系动词和助动词一、动词概述二、连系动词系动词亦称连系动词（Link Verb），作为系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语（亦称补语），构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。
系动词后不可接副词，接的是形容词。
大致分七种1状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如：He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。
（is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。
）2持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如：He always kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。
This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。
3表像系动词用来表示"看起来像"这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如：He looks tired. 他看起来很累。
He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起来很伤心。
4感官系动词感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如：This kind of cloth feels very soft.这种布手感很软。
This flower smells very sweet.这朵花闻起来很香。
5变化系动词这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall（asleep）, get, go, come, run.例如：He became mad after that. 自那之后，他疯了。
She grew rich within a short time. 她没多长时间就富了。
6终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out, 表达"证实"，"变成"之意，例如：The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。
The search proved difficult. 搜查证实很难。
His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。
（turn out表终止性结果）7．使役动词：let,have,make 使，让…Let /make somebody do sthThe teacher lets/makes them clean the classroom after school.Make sb/sth adj.The story makes me happy. The color makes it look beautiful.Have somebody do sth 让某人做某事Have sth done 让某物被My mother haves me make the bed. I have my hair cut/washed.有些动词它们既可以用作实义动词，又可以用作连系动词。
另外be还可用作助动词。
它们的用法不同，词义和句型结构也有所不同。
例如：Look at the blackboard, please.请看黑板。
(look用作实义动词)He looks a little tired.他略显疲倦。
(look用作连系动词)They are at work.他们在工作。
(are用作连系动词)They are working.他们正在工作。
(are用作助动词，帮助构成现在进行时)三、助动词独使用，它没有对应的汉译，例如：He doesn't like English. 他不喜欢英语。
（doesn't是助动词，无词义；like是主要动词，有词义)1、助动词be（am, is, are, was, were, being, been）的用法（1）be后跟现在分词构成进行时态。
Who is playing the violin?谁在拉小提琴？She was reading a book then.那时她正在读书。
（2）be后跟过去分词构成被动语态。
He was asked to d o the work.有人要他干这件工作。
You are invited to attend the meetintg.有人邀请你参加会议。
（3）be 后跟不定式作谓语，有如下几种情况：①表示计划、安排将要发生的事。
Who are we to meet?我们要见谁呀？I'm to have supper with John this afternoon.今天下午我要与约翰一起吃晚饭。
②表示指示、命令，否定式表禁止。
You are to see the headmaster today.今天你必须去见校长。
You are not to enter the room without permission.未经允许你不能进入房间。
③表示义务、责任等，同should。
You are to be back before 5.你得在5点钟以前回来。
What is to be d one?该干什么。
④表示可能性，与情态动词may, can同义。
Such books are to be found in any library.这种书任何图书馆都有。
Not a sound was to be heard.一点声响也没有。
⑤表示后来发生的事，可以用来表示命运或注定They say good-bye, little knowing that they were never to meet again.他们告别了，没想到再也不能相见了。
He was to regret the decision.他有一天会后悔做出这一决定的。
⑥用于习语Where am I to go? 我该向何处去？What am I to do? 我该怎么办？2、助动词have(has, had, having)的用法（1）助动词have可以构成完成时或完成进行时He has been a d octor for 10 years.他当医生十年了。
This is the place I have been longing to visit.这就是我一直渴望参观的地方。
（2）和不定式构成谓语，表示客观上不得不做的事情。
We've missed the train. We'll have to wait for another one.我们己经误了火车，我们只能等下一列。
-Do we have to start work?我们得立刻工作吗？-No. We d on't have to.不，不必了。
3、do(d oes, did) 的用法（1）构成疑问句或否定句How did you know about it?你是怎样知道这件事的。
He does not smoke. 他不抽烟。
（2）加强语气。
He did tell that.他的确告诉了此事。
Do come and see us.一定来看我们。
（3）代替前面刚出现的动词，避免重复。
-You like popular music, d on't you?你喜欢流行音乐，是吧？-Yes , I d o.是的，我喜欢。
He speaks French as fluently as she does.他讲法语和她讲的一样流利。
（4）用于倒装句中。
Never did he pay attention to my words.他从不注意我的话。
Only then did I understand the importance of English.只是那时，我才了解到英语的重要性。
（5）构成否定的祈使句。
Don't be so careless.不要那么粗心。
Do not hesitate to come for help.只管来求助。
4. 助动词shall和will的用法shall和will作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时，例如：I shall study harder at English.我将更加努力地学习英语。
He will go to Shanghai.他要去上海。
说明：在过去的语法中，语法学家说shall用于第一人称，will 只用于第二、第三人称。
现在，尤其是在口语中，will常用于第一人称，但shall只用于第一人称，如用于第二、第三人称，就失去助动词的意义，已变为情态动词，试比较: He shall come.他必须来。
（shall有命令的意味。
）He will come.他要来。
（will只与动词原形构成一般将来时。
