20小题；每小题2分，满分40分）AWhen milk arrived on the doorstepWhen I was a boy growing up in New Jersey in the 1960s, we had a milkman delivering milk to our doorstep. His name was Mr. Basille. He wore a white cap and drove a white truck. As a 5-year-old boy, I couldn’t take my eyes off the coin changer fixed to his belt. He noticed this one day during a delivery and gave me a quarter out of his coin changer.Of course, he delivered more than milk. There was cheese, eggs and so on. If we needed to change our order, my mother would pen a note - “Please add a bottle of buttermilk next delivery” - and place it in the box along with the empty bottles. And then, the buttermilk would magically appear.All of this was about more than convenience. There existed a close relationship between families and their milkmen. Mr. Basille even had a key to ourhouse, for those times when it was so cold outside that we put the box indoors, so that the milk wouldn’t freeze. And I remember Mr. Basille from time to time taking a break at our kitchen table, having a cup of tea and telling stories about his delivery.There is sadly no home milk delivery today. Big companies allowed the production of cheaper milk, thus making it difficult for milkmen to compete. Besides, milk is for sale everywhere, and it may just not have been practical to have a delivery service.Recently, an old milk box in the countryside I saw brought back my childhood memories. I took it home and planted it on the back porch （门廊）. Every so often my son’s friends will ask what it is. So I start telling stories of my boyhood, and of the milkman who brought us friendship along with his milk.56. Mr Basille gave the boy a quarter out of his coin changer _____.A. to show his magical power.B. to pay for the delivery.C. to satisfy his curiosity.D. to please his mother.57. What can be inferred from the fact that the milkman had the key to the boy’s house?A. He wanted to have tea there.B. He was a respectable person.C. He was treated as a family member.D. He was fully trusted by the family.58. Why does home milk delivery no longer exist?A. Nobody wants to be a milkman now.B. It has been driven out of the market.C. Its service is getting poor.D. It is forbidden by law.59. Why did the author bring back home an old milk box?A. He missed the good old days.B. He wanted to tell interesting stories.C. He needed it for his milk bottles.D. He planted flowers in it.56.C 57.D 58.B 59.ABThe word advertising refers to any kind of public announcement that brings products and services to the attention of people. Throughout history, advertising has been an effective way to promote (促进) the trading and selling of goods. In the Middle Ages, merchants employed town criers who read public messages aloud to promote their goods. When printing was invented in the fifteenth century, pages of advertisements (ads) could be printed easily and were either hung in public places or put in books.By the end of the seventeenth century, when newspapers were beginning to be read by more people, printed materials became an important way to promote products and services. The London Gazette was the first newspaper to set aside a place just for advertising. This was so successful that by the end of the century several companies started businesses for the purpose of making newspaper ads for merchants.Advertising spread quickly throughout the eighteenth century. Ad writers were starting to pay more attention to the design of the ad text. Everything, from clothes to drinks, was promoted with clever methods such as reception of the firm's name or product words organized in eye-catching patterns, the use of pretty pictures and expressions easy to remember.Near the end of the nineteenth century, companies that were devoted to the production of ads came to be known as "advertising agencies (广告商)." The agencies developed new ways to get people to think of themselves as members of a group. Throughout the twentieth century, advertising agencies promoted consumerism (消费主义) as a way of life, spreading the belief that people could be happy only if they bought the "right" products.60. What was advertising like in the Middle Ages?A. Merchants were employed to promote products.B. Ad messages were shouted out in public places.C. Product information was included in books.D. Ad signs were put up in towns.61. What does the word "This" in Paragraph 2 refer to?A. Advertising in newspapers.B. Including pictures in ads.C. selling goods in markets.D. Working with ad agencies.62 The 18th century advertising was special in its ________.A. growing spendingB. printing materialsC. advertising companiesD. attractive designs63 Which of the following might be the best title for the text?A. The Story of AdvertisingB. The Value of Advertising DesignsC. The Role of Newspaper AdvertisingD. The Development of Printing for AdvertisingBADACWhile small may be beautiful, tall is just plain uncomfortable it seems, particularly when it comes to staying in hotels and eating in restaurants.The Tall Persons Club Great Britain (TPCGB), which was formed six months ago to campaign (发起运动) for the needs of the tall, has turned its attention to hotels and restaurants beds that are too small, shower heads that are too low, and restaurant tables with hardly any leg-room, all make life difficult for those of above average height, it says.But it is not just the extra-tall whose needs are not being met. The average height of the population has been increasing yet the standard size of beds, doorways, and chairs has remained unchanged."The bedding industry says a bed should be six inches larger than the person using it, so even a king-size bed at 6'6" (6 feet and 6 inches) is falling short for 25% of men, while the standard 6'3" bed caters for (满足需要) less than half of the male (男性) population," said