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CHAPTER 55-1. Suppose the labor supply curve is upward sloping and the labor demand curve is downward sloping. The study of economic trends over a particular time period reveals that the wage recently fell while employment levels rose. Which curve must have shifted and in which direction to produce this effect?If the supply curve does not shift, all wage and employment movements must occur along the supply curve, so that the wage rate and the employment level must move in the same direction. Because the wage went down while employment went up in the situation described in the question, it must have been the case that the supply curve shifted outwards (to the right). We do not have enough information to determine whether the demand curve shifted as well.5-2. It takes time to produce a new economist, and prospective economists base their career decision by looking only at current wages across various professions. Further, the labor supply curve of economists is much more elastic than the labor demand curve. Suppose the market is now in equilibrium, but that the demand for economists suddenly rises because a new activist government in Washington wants to initiate many new programs that require the input of economists. Illustrate the trend in the employment and wages of economists as the market adjusts to this increase in demand.Initially, the market is in equilibrium at a wage w0 and an employment level of E0. The increase the demand for economists results in a new equilibrium wage of w1 and a new equilibrium employment level of E1. However, the demand for economists in the short-run is inelastic at E0, so the demand increase simply leads to a rise in the wage of economists (as indicated by point 1). In the next period, students believe this wage will persist and oversupply the market so that the cobweb leads to a new wage at point 2. In the next period, students undersupply (because the wage is too low) and the cobweb leads to a new wage at point 3, and so on. Because of the relative elasticities of supply and demand (as drawn), the cobweb is exploding and will never converge to a stable equilibrium.5-3. Suppose the supply curve of physicists is given by w = 10 + 5E , while the demand curve is given by w = 50 – 3E . Calculate the equilibrium wage and employment level. Suppose now that the demand for physicists increases and the new demand curve is given by w = 70 – 3E . Assume this market is subject to cobwebs. Calculate the wage and employment level in each round as the wage and employment levels adjust to the demand shock. (Recall that each round occurs on the demand curve – when the firm posts a wage and hires workers). What is the new equilibrium wage and employment level?The initial equilibrium is given by 10 + 5E = 50 – 3E . Solving these two equations simultaneously implies that w = $35 and E S = E D = 5. When demand increases to w = 70 – 3E , the new equilibrium wage is $47.5 and the equilibrium level of employment is 7.5.Round Wage Employment1 $55.0 52 $43.0 93 $50.2 6.64 $45.9 8.05 $48.4 7.26 $46.9 7.77 $47.8 7.48 $47.2 7.6The table gives the values for the wage and employment levels in each round. The values in the table are calculated by noting that in any given period the number of physicists is inelastically supplied, so that the wage is determined by the demand curve. Given this wage, the number of economists available in the next period is calculated. By round 7, the market wage rate is within 30 cents of the new equilibrium.01 w 1w 0W age5-4. The 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) made it illegal for employers in the United States to knowingly hire illegal aliens. The legislation, however, has not reduced the flow of illegal aliens into the country. As a result, it has been proposed that the penalties against employers who break the law be increased substantially. Suppose that illegal aliens, who tend to be less skilled workers, are complements with native workers. What will happen to the wage of native workers if the penalties for hiring illegal aliens increase?A substantial increase in the penalties associated with hiring illegal aliens will likely reduce the number of illegal aliens entering the United States. The effect of this shift in the size of the illegal alien flow on the marginal product (and hence the demand curve) of native workers hinges on whether illegal aliens are substitutes or complements with natives. As it is assumed that natives and