）shall在疑问句中,用于第一,第三人称,征求对方意愿shall I turn on the light?要开灯吗?( 我把灯打开好吗?)shall he come to see you?他要不要来看你(比较: will he come to see you? 他会不会来看你)shall 用在陈述句, 与第二第三人称连用, 变为情态动词表示允诺,命令,警告,和说话人的决心等5.助动词should,would的用法1）should无词义，只是shall的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，只用于第一人称，例如：I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week.我昨天给他打电话，问他我下周干什么。
比较："What shall I do next week?"I asked."我下周干什么？"我问道。
（可以说，shall变成直接引语时，变成了should。
）2）would也无词义，是will的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，用于第二、第三人称，例如：He said he would come.他说他要来。
比较："I will go," he said. 他说："我要去那儿。
"1. —What is Mr Wang like?—____.A. He is a teacherB. He is old and kindC. He looks like a balloonD. He likes English2. What Mr White said sounds____.A. friendlyB. wonderfullyC. pleasantlyD. nicely3. The poor boy ____ blind at the age of three.A. turnedB. goesC. becameD. went4. When he was a child he____ .A. grew patienceB. was aliveC. ran wildD. came true5. His voice____ as if he has a cold.A. soundsB. listensC. hearsD. seems6. This shirt___ as if it is made of cotton.A. isB. looksC. feelsD. seems7. He looks ___ he hadn’t had a good meal for a monthA. thatB. as ifC. whenD. so far8. It ____that he was late for the train.A. looksB. turnsC. getsD. seems9. These apples taste_____.A. to he goodB. to be wellC. wellD. good10. —Do you like the shirt?—Yes, it ____ very soft.A. feelsB. feltC. is feelingD. is felt11. The moment Mr Zhang went to bed, he____ asleepA. keptB. gotC. fellD. fall12. When I went home yesterday, it was ____ dark.A. goingB. gettingC. runningD. coming13. Their plan ____ to be a perfect one.A. provedB. was provedC. is provingD. proving14. The flowers in the garden ____ sweet.A. soundB. tasteC. becomeD. smell15. She____ like her mother in character.A. looksB. seemsC. isD. feels16. It____ another fine day tomorrow.A. seemsB. promisesC. appearsD. looks17. He ____ much younger than he really is.A. appearsB. growsC. becomesD. turns18. You____ very pale. Do you feel sick?A. lookedB. lookC. lookingD. are looked19. His wish to become a driver has ____true.A. turnedB. realizedC. comeD. grown20. Her father ____a writer.A. turnedB. grewC. has turnedD. has become助动词专项训练1.If it is fine tomorrow, we ______ a football match.a. haveb. will havec. hasd. shall has2.When he was at school, he ______ early and take a walk before breakfast.a. will riseb. shall risec. should rised.would rise3.In the past 30 years China ______ great advances in the socialist revolution and socialist construction.a. has madeb. have madec. had maded. having made4.I ______ go to bed until I ______ finished my work.a. don’t/hadb. didn’t/havec. didn’t/hadd. don’t/have5.______ you think he ______ back by dinner time?a. Do/have comeb. Did/will have comec. Does/will comed. Do/will have come6.He said that he dropped his bag when he ______ for the bus.a. was runingb. was runningc. were runningd. is running7.No sooner ______ he arrived home than he ______ to start on another journey.a. has/was askedb. have/were askedc. had/is askedd. had/was asked8.“______ you give me a room for the night?” I asked on arriving at the hotel.a. Shouldb. Canc. Mightd. May9.There are nine of them, so ______ get into the car at the same time.a. they may not at allb. all they may notc. they can’t alld. all they can’t10.“We didn’t see him at the lecture yesterday.” “He ______ it.”a. mustn’t attendb. cannot have attendedc. would have not attendedd. needn’t have attended11.“You realize that you were driving at 100 mph, don’t you?”“No, officer. I ______. This car can’t do more than 80.”a. didn’t need to beb. may not have beenc. couldn’t have beend. needn’t have been12.he was a good runner so he ______ escape from the police.a. mightb. succeeded toc. wouldd. was able to13.If they ______, our plan will fall flat.a..are co-operatingb. had not co-operatedc. won’t co-operated. didn’t co-operate14.I hoped ______ my letter.a. her to answerb. that she would answerc. that she answersd. her answering15.He ______ live in the country than in the city.a. prefersb. likes toc. had betterd. would rather16.