河海大学研究生英语教程翻译(Unit11-20)

' Ten pence for a view over the bay' . said the old man with the telescope.'Lovely clear morning. Have a look at the old lighthouse and the remains of the great shipwreck o f 1935.'十便士看一次海湾风光，”那个带着一架望远镜的老头说道：“多么晴朗美丽的早晨。

请来看看那古老的灯塔和1935年失事的大轮船残骸吧。

”Ten pence was sheer robbery, but the view was certainly magnificent. 要十便士简直是敲诈勒索，可是海湾的景色确实壮丽。

Cliffs stretched into the distance, sparkling waves whipped by the wind were unrolling on to the b each, and a few yachts, with creamy-white sails, were curving and dodging gracefully on the sea . Just below, a flock of seagulls were screaming at one another as they twisted and glided over the water. A mile out to sea, the old lighthouse stood on a stone platform on the rocks, which were b eing greedily licked by the waves. In no way indeed did I grudge my money. As I directed the teles cope towards the lighthouse, the man beside me tapped my wrist.峭壁向远方伸展，海风激起的阵阵波浪泛着白花，冲上海滩。

研究生英语综合教程（上）课文翻译unitone核心员工的特征大卫g．詹森1核心员工究竟是什么样子的?几乎每次进行调查时，我都会从雇主们那里听到“核心员工”这个名词。

我请一位客户――一位正参与研究的人事部经理，给我解释一下。

“每家公司都有少数几个这样的员工，在某个专业领域，你可以指望他们把活儿干好。

在我的小组中，有七名化工流程工程师和生物学家，其中有那么两三个人是我赖以生存的，”他说，“他们对我的公司而言不可或缺。

当请你们公司替我们招募新人的时候，我们期待你们会去其他公司找这样的人：其他公司经理不想失去的员工。

我们只招募核心员工。

”2这就是一段充满著了鼓动性的谈话，目的就是把猎头们派往竞争对手的公司回去游说经验丰富的员工们搞一次职业更改。

他们想要从另一家公司召募核心员工。

然而，每家公司也从新人中招人。

他们必须找寻的就是全然一样的东西。

“我们把他们和公司顶级员工整体表现出来的特质展开对照。

假如他们看上去存有同样特征的话，我们就在他们身上赌一把。

”只是这样有点儿冒险。

3“这是一种有根据的猜测，”我的人事经理客户说。

作为未来的一名员工，你的工作是帮助人事部经理降低这种风险，你需要帮助他们认定你有潜力成为一名核心员工。

4特征1：无私的合作者职业顾问和化学家约翰费策尔最早明确提出了这个特征。

关于这个特征，人们已经写下了大量的文章。

它之所以应该被反反复复谈到，是因为这一特征就是学术界和企业间最显著的差别。

“这里须要合作，”费策尔说道，“企业的环境并不需要单打独斗，争强好胜，所以整体表现出来合作和无私精神的员工就脱颖而出了。

在企业环境中，没这样的思维方式就不可能将顺利。

”5许多博士后和研究生在进行这种过渡的过程中表现得相当费力。

因为生命中有那么长1一段时间他们都在扮演一个独立研究者的角色，并且要表现得比其他年轻的优秀人才更出色。

你可以藉此提高在公司的吸引力：为追求一个共同的目标和来自其他实验室和学科的科学家们合作――并且为你的个人履历上的内容提供事迹证明。

研究⽣英语综合教程课后翻译研究⽣英语综合教程（下）1.Illogically,she had expected some kind of miracle solution.她本想会有种奇迹般的解决⽅法，这是不合理的事。

2.He stalked away,but with a gnawing uncertainty in his mind.他昂⾸阔步地⾛开，⼼⾥半信半疑，感到⼗分苦恼。

3.The inside of each tent depended on the personality of its occupants.每个帐篷内部怎样布置，这要看各个使⽤者的性格了。

4.Doctors and injured both talked about a miracle drug constantly almost with awe.医⽣和伤员常常谈起⼀种神奇的药物，⽽且谈时⼏乎都带着⼀种惊叹的⼝⽓。

5.The answer had been there all of the time just out of reach.答案⼀直摆在那⼉，可是没⼈弄到⼿。

1.The ample yard in back is dominated by heavily bearing fruit trees.屋后是个宽敞的院⼦，⼤部分都给果实累累的果树占了。

2.Out of sheer joy she waved.她纯粹出于⾼兴，才挥了挥⼿。

He wanted to tell John how surprised he was at his knowledge but embarrassment made him hold his peace.3.他想告诉约翰，他没料到他的只是这么渊博，但是觉得有点不好意思，没有说出⼝。

4.Three rains had passed, and it was that lean season when the village's store of grain and other dried foods from the last harvest was almost gone.3个⾬季过去了，正到了青黄不接的时候。

课文原文1-7 Unit 1 The Hidden Side of Happiness1 Hurricanes, house fires, cancer, whitewater rafting accidents, plane crashes, vicious attacks in dark alleyways. Nobody asks for any of it. But to their surprise, many people find that enduring such a harrowing ordeal ultimately changes them for the better.Their refrain might go something like this: "I wish it hadn't happened, but I'm a better person for it."1飓风、房屋失火、癌症、激流漂筏失事、坠机、昏暗小巷遭歹徒袭击，没人想找上这些事儿。

但出人意料的是，很多人发现遭受这样一次痛苦的磨难最终会使他们向好的方面转变。

他们可能都会这样说:“我希望这事没发生，但因为它我变得更完美了。

”2 We love to hear the stories of people who have been transformed by their tribulations, perhaps because they testify to a bona fide type of psychological truth, one that sometimes gets lost amid endless reports of disaster: There seems to be abuilt-in human capacity to flourish under the most difficult circumstances. Positive responses to profoundly disturbing experiences are not limited to the toughest or the bravest.In fact, roughly half the people who struggle with adversity say that their lives subsequently in some ways improved.2我们都爱听人们经历苦难后发生转变的故事，可能是因为这些故事证实了一条真正的心理学上的真理，这条真理有时会湮没在无数关于灾难的报道中:在最困难的境况中，人所具有的一种内在的奋发向上的能力会进发出来。