illegal aliens are complements, a cut in the number of illegal aliens reduces the value of the marginal product of natives, shifting down the demand for native labor, and decreasing native wages and employment.5-5. Suppose a firm is a perfectly discriminating monopsonist. The government imposes a minimum wage on this market. What happens to wages and employment?A perfectly discriminating monopsonist faces a marginal cost of labor curve that is identical to the supply curve. As a result, the employment level of a perfectly discriminating monopsonist equals theemployment level that would be observed in a competitive market (at E *) The imposition of a minimum wage at w MIN leads to the same result as in a competitive market: the firm will only want to hire E D workers as w MIN is now the marginal cost of labor, but E S workers will want to find work at the minimum wage. Thus, the wage increases, but employment falls.DollarsE w w *S D5-6. What happens to wages and employment if the government imposes a payroll tax on amonopsonist? Compare the response in the monopsonistic market to the response that would have been observed in a competitive labor market.Initially, the monopsonist hires E M workers at a wage of w M . The imposition of a payroll tax shifts the demand curve to VMP ′, and lowers employment to E ′ and the wage to w ′. Thus, the effect of imposing a payroll tax on a monopsonist is qualitatively the same as imposing a payroll tax in a competitive labor market: lower wages and employment. (It is interesting to note that the same result comes about if the payroll tax is placed on workers, so that the labor supply and marginal cost of labor curves shift as opposed to labor demand.)5-7. An economy consists of two regions, the North and the South. The short-run elasticity of labor demand in each region is –0.5. The within-region labor supply is perfectly inelastic. The labormarket is initially in an economy-wide equilibrium, with 600,000 people employed in the North and 400,000 in the South at the wage of $15 per hour. Suddenly, 20,000 people immigrate from abroad and initially settle in the South. They possess the same skills as the native residents and also supply their labor inelastically.(a) What will be the effect of this immigration on wages in each of the regions in the short run (before any migration between the North and the South occurs)?There will be no effect on the North’s labor supply in the short run, so the wage rate will not change there. In the South, labor supply will have increased by 5 percent, so the wage rate must fall by 5/(0.5) = 10 percent (recall that the elasticity of labor demand is -0.5, so a one percent decrease in wages would have been generated by a 0.5 percent expansion of the labor supply). The new hourly wage in the South, therefore, is $13.50 and total employment in the South is 420,000.DollarsEmploymentw M w ′(b) Suppose 1,000 native-born persons per year migrate from the South to the North in response to every dollar differential in the hourly wage between the two regions. What will be the ratio of wages in the two regions after the first year native labor responds to the entry of the immigrants?After the initial migration, we have seen that wages in the South are $13.50 while wages in the North are $15. This difference leads 1,500 natives migrating from the South to the North in the first year. Employment in the North after one year, therefore is 601,500. Moreover, as the elasticity of labor demand in the North is -0.5 and employment has increased by 0.25 percent, the Northern wage falls by 0.5 percent to roughly $14.93. Likewise, employment in the South after one year is 418,500. As the elasticity of labor demand is -0.5 and employment has decreased by 0.3571 percent, the Southern wage increases by0.71428 percent to roughly $13.60. Thus, the ratio of the Northern to Southern wage after one year is1.09779.