MAIN ABSTRACTS

Unit 5 Abstract
What is an abstract? Types of abstracts Why write an abstract? What should the abstract include? How do you write an abstract? What is the style of an abstract? An outline for writing an abstract Common problems in writing an abstract Difference between an abstract and an introduction The Tricks, Conclusion of the lecture
Informative abstracts资料性摘要
The informative abstract, also known as the complete abstract, is a compendious summary of a paper's substance including its background, purpose, methodology, results, and conclusion. Usually between 100 and 200 words, the informative abstract summarizes the paper's structure, its major topics and key points. A format for scientific short reports that is similar to an informative abstract has been proposed in recent years. Informative abstracts may be viewed as standalone documents.

回顾某领域已取得的研究结果或介绍相关知识常用动词: present, summarize, review, outline句式：… is presented in this paper.This paper reviews the method for dealing with…This article summarizes the theory on…阐明论文写作和研究目的常用词：名词：purpose, aim, objective, goal动词：aim, attempt to, initiate, intend to, seek句式：The purpose of this study is to explore new methods on …The paper attempts to define …in terms of…The study is aimed at finding out the basic similarities between … and …The main objective of the work is to justify…The primary goal of this research is …The main objective of our investigation has been to obtain some knowledge of …Based on recent research, the author intends to outline the framework of…The authors are now initiating some experimental investigation to establish…论文观点和作者观点常用词：argue, account for, address, characterize, concern, contribute, describe, disclose, deal with, devote to, explain, introduce, present, report句式：This paper presents the mathematical model and its algorithm used for …The calibration and experiment design of multivariate force sensors are discussed. This paper reports the preparation and quantum confinement effects of…The principles and methodology of language teaching are described in this article.This paper is mainly devoted to …介绍研究过程和研究范围常用词：过程：analyze, consider, discuss, examine, study, investigate, state, propose 范围：contain, cover, include, outline, scope, field, domain句式：The characteristic of …was investigated.The paper analyzes the possibility of …We study the one-step-synthesis method for … in this paper.This article discusses the method of calculation of …The principle of constructing … is proposedThis paper states the reasons for…This study identifies some procedures for …This article outlines the preliminary process of …The scope of the study covers…The study includes…The paper contains the specific topic on …介绍计算、测量常用词：calculate, compute, determine, estimate, measure, work out句式：This paper determines the proper temperature for …The cooling rate was calculated by means of…The rational rage of power is measured by …In the paper, we measured the orientation and estimated parameter for …The author worked out the probability of …The author has computed equilibrium constant K and …阐明论证常用词：confirm, demonstrate, find, identify, indicate, monitor, note, observe, point out, prove, provide句式：The result of calculation shows that…The initial particles are found to be …It is found that the amorphous silicon nitride show a tendency in…It is noted that … can be found in …The result provides a sound basis for …The study of those properties indicate…The experimental results demonstrate that…The effects of …were observed and monitored.说明试验过程常用词：experiment, test, sample句式：The samples of pyroelectric ceramics (电释热陶瓷)were collected by …We sampled the blood and urine of …The blood screening test for the AIDS antibody has been carried out on…We experimented on the sintering property(流延特性) of …The new protocol architecture for distributed multimedia systems has been tested in …介绍应用、用途常用词：application, use及其动词形式句式：In this paper, the czochralski crystal growth method has been applied in …… technique is used to …The application of the new design is to develop and maintain …展示研究结果常用词：result, cause, increase, lessen, as a result, result in, arrive at句式：As a result we have got pure particle of …The result of observation shows that …The finding of our research on methodologies in … is…The results of calculation show that the minimum velocity arrives at…The relationship between …and …is characterized by …The room temperature resistivity is lessened to …介绍结论常用词：conclude, summary, to sum up, lead to, in conclusion, conclusion句式：It is concluded that the absorption spectra of two kinds of particles include…We concluded that …It is concluded that…The conclusion of our research is …On the basis of …, the following conclusion can be drawn …Finally, a summary is given of …To sum up, we have revealed …Our argument proceeds in …The research has led to the discovery of …进行评述句式：There are hardly any data about …Middle management is considered as the go-between of …The shapes and locations of these inclusions are believed to be related to …The finding is acknowledged as essential to ...Existing methods are not sufficient for …It is difficult to improve the therapy under the conditions of …The disproportion of age groups will unfortunately lead to …The improper use of methods would seriously influence the performance of …The subject will deepen the understanding of …However, it does not mean that there is no limitation of …It is well-known that in the field of …, there are still difficulties and challenges. Environmental protection has become the most important concern of …推荐和建议常用词：propose, suggest, recommend句式：The calculation suggests that…Bulk silk is proposed to be the alternative of ordinary silk because …The finite element method is recommended to …提出进一步研究的可能性常用词：demand, desirable, expect, necessary, necessity, need, require, requirement 句式：Another term of the …need addressing because…However, the development of MRI is absolutely necessary for …To establish a …model continues to be a major concern for …The underway measurement of sea surface temperature has made it necessary to……requires more work on …More concern about the blood cleaning point out the need for …There is a growing demand for …There is a surge in the use of …Although there is already an efficient procedure, more study is still needed.突出论文重点句式：The development of… is the primary concern of this paper. Particular attention is paid on the cultivation of …Interface structure is emphasized in the article because …This paper concentrates on the effects of …The chief consideration is …。