______ to see a film with us today?a. Did you likeb. Would you likec. Will you liked. Have you liked17.I’m sorry, bu t I had no alternative. I simply ______ what I did.a. must dob. had to doc. ought to have doned. have to do18.“Time is running out,______?”a. hadn’t we better got startb. hadn’t we better get startb. hadn’t we better get started d. ha dn’t we better not started19.No one ______ that to his face.a. dares sayb. dares sayingc. dare sayd. dare to say20.The students in the classroom ______ not to make so much noise.a. needb. oughtc. mustd. dare21.You ______ last week if you were really serious about your work.a. ought to comeb. ought to be comingc. ought have comed. ought to have come22.The elephants ought ______ hours ago by the keepers.a. to be fedb. to feedc. to being fedd. to have been fed23.“I wonder why they’re late.” “They ______ the train.”a. can have missedb. could missc. may have missedd. might miss24.“Tom graduated from college at a very young age.”“He ______ have been an outstanding student.”a. mustb. couldc. shouldd. might25.You ______ the examination again since you had already passed it.a. needn’t have takenb. didn’t need to takec. needn’t taked. mustn’t take26.He is really incompetent! The letter ______ yesterday.a. should be finished typingb. must be finished typingc. must have finished typingd. should have been finished typing27.The boy told his father that he would rather ______ an astronaut.a. becomeb. to becomec. becomingd. became28.When we reached the station, the train had still not arrived; so we ______.a. needed not to hurryb. needn’t have hurriedc.need not to have hurriedd. didn’t need to hurry29.Since your roommate is visiting her family this weekend,_____ you like to have dinner with us tonight?a. willb. won’tc. wouldn’td. do30.He was afraid what he had done ______ a disastrous effect on his career.a. might haveb. could bec. have beend. shall be31.He ______ hardly say anything more, since you know about it.a. don’t need tob. needn’tc. needsd. need32.You ______ the look on his face when he won the prize.a. would have seenb. should have seenc. must seed. can be seeing33.Some people think the stock market will crash, but ______.a. I wonder if it happensb. I doubt if it will happenc. I am afraid it wouldn’t happend. I doubt if it does happen34.“Whatever has happened to George?” “I don’t know. He ______ lost.”a. can have gotb. may have gotc. might getd. could get35.He has no idea what the book is about. He ______read the book.a. couldn’tb. couldn’t havec. mightn’t haved. shouldn’t have36.New studies show that two of Saturn’s rings ______ longer than the 4.5 billion years since the birth of the Solar System.a. could have lastedb. should have lastedc. would have lastedd. must be lasting37.Take the telescope with you in case you ______ it in your expedition.a. will needb. would needc. should needd. could need38.Need he come at once? Yes, he ______.a. mustb. must notc. needd. may39.Please answer the phone. It ______ be by your father. If it is, would you tell thatI want to see him?a. willb. shouldc. wouldd. could40.We’ll never give in whatever they ______ say or do.a. mayb. willc. shalld. should41.With all this work on hand, he ______ to the cinema last night.a. mustn’t gob. wouldn’t goc. oughtn’t god. shouldn’t have gone42.Everyone ______ the cake because there wasn’t even a small piece left.a. must likeb. must have likedc. must have been likingd. had liked43.I wish to recollect where I met her, ______?a. would Ib. may Ic. may not Id. can I44.I ______ think he will ______ dare the risk.a. not/ ..b. do/notc. ../notd. don’t/..45.If reading is to accomplish anything more than passing time, it ______ be active.a. may notb. mustc. mightd. is not46.You ______ your seats today if you want to go to the game.a. had better to reserveb. had better reservec. had to better reserved. had to reserve better47.I ______ the operation unless it is absolutely necessary.a. would rather not haveb. would not rather hadc. rather would not haved. rather not would have48.Many scientists ______ their own eyes and ears than the theories of the ancients.a. would rather to believeb. would rather believec. rather would believed. will rather believe49.To travel from England to Scotland you ______ a passport.a. haven’t gotb. mustn’t havec. needn’td. don’t need50.One of the statements ______ to be untrue.a. is turned outb. has turned outc. have been turned outd. have turned out51.I don’t know whether it will rain or not, but if it ______ rain, I shall stay at home.a. willb. didc. doesd. shall52.