(c) What will be the effect of this immigration on wages and employment in each of the regions in the long run (after native workers respond by moving across regions to take advantage of whatever wage differentials may exist)? Assume labor demand does not change in either region.In the long run, people must move from the South to the North to equalize the wage rates in the two regions. Since the wages were equal in the two regions before the influx of immigrants, and they also must be equal after things settle down, the proportional decrease in the wage rate should be the same in the North and in the South. Because the elasticity of labor demand is the same in the two regions, this last observation implies that the percentage increase in employment in the North must be the same as the percentage increase in employment in the South. Thus, as 60 percent of the original workers were employed in the North, 60 percent of the 20,000 increase in Southern employment will eventually migrate to the North. In the long run, therefore, total Northern employment will be 612,000 while total Southern employment will be 408,000. (Note: there is no presumption that only immigrants further migrate to the North.) In each region, therefore, employment increases by 2 percent in the long run, i.e., 12,000 is 2 percent of 600,000 and 8,000 is 2 percent of 400,000. (This can also be seen immediately as 20,000 is 2 percent of the 1 million workers.) Now, given that the elasticity of labor demand is -0.5, the 2 percent increase in employment will cause the wage rate to fall by 4 percent. Hence, the long-run equilibrium hourly wage will be $14.40.5-8. Chicken Hut faces perfectly elastic demand for chicken dinners at a price of $6 per dinner. The Hut also faces an upward sloped labor supply curve ofE = 20w – 120,where E is the number of workers hired each hour and w is the hourly wage rate. Thus, the Hut faces an upward sloped marginal cost of labor curve ofMC E = 6 + 0.1E.Each hour of labor produces 5 dinners. (The cost of each chicken is $0 as the Hut receives two-day old chickens from Hormel for free.) How many workers should Chicken Hut hire each hour to maximize profits? What wage will Chicken Hut pay? What are Chicken Hut’s hourly profits?First, solve for the labor demand curve: VMP E = P x MP E = $6 x 5 = $30. Thus, every worker is valued at $30 per hour by Chicken Hut. Now, setting VMP E = MC E yields 30 = 6 + .1E which implies E* = 240. Thus, Chicken Hut will hire 240 workers every hour. Further, according to the labor supply curve, 240 workers can be hired at an hourly wage of $18. Finally, Chicken Hut’s profits are Π = 240(5)($6) –240($18) = $2,880.5-9. Polly’s Pet Store has a local monopoly on the grooming of dogs. The daily inverse demand curve for pet grooming is:P = 20 – 0.1Qwhere P is the price of each grooming and Q is the number of groomings given each day. This implies that Polly’s marginal revenue is:MR = 20 – 0.2Q.Each worker Polly hires can groom 20 dogs each day. What is Polly’s labor demand curve as a function of w, the daily wage that Polly takes as given?As each worker can groom 20 dogs each day, and using Q = 20E, we have thatVMP E = MR x MP E = ( 20 – 0.2Q ) (20) = (20 – 4E)(20) = 400 – 80E.Thus, as Polly’s demand for labor satisfies VMP E = w, we have that her labor demand curve isE = 5 – 0.0125w.5-10. The Key West Parrot Shop has a monopoly on the sale of parrot souvenir caps in Key West. The inverse demand curve for caps is:P = 30 – 0.4 Qwhere P is the price of a cap and Q is the number of caps sold per hour. Thus, the marginal revenue for the Parrot Shop is:MR = 30 – 0.8Q.The Parrot Shop is the only employer in town, and faces an hourly supply of labor given by:w = 0.9E + 5where w is the hourly wage rate and E is the number of workers hired each hour. The marginal cost associated with hiring E workers, therefore, is:MC E = 1.8E + 5.Each worker produces two caps per hour. How many workers should the Parrot Shop hire each hour to maximize its profit? What wage will it pay? How much will it charge for each cap?First, as Q = 2E, the labor demand curve isVMP E = MR x MP E = (30 – 0.8Q)(2) = 60 – 1.6Q = 60 – 3.2E.Setting VMP E equal to MC E and solving for E yields E = 11. Eleven workers can be hired at a wage of.9(11) + 5 = $14.99 per hour. The 11 workers make 22 caps each hour, and the 22 caps can be sold at a price of 30 – 0.4(22) = $21.20 each.5-11. Ann owns a lawn mowing company. She has 400 lawns she needs to cut each week. Her weekly revenue from these 400 lawns is $20,000. If given an 18-inch deck push mower, a low-skill worker can cut each lawn in two hours. If given a 60-inch deck riding mower, a low-skill worker can cut the lawn in 30 minutes. Low-skilled labor is supplied inelastically at $5.00 per hour. Each laborer works 8 hours a day and 5 days each week.(a) If Ann decides to have her workers use push mowers, how many push mowers will Ann rent and how many workers will she hire?As each worker can cut a lawn in 2 hours, it follows that each worker can cut 4 lawns in a day or 20 lawns in a week. Therefore, Ann would need to rent 20 push mowers and hire 20 workers in order to cut all 400 lawns each week.