V. Abstract
摘要
1.
--some definitions

An abstract is a condensed version of a longer piece of writing that highlights the major points covered, concisely describes the content and scope of the writing ， and identify the project’s objective ， its methodology and its findings ， conclusion, or intended results.
Guiding the reading of longer documents. It is also an important measure to retrieve papers and promote the international scitech exchange.
3.
When writing a book proposal When writing a proposal for a Book Chapter

1.2 Evaluative Abstract
Main points in questions:
1. What would you usually do in evaluative abstract? A: I would include my own comments and reactions --- my thoughts and feelings regarding the material and presentation of the material. 2. Evaluative abstract is usually used in book review. (True or False)

摘要的分类1．陈述性摘要(descriptive abstract)只说明（陈述）论文的主题，不介绍论文的具体内容Sample 1Translation is not only a linguistic transference, but also an intercultural communication. For quite a long time, translation studies have been concentrated on the prescription of translation methods, with scant attention paid to the description of macro-cultural factors involved in the translating. In this paper, the writer contends that the study of the macro-cultural factors will surely enlarge the scope and enrich the content of the translation studies. The paper is largely a rudimentary step, both in theory and in practice, to expose some of the factors influencing Mr. Fu’s translation of Gone with the Wind, with a historic and descriptive approach employed.Sample 2To the general public, China English is a relatively new and serious concept, while in the fields of linguistics and translation a group of scholars have already make a study on it. Now most scholars hold that China English, based on the standard English, is a kind of variant of English to express things and concepts with Chinese characteristic. It is the product of the English language used in English-speaking countries combined with the unique Chineseness. Then, in the nation of China with a thousand-long history and civilization, how has China English come into being, grown and developed? This paper mainly focuses on the factors involved in the emergence and development of China English and it also explores people’s attitude toward China English, and analyzes the trend and role of China English in China and the world.2．资料性/信息性摘要(informative abstract)除了说明论文的主题外，还要介绍论文的主要观点、主要内容和研究成果Sample 3This paper, based on the theories and principles of psycholinguistics and cognitive psychology, deals with definitions and functions of emotional quotient, revealing some of the learners’ emotional characteristics, which affect the outcome of language learning. The author insists that language learning is a very sophisticated psychological process, and aspects of emotional quotient influence the learner’s cognitive process in which knowledge of the target language is internalized as language competence or skills. Results of experiments prove that positive and rich emotions are the motives needed for language learning. It is vital for language teachers to motivate their students to acquire the target language by developing their emotions and helping them internalize what they are learning. The author also mentions that language teachers should recognize the potential for creating a warm and friendly environment for language learning so that language teaching and learning process will be more effective in improving the learner’s IQ, EQ, and language creative ability.Sample 4In order to help students with their translation and assist teachers to find students’main problems with translation, this paper studies an English to Chinesetranslation exercise of the second year English majors in a university. The author studies in by collecting and sorting out the typical errors made by students and analyzing the causes of the errors guided by error analysis theory. The research adopts the basic translation criteria of TEM-8 in sorting out student s’translation errors. According to the research, students’errors fall into these categories: confusion in denotative and connotative meaning of a word, unnatural Chinese expressions, problems in dealing with proper nouns, misinterpretation of sentence structures of the source text, etc. Then the thesis analyzes the underlying causes: students’ lack of both translation theories and practice, and poor Chinese competence. It is hoped that more of this kind of research in both Chinese and English translation be done to guide translation teaching and practice.Sample 5As a limitation of cultural transmission, culture absence prevents Chinese readers from fully appreciating the original text. This thesis takes the translating of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter as an example, aiming at discussing the culture translation approach in the practice of translation. As one of Hawthorne’s best-known novel, The Scarlet Letter has its distinctive culture feature and the problem of culture absence commonly exists in translating it into Chinese. This thesis compares three different Chinese translation versions of the novel based on the analysis of its culture connotation, and discusses the culture absence of historical background, religious belief, mythological elements, metaphorical expressions, color images, etc. In the thesis, examples are given to illustrate how culture absence presents in its Chinese translations. Also, different compensative means for the culture absence are compared in the thesis, such as transliteration and semantic translation, literal translation and free translation, domestication and foreignization; the proper translation strategy should depend on different situations from the perspective of culture preservation.英文摘要常用的句型表达主要有：This paper argues (demonstrates) …This paper explores (probes into) …This paper elaborates on (expounds) …This paper includes (covers, touches on) …This paper aims to (aims at) …This paper focuses on …This paper makes a comparison of …This paper makes an attempt to touch on …This paper offers a discussion of (an overview of, an analysis of ) …This paper develops the theory of …This paper is a criticism of the theory of …This paper, on the basis of …, reveals (illustrates) …Based on …, this paper first categorizes … and then tentatively sets out …The purpose (objective) of this paper is to review …The author (writer) of this paper holds (considers, deems, contends) …The author tries to give an account of …In this paper, the author proposes …It is pointed out …In light of … theory, discussion is made about … in this paper.This thesis aims at a better understanding of English to Chinese (E to C) translation of adverbial clauses in business contracts. The author first describes the general theories and criteria for translation, and those specifics for the translation of international business contracts, which are theoretical guidelines for the whole thesis. Then the writer discusses and analyzes the four categories of adverbial clauses in international business contracts in translation. Finally, the author explores the major problems involved in translating adverbial clauses in business contracts from English to Chinese and proposes compensative strategies.。