TPCGB president Phil Heinricy, "Seven-foot beds would work fine."Similarly, restaurant tables can cause no end of problems. Small tables, which mean the long-legged have to sit a foot or so away from them, are enough to make tall customers go elsewhere.Some have already taken note, however. At Queens Moat Houses' Caledonian Hotel in Edinburgh 6'6" beds are now put in as standard after requests for longer beds from taller visitors, particularly Americans.64. What is the purpose of the TPCGB campaign?A. To provide better servicesB. To rebuild hotels and restaurantsC. To draw public attention to the needs of the tallD. To attract more people to become its members65 .Which of the following might be a bed of proper length according to Phil Heirtricy?A. 7'2”.B. 7'.C. 6'6”.D. 6'3”.66. What may happen to restaurants with small tables?A .They may lose some customers B. They may start businesses elsewhereC .They have to find easy chairs to match the tablesD .They have to provide enough space for the long—legged67. What change has already been made in a hotel in Edinburgh?A. Tall people pay more for larger beds.B. 6'6” beds have taken the place of 6'3” beds.C. Special rooms are kept for Americans.D. Guest rooms are standardized.CBABDCassandra Feeley finds it hard to manage on her husband's income. So this year she did something more than a hobby (业余爱好). She planted vegetables in her yard. For her first garden, Ms. Feeley has put in 15 tomato plants, and five rows of a variety of vegetables. The family's old farm house has become a chicken house, its residents arriving next month. Last year, Ms. Rita Gartin kept a small garden. This year she has made it much larger because, she said, "The cost of everything is going up and I was looking to lose a few pounds too; so it's a win-win situation all around."They are among the growing number of Americans who, driven by higher living costs and a falling economy (经济), have taken up vegetable gardening for the first time. Others have increased the size of their existing gardens. Seed companies and garden shops say that not since the 1970s has there been such an increase in interest in growing food at home. Now many gardens across the country have been sold out for several months. In Austin, Tex. some of the gardens have a three-year waiting list.George C Ball Jr., owner of a company, said sales of vegetable seeds and plants are up by 40%, over last year, double the average growth of last five years. Mr. Ball argues that some of the reasons have been building for the last few years. The big one is striking rise in the cost on food like bread and milk, together with the increases in the price of fruit and vegetables. Food prices have increased because of higher oil price. People are driving less, taking fewer vacations, so there is more time to garden.68. What does the word "residents" in Paragraph 1 probably refer to?A. chickensB. tomatoesC. gardensD. people69. By saying "a win-win situation all around", Ms. Gartin means that ________.A. she is happier and her garden biggerB. she may spend less and lose weightC. she is selling more and buying lessD. she has grown more varieties of vegetables70. Why is vegetable gardening becoming increasingly popular?A. More Americans are doing it for fun.B. The price of oil is lower than before.C. There's a growing need for fruits.D. The cost of living is on the rise.71. Which of the following might be the best title for the text?A. Family Food PlanningB. Banking on GardeningC. A Belt-tightening MoveD. Gardening as a HobbyA B D BEWanted, Someone for a KissWe're looking for producers to join us on the sound of London Kiss 100 FM. You'll work on the station's music programmes. Music production experience in radio is necessary, along with rich knowledge of modern dance music. Please apply (申请) in writing to Producer Vacancies, Kiss 100.Father ChristmasWe're looking for a very special person, preferably over 40, to fill our Father Christmas suit.Working days: Every Saturday from November 24 to December 15 and every day from December 17 to December 24 except Sundays, 10:30-16:00.Excellent pay.Please contact (联系) the Enterprise Shopping Centre, Station Parade, Eastbourne.Accountants AssistantWhen you join the team in our Revenue Administration Unit, you will be providing assistance within all parts of the Revenue Division, dealing with post and other general duties. If you are educated to GCSE grade C level we would like to talk to you. This position is equally suitable for a school leaver or for somebody who has office experience.Wealden District CouncilSoftware TrainerIf you are aged 24-45 and have experience in teaching and training, you could be the person we are looking for. You should be good at the computer and have some experience in programme writing. You will be allowed to make your own decisions, and to design courses as well as present them. Pay upwards of ￡15,000 for the right person. Please apply by sending your CV (简历) to Mrs R. Oglivie, Palmlace Limited.72. Who should you get in touch with if you hope to work in a radio station?A. Producer Vacancies, Kiss 100.B. Mrs Oglivie, Palmlace Limited.C. The Enterprise Shopping Centre.D. Wealden District Council.73. We learn from the ads that the Enterprise Shopping Centre needs a person who ________.A. is aged between 24 and 40B. may do some training workC. should deal with general dutiesD. can work for about a month74. Which position is open to recent school graduates?A. Producer, London Kiss.B. Father Christmas.C. Accountants Assistant.D. Software Trainer.75. What kind of person would probably apply to Palmlace Limited?A. One with GCSE grade C level.B. One with some office experience.C. One having good computer knowledge.D. One trained in producing music programmes.ADCC第二卷第二节书面表达（满分25分）（注意：在试题卷上作答无效。