(b) If she decides to have her workers use riding mowers, how many riding mowers will Ann rent and how many workers will she hire?As each worker can cut a lawn in 30 minutes, it follows that each worker can cut 16 lawns in a day or 80 lawns in a week. Therefore, Ann would need to rent 5 riding mowers and hire 5 workers in order to cut all 400 lawns each week.(c) Suppose the weekly rental cost (including gas and maintenance) for each push mower is $250 and the weekly rental cost (including gas and maintenance) of each riding mower is $1,800. What equipment will Ann rent? How many workers will she employ? How much profit will she earn?If Ann uses push mowers, her weekly cost of mowers is $250(20) = $5,000 while her weekly labor cost is $5(20)(40) = $4,000. Under this scenario, her weekly profit is $11,000. If Ann uses riding mowers, her weekly cost of mowers is $1,800(5) = $9,000 while her weekly labor cost is $5(5)(40) = $1,000. Thus, under this scenario, her weekly profit is $10,000. Therefore, under these conditions, Ann will rent 20 push mowers and employ 20 low-skill workers.(d) Suppose the government imposes a 20 percent payroll tax (paid by employers) on all labor and offers a 20 percent subsidy on the rental cost of capital. What equipment will Ann rent? How many workers will she employ? How much profit will she earn?Under these conditions, the cost of labor has increased to $6.00 per hour, while the rental costs for a push mower and a riding mower have decreased to $200 and $1,440 respectively. Ann’s profits under the two options, therefore, arePush-Profit = $20,000 – $200(20) – $6(20)(40) = $11,200.Rider-Profit = $20,000 – $1,440(5) – $6(5)(40) = $11,600.Thus, under these conditions, Ann rents riding mowers, hires 5 low-skill workers, and earns a weekly profit of $11,600.5-12. In the United States, some medical procedures can only be administered to a patient by a doctor while other procedures can be administered by a doctor, nurse, or lab technician. What might be the medical reasons for this? What might be the economic reasons for this?The American Medical Association might argue that doctors have more training and experience than nurses, and therefore, are the only professionals who can make certain decisions or perform certain procedures.Economically, the AMA has an incentive to restrict the number of people who can practice medicine (or perform certain procedures) in order to keep doctor wages high. If nurses were allowed to do everything they were capable of, fewer doctors would be demanded, and doctor wages would fall. From an economic viewpoint, therefore, the AMA restricts the supply of doctors, which keeps doctor wages artificially high.WageW restW unrestRestricted Supply ofDoctorsUnrestricted Supplyof DoctorsL rest L unrest Services Provided by DoctorsLabor Market For Medical Services Provided by Doctors。
名词解释：1、派生需求：是由阿弗里德·马歇尔在其《经济学原理》一书中首次提出的经济概念，是指对生产要素的需求，意味着它是由对该要素参与生产的产品的需求派生出来的，又称“引致需求”。
对一种生产要素的需求来自（派生自）对另一种产品的需求。
其中该生产要素对这一最终产品会作贡献，如对轮胎的需求派生自对汽车运输的需求。
1.短期：在短期内可变的生产要素只有劳动力，技术和资本都是不变生产要素。
2.长期：在长期内，劳动力和技术是可变生产要素，只有资本是不变生产要素。
3.卖方垄断企业：指企业在产品市场上市垄断者，但在劳动市场上市完全竞争。
4.买方垄断企业：是指企业劳动力市场是垄断者，而在产品市场上是完全竞争者。
5.替代效应:劳动使用量从LA降低到LB，资本使用量从KA上升到KB，即企业用资本代替了劳动。
6.规模效应:由于工资率的提高，企业使用劳动的边际成本将上升，从而导致企业生产更少的数量，产量的下降将会导致使用劳动数量的下降，图中变现为从B点到C点的移动，劳动数量随之下降。
7.互补性生产要素：当生产要素A的价格下降，数量增加时，对生产要素B的需求上升，则称生产要素A与生产要素B是互补。
8.替代性生产要素：当生产要素A的价格下降，数量增加时，生产要素B的数量下降，则生产要素A是生产要素B的替代性生产要素。
9.劳动需求的工资弹性：a)劳动需求的工资弹性是指当工资率变化一个百分率所引起的劳动需求变化的百分率的比值。
b)公式：ed ＝－(△L/L)/(△W/W)＝－(△L/△W)/(W/L)1.ed为劳动需求的工资弹性，△L和△W分别是劳动需求数量L和工资率W的变动量。
10、劳动的边际产品价值：VMP=MP•P，指的是增加额外一单位劳动要素的投入所带来的收益。
（三）1.劳动力：是人的劳动能力，即人在劳动过程中所运用的体力和智力的总和。
在现代劳动经济学体系中，劳动力又特指在一定年龄范围内，具有劳动能力和劳动要求。
○曾○湘○泉《劳动经济学》名词解释1.【劳保版p9】实证经济学实际上是一种对人的经济学行为进行研究和分析的理论。
它建立在两个假说之上：一是稀缺性。
这是经济问题存在、也是经济学研究存在的基本的原因。
第二各假说是人是有理性的。
即它假设人们对有利可图的事，或者说是利益反映积极；无利可图，甚至是对自己有害的是，即成本反映消极。
借助于上述两种必要的、也是重要的假设，劳动经济学的研究能够帮助我们理解和预测劳动力市场上的劳动力供给和劳动力需求的行为变动趋势和走向，或者按照伊兰伯格的说法，“实证经济学的目标实际上是在试图发现他们的行为倾向”。
这也正是实证研究方法的价值之所在。
简单说，实证经济学研究方法实际上是告诉我们某种事物“实际是什么”（也就是它的状态和趋势）的一种理论研究方法，它描述的事物本来的面貌。
2.【劳保版p11】在劳动力市场上，研究和分析劳动力市场上实际的运行是什么，只是告诉了我们一个客观的运行状态，它并没有说明这种状态是否对或错。
或者说没有告诉我们这种客观状态是否符合我们的要求。
在劳动经济领域，规范经济学严格地讲是一种价值判断的理论，或者说它是“应该是什么的”的理论。
规范经济学研究方法是对实际发生的东西的价值判断，依赖于我们通常所说的规范的价值判断分析。
规范经济学也有一些基本的判断尺度，从本质上讲，它的根本价值尺度是以互惠原则作为理论基础和出发点。
3.【劳保版p15】又称“引致需求”，是由阿弗里德·马歇尔在其《经济学原理》一书中首次提出的经济概念，是指对生产要素的需求，意味着它是由对该要素参与生产的产品的需求派生出来的。
在劳动经济学中，对劳动力的需求是一种派生需求，即企业对劳动力的需求不是一种最终产品的需求，它实际上是对产品生产需求所派生和所导引出来的一种需求。