本篇包含全部期末考试考试范围单元！！！Unit 1Ghosts for Tea“十便士看一次海湾风光，”那个带着一架望远镜的老头说道。

“多么晴朗美丽的早晨。

请来看看那古老的灯塔和1935年失事的大轮船残骸吧。

”要十便士简直是敲诈勒索，可是海湾的景色确实壮丽。

峭壁向远方伸展，海风激起的阵阵波浪泛着白花，冲上海滩。

海面上几艘游艇张着乳白色的风帆优雅地避开浪头蜿蜓前进。

山崖下面，一群海鸥相互叫唤着，在海面上盘旋飞翔。

离岸一英里处，在海浪贪婪地吮舔着的岩岸上，那座古老的灯塔矗立在一座石头平台上。

说实话，我毫不吝惜那几个钱。

当我把望远镜转朝灯塔时，站在我身旁的那个老头拍了拍我的手腕。

“您听过在那座灯塔里发生的一起骇人听闻的惨案吗?”他压低了嗓声对我说。

“我想这个地方看起来非常富有戏剧性，有关它的传说一定不少，”我说。

“这可不是传说，”那老头郑重其事地说。

“我父亲认识那起惨案的两个当事人。

一切都发生在50年前的今天。

让我说给您听听吧。

”他的声音似乎变得更低沉、更富有戏剧性了。

“整整一个礼拜，风暴困住了那座灯塔，”他开始说。

“咆啸的大海波涛汹涌，海浪拍打着岩石，轰然作响。

岸上的人们十分担心在那儿工作的两个人。

他们俩是多年的挚友，但在两三个礼拜前，他们在乡村酒店里玩牌时吵了一架。

马丁指责布莱克打牌时耍赖，布莱克则发誓要对侮辱他人格的不实之辞进行报复。

多亏一位他们俩都尊敬的人好言相劝，他们才互相道了歉，并以乎很快地结束了他们之间的不快。

不过各自心里还有些怨恨。

因此，人们担心长时间与世隔绝所造成的极度紧张和恶劣的天气会使他们俩神经过敏，尽管两人的朋友们不消说还根本没意识到后果会有多么严重。

”“离今50年前的那个晚上，灯塔上没有出现灯光，直到凌晨两点钟左右才有一束灯光突然发出警告信号。

“第二天早上，灯光依然可见。

风暴已经平息了，人们派出一条救生船前去查看情况。

等待人们的却是一个不忍目睹的场面——马丁和布莱克的起居室一片骇人景象，桌子翻倒在地，一副牌散得到处都是，地板上溅满了血迹。

A man or woman makes direct contact with society in two ways: as a member of some familial, pr ofessional or religious group, or as a member of a crowd. Groups are capable of being as moral a nd intelligent as the individuals who form them; a crowd is chaotic, has no purpose of its own an d is capable of anything except intelligent action and realistic thinking. Assembled in a crowd, peo ple lose their powers of reasoning and their capacity for moral choice. Their suggestibility is incre ased to the point where they cease to have any judgement or will of their own. They become ver y excitable, they lose all sense of individual or collective responsibility, they are subject to sudden excesses of rage, enthusiasm and panic. In a word, a man in a crowd behaves as though he had s wallowed a large dose of some powerful intoxicant. He is a victim of what I have called' herd-pois oning'. Like alcohol, herd- poison is an active, extravagant drug. The crowd-intoxicated individual escapes from responsibility, intelligence and morality into a kind of frantic, animal mindlessness. 一个人通过以下两种方式与社会直接接触：作为某个家庭、职业或宗教组织的成员，或者仅仅是隶属于某个群体。

Unit 1Ghosts for Tea1 “Ten pence for a view over the bay”，said the old man with the telescope。

“Lovely clear morning。

Have a look at the old lighthouse and the remains of the great shipwreck of 1935。

”“十便士看一次海湾风光，"那个带着一架望远镜的老头说道。

“多么晴朗美丽的早晨。

请来看看那古老的灯塔和1935年失事的大轮船残骸吧。

”2 Ten pence was sheer robbery，but the view was certainly magnificent。

要十便士简直是敲诈勒索,可是海湾的景色确实壮丽.3 Cliffs stretched into the distance, sparkling waves whipped by the wind were unrolling on to the beach，and a few yachts, with creamy-white sails, were curving and dodging gracefully on the sea。

Just below，a flock of seagulls were screaming at one another as they twisted and glided over the water。

A mile out to sea，the old lighthouse stood on a stone platform on the rocks, which were being greedily licked by the waves. In no way indeed did I grudge my money。

能进行计算、做出决定和选择，能利用信息从事各种合理的工作，因此，机器能够思维。” 麻省理工学院著名的数学家诺伯特·威纳做出展望认为，机器能学习，它“决不会被迫做出 我们必须作的决定，或是迎合我们。”显然，他认为机器能够思维 There is a popular anecdote about a computer programmer who, just for a lark, spent days se n g up the machine to destroy itself, then watched delightedly as the computer du fully proceeded to commit suicide. If that machine could have thought, would it not have circumvented一 him? 个有关一位计算机程序设计员的轶事广为流传。这位程序设计员只是为了取 Nhomakorabea，花了几天的
A good many technical people become irate when you call a computer a giant brain. They insist t hat a computer does only what thinking humans have planned to have假 it如 d你o. 把计算机称
games intelligently. At the far limit of possibility, they wish to know whether, at least on paper, m achines can reproduce themselves. In other words, are we really certain that a machine can do o nly what its programmer wills it to do? Already there are in existence a number of machines that approach these powers. The simplest type is the computer that understands 许lo多gic杰. 出的人 才在潜心研制从事“非数字”工作的计算机。也就是说，所有的数字输入后，机器能够“以 此为基点继续干下去”。比方说，这些人想看看无生命的装置是否能进行判断、做出选择、 产生思想、伶俐地玩游戏，他们想知道，至少在理论上，机器是否可以再生，再生的可能性

河海大学研究生英语教程第五版Ｕ-Ｕ重点课文中英文对照
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Ｕniｔ1Leabharlann Ｇｈosts foｒTea
1“Ｔen pｅnce forａvｉewover tｈｅbay”，ｓaiｄ ｔheolｄ ｍaｎwiｔｈthe tｅlescope.“Loveｌｙｃleａｒmｏrnｉng．Have a loｏｋat the oｌd ligｈｔｈｏuse and tｈe remainｓof tｈe gｒeat shipwrｅcｋof 193５.”“十便士看一次海湾风光,”那个带着一架望远镜的老头说道。“多么晴朗美丽的早晨。请来看看那古老的灯塔和１９35年失事的大轮船残骸吧。”
5Ｈｉs vｏice seeｍed to grow dｅeperａndmｏreｄｒamatiｃ.他的声音似乎变得更低沉、更富有戏剧性了。
6“Ｆoｒa whｏleweｅｋthat ligｈthouseｈadbｅeｎiｓolaｔedby stoｒms”, heｂegan, “ｗiｔｈterｒｉfｙｉnｇseａsｓurging aｎd crasｈingovｅｒthｅrocks．Peopleon sｈｏrewere anxｉoｕs aｂout thｅtwo men worｋing theｒe. Theｙ'ｄbeｅn on tｈｅbest ofｔerms uｎtil tｗo oｒthreeweekｓｂefｏre，when they hａdｑuarreledoverｃardsin tｈevｉｌlａge inn.MａrtinhaｄaccusedＢlake oｆcheaｔing．Blake haｄｖｏwｅdtoａvengethｅinsulttoｈis hｏnｏr.But tｈanｋs toｔhewisｅadｖｉceｏｆa maｎtｈeyｂotｈreｓpected,ｔheyａpologizedｔｏeａcｈotheｒ，andsooｎseｅｍed to haｖｅｇot oｖｅr tｈeirｄiｓａｇreemenｔ.Bｕｔsoｍｅslightｒesentｍent aｎｄbitteｒnessｒemainｅd. And it wasｆｅaredthat thestrａin of continuedｉsoｌatioｎanｄrough weatｈｅrｍight aｆfｅcｔthｅirｎervｅs,tｈouｇh，needlｅssto say, thｅiｒfriｅnds haｄｎo idea hｏw seｒioｕs the coｎsequeｎcｅsｗouｌd be.”“整整一个礼拜,风暴困住了那座灯塔，”他开始说。“咆啸的大海波涛汹涌,海浪拍打着岩石,轰然作响。岸上的人们十分担心在那儿工作的两个人。他们俩是多年的挚友,但在两三个礼拜前，他们在乡村酒店里玩牌时吵了一架。马丁指责布莱克打牌时耍赖，布莱克则发誓要对侮辱他人格的不实之辞进行报复。多亏一位他们俩都尊敬的人好言相劝,他们才互相道了歉，并以乎很快地结束了他们之间的不快。不过各自心里还有些怨恨。因此,人们担心长时间与世隔绝所造成的极度紧张和恶劣的天气会使他们俩神经过敏,尽管不用说，但两人的朋友们根本没意识到后果会有多么严重。”