2011年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(全国卷I) 第一部分听力(共两节，满分30分)第一节(共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分)例：How much is the shirt?A.￡19.15.B.￡9.15.C.￡9.18.答案是B.1. What does the man like about the play?A. The story.B. The ending.C. The actor.2. Which place are the speakers trying to find?A. A hotel.B. A bank.C. A restaurant.3. At what time will the two speakers meet?A. 5:20.B. 5:10.C. 4:40.4. What will the man do?A. Change the plan.B. Wait for a phone call.C. Sort things out.5. What does the woman want to do?A. See a film with the man.B. Offer the man some help.C. Listen to some great music.第二节(共15小题；每小题15分，满分22 .5分)听第6段材料，回答第6、7题。

6. Where is Ben?A. In the kitchen.B. At school.C. In the park.7. What will the children do in the afternoon?A. Help set that table.B. Have a party.C. Do their homework. 听第7段材料，回答第8、9题。

8. What are the two speakers talking about?A. A family holiday.B. A business trip.C. A travel plan.9. Where did Rachel go?A. Spain.B. Italy.C. China.听第8段材料，回答第10至12题。

2011年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语本试卷分第一卷（选择题）和第二卷（非选择题）两部分。

考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。

第一卷注意事项：1.答第一卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在本试卷和答题卡相对应的位置上。

2.选出每小题答案后，用铅笔把答题卡上对于题目的答案标号涂黑。

如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。

不能答在本试卷上，否则无效。

第一部分听力（共两节，满分30分）做题时，先将答案标在试卷上。

录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。

听下面5段对话。

每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。

听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回来有关小题和阅读下一小题。

每段对话仅读一遍。

例：How much is the shirt?A. ￡19.15.B. ￡9.15C. ￡9.18.答案是B。

1.What does the man like about the play?A.The story.B.The ending.C.The actor.2.Which place are the speakers trying to find?A.A hotel.B.A bank.C.A restaurant.3.At what time will the two speakers meet?A. 5:20B. 5:10C.4:404.what will the man do ?A.Change the planB.Wait for a phone callC.Sort things out5.What does the woman want to do ?A.See a film with the man.B. Offer the man some helpC.Listen to some greatmusic.第二节（共15小题：每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）请听下面5段对话。