因此，在我们研究劳动经济学问题时，不肯能摆脱商品市场和资本市场来孤立进行劳动经济的分析和研究，即所谓不能就劳动来谈劳动，就劳动力来谈劳动力。
第一章劳动力需求1、如何理解劳动力需求的含义？所谓劳动力需求，是指一定时期内,在某种工资率下雇主愿意并能够雇用到的劳动力的数量。
有三个问题与劳动力需求的概念密切相关。
(一）劳动力需求是派生性需求1、劳动力需求是生产活动的需求。
2、劳动力需求是对物质产品和服务需求的一种派生需求。
(二）边际生产率理论是劳动力需求理论的支持理论之一(三）劳动力需求是意愿和支付能力的统一2、何谓劳动力需求弹性？劳动力需求弹性是一般需求弹性概念的属概念，也具有一般需求弹性的各种性质。
劳动力的需求弹性是指劳动力需求量（及供给量)的变化对工资水平变化的影响程度.劳动力供给量大的时候，如工资下降幅度大，说明供给弹性大，如果工资不怎么变化，则说明供给弹性需求小.按绝对值的大小，劳动力需求弹性共有5种状态。
（1）劳动力需求弹性等于零。
(完全无弹性）（2）劳动力需求弹性小于1。
（无弹性）（3）劳动力需求弹性等于1.（单位弹性）(4）劳动力需求弹性大于1。
（弹性较大）（5）劳动力需求弹性无穷大。
（完全无弹性）3、工资率和产品需求的变化如何对劳动力需求产生影响？工资的变化包括上升和下降两个方面,在现实经济生活中，工资的变化主要表现为工资的上升。
工资上升对劳动力需求产生的影响可以分解为两个影响效应。
一个是与资本的相对价格比上升而产生节约劳动力的替代效应；另一个是因工资上升造成生产成本上升，引起产品价格上涨，导致产品需求下降,最终形成劳动力需求减少的规模效应.4、在考察劳动力需求时通常有哪些假设条件？1、生产技术的假设.假设技术条件不变或可变,前者在设计劳动力需求模型时必须,后者动态分析时必要。
2、组织目标的假设。
在生产组织中，生产目标是其根本目标。
企业的生产目标也是设计劳动力需求基本模型的一个重要条件。
有关生产目标的假设，不外乎有三种情况:利润最大化、人均产量最大化和总产量最大化.3、市场环境的假设。
假设是完全竞争的.市场状况分为完全竞争性市场、垄断性市场和不完全竞争性市场三种.4、劳动力是否同质的假设.劳动力供给模型假设劳动力是同质的，但实际上，劳动力的异质性是劳动力市场最主要的特征。
第一章导言一、劳动经济问题的重要地位：例：经济增长为什么没有带来显性就业？首先，反周期的宏观经济政策对解决自然失业是无能为力的；其次，在反周期的宏观经济政策所能调节的周期性失业方面，由于宏观经济政策所引导的投资方向往往是就业密集度较低的行业，进而导致反周期措施拉动就业的能力大为降低。
20世纪90年代以来，中国的就业增长主要是通过中小企业、民营经济以及非正规经济，通过逐渐发育起来的劳动力市场机制所创造的/另一方面，城镇实际失业率也持续提高，劳动参与率逐年下降，政府主导投资带动的就业增长效果不显著，从而导致在经济增长的同时没有显性的就业增长。
目前的高失业率，有很大的部分是自燃失业率，主要由于劳动力市场不健全、产业结构调整和各种不利于就业扩大的规制而产生。
这个失业组成部分并不能通过宏观反周期政策予以消除。
而在宏观经济政策可以有所作为的范围内，又由于政策导向不是就业最大化，以致当宏观经济政策刺激起经济增长时，就业增长效果并不显著。
三、现实中的劳动经济现象和问题：2）如何应对人口老龄化？•联合国的相关定义：一个国家或地区60岁以上人口占该国或地区人口总数的10%或以上，或一个国家或地区65岁以上人占该国或地区人口总数的7%或以上，那么，该国家或地区就进入了老龄化社会。
•老龄化会影响劳动力市场的供求状况。
首先人口老龄化将导致劳动年龄人口比例下降，劳动力供给将会逐步萎缩。
劳动力是社会再生产最主要的生产要素，劳动年龄人口比例的下降可能导致劳动力短缺，劳动力的短缺将直接影响经济的发展速度，因此我们把研究方向指向未来劳动力供求状况。
在人口预测的基础上，我们将人口按年龄分为三个年龄段得到了未来40年的劳动力供给数据，经作图发现劳动力供给主体上呈现下降趋势。
其次在将未来劳动力供给与需求一同作图后我们发现我国在2020年之前劳动力供求状况一直都是供大于求，而随着劳动力供给的减少与需求的增加，在2020年后劳动力供给缺口将不断扩大。
第一章导言一、劳动经济问题的重要地位：例：经济增长为什么没有带来显性就业？首先，反周期的宏观经济政策对解决自然失业是无能为力的；其次，在反周期的宏观经济政策所能调节的周期性失业方面，由于宏观经济政策所引导的投资方向往往是就业密集度较低的行业，进而导致反周期措施拉动就业的能力大为降低。
20世纪90年代以来，中国的就业增长主要是通过中小企业、民营经济以及非正规经济，通过逐渐发育起来的劳动力市场机制所创造的/另一方面，城镇实际失业率也持续提高，劳动参与率逐年下降，政府主导投资带动的就业增长效果不显著，从而导致在经济增长的同时没有显性的就业增长。
目前的高失业率，有很大的部分是自燃失业率，主要由于劳动力市场不健全、产业结构调整和各种不利于就业扩大的规制而产生。
这个失业组成部分并不能通过宏观反周期政策予以消除。
而在宏观经济政策可以有所作为的范围内，又由于政策导向不是就业最大化，以致当宏观经济政策刺激起经济增长时，就业增长效果并不显著。
三、现实中的劳动经济现象和问题：2）如何应对人口老龄化？•联合国的相关定义：一个国家或地区60岁以上人口占该国或地区人口总数的10%或以上，或一个国家或地区65岁以上人占该国或地区人口总数的7%或以上，那么，该国家或地区就进入了老龄化社会。
•老龄化会影响劳动力市场的供求状况。
首先人口老龄化将导致劳动年龄人口比例下降，劳动力供给将会逐步萎缩。
劳动力是社会再生产最主要的生产要素，劳动年龄人口比例的下降可能导致劳动力短缺，劳动力的短缺将直接影响经济的发展速度，因此我们把研究方向指向未来劳动力供求状况。
在人口预测的基础上，我们将人口按年龄分为三个年龄段得到了未来40年的劳动力供给数据，经作图发现劳动力供给主体上呈现下降趋势。
其次在将未来劳动力供给与需求一同作图后我们发现我国在2020年之前劳动力供求状况一直都是供大于求，而随着劳动力供给的减少与需求的增加，在2020年后劳动力供给缺口将不断扩大。
劳动经济学教案第一章导论教学目的通过教学，使学生懂得劳动经济学产生的时间、研究对象、研究方法及学习的重要性。
教学重点研究对象和方法教学方法讲授课时安排2课时第一节劳动经济学的产生劳动经济学产生于20世纪20年代的美国。
1925年，布卢姆的《劳动经济学》的出版，标志着劳动经济学的问世。
劳动经济学是伴随着劳动市场出现、发展而逐渐形成的一个经济学的分支。
从市场经济国家的历史来看，工业革命后，产生了雇佣劳动，以及在雇佣劳动条件下的劳动力供给、企业对劳动力的需求等劳动经济的问题。
随着资本主义生产方式的产生和发展，劳资雇佣关系扩展到社会生活的各个领域。
雇佣劳动所产生的诸如工资、失业、劳动时间、劳动条件、工伤事故与职业病、妇女与童工劳动、劳资谈判、罢工等问题日益突出，劳动市场上的各类问题不断涌现，促使社会科学工作者，特别是经济学家对此进行深入的思考。
埃利·理查德1886年出版了《美国劳工运动》一书，他分析了工会在劳动市场、劳动条件的决定方面的作用，开创了对劳动市场现象进行制度与组织分析的先河。
19世纪20年代的美国劳动市场日趋成熟。
1925年出版了布卢姆的《劳动经济学》，这是历史上第一本正式以劳动经济学命名的教科书。
该书开始系统涉及劳动市场上的就业、工资、劳资关系、劳工运动、劳动立法等主要内容的分析。
20世纪30年代的大萧条和世界范围内严重的失业形势，引发了经济学家对宏观劳动问题的深入思考。
1936年凯恩斯出版了《就业利息货币通论》，开创了宏观经济学、也是宏观劳动经济学理论的先河。
历史表明，市场经济国家社会和经济环境的不断发展和变化，产生了对劳动市场分析和研究的需求，劳动经济学的理论应运而生，并不断地发展和进步。
第二节劳动经济学的研究对象一、劳动经济学家对劳动经济学研究对象存在着几种不同的表述。
一种定义是强调劳动经济学涉及人的行为的特征。
如1931年，朱通九在所著的《劳动经济》一书中认为，劳动经济学是研究劳动者的经济行为的科学。
劳动经济学课后习题参考答案集团标准化办公室：[VV986T-J682P28-JP266L8-68PNN]《劳动经济学》课后思考题参考答案第一章绪论二、思考题1．如何理解劳动经济学的价值（1）劳动经济学研究的是社会经济问题。
例如，民工荒、政府要求增加最低工资、劳动生产率下降、农民工工资急剧上升、工资增长不均等、工作培训、国有企业高管人员的高工资受到质疑、收入分配不平、农村移民增加、劳动力市场全球化扩大等等。
（2）数量上的重要性。
在西方经济中，大部分国民收入并不是来源于资本收入（利润、租金和利息），而是来源于工资。
绝大多数居民户的主要收入来源是提供劳务。
从数量上看，劳动才是我们最重要的经济资源。
（3）独有的特性。
劳动力市场的交易完全不同于产品市场的交易。
劳动力市场是一个极有意义和复杂的场所。
劳动力市场的复杂性意味着供给和需求概念在应用于劳动力市场时必须做出重大的修改和调整。
在供给方面，劳动者“出售”给雇主的劳务与该劳动者不可分离。
除了货币报酬，工人还关注工作的健康和安全性、工作难度、就业稳定性、培训和晋升机会等，这类非货币因素也许与直接收入同样重要。
这样，工人的供给决策要比产品市场的供给概念复杂得多。
（4）收益的广泛性。
无论是个人还是社会，都可以从劳动经济学中得到许多启示和教益。
从劳动经济学得到的信息和分析工具有助于人们做出与劳动力市场有关的决策。
从个人角度看。
大量内容将直接与我们有关，如工作搜寻、失业、歧视、工资、劳动力流动等。
对于企业管理者来说，从对劳动经济学的理解中所得到的知识背景和分析方法，对做出有关雇用、解雇、培训和工人报酬等方面的管理决策也应该是十分有用的。
从社会角度看，了解劳动经济学将使人们成为更有知识、更理智的公民。
2．劳动经济学的研究方法有哪些首先要明确劳动经济学的基本假设。
劳动经济学的假设主要表现在以下四个方面：（1）资源的相对稀缺性。
如同商品和资本是稀缺的一样，劳动力资源也是有限的。