Unit 11Passage OneNow custom has not been commonly regarded as a subject of any great importance. The inner workings of our own brains we feel to, be uniquely worthy of investigation, but custom, we have a way of thinking, is behavior at its most commonplace. As a matter of fact, it is the other way around. Traditional custom, taken the world over, is a mass of detailed behavior more astonishing than what any one person can ever evolve in individual actions. Yet that is a rather trivial aspect of the matter. The fact of first-rate importance is the predominant role that custom plays in experience and in belief and the very great varieties it may manifest.No man ever looks at the world with pristine eyes. He sees it edited by a definite set of customs and institutions and ways of thinking. Even in his philosophical probings he cannot go behind these stereotypes; his very concepts of the true and the false will still have reference to his particular traditional customs. John Dewey has said in all seriousness that the part played by custom in shaping the behavior of the individual as over against any way in which he can affect traditional custom, is as the proportion of the total vocabulary of his mothertongue over against those words of his own baby talk that are taken up into the language of his family. When one seriously studies social orders that have had the opportunity to develop independently, the figure becomes no more than an exact and matter-of-fact observation. The life history of the individual is first and formost an adjustment to the patterns and standards traditionally handed down in his community. From the moment of his birth the customs into which he is born shape his experience and behavior. By the time he can talk, he is the little creature of his culture, and by the time he is grown and able to take part in its activities, its habits are his habits, its beliefs his beliefs, its impossibilities his impossibilities.Comprehension Questions1. The author thinks the reason why custom has been ignored in the academic world is that.A.custom reveals only the superficial nature of human behaviorB.the study of social orders can replace the study of customC.people are still not aware of the important role that custom plays in forming our worldoutlookD.custom has little to do with our ways of thinking2. Which of the following is true according to John Dewey?A.An individual can exercise very little influence on the cultural tradition into which he isborn.B.Custom is the direct result of the philosophical probings of a group of people.C.An individual is strongly influenced by the cultural tradition even before he is born.D.Custom represents the collective wisdom which benefits the individual.3. The word "custom" in this passage most probably means .A.the concept of the true and the false of a societyB.the independently developed social ordersC.the adjustment of the individual to the new social environmentD.the patterns and standards of behavior of community4. According to the passage, a person's life, from his birth to his death, .A.is constantly shaping the cultural traditions of his peopleB.is predominated by traditional customC.is continually influenced by the habits of other communitiesD.is continually influenced by the people around him5. The author's purpose in writing this passage is .A.to urge individuals to follow traditional customsB.to stress the strong influence of customs on an individualC.to examine the interaction of man and social customsD.to show man's adjustment to traditional customsPassage TwoThrough human history, weather has altered the march of events and caused some mighty catastrophes. Since Columbus did not know where he was going or where he had arrived when he got there, the winds truly deserved nearly as much credit as he for the discovery of America. Ugly westerlies helped turn the 1588 Spanish Armada away from England in a limping panic. Napoleon was done in twice by weather: once by the snow and cold that forced his fearful retreat from Moscow, later by the rain that bedeviled him at Waterloo and caused Victor Hugo to write: " A few drops of water--- an unseasonable cloud crossing the sky, sufficed for the overthrow of a world. " In 1944 the Allied invasion of Normandy was made possible by a narrow interval of reasonably good weather between the bad. It was so narrow, in fact that Supreme Allied Commander Dwight Eisenhower later expressed gratitude to " the gods of war".Every year brings fresh reminders of the weather's power over human life and events in the form of horrifying tornadoes, hurricanes and floods. These leave behind forgettable statistics and unforgettable images of devastated towns and battered humanity that can only humble people in the face of such wrath. Farmers often suffer the most , from the drought and plagues of biblical times to the hailstorms or quick freezes that even today can wipe out whole crops in minutes, Icy assaults serve as reminders of the inescapable vulnerability of life and social well-being to the whims of the weather. And history is packed with reminders of far worse. The weather, ample, provoked a major social dislocation in the United States in the 1930's when it turned much of the Southwest into the Dust Bowl.Comprehension Questions1.According to the author, Columbus .A.did not discover AmericaB.stole the credit for the discovery 0f America from someone elseC.dose not deserve to be known as the man who discovered AmericaD.was not aware he had discovered America2. According to the passage, what helped the Allies succeed in the Normandy Invations in 1944?A. A spell of bad weatherB. A short period of fairly good weather.C.Good weather followed by bad weather.D.The excellent weather conditions.3. The best title for the first paragraph would be .A.The Development of History up to Modern TimesB.The Importance of Weather for the Progress of Events in HistoryC.The Way Fate Influences the Outcome of Events in HistoryD.Success in All Past Undertakings Depended on the Weather4. In the second paragraph, weather is seen as .A.an impulsive and unpredictable forceB.man's benefactorC.man's chief enemyD. a powerful destroyers of human life and property5. It can be inferred from the passage that weather brings .A.only benefits to manB.only disadvantages to manC.both benefits and disadvantages to manD.nothing but incovenience to manUnit 12Passage OneMaterial culture refers to the touchable, material "things" —physical objects that can be seen, held, felt, used—that a culture produces. Examining a culture's tools and technology can tell us about the group's history and ways of life. Similarly, research into the material culture of music can help us to understand the music-culture. The most vivid body of "things" in it, of course, are musical instruments. We cannot hear for ourselves the actual sound of any musical performance before the 1870s when the phonograph was invented, so we rely on instruments for important information about music-cultures in the remote past and their development. Here we have two kinds of evidence instruments well preserved and instruments pictured in art. Through the study of instruments, as well as paintings, written documents, and so on, we can explore the movement of music from the Near East to China over a thousand years ago, or we can outline the spread of Near Eastern influence to Europe that resulted in the development of most of the instruments on the symphony orchestra.Sheet music or printed music, too is material culture. Scholars once defined folk music-cultures as those in which people learn and sing music by ear rather than from print, but research shows mutual influence among oral and written sources during the past few centuries in Europe, Britain, and America, printed versions limit variety because they tend to standardize any song, yet they stimulate people to create new and different song. Besides, the ability to read music notation has a far-reaching effect on musicians and, when it becomes widespread, on the music-culture as whole.One more important part for music's material culture should be singled out: the influence of the electronic media—radio, record player, tape recorder, television and videocassette, with the future promising talking and singing computers and other developments. This is all part of the"information revolution," a twentieth-century phenomenon as important as the industrial revolution was in the nineteenth. These electronic media are not just limited to modern nations; they have affected music-cultures all over the globe.Comprehension Questions1.Research into the material culture of a nation is of great importance because .A.it helps produce new cultural tools and technologyB.it can reflect the development of the nationC.it helps understand the nation's past and presentD.it can demonstrate the nation's civilization2. It can be learned from this passage that .A.the existence of the symphony was attributed to the spread of Near Eastern andChinese music.B.Near Eastern music had an influence on the development of the instruments inthe symphony orchestraC.the development of the symphony shows the mutual influence of Eastern andWestern musicD.the musical instruments in the symphony orchestra were developed on the basisof Near Eastern music3. According to the author, music notation is important because .A.it has a great effect on the music-culture as more and more people are able toread itB.it tends to standardize folk songs when it is used by folk musiciansC.it is the printed version of standardized versions of songsD.it encourages people to popularize printed versions of songs4. It can be concluded from the passage that the introduction of electronic media into the world