SectionⅠ Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Ancient Greek philosopher viewed laughter as “a bolidy eercise preicious to h eath.”But 1 some claims to the contrary ,laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness. Laughter does 2 short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, 3 heart rate and oxygen consummption ,But because hard laughter is difficult to 4 ,a good laugh is unlikely to have 5 benefits the ,say,walking ot jogging does6 ,instead of straining muscles to bulid them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the7 ,studies dating back to the 1930’s indicate that laughter8 muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies downSuch bodily reaction might conceivably help 9 the effects of psychological stress.Anyway, the act og laughing probably does 11 one classical theory of emtion, our feelings are partially rooted 12 physical reactions. It was argued at the end of 19th centry that humens do not cry 13 they are sad but they become sad when the tears begins to flowAlthiugh sadness also 14 tears ,evidence suggests that emotions can flow 15 muscular responses. In an experimemt published in 1988, social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of wiirzburg in Germany asked volunteers to 16 a pen eigher with their teeth-thereby creating an artificial smile-or with their lips, which would produce a(n) 17 expression. Those forced to exercise thrie enthusiastically to funny catoons than did those whose months were contracted in a frown, 19 that expression may influence emotions rather than just the other way around 20 ,the physical act of laughter could improve mood1. [A] among [B] except [C]despite [D] like2. [A] reflect [B]demend [C]indicate [D]produce3. [A] stabilizing [B] boosting [C] impairing [D] determining4. [A] transmit [B]sustain [C] evaluate [D] observe5. [A] measurable [B]manageable [C]affordable [D]renewable6. [A] In turn [B] In fact [C] In addition [D] In brief7. [A] opposite [B]impossible [C]average [D] expected8. [A] hardens [B] weakens [C] tightens [D]relaxes9. [A] aggravate [B] generate [C] morderate [D] enhance10. [A] physical [B] mental [C] subcinscious [D]intermal11. [A] Except for [B] According to [C] Due to [D] As for12. [A] with [B] on [C] in [D]at13. [A] unless [B] until [C] if [D] because14. [A] exhausts [B] follows [C] precedes [D] supresses15. [A] into [B]form [C] towards [D] beyond16. [A] fecth [B] form [C] pick [D] hold17. [A] disappointed [B] excited [C] joyful [D] indifferent18. [A] adapted [B] catered [C] turned [D] reacted19. [A] suggesting [B] requiring [C] mentioning [D] supposing20. [A] Eventually [B] Consequently [C] Similatly [D] ConverselySectionⅡ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Reading the following fours texts. Answer the question below each text by Choosing [A],[B],[C] or [D]. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET1.(40points)Text 1The decision of the New York philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least “Hooray! A t last!” wrote A nthony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music criticOne of the reason why the appiontment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilber is commparatively little known Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert’s appointment in the Times, calls him “an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.”As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that semms likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint prwiseFor my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure, be performs an impressive variety of interesting composition, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer amd download still more recorded music form iTumesDevoted concertgoers who reply that recording are no substitute for live performance are missing the point. For the time, attention, and money of theart-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes , theeater companies, and museums, but also with the recorsed performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. There recording are cheap, available everwhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today’s choosing. The widespread availabilyty of such recording has thus brought about a ctisis in the institution of the traditional classical councertOne possible reponse is for classical performers to program attravtive newmusic that is not yet available on recors. Gilbert’s own interest in new music has been widely noted: Alex Ross , a classical-music critic, has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Phiharmonic into “a markedly different, more vibrant organization” But what will be the nature of that difference? Merely, expanding the orchestra’s repertorre will not be enough. If Gilbert and thr Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship between America’a olderest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.21.We learn from Para 1 that Gilbert’s appointment has[A]incured criticism[B]raised suspicion[C]raceived acclaim[D]around curiousity22.Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is[A]influential[B]modest[C]respectable[D]talented23. The auther believes that the devoted concertgoers[A]ingore the expense of live performance[B]reject most kinds of recorded performance[C]exaggerate the variety of live performanc[D]overestimate the variety of live performance24.According to the text, which of the following is true of recordings?[A]They are often interror to live concerts in quality[B]They are easily accessible to the genral public[C]They help improve the quality of music[D]They have only convered masterpieces25.Regarding Gilbert’s role in revitalixing the Philharmonic, the authir feels[A]doubtful[B]enthusisastic[C]confident[D]puzzledText 2When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August,his expanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving to presue my goal of running a company, broadcasting his ambition "was very much my decision," McGee says. Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.MaGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to refect on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isn't alone. In recent weeks the NO.2 executives Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net. In the third quarter, CEo turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had, according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Krn Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey, "I can't think of a single search I've done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first."Those who jumped without a job haven't always landed in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age, saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commoditied exchange. Robert Willumstad left CItigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally took that post at a major financial institurion three years later.Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad on. "The traditional rule was it's safer to stay where you are, bu that's been fundamentally inverted," says one headhunter. "The people who've been hurt the worst are those who've stayed too long"26. When McGee announced his departure, his manner can best be described as being( )A. ArrogantB. frankC. self-centeredD. impulsive27. According to Paragraph 2, senior executives quitting may be spurred by ( )A. their expectation of better financial statusB. their need to reflect on their private lifeC. their strained relations with the boardsD. their pursuit of new career goals28. The word "poached" (Line3, Paragraph 4) most probably means ( )A. approved ofB. attended toC.hunted forD. guarded against29. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that ( )A. top performers used to cling to their postsB. loyalty of top performers is getting out-datedC. top performers care more about reputationsD. it's safer to stick to the traditional rules.30. Which of the following is the best title for the text?A. CEOs: where to GO?B. CEOs: All the Way Up?C. Top managers Jump without a NetD. The Only way out for Top PerformersText 3The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional "paid " media-such as television commercials and print advertisements-still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may create "owned" media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Webe site. The way consumenrs now approatch the board range of factors beyond conventional paid media.Paind and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. For earned media, such marketers act as the initiators for users' responses. But in some cases, one marketer's owned media become another marketer's paid media-for instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We difine such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong tha other organization palce their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. Thies trend, which we believe is still in its infance, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further John& JOhnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products. Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies' marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign become hostage to consumers,other stakeholders, or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product. Members of social networks, for instance, are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesse that originally created them.If that happends, passinate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting the reputation of the target company at risk. In such a case, the company's response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage fromits recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly sites such as Twitter and the social-news sit Digg.31. Consumers may creat "earned" media when they are ( )A. obscssed with online shopping at certain Web sitesB. inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to themC. eager to help their friends promote quality productsD. enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products32. According to Paragraph 2, sold media feature ( )A. a safe business environmentB. random competitionC. Strong user trafficD. flexibility in organization33. The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media ( )A. invite constant conflicts with passinate consumersB. can be used to produce negative effects in marketingC. may be responsible for fiercer competitionD. deserve all the getative comments about them34. Toyota Motor's experience is cited as an example of ( )A. responding effectively to hijacked mediaB. persuading customers into boycotting productsC. cooperating with supportive consumersD. taking advantage of hijacked media35. Which of the following is the text mainly about?A. Alternatives to conventional paid mediaB. Conflict between hijacked and earned mediaC. Dominance of hijacked mediaD. Popularity of owned mediaText 4It’s no surprise that Jennifer Senior’s insightful, provocative magazi ne cover story, “I love My Children, I Hate My Life,” is arousing much chatter-nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling, life-enriching experience Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness, instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy, we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Senior writes that “the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.”The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardlythe only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week. There are also stories about newly adoptive-and newly single-mom Sandra Bullock, as well as the usual “Jennifer Aniston is pregnant” news. Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom, or mom-to-be, smiling on the newsstands.In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, o sot any wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-killing ? It doesn’t seem quite f air, then , to compare the regrets of parent to the regrets of the children. Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn’t have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world: obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives. Of course the image of parenthood that celebrity magazine like Us Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic, especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock. According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples, single parents are the least happy of all. No shock there, considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on; yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it, raising a kid on their “own (read: with round-the-clock help) is a piece of cake.”It’s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous: most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. But it’s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free, happiness-enhancing parenthood aren’t in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience, in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting “the Rachel” might make us look justa little bit like Jennifer Aniston.36. Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can bring[A] temporary delight.[B] enjoyment in progress.[C] happiness in retrospect.[D] lasting reward.37. We learn from Paragraph 2 that[A] celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip.[B] single mothers with babies deserve greater attention.[C] news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining.[D] having children is highly valued by the public.38. It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folk.[A] are constantly exposed to criticism.[B] are largely ignored by the media.[C] fail to fulfill their social responsibilities.[D] are less likely to be satisfied with their life.39. According to Paragraph 4, the message conveyed by celebrity magazines is[A] soothing.[B] ambiguous.[C] compensatory.[D] misleading.40. Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A] Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms.[B] Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child rearing.[C] Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life.[D] We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing.Part BDirections:The following paragraph are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize those paragraph into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G to filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraph E and C have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)[A] No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm the humanities. You can, Mr. Menand points out, became a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four. But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees.[B] His concern is mainly with the humanities: Literature, languages, philosophy and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of sytle:22% of American college graduates now major in business compared with only 2% in history and 4% in English. However, many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should posses. But most find it difficult to agree on what a “general education” should look like. At Harvard, Mr. Menand notes, “the great books are read because they have been read”, they form a sort of social glue.[C] Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school. There are simply too few posts. This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want to study humanities subjects: English department awarded more bachelor’s degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later. Fewer students requires fewer teachers. So, at the end of a decade of theses-writing, many humanities students leave the profession to du something for which they have not been trained.[D] One reason why it is hard to design and teach courses is that they can cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts educations and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools. Many students experience both varieties Although more than half of Harvard undergraduatesend up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-art degree before embarking on a professional qualification.[E] Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation top American universities have professionalized the professor. The growth on public money for academic research has speeded the process: federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960 and 1990, but faculty teaching hours fell by half as research took its toll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career: as late as 1969 a third of American professors did not possess one. But the key idea behind professionalization, argues Mr. Menand, is that “the knowledge and skills needed for a particular specialization are transmissible but not transferable.” So di sciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge, but also over the production of the producers of knowledge.[F] The key to reforming higher education, concludes Mr. Menand, is to alter the way in which “the producers of knowledge are produced.” Otherwise, academics will continue to think dangerously alike, increasingly detached from the societies which they study, investigate and criticize. “Academic inquiry, at least in some fields, may need to become less exclusionary and more holi stic.” Yet quite how that happens, Mr. Menand dose not say.[G] The subtle and intelligent little book The marketplace of Ideas: Reform and Resistance in the American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree. They may then decide to go elsewhere. For something curious has been happening in American Universities, and Louis Menand, a professor of English at Harvard University, captured it skillfully.SectionⅢ WritingPart A51. Directions:Write a letter to a friend of yours to1) recommend one of your favorite movies and2) give reasons for your recommendation.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use”Li Ming”instead.Do not write the address.(10points)Part B52、DirectionWrite an essay of 160-200words based on the following drawing .In your essay ,you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended measing and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(20points)英语（一）真题答案Section I Use of English1．C 2．D 3．B 4．B 5．A 6．B 7．A 8．D 9．C 10．A 11．B 12．C 13．D 14．C 15．B 16．D 17．A 18．D 19．A 20．CSection II Reading ComprehensionPart A21.C 22.B 23.D 24.B 25.A26.B 27.D 28.C 29.A 30.B31.D 32.C 33.B 34.A 35.A 36.C 37.C 38.D 39.D 40.BPart B41.B 42.D 43.A 44.C 45.FPart C Translation46. 艾伦的贡献在于提出了我们大家都认同的假设——我们不是机器人，因此能够控制自己的思维——并且指出了这个假设是错误的。