CHAPTER 44-1. Suppose there are two inputs in the production function, labor and capital, and these two inputs are perfect substitutes. The existing technology permits 1 machine to do the work of 3 persons. The firm wants to produce 100 units of output. Suppose the price of capital is $750 per machine per week. What combination of inputs will the firm use if the weekly salary of each worker is $300? What combination of inputs will the firm use if the weekly salary of each worker is $225? What is the elasticity of labor demand as the wage falls from $300 to $225?Because labor and capital are perfect substitutes, the isoquants (in bold) are linear and the firm will use only labor or only capital, depending on which is cheaper in producing 100 units of output.The (absolute value of the) slope of the isoquant (MP E / MP K ) is 1/3 because 1 machine does the work of 3 men. When the wage is $900 (left panel), the slope of the isocost is 300/750. The isocost curve,therefore, is steeper than the isoquant, and the firm only hires capital (at point A ). When the weekly wage is $225 (right panel), the isoquant is steeper than the isocost and the firm hires only labor (at point B ).Weekly Salary = $300 Weekly Salary = $225The elasticity of labor demand is defined as the percentage change in labor divided by the percentage change in the wage. Because the demand for labor goes from 0 to a positive quantity when the wagedropped to $225, the (absolute value of the) elasticity of labor demand is infinity.LaborCapitalLaborCapital4-2. (a) What happens to the long-run demand curve for labor if the demand for the firm’s output increases?The labor demand curve is given by VMP E = MR x MP E. As demand for the firm’s output increases, its marginal revenue also increases. Thus, an increase in demand for the firm’s output shifts the labor demand curve to the right.(b) What happens to the long-run demand curve for labor if the price of capital increases?To determine how an increase in the price of capital changes the demand for labor, suppose initially that the firm is producing 200 units of output at point P in the figure. The increase in the price of capital (assuming capital is a normal input) increases the marginal costs of the firm and will reduce the profit-maximizing level of output to say 100 units. The increase in the price of capital also flattens the isocost curve, moving the firm to point R. The move from point P to point R can be decomposed into a substitution effect (P to Q) which reduces the demand for capital, but increases the demand for labor, and a scale effect (Q to R) which reduces the demand for both labor and capital. The direction of the shift in the demand curve for labor, therefore, will depend on which effect is stronger: the scale effect or the substitution effect.4-3. Union A wants to represent workers in a firm that hires 20,000 person workers when the wage rate is $4 and hires 10,000 workers when the wage rate is $5. Union B wants to represent workers in a firm that hires 30,000 workers when the wage is $6 and hires 33,000 workers when the wage is $5. Which union would be more successful in an organizing drive?The union will be more likely to attract the workers’ support when the elasticity of labor demand (in absolute value) is small. The elasticity of labor demand facing union A is given by:η = percent ∆L / percent ∆w = (20,000–10,000)/20,000 ÷ (4–5)/4 = –2.The elasticity of labor demand facing union B equals (33,000–30,000)/33,000 ÷ (5–6)/5 = –5/11 ≈ –.45. Union B, therefore, is likely to have a more successful organizing drive as 0.45 < 2.4-4. Consider a firm for which production depends on two normal inputs, labor and capital, with prices w and r, respectively. Initially the firm faces market prices of w = 6 and r = 4. These prices then shift to w = 4 and r = 2.(a) In which direction will the substitution effect change the firm’s employment and capital stock?Prior to the price shift, the absolute value of the slope of the isocost line (w/r) was 1.5. After the price shift, the slope is 2. In other words, labor has become relatively more expensive than capital. As a result, there will be a substitution away from labor and towards capital (the substitution effect).(b) In which direction will the scale effect change the firm’s employment and capital stock?Because both prices fall, the marginal cost of production falls, and the firm will want to expand. The scale effect, therefore, increases the demand for both labor and capital (as both are normal inputs).