of music .A.has brought about an information revolutionB.has speeded up the arrival of a new generation of computesC.has given rise to new forms of music cultureD.has led to the transformation of traditional musical instruments5.which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the passage?A.Musical instruments developed through the years will sooner or later be replacedby computers.B.Music cannot be passed on to future generation unless it is recorded.C.Folk songs cannot be spread far unless they are printed on music sheets.D.The development of music culture is highly dependent on its material aspect.Passage TwoReading to oneself is a modern activity which was almost unknown to the scholars of the classical and medieval worlds, while during the 15th century the term "reading" undoubtedly meant reading aloud. Only during the 19th century did silent reading become commonplace.One should be wary, however, of assuming that silent reading came about simply becausereading aloud is a distraction to others. Examination of factors related to the historical development of silent reading reveals that it became the usual mode of reading for most adult reading tasks mainly because the taks themselves changed in character.The last century saw a steady gradual increase in literacy, and thus in the number of readers. As readers increased, so the number of potential listeners declined, and there was some reduction in the need to read aloud. As reading for the benefit of listeners grew less common, so came the flourishing of reading as a private activity in public places as libraries, railway carriages and offices, where reading aloud would cause distraction to other readers.Towards the end of the century there was still considerable argument over whether books should be used for information or treated respectfully, and over whether the reading of material such as newspapers was in some way mentally weakening. Indeed this argument remains with us still in education. However, whatever its virtues, the old shared literacy culture had gone and was replaced by the printed mass media on the one hand and by books and periodicals for a specialised readership on the otherBy the end of the century students were being recommended to adopt attitudes to books and use skills in reading them which were inappropriate, if not impossible, for the oral reader. The social, cultural, and technological changes in the century had greatly altered what term "reading" implied.Comprehension Questions1. Reading aloud was common before 19th century because .a. silent reading had not been discovered.b. there were few places available for private readingc. few people could read for themselvesd. people relied on reading for entertainment2. The development of silent reading during the 19th century indicated .a. a change in the status of literate peopleb. a change in the nature of readingc. an incerase iri the number of booksd. an increase in the average age of readers3. Educationalists are still arguing about .a. the importance of silent readingb. the amount of information yielded by books and newspapers.c. the effects of reading on intelligenced. the value of different types of reading material4. The emergence of the mass media and specialised periodicals showed that .a. standards of literacy had declinedb.readers' interests had diversifiedc.printing techniques had improvedcationalists' attitudes had changed5.It can be inferred from the passage that the writer is attempting to .a. explain how present-day reading habits developedb. change people's attitudes to readingc. show how reading methods have improvedd. encourage the growth of readingUnit 13Passage OneThree English dictionaries published recently all lay claim to possessing a "new" feature, the BBC English Dictionary contains background information on 1000 people and places prominent in the news since 1988; the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary: Encyclopedic Edition is the OALD plus encyclopedic entries; the Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture is the LDOCE plus cultural information.The key fact is that all three dictionaries can be seen to have a distinctly "cultural" as well as language learning content. That being said, the way in which they approach the cultural element is not identical | making direct comparisons between the three difficulties.While there is some common ground between the encyclopedic/cultural entries for the Oxford and Longman dictionaries, there is a clear difference. Oxford lays claim to being encyclopedic on content whereas Longman distinctly concentrates on the language and culture of the English-speaking world. The Oxford dictionary can therefore stand more vigorous scrutiny for cultural bias than the Longman publication because the latter does not hesitate about viewing the rest of the world from the cultural perspectives of the English-speaking world. The cultural objectives of the BBC dictionary are in turn more distinct still. Based on an analysis of over 70 million words recorded from the BBC World Service and National Public Radio of Washington over a period of four years, their 1000 brief encyclopedic entries are based on people and places that have featured in the news recently. The intended user they have in mind is a regular listener to the World Service who will have a reasonable standard of English and a developed skill in listening comprehension.In reality, though, the BBC dictionary will be purchased by a far wider range of language learners, as will the other two dictionaries. We will be faced with a situation where many of the users of these dictionaries will at the very least socio-cultural perspectives and may have world views which are totally opposed and even hostile to those of the West. Advanced learners from this kind background will not only evaluate a dictionary on how user-friendly it is but will also have definite views about the scope and appropriateness of the various socio-cultural entries.Comprehension Questions1. What feature sets apart the three dictionaries discussed in the passage from traditional ones?A.the combination of two dictionaries into oneB.the new approach to defining wordsC.The inculusion of cultural contentD.The increase in the number of entries2. The Longman dictionary is more likely to be criticized for cultural prejudice because .A.its scope of cultural entries goes beyond the culture of the English-speaking worldB.it pays little attention to the cultural content of the non-English-speaking countriesC.it views the world purely from the standpoint of the English-speaking peopleD.it fails to distinguish language from culture in its encyclopedic entries3.The BBC dictionary differs from Oxford and Longman in that .A.it has a wider selection of encyclopedic entriesB.it is mainly designed to meet the needs of radio listenersC.it lays more emphasis on language than on cultureD.it is intended to help listeners develop their listening comprehension skills4. It is implied in the last paragraph that, in approaching socio-cultural content in a .A.dictionary, special thought should be given toB.the language levels of its usersC.the number of its prospective purchasersD.the different tastes of its usersE.the various cultural backgrouds of its users5. What is the passage mainly about?A.Different ways of treating socio-cultural elements in the three new English dictionaries.B. A comparison of people's opinions on the cultural content in the three new Englishdictionaries.C.The advatages of the BBC dictionary over Oxford and Longman.D.The user-friendliess of the three new English dictionaries.Passage TwoAnother thing to remember in connection with concrete is that you are not allowed very much freedom for errors in either measurements or location. Once you have a solid mass of concrete set in place, it is going to stay there. You have a difficult job ahead of you if you try to remedy a mistake. Make very sure, before you fill the form that everything is where and how you want it.There are numerous rules regarding the proper mixing, handling, and finishing of concrete, but the essential one concerns the amount of water to use. The less water in the mix, the less the finished job will shrink. The less water used, the harder and more enduring the job after it has set.The amateur concrete worker is plagued with two desires. One is to use enough water to have the concrete nice and soft and easy to push around. You have been warned against that. The second is to take off the wooden forms too early, to see what the job looks like. That is really fatal. If the forms are stripped off too soon, while the concrete is still "green" , two things are likely to happen—you are almost sure to break off corners or edges, and you are likely to cause a major crack or defect in the body of the work. An excellent rule is to wait until you are sure the concrete is properly hardened, and then wait another day before removing the forms.Comprehension Questions1.The best title for this selection would be .A.Rules for Working with ConcreteB.Concrete and Its UsesC.Concrete, the Homeowner's JoyD.Concrete, a Test of Character2. Two of the main thoughts in this passage are ( 1 ) preparation of forms for the con-crete must be thorough, and (2) forms must be allowed to remain on long enough. The third main idea is .A.taking off forms beforehand will probably cause a crack in the body of the workB.trying to make changes after concrete has been poured is not recommendedC.mixing concrete properly will make it very hard and stronging as little water as possible is recommended3. In mixing concrete, one of the desires the amateur must resist is to .A.break off a corner to see if the "green" has goneB.leave the