The basic steps involved in a scientific study:
1. Define an area, subject, question, or problem to be studied.
2. Do background research to determine what is already known about the subject to be studied.
2. Only experimental studies in which intervention is designed by the researchers provide proof of cause and effect.
科研选题
• 是否具备科研的基本要素(meaningful and important)
1. Analytical studies are designed to test hypotheses concerning the effects of specific factors of interest and allow causal associations to be detected.
实验设计基本要素
• 受试对象 • 处理因素
1. 主要因素 2. 非处理因素 3. 处理因素的标准化 4. 处理因素的水平
• 实验效应
实验设计的基本原理
• 实验组 VS 对照组
T+S
e +s
O+S
0 +s
• 实验 I 组 VS 实验 II 组
T1 + S1 T2 + S2
e1 + s1 e2 + s2
1. Qualitative research — generate narrative data, i.e., data described in words instead of numbers.