(c) Can we say conclusively whether the firm will use more or less labor? More or less capital?The firm will certainly use more capital as the substitution and scale effects reinforce each other in that direction, but the change in labor employed will depend on whether the substitution or the scale effect for labor dominates.4-5. What happens to employment in a competitive firm that experiences a technology shock such that at every level of employment its output is 200 units/hour greater than before?Because output increases by the same amount at every level of employment, the marginal product of labor, and hence the value of the marginal product of labor, does not change. Therefore, as the value of the marginal product of labor will equal the wage rate at the same level of employment as before, the level of employment will not change.4-6. Suppose the market for labor is competitive and the supply curve for labor is backwardbending over part of its range. The government now imposes a minimum wage in this labor market. What is the effect of the minimum wage on employment? Does the answer depend on which of the two curves (supply or demand) is steeper? Why?Equilibrium is attained where the supply curve intersects the demand curve, and the equilibriumemployment and wage levels are E* and w*, respectively . When the minimum wage is set at w MIN , the firm wants to hire E D workers but E S workers are looking for work. As long as the downward-sloping portion of the supply curve is to the right of the demand curve, the fact that the supply curve is downward sloping creates no problems beyond those encountered in the typical competitive model. An interesting extension of the problem would consider the case where the downward-sloping portion of the supply curve recrosses the demand curve at some point above w * and the minimum wage is set above that point.4-7. Suppose a firm purchases labor in a competitive labor market and sells its product in a competitive product market. The firm’s elasticity of demand for labor is −0.4. Suppose the wage increases by 5 percent. What will happen to the number of workers hired by the firm? What will happen to the marginal productivity of the last worker hired by the firm?Given the estimates of the elasticity of labor demand and the change in the wage, we have that4.0%%−=∆∆=w E η => 4.0%5%−=∆E=> %2%−=∆E .Thus, the firm hires 2 percent fewer workers. Furthermore, because the labor market is competitive, the marginal worker is paid the value of his marginal product. As the product market is also competitive, therefore, we know that the output price does not change so that the marginal productivity of the marginal worker increases by 5 percent.Employment W agesw M INS D4-8. A firm’s technology requires it to combine 5 person-hours of labor with 3 machine-hours to produce 1 unit of output. The firm has 15 machines in place and the wage rate rises from $10 per hour to $20 per hour. What is the firm’s short-run elasticity of labor demand?Unless the firm goes out of business, it will combine 25 persons with the 15 machines it has in place regardless of the wage rate. Therefore, employment will not change in response to the movement of the wage rate, and the short-run elasticity of labor demand is zero.4-9. In a particular industry, labor supply is E S = 10 + w while labor demand is E D = 40 − 4w, where E is the level of employment and w is the hourly wage.(a) What is the equilibrium wage and employment if the labor market is competitive? What is the unemployment rate?In equilibrium, the quantity of labor supplied equals the quantity of labor demanded, so that E S = E D. This implies that 10 + w = 40 – 4w. The wage rate that equates supply and demand is $6. When the wage is $6, 16 persons are employed. There is no unemployment because the number of persons looking for work equals the number of persons employers are willing to hire.(b) Suppose the government sets a minimum hourly wage of $8. How many workers would lose their jobs? How many additional workers would want a job at the minimum wage? What is the unemployment rate?If employers must pay a wage of $8, employers would only want to hire E D = 40 – 4(8) = 8 workers, while E S = 10 + 8 = 18 persons would like to work. Thus, 8 workers lose their job following the minimum wage and 2 additional people enter the labor force. Under the minimum wage, the unemployment rate would be 10/18, or 55.6 percent.4-10. Suppose the hourly wage is $10 and the price of each unit of capital is $25. The price of output is constant at $50 per unit. The production function isf(E,K) = E½K ½,so that the marginal product of labor isMP E = (½)(K/E) ½ .If the current capital stock is fixed