“You’d like some tea,______?”a. wouldn’t youb. shouldn’t youc. hadn’t youd. didn’t you53.“May we take the books out?”a. No, you may notb. No, you can notc. No, you can’td. Please don’t54.“I would have come sooner, but I ______ that you were waiting.”a. didn’t knowb. hasn’t knownc. hadn’t knowd. haven’t known55.If you don’t want to, you ______ to get there with us.a. mustn’tb. can’tc. don’t haved. have not56.I would go to visit them but I ______ think they are anxious to see me.a. haven’tb. don’tc. doesn’td. didn’t57.Whatever you can do,______.a. I can do so as wellb. I can do this as wellc.I can do it as welld. I can do as well58._____ I realized the consequences I would never have contemplated getting involved.a. Hadb. Havec. Havingd. Has59.“Perhaps she is working for John.” “Yes, she ______ for him.”a.need have been workingb. may be workingc.ought have been workingd. ought be working60.“I know she was in because I heard her radio, but she didn’t open the door.” “She ______ the bell.”a. may not be hearingb. may not have heardc.must not have heardd. must not be hearing61. “He was smoking.” “Then he ______ .”a.ought to have been not smokingb. ought to have not been smokingc.ought not to have been smokingd. ought to not have been smoking62.You ______ out yesterday without a coat. No wonder you caught cold.a. oughtn’t have goneb. shouldn’t have gonec. mustn’t have goned. can’t ha ve gone63.“Paul was riding a bicycle along the motorway when he was hit by the trailer of a lorry.”“He _____ a bicycle along the motorway; bicycles are not allowed.”a. shouldn’t have been ridingb. couldn’t have been ridingc.oughtn’t have been r idingd. can’t have been riding64.I am listening. But you ______.a. need be listeningb. should be listeningc. need have been listeningd. ought be listening65.He ______ with us last night.a.would have liked to gob. should like to be goingc.should be liked to god. would like to go66.I ______ his face when he opened the letter.a. should like you to seeb. would have liked you to be seenc.should like you to have seend. would like you to see67.You say you ______ do it, but I say you ______ do it.a. ought not/couldb. will not/shallc. could not/needd. shall not/ought68.We ______ put the meeting off for a week.a. can as wellb. will as wellc. shall as welld. may as well69.______ wind your watch every day?a. Do you needb. Must you have toc. Have you tod. Do you have to70.______ give him a chance to try?a. Oughtn’t to web. Oughtn’t we toc. Ought to we notd. Oughtn’t we71.“Did you blame him for his mistakes?” “______”a. I’d rather not dob. I’d not rather doc. I’d better not dod. I’d rather not doing72.You had better ______ your hair cut.a. hadb. havec. to getd. to have73.My sister didn’t go to the party last night because she ______ the baby for her friend until 9:30.a.must have looked afterb. would have to look afterc.had to look afterd. should have looked after74.Mary is very late, she ______.a.may miss her trainb. may have missed her trainc.must miss her traind. could miss her train75.No matter what you may say, he ______ to his own views.a.would always stickb. will always stickc. should always stickd. must always stick to76.It’s wonderful that you ______ have achieved so much in these years.a. mayb. canc. shouldd. would77.The students asked whether he ______ take the books out of the reading-room.a. couldb. mightc. shouldd. would78.He ______ still be thinking about the question you raised.a. mayb. mightc. mustd. should79.I’d be glad if you______ give me an account of the fact.a.shallb. shouldc. wouldd. may80.He ______ accomplish the task in time.a. didb. hasc. isd. do系动词练习答案与分析1. B What’s...like?是询问人或事物的性质特征情况的交际用语，答语中常含有说明性质特征情况的形容词。