form on too longe too much waterD.strip off the forms a day after the concrete has properly hardened4. A human quality apparently not essential in someone who works with concrete is .A.carefulnessB.inventivenessC.patienceD.self-control5. By the concrete being too " green" , the author means that the concrete has .A.become discolouredB.become crackedC.not yet curedD.not dried outUnit 14Passage OneAs Dr. Samuel Johnson said in a different era about ladies preaching, the surprising thing about computers in not that they think less well than a man, but that they think at all. The early electronic computer did not have much going for it except a marvelous memory and some good math skills. But today the best models can be wired up to learn by experience, follow an argument, ask proper questions and write poetry and music. They can also carry on somewhat puzzling conversations.Computers imitate life. As computers get more complex, the imitation gets better. Finally, the line between the original and the copy becomes unclear. In another 15 years or so, we will see the computer as a new form of life.The opinion seems ridiculous because, for one thing, computers lack the drives and emotions of living creatures. But drives can be programmed into the computer's brain just as nature programmed them into our human brains as a part of the equipment for survival.Computers match people in some roles, and when fast decisions are needed in a crisis, they often surpass them. Having evolved when the pace of life was slower, the human brain has an inherent defect that prevents it from absorbing several streams of information simultaneouslyand acting on them quickly. Throw too many things at the brain at one time and it freezes up.We are still in control, but the capabilities of computers are increasing at a fantastic rate, while raw human intelligence is changing slowly, if as all. Computer power has increased ten times every eight years since 1946. In the 1990s, when the sixth generation appears, the reasoning power of an intelligence built out of silicon will begin to match that of the human brain.That does not mean the evolution of intelligence has ended on the earth. Judging by the past, we can expect that a new species will arise out of man, surpassing his achievements as he has surpassed those of his predecessor. Only a carbon chemistry enthusiast would assume that the new species must be man's flesh-and-blood descendants. The new kind of intelligent life is more likely to be made of silicon.Comprehension Questions1. What do you suppose was the attitude of Dr. Samuel Johnson towards ladies preaching?A.He believed that ladies were born worse preachers than men.B.He was pleased that ladies could preach, though not as well as men.C.He disapproved of ladies preaching.D.He encouraged ladies to preach.2. Today , computers are still inferior to man in terms of .A.decision makingB.drives and feelingsC.growth of reasoning powerrmation absorption3. In terms of making quick decisions, the human brain cannot be compared with the computer because .A.in the long process of evolution the slow pace of life didn't require such ability of thehuman brain.B.the human brain is influenced by other factors such as motivation and emotionC.the human brain may sometimes freeze up in a dangerous situationputers imitate life while the human brain does not imitate computers4. Though he thinks highly of the development of computer science, the author doesn't mean that .puters are likely to become a new form of intelligent life.B.human beings have lost control of computersC.the intelligence of computers will eventually surpass that of human beingsD.the evolution of intelligence will probably depend on that of electronic brains5. Accordig to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?A.Future man will be made of silicon instead of flesh and blood.B.Some day it will be difficult to tell a computer from a man.C.The reasoning power of computers has already surpassed that of man.D.Future intelligent life may not necessarily be made of organic matter.Passage TwoHoming pigeons are placed in a training program from about the time they are 28 days of age. They are taught to enter the loft through a trap and to exercise above and around the loft and gradually they are taken away for short distances in wicker basket and released. They are then expected to find their way home in the shortest possible time.In their training flights or in actual races, the birds are taken to prearranged distant points and released to find their way back to their own lofts. Once the birds are liberated, their owners, who are standing by at the home lofts, anxiously watch the sky for the return of their entries. Since time is of the essence, the speed with which the birds can be induced to enter the loft trap may make the difference between gaining a win or a second place.The head of a homing pigeon is comparatively small but its brain is one quarter larger than that of the ordinary pigeon. The homing pigeon is very intelligent and will I persevere to the point of stubbornness E some have been known to fly a hundred miles off course to avoid a storm.Some homing pigeon experts claim that this bird is gifted with a form of built-in radar that helps it find its own loft after hours of flight, for hidden under the head feathers are two very sensitive ears, while the sharp prominent eyes can see great distances in daytime.Why do homing pigeons fly home? They are not Unique in this inherent skill; it is found in most migratory birds, in bees, ants, toads, and even turtles, which have been known to travel hundreds of miles to return to their homes. But in the animal world, the homing pigeon alone can be trusted with its freedom and trained to carry out the missions that people demand.Comprehension Questions1. The main purpose of the passage is .A.to convince the reader to buy a homing pigeonB.to inform the reader about the homing pigeons and their trainingC.to protect homing pigeons against the threat of extinctionD.to encourage the owners of homing pigeons to set the birds free2. According to the passage, when homing pigeons are about a month old .A.they are kept in a trapB.they enter their first raceC.they begin a training programD.they get their wings clipped and marked3. According to the passage, the difference between a homing pigeon and an ordinary one is .A.the span of the wingsB.the shape of the eyesC.the texture of the feathersD.the size of the brain4. The author mentions all of the following attributes that enable a homing pigeon to return home EXCEPT .A.instinctB.air sacsC.sensitive earsD.good eyes5. In Paragraph 4, line 2, the word "it" most probably refers to .A.radarB.birdC.loftD.formUnit 16Passage OneExtraordinary creative activity has been characterized as revolutionary, flying in the face of what is acceptable and producing not what is acceptable but what will become accepted. According to this formulation, highly creative activity transcends the limits of an existing form and establishes a new principle of organization. However, the idea that extraordinary creativity transcends established limits is misleading when it is applied to arts, even though it may be valid for the sciences. Differences between highly creative art and highly creative science arise in part from a difference in their goals. For the sciences, a new theory is the goal and end result of the creative act. Innovative science produces new propositions in terms of which diverse phenomena can be related to one another in more coherent ways. Such phenomena as a brilliant diamond or a nesting bird are relegated to the role of data, serving as the means for formulating or testing a new theory. The goal of highly creative art is very different: the phenomenon itself becomes the direct product of the creative act. Shakespeare's Hamlet is not a tract about the behavior of indecisive princes or the uses of political power; nor is Picasso's painting Guernica primarily a propositional statement about the Spanish Civil War or the evils of fascism. What highly creative artistic activity produces is not a new generalization that transcends established limits, but rather an aesthetic particular. Aesthetic particulars produced by the highly creative artist extend or exploit, in an innovative way, the limits of an existing form, rather than transcend that form.This is not to deny that a highly creative artist sometimes establishes a new principle of organization in the history of an artistic field; the composer Monteverdi, who created music of the highest aesthetic value, comes to mind. More generally, however, whether or not a composition establishes a new principle in the history of music has little bearing on its aesthetic worth. Because they embody a new principle of organization , some musical works, such as the operas of the Florentine Camerata, are of signal historical importance , but few listeners or musicologists would include these among the great works of music. On the other hand, Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro is surely among the masterpieces of music even though its modest innovations are confined to extending existing means.' It has been said of Beethoven that he toppled the rules and freed music from the stifling confines of convention. But a close study of his compositions reveals that Beethoven overturned no fundamental rules. Rather, he was an incomparable strategist who exploited limits—the rules, forms, and conventions that he inherited from predecessors such as Haydn and Mozart, Handel and Bach—in strikingly original ways.Comprehension Questions1. The author considers a new theory that coherently relates diverse phenomena to one another to be the .。