2011年1月全国高等教育自学考题高级英语试卷请将解答填在答题纸相应位置上，全部题目用英文作答（英译汉题目除外）I. The following paragraphs are taken from the textbooks, followed by a list of words or expressions marked A to Y. Choose the one that best completes each of the sentences and write the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet. One word or expression for each blank only. (25 points, 1 point for each)West Germany, by contrast, will not be able to 1 any form of euthanasia for a long time to come. Opposition is 2 fierce, because of the shadow of the past. Countries 3 an uninterrupted recent libertarian tradition have less to fear from setting some 4 rules for voluntary euthanasia. By 5 to discuss it, they usher in something worse.We watched while pride allowed unimportant battles to be 6 into the most important stands of the war－because we couldn’t 7 and we couldn’t retreat and because it didn’t matter how many American 8 were provided to prove that point. Now we are told that we have to 9 quietly while the American lives are lost so that we can exercise the 10 arrogance of Vietnamizing the Vietnamese.Newspapers have two great advantages 11 television. They can be used by men as barriers12 their wives. It is still the only effective screen against the morning features of the loved one, and, as such, performs a unique human 13 . The second advantage is that you can’t line a14 pail with a television set—it’s usually the other way 15 .It is only lately that I have found how much science of genetics is 16 . Agronomists and the like have taken to 17 all sorts of vegetables and fruits －changing their 18 nature. This sounds wonderful and often is 19 . For the scientists have not as a rule taken any 20 whatsoever in the taste of the things they’ve tampered with!My own lack of shame in the rioting then ta place in America 21 me. In one sense, I was the 22 of the ghetto child who through hard work and initiative was 23 himself toward a better life. I was the 24 , the exception. It was my life that was held up to Watts youth to 25 .II. Each of the following sentences is given four choices of words or expressions. Choose the right one to complete the sentence and write the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet. (15 points, 1 point for each)26. These arguments have never been _________ accepted.A.amplyB. drasticallyC.perpetuallyD. universally27. It takes the most cool-headed and good-tempered of drivers to resist the temptation to revenge when subjected to _________ behavior.A. unfamiliarB. uncivilizedC. unsatisfiedD. uncommon28. The emergency services said it was _________ that no one was seriously injured in the air crash.A. miraculousB. mysteriousC. ridiculousD. relentless29. Banks _________ receive money from their customers in two distinct forms: on current account, and on deposit account.A. formallyB. narrowlyC. normallyD. particularly30. The recession has _________ so many firms that many can no longer survive.A. lessenedB. weakenedC. decreasedD. reduced31. In science, a theory is a reasonable __________ of observed events.A. explanationB. excavationC. expressionD. evaluation32. Children do not learn what it is to lose and will __________ violence to release theirdisappointment.A. refer toB. attribute toC. point toD. resort to33.A sincere __________ is like the sunshine which can boost our morale.A. complimentB. supplementC. accomplishmentD. complement34. He was arrested when his __________ scheme to evade taxes came to light.A. fakeB. fraudulentC. falseD. foreign35. This old room has not been much in use of late. No wonder it has such a_______ appearance.A. vulgar .B. fancyC. shabbyD. cheap36. That little boy was so naughty that he tried to _________ feathers from a chicken.A. flickB. twistC. pluckD. toss37. The task of a teacher _________ patience and conscientiousness.A. commandsB. demandsC. amendsD. mends38. She gave us unfailing _________ and became an essential part of our family.A. devotionB. inspectionC. explorationD. indication39. As we were saying goodbye, the train started with a_________.A. shakeB. shiverC. trembleD. jerk40. Parents should attach importance to their children’s _________ from adolescence to adulthood.A. permissionB. positionC. transmissionD. transitionRead the following passage carefully and complete the succeeding three items III, IV, V.why I Came to College(1) Why have I chosen to attend college? I have put this question to myself at many times and in various forms during the past three and a half months which have constituted the first semester of my freshman year. Have I come because of parental influence, or because I have some goal of my own that I wish to pursue? After pondering these questions on many occasions, I have finally reached the conclusion that I have come to college not for one single reason, but for many, and that it is something that I truly want to do.(2) Originally, my parents did influence my opinions about education in general. My mother, an elementary school teacher, was always proud of my academic successes, but she never really pushed me or demanded that I achieve excellent grades. However, from the beginning of my schooling, my parents seemed to assume that I would attend college, and by the time I reached high school, I had become accustomed to that idea as well.(3) When I entered high school, I enrolled in the college preparatory program offered there, loo ahead four years to college attendance. However, as I proceeded further through high school into my junior and senior years, I became genuinely interested in many of the subjects which I was studying. Chemistry, physics, andcalculus were the courses which held my interest most strongly and I felt that I wanted to continue to study those areas beyond the high school level. Up to that point in my life, I had always claimed that I wanted to attend college. but didn’t realize why until my high school career drew to a close.(4) Finally, I began to recognize in myself a strong drive to obtain knowledge. I knew that I would not be content to simply end my educational career with high school and enter the wor world. I truly felt a need to continue learning in order to gain a better understanding of the world around me. My final decision to attend college seemed a natural one, and my choice of engineering as a field of study came easily as well, since the profession fit well with my academic preferences.