河海大学研究生英语一Unit 11 ~ Unit 20、24 课文翻译by晴天学长Unit 11 The Iks (1)Unit 12 Thanksgiving (3)Unit 13 Nine Years for A and B (5)Unit 14 To Err Is Human (7)Unit 16 The Role of Science Fiction (9)Unit 17 Newspapers (12)Unit 18 Three Days to See (14)Unit 19 The Essayist (17)Unit 20 Culture Shock (19)Unit 24 The Cultural Patterning of Time (21)Unit 11 The Iks小部落伊克人，曾经在乌干达北部山谷里过着狩猎和采集的游牧民族生活，已变成名人，总体来说，成了最终命运沮丧的、无情的人的人文象征。

两件具有灾难性、决定性意义的事情发生在他们身上。

政府决定建一座国家公园，所以他们依法被迫放弃在山谷里的狩猎生活，而变成贫瘠的山坡地里的农民。

之后，一个憎恶他们的人类学家访问了他们两年，并写了一本关于他们的书。

书的主旨是说，伊克人已经将自己变成了无药可救的不友善的人渣，是独立的、野兽般的生物，完全的自私无情。

这是对他们分崩离析的传统文化所做出的反应。

此外，这也是我们内在本性的模样。

当我们的社会结构全部瓦解时，我们都将变成伊克人。

论点当然是建立在对人性的必要的推测性假设的基础上。

首先，你得同意人性本恶，所表现出的喜爱和同情的优雅，仅仅是学到的习性，并非与生俱来。

如果你持此观点，伊克人的故事就可以用来佐证。

这些人表面上生活在一起，群居在小而密集的村庄，但是他们真的是独立的、没有关联的、对别人毫无明显作用的个人。

他们聊天，但仅仅是提出坏脾气的要求，做出冷漠的拒绝。

他们毫无分享，从不唱歌。

他们将刚会走路的孩子赶出去寻找食物，将老人抛弃任由其饿死。

研一下英语期末复习笔记1966年10月1日，在天安门广场举行的建国十七周年大会上，由林副统帅发表讲话。

林彪在讲话中说：“在无产阶级文化大革命中，以毛主席为代表的无产阶级革命路线同资产阶级反对革命路线的斗争还在继续。

”陈伯达在起草讲话稿时本来写的是“资产阶级反革命路线”，但陶铸看了讲话稿，觉得“资产阶级反革命路线”用词太凶，容易等同于“反革命”，扩大打击面，于是向毛泽东建议为“资产阶级反对革命路线”，周恩来建议为“资产阶级反动路线”。

这时候，毛泽东用英语作了回答，说原来用Counter-revolutionary Line，后来改成Anti-revolutionary Line，最后还是用Reactionary Line好。

期末试卷题型及考试范围☆客观题（不用带耳机，但要涂卡，记得带2B铅笔及橡皮）①听力理解（1*20=20）：基本上都是听力课教材的原题（英语一、二）②词汇（0.5*20=10）：全部来自《研英》Unit11-14&16-20&24课后词汇题的原题（英语一）一半来自《研英》课后原题，一半来自《学英》Unit5-8原题（英语二）③完形填空（1*15=15）：从《研英》Unit11-14&16-20&24的某篇课文原文中挖空出题（英语一、二）④阅读理解（1*20=20）：两篇为《研英》Unit11-14&16-20&24课后原题，两篇为课外（英语一、二）☆主观题（注意把握时间，客观题可能的话尽量提前预记答案，留足够的时间给主观题）①翻译（10*2=20）：一段英译汉，一段汉译英，均与课文有一定的相关度（英语一、二）②写作（1*15=15）：一篇大作文（英语一、二）《研究生英语教程》Unit11-14&16-20&24词汇题释义（英语一、二）Unit11in response to作为对…的回应rest on/be based on基于core n.核心display v.展现出conform v.符合lag behind落后greed n.贪婪reveal v.使显露no wonder难怪despair n.绝望final/ultimate adj.最终的as a whole/at large总的来说dislike/detest v.憎恶theme/message n.主题思想change/transform v.改变love/affection n.爱sympathy/compassion n.同情gather/cluster v.聚集obvious/evident adj.明显的lonely/solitary adj.孤独的search for/forage for v.寻找abandon/desert v.抛弃mean adj.刻薄的repellent/disgusting adj.令人厌恶的sense/feel v.感受到essence/nature n.本质bizarre/strange adj.怪异的unceasing/unremitting adj.坚持不懈的bawl v.号啕大哭signify/mean v.意味着Unit12the way+从句=as+从句就像…一样bear v.带有（某种标记或特征）individual n.个人wear out磨坏after all毕竟submerge v.完全掩盖credential n.文凭birth n.出身survival n.幸存abandon v.放弃put...into words用语言表达…denial n.否认callous adj.冷酷无情的reward v.报答interaction n.相互交流ruthless adj.残忍的lure/tempt v.引诱assemble/gather v.聚集fuss v.紧张不安in homage to/in honor of向…表示敬意acute/severe adj.严重的wrestle with绞尽脑汁处理struggle with艰难地做revolt/rebel v.反抗merit/worth n.价值fire/dismiss v.炒鱿鱼unsympathetic/callous adj.冷漠无情的Unit13vista n.前景skimp on吝惜notion n.看法indispensable adj.不可或缺的impart v.告知sneer at v.讥笑subscriber n.订阅者slippery adj.滑溜溜的contemplate v.考虑exactitude n.准确providence n.上天,天意coordination n.协作,协调falter v.停滞不前converge v.交汇inherit v.继承acknowledge v.承认gigantic adj.巨大的arduous adj.艰巨的triple adj.三重的courteous adj.彬彬有礼的Unit14suppose v.认为appeal n.恳请,呼吁error n.失误get in touch with sb.与某人联系sheer adj.完全的beat v.击败obscure adj.名不见经传的equivalent adj.相等的knack n.本领alternative n.可供选择的事物screw up搞砸base...on把…基于amiable adj.和蔼可亲的settle v.解决unique adj.独一无二的be bound to do sth.必然会做某事routine adj.常规的jumble n.一团乱clumsy adj.笨手笨脚的mimic v.模仿cluster/mass n.群flawless/faultless adj.无瑕可谪的wince/draw back退避random/aimless adj.漫无目的的stun/shock v.使震惊crucial/decisive adj.决定性的snatch/seize v.抓住debate/argue v.争论faculty/capability n.能力endowment/gift n.禀赋Unit16literally adv.[口语]简直open adj.（机会、选择等）可得到的stand out in the crowd鹤立鸡群rush n.匆忙come in for sth.遭到（责备）criticism of/over sth.对…的批评hectic adj.紧张忙碌的back up证实（某种说法）humanity n.人性,人道perturb v.使心烦意乱archaic adj.过时的;陈旧的sharply/swiftly adv.敏捷地guts/bravery n.勇气outrage/irritate v.激怒on...grounds/on the grounds of...以…为由lurk/hide v.潜藏badger/bother v.纠缠,烦扰violently/strongly adv.强烈地be/stand in awe of...对…敬畏have/show respect for...对…表示尊敬manful/brave adj.勇敢的gospel/creed n.信条Unit17transient adj.短暂的feature n.专题文章,专题报道readership n.读者人数The guardian英国《卫报》editorial n.社论commentary n.评论性文章或著作topical adj.热门话题的chop off砍掉Pulitzer Prize普利策新闻奖journalism n.新闻业headline v.以大字标题刊登;大肆宣传spectrum n.系列,范围inflexible/firm adj.坚定不移的the bulk of...主要部分review/comment v.评论arguably adv.可论证地,可以说demonstrably adv.可论证地,明显地gist/essence n.主旨,要点recapitulate/summarize v.总结sizable/considerable adj.相当大的furnish/provide v.提供upwards of/more than多于sequence/succession n.次序,连续Unit18characterize v.描述（人或物）的特征appreciate v.欣赏;感激cherish v.怀念（过去）convince v.使相信reveal v.透露not to speak of更不用说specify v.明确说明,具体指定embarrass v.使困难;使窘迫put emphasis on...把重点放在…上stretch v.延伸,绵延be worthy of...配得上…rest on/be based on依赖于,基于deny oneself to不会见,谢绝incredulous adj.表示怀疑的faculty n.官能convince sb.of...使某人相信…stroke n.（笔或刷子的）一笔;笔画doom sb.to a particular fatebe doomed to failure注定要失败sb.is destined to behave in a particular waybe destined to fail注定要失败impend v.悬挂tender n.投标all but/almost几乎(every)now and then/at times不时compassion/sympathy n.同情dormant adj.潜伏的,暂停活动的petty/unimportant adj.微不足道的let it go at that就此罢休cadre of long standing老干部circulate/go about流通listless/sluggish adj.无精打采的Unit19sustain v.支撑着inflict...on sb.使某人遭受…inflict A’s ideas on B把A的想法强加于B strike-struck-stricken v.一下子想起be content with...对…满意indulge v.纵容娇惯impose...on强加in a good mood心情不错egoist/egotist n.自我主义者fling v.猛掷;猛动fling the window open推开窗户amuse v.逗笑odor/odour n.气味durable adj.耐用的cling to紧贴detect v.察觉到likewise adv.同样地compelling adj.有说服力的down the line/fully完全地ramble/wander v.漫步undisciplined adj.无纪律的,没规矩的unrestrained adj.不受控制的gift/talent n.天赋ingredient/factor n.要素resort/recourse n.依靠,诉诸assume/suppose v.猜想downcast/depressed adj.沮丧的spell/period n.一段时间emerge/arise v.出现remark n.评论,意见nullify/cancel v.使无效,撤销tamper with/interfere with干预dwell/live v.居住Unit20result from由…引起depend on...for...Children depend on their parents for food and clothing.小孩依赖父母供给衣食。

---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------《研究生英语教程》课文翻译《研究生英语教程》课文翻译一单元十便士看一次海湾风光，那个带着一架望远镜的老头说道：多么晴朗美丽的早晨。