(5) The fact that I enjoy learning and gaining knowledge was my main reason for choosing to enter college, but I must admit that it was not the sole reason. In today’s world, a college education has become al most essential if one wishes to compete in the job market. In the next several years, this trend will surely continue, with a Bachelor’s degree becoming almost indispensable if one wishes to find a worthwhile position, and a Master’s degree becoming highly desirable for advanced positions. Although it may sound materialistic, I felt that attending college was a practical and necessary step which I took to ensure a secure future for myself and my family. I made my choice to study engineering primarily on the basis of my love of mathematics and the physical sciences; however, the fact that it is a well-paid and respected profession did have some influence on my final decision to study engineering, rather than a pure science curriculum. Either field would have allowed me to study those subjects which hold my interest, but the decision to pursue the one which would ultimately be more profitable was not a difficult choice to make.(6) A third reason that I am attending college is that I have always hoped that I could make a contribution to the world. I knew that a career involving science and technology would give me the best opportunity to do this. I also knew that in order to pursue such a career, I would be required to go through college. Hopefully, this will enable me to someday make a contribution to the expansion of the frontiers of society’s knowledge, and to in some way benefit mankind.(7) Finally, I chose to attend a diversified college, as opposed to a purely technical institute, because I feel that college should allow a person to grow in areas other than pure academics. It should also expose that student to a variety of social and political ideas, helping to expand his mental horizons. Attending Rutgers University has definitely allowed me to come into contact with a wide variety of lifestyles which could only be found together on a collegiate campus. Additionally, while I am able to major in a scientific field at Rutgers, I am able to simultaneously take courses which explore other fields of study and allow me to become a more diversified and well-rounded person. This overall gain of general knowledge which is available only to the college student is another reason that I was lured toward the pursuitof a higher education.(8) Thus, I came to college not for one reason, but for several different ones. It was something that I had planned, even without fully knowing why, for several years.It was certainly the next logical step in my educational career after the completionof high school. However, only in my final two years of high school did I actually begin to recognize in myself the inherent desire to obtain information and learning which pursue the other goals which I had set for myself. I also knew that I wantedto become a more diversified person, and that a college education was the best meansto attain that end.(9) Why have I chosen to attend college? Sometimes I am unsure of the exact reason myself. I am sure, however, that it is what I should do and what I want to do with the next four years of my life.III. In this section, there are ten incomplete statements or questions, followedby four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and write the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet. (20 points, 2 points for each)41. According to the passage, the author came to college mainly __________.A. out of his own willB. because of social pressureC. out of respect for his parentsD. because of financial attraction42. The word “pondering” in Paragraph l can be best replaced by __________ .A. answering appropriatelyB. exploring thoroughlyC. dealing with efficientlyD. thin carefully about43. According to Paragraph 2, which of the following is true about the author’s parents?A. They were demanding.B. They were open-minded.C. They were indifferent to his future.D. They were anxious about his future.44. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word “genuinely” in Paragraph 3 ?A. reallyB. completelyC. immediatelyD. finally45. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that _________ .A. few people study for Bachelor’s degreesB. a college degree means more than ever beforeC. college education is required for a good futureD. a Master’s degree can guarantee advanced positions46. Which of the following can best explain the word “indispensable” in Paragraph 5?A. ingenuousB. essentialC. advantageousD. helpful47. The author chose engineering mainly because _________ .A. it was more popularB. he could make more moneyC. he was more interested in itD. he could be more successful48. College education was expected to make the author _________ .A. realisticB. technically sophisticatedC. intelligentD. comprehensively developed49. The author states in Paragraph 7 that _________ .A. a diversified college can provide knowledge in various fieldsB. a diversified college is the only place where a person can learnC. higher education in a diversified college can ensure success in the futureD. a student can learn as many subjects as he likes in a diversified college50. The purpose of the author in writing this passage is to _________ .A. advertise educational institutionsB. persuade people to obtain college degreesC. emphasize the importance of higher educationD. ex press his understanding of today’s education systemsIV. Translate the following sentences into Chinese and write the translation on your Answer Sheet. (10 points,2 points for each)51. Have I come because of parental influence, or because I have some goal of my own that I wish to pursue?52. When I entered high school, I enrolled in the college preparatory program offered there, loo ahead four years to college attendance.53.Up to that point in my life, I had always claimed that I wanted to attend college, but didn’t realize why until my high school career drew to a close.54.I knew that I would not be content to simply end my educational career with high school and enter the wor world.55.I also knew that I wanted to become a more diversified person, and that a college education was the best means to attain that end.V. Answer the following essay question in English within 80-100 words. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet. (10 points)56. Why did you decide to have higher education?VI. Translate the following sentences into English and write the translation on your Answer Sheet. (20 points,2 points each for 57-60,4 points for 61,8 points for 62)57.这一解决方式的弊端在于它已不再广泛适用。