请来看看那古老的灯塔和 1935 年失事的大轮船残骸吧。

要十便士简直是敲诈勒索，可是海湾的景色确实壮丽。

峭壁向远方伸展，海风激起的阵阵波浪泛着白花，冲上海滩。

海面上几艘游艇张着乳白色的风帆优雅地避开浪头蜿蜓前进。

山崖下面，一群海鸥相互叫唤着，在海面上盘旋飞翔。

离岸一英里处，在海浪贪婪地吮舔着的岩岸上，那座古老的灯塔矗立在一座石头平台上。

说实话，我毫不吝惜那几个钱。

当我把望远镜转朝灯塔时，站在我身旁的那个老头拍了拍我的手腕。

您听过在那座灯塔里发生的一起骇人听闻的惨案吗? 他压低了嗓声对我说。

我想这个地方看起来非常富有戏剧性，有关它的传说一定不少，我说。

这可不是传说，那老头郑重其事地说。

我父亲认识那起惨案的两个当事人。

一切都发生在 50 年前的今天。

1 / 3让我说给您听听吧。

他的声音似乎变得更低沉、更富有戏剧性了。

整整一个礼拜，风暴困住了那座灯塔，他开始说。

咆啸的大海波涛汹涌，海浪拍打着岩石，轰然作响。

岸上的人们十分担心在那儿工作的两个人。

他们俩是多年的挚友，但在两三个礼拜前，他们在乡村酒店里玩牌时吵了一架。

马丁指责布莱克打牌时耍赖，布莱克则发誓要对侮辱他人格的不实之辞进行报复。

多亏一位他们俩都尊敬的人好言相劝，他们才互相道了歉，并以乎很快地结束了他们之间的不快。

不过各自心里还有些怨恨。

因此，人们担心长时间与世隔绝所造成的极度紧张和恶劣的天气会使他们俩神经过敏，尽管两人的朋友们不消说还根本没意识到后果会有多么严重。

离今 50 年前的那个晚上，灯塔上没有出现灯光，直到凌晨两点钟左右才有一束灯光突然发出警告信号。

Unit 20 Culture ShockCulture shock might be called an occupational disease of people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad. Like most ailments, it has its own symptoms and cure.文化休克或许可以称为是突然移居国外的人的一种职业病。

像大多数疾病一样，它有自己的征兆和治疗。

Culture shock is precipitated by the anxiety that results from losing all our familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse. Those signs or cues include the thousand and one ways in which we orient ourselves to the situation of daily life: when to shake hands and what to say when we meet people, when and how to give tips, how to make purchases, when to accept and when to refuse invitations, when to take statements seriously and when not. These cues, which may be words, gestures, facial expressions, customs, or norms, are acquired by all of us in the course of growing up and are as much a part of our culture as the language we speak or the beliefs we accept. All of us depend for our peace of mind and our efficiency on hundreds of these cues, most of which we do not carry on the level of conscious awareness.文化休克是突发的由于失去所有我们熟悉的社会交往的标志和象征而导致的焦虑。

Unit 11 The Iks*Questions1.W hat do you know about the small tribe of Iks?2.W ho wrote the book about the Iks? What kind of attitude did he have? What's the theme of the book?3.W hat's the author's attitude toward the book?4.W hat's the gist of the article?*Structure*Language points1.dishearten --- v. cause sb to lose hope or confidenceDon't let this set-back dishearten you.2.at large --- generally; as a whole; as a unitThe young generation, at large, is a bright group.The junior class at large was not interested in a senior year book.3.in response to --- as a verbal answer, or physical /emotional reaction to sth.The lectures have been published in book form in response to numerous requests.Mr. John's letter is in response to a recent speech by Mr. Smith.4.rest on/upon---(1) cause to be based on sth.It's not enough to rest your argument on unsupported facts.His argument rests on a broad basis of facts.(2) depend on , be decided or fixed by sth.The committee's decision rests onthe chairman's vote.All their hopes rested upon this venture.You may rest upon his promise. 5.in advance of ---before a future period or occasionWe discussed her proposal in advance of her arrival.The iron mine fulfilled the state production plan one month in advance.6.a bad lot / egg --- person considered to be dishonest and unreliable7.forage --- search or hunt for sth.esp. food and suppliesOne group left the camp to forage for firewood.She foraged about in her handbag, but couldn't find her keys.8.desert ---cf.leave, abandon, desert, forsakeShe left home when she was eighteen to become a nurse.He left music to study law.The scientist abandoned his research for lack of funds.The man shamelessly abandoned his wife and child for another woman.They deserted the farm for the city.to desert a friend in troubleThe soldier abandoned his post and deserted.She pleaded with her husband not to forsake her.His wife persuaded him to forsake his old drinking habits.9.snatch ---cf. grasp, seize, grab, grip, snatch, clutchThe drowning man grasped thetree branch firmly.The policeman caught up with the thief and seized him by the collar.He grabbed the beggar's arm and pulled him out of the path of the car.He gripped my hand so tightly that it hurt.The puppy snatched the candy from the girl's hand.The thief snatched her purse and ran away.The mother clutched her small daughter's hand when they were crossing the street.The little girl clutched her doll tenaciously in case it might be seized away.10.fall into place --- become clear; (begin to) form an orderly & intelligible patternThe whole mystery falls into placewhen you remember who was in power at the time.Now that you tell me about the man's relationship with his family, the whole picture falls into place.11. shout --- cf.cry, yell, shout, bellow, roar, scream, shriekWe heard his cries for help above the sound of the storm.It sounded like the cry of a woman in pain.The child lost in the woods gave a yell for help.The crowd gave a yell of "Go, team, go!"There were shouts of surprise when the winner was announced.He had a loud bellow and attacked his opponent.The lion's roar could be heard throughout the jungle.He set the room in a roar.He screams filled the air as she turned and fled.the agonizing shrieks of the woundedthe shriek of the fire siren12. lag behind --- fail to keep level withIn steel production, we lag behind the rest of Europe.Our figure lags behind the national average.13. no / little / small wonder(that …)--- it is not /hardly surprisingNo wonder you were late!Small wonder that he was so tired!No wonder you couldn't find the book ---it had fallen behind the chair.It is no wonder that the children love to visit the farm.The Browns didn't go to the Fair.Small wonder--- they dislike large, noisy crowds.14. withdraw into ---- try to leave reality and find peace in (a quality or oneself)Mary hates parties and always looks for a chance to withdraw into herself and not speak to people.。

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Unit 11 The IksThe small tribe of Iks, formerly nomadic hunters and gatherers in the mountain valleys of northern Uganda, have become celebrities, literary symbols for the ultimate fate of disheartened, heartless mankind at large. Two disastrously conclusive things happened to them: the government decided to have a national park, so they were compelled by law to give up hunting in the valleys and become farmers on poor hillside soil, and then they were visited for two years by an anthropologist who detested them and wrote a book about them.小部落伊克人，曾经在乌干达北部山谷里过着狩猎和采集的游牧民族生活，已变成名人，总体来说，成了最终命运沮丧的、无情的人的人文象征。

两件具有灾难性、决定性意义的事情发生在他们身上。

政府决定建一座国家公园，所以他们依法被迫放弃在山谷里的狩猎生活，而变成贫瘠的山坡地里的农民。

之后，一个憎恶他们的人类学家访问了他们两年，并写了一本关于他们的书。

The message of the book is that the Iks have transformed themselves into an irreversibly disagreeable collection of unattached, brutish creatures, totally selfish and loveless, in response to the dismantling of their traditional culture. Moreover, this is what the rest of us are like in our inner selves, and we will all turn into Iks when the structure of our society comes all unhinged.书的主旨是说，伊克人已经将自己变成了无药可救的不友善的人渣，是独立的、野兽般的生物，完全的自私无情。