at 1,600 units, how much labor should the firm employ in the short run? How much profit will the firm earn?The firm’s labor demand curve is it marginal revenue product of labor curve, VMP E, which equals the marginal productivity of labor, MP E, times the marginal revenue of the firm’s product. But as price is fixed at $50, MR = 50. Thus, we have thatVMP E = MP E× MR = (½)(1,600/E)½(50) = 1,000 / E½ .Now, by setting VMP E = w and solving for E, we find that the optimal number of workers for the firm to hire is 10,000 workers. The firm then makes (1600)½(10000)½ = 4,000 units of output and earns a profit of 4,000($50) – 1,600($25) – 10,000 ($10) = $60,000.4-11. Table 616 of the 2002 U.S. Statistical Abstract reports data on the nominal and real hourly minimum wage from 1960 through 2000. Under which president did the nominal minimum wage increase by the greatest dollar amount? Under what president did the real minimum wage increase by the greatest percentage?The data are:AdministrationsYear CurrentReal(2000)percentChangeNominalChange President1960 $1.00 $5.821961 $1.15 $6.621962 $1.15 $6.561963 $1.25 $7.03 20.79percent $0.25 Kennedy 1964 $1.25 $6.941965 $1.25 $6.831966 $1.25 $6.641967 $1.40 $7.221968 $1.60 $7.92 14.12percent $0.35 Johnson 1969 $1.60 $7.511970 $1.60 $7.101971 $1.60 $6.801972 $1.60 $6.591973 $1.60 $6.211974 $2.00 $6.99 -6.92percent $0.40 Nixon 1975 $2.10 $6.721976 $2.30 $6.96 3.57percent $0.20 Ford 1977 $2.30 $6.541978 $2.65 $7.001979 $2.90 $6.881980 $3.10 $6.48 -0.92percent $0.80 Carter 1981 $3.35 $6.351982 $3.35 $5.981983 $3.35 $5.791984 $3.35 $5.551985 $3.35 $5.361986 $3.35 $5.261987 $3.35 $5.081988 $3.35 $4.88 -23.15percent $0.00 Reagan 1989 $3.35 $4.651990 $3.80 $5.011991 $4.25 $5.371992 $4.25 $5.22 12.26percent $0.90 Bush 1993 $4.25 $5.061994 $4.25 $4.941995 $4.25 $4.801996 $4.75 $5.211997 $5.15 $5.531998 $5.15 $5.441999 $5.15 $5.322000 $5.15 $5.15 1.78percent $0.90 ClintonThe nominal minimum wage increased by the greatest dollar amount ($0.90) under both President Bush and President Clinton. In percentage terms, however, the real minimum wage increased by 12.26 percent during the Bush presidency, but only by 1.78 percent during the Clinton presidency. The greatest percent increase, however, came during the Kennedy presidency, when the minimum wage increased by over 20 percent.。
劳动经济学一、单项选择题1.【67164】劳动经济学的研究起点是（劳动力市场理论）。
2.【92265】劳动经济学与理论经济学是（特殊与一般）的关系。
3.【66979】在完全竞争条件下，短期劳动需求曲线的弹性和长期劳动需求曲线的弹性相比，（后者大）。
4.【67028】根据希克斯-马歇尔派生需求定理，在保持其他条件不变的情况下，如果资本要素的（供给）弹性越（大），那么劳动需求的工资弹性则越大。
5.【67171】影响劳动力市场最根本、最主要的要素是（市场性要素）。
6.【67084】在完全竞争条件下，劳动需求曲线和劳动的边际产品价值曲线（重合）。
7.【67027】如果在一个坐标轴中分别划出完全竞争条件下的劳动需求曲线以及商品市场卖方垄断条件下的劳动需求曲线，那么两者的位置是（前者在后者的上方）。
8.【67131】我们在劳动需求一章中讲"短期"、"长期"，其真正含义是(并非严格意义上的时间长短，来不及调整资本要素的时段都称为短期，否则称为长期）。
9.【67085】家庭生产的等产量曲线的横轴和纵轴分别表示（家庭工作时间；市场商品数量）。
10.【67055】根据劳动供给的生命周期理论来判断，人们在哪个年龄段最不应该选择频繁地游山玩水？（中年）11.【67011】劳动力供给等于（劳动力数量×劳动力的时间×劳动力的效率）。
12.【67167】在影响劳动力供给的诸多因素中，最为主要的因素是（市场工资率）。
13.【67144】我们在劳动需求理论和劳动供给理论中均提到工资率变动的"替代效应"，这两个名词说的是（不完全是一回事，前者指劳动与资本替代，后者指工作与闲暇替代）。
14.【92266】（劳动年龄人口）包含的范围最大。
15.【67137】个人劳动供给曲线的形状是（一条先向右上方倾斜但不久又转向左上方弯曲的曲线）。
16.【66980】如果把闲暇看成一种商品，那么对于某个劳动者而言它的单位价格是（该劳动者在劳动力市场上的工资率）。
劳动经济学第一章1.劳动力：一个人的身体即活的人体中存在的、每当他产生某种使用价值时就运用的体力和智力的总和。
2.劳动力资源：指能够从事各类工作的劳动力的人口，它是劳动力人口的数量和其平均质量的乘积。
3.劳动力需求：指一定时期内，在某种工资率下雇主愿意并能够雇用到的劳动力数量。
4.长期与短期劳动力需求长期：指企业的一切生产要素，无论资本、技术还是劳动力要素都是可变的，即任何条件都可能变化。
短期：指资本存量不变，唯一可变的因素是劳动投入量，即把在资本投入量不会变化，技术条件也不变的条件下对劳动力的需求称为短期需求。
5.劳动力需求、供给曲线（图1-1）图1-1劳动力需求曲线说明在其他条件不变的情况下，劳动力需求量与工资率之间的反向联系。
6.在市场经济条件下，大多数企业的基本目标是利润最大化。
π=R-C=QP-(Lw+Kr) 7.边际生产力递减规律（图4-2）：在短期定义中，生产的其他要素固定不变，唯一可变的生产要素是劳动投入。
当把可变的劳动投入增加到不变的其他生产要素上时，最初劳动的增加会使产量增加；当其增加超过一定限度时，增加的产量开始递减。
（都先增后减/AP 与MP 的交点是AP 的最大值/MP=0，总产量最大）8.假设企业的产量X 增加，价格P 不变（完全竞争），SD总收入与总成本曲线（盈亏平衡点）9.单个企业的产量决定：当边际收入MR=MC边际成本时，产量X*，获得最大利润10.在完全竞争的劳动力市场中，边际收入=产品的边际生产力*产品价格11.完全竞争的劳动力市场的边际成本：边际成本=工资12.整个市场的劳动力需求函数L*W=L1W1+L2W2+…13.在长期劳动需求中，资本成为可变的生产要素14.等产量曲线：表明不同的生产技术和方法，资本和劳动投入的不同组合，其产量相等。
15.替代效应和规模效应替代效应：与资本的相对价格比上升而产生节约劳动力的效应。
（w↑，等产，劳动L1-L2被资本K2-K1取代，等产量曲线曲率越小，替代的可能性加大）规模效应：因工资上升造成生产成本上升，（供给曲线左上移动）引起产品价格上涨，导致产品需求下降，最终形成劳动力需求减少的效应。
一分析题1. 20世纪70年代，埃及的建筑工人曾经出现了大量外流的情形，他们纷纷前往沙特阿拉伯寻找高工资的工作。
与此同时，埃及国内对建筑工人的需求也急剧上升。
以图形的方式说明劳动力供给和劳动力需求所出现的两种移动，然后运用图形来预测埃及国内建筑部门的工资水平和雇佣水平在这一时期发生变化的方向。
2. 厄瓜多尔是世界上最大的香蕉出口国，而该国的香蕉种植和收割工作需要大量的劳动力，其中也包括儿童。
假设现在厄瓜多尔宣布在香蕉种植园中使用童工是非法的。
运用经济理论的“实证”模型来分析厄瓜多尔的香蕉种植业中的就业和工资将会发生何种变化。
请在你的分析中运用需求曲线和供给曲线。
3. 在过去的20年中，涌入美国境内的墨西哥非法移民的数量大幅度上升，而他们中的大多数都是非技术工人，所以政府部门最近正在考虑采取一些措施来减少这些移民的流入量。
被列入考虑范围的政策之一是：雇主一旦被发现雇佣非法移民，政府将给予较重的经济处罚。
这种政策对非技术的非法移民的就业会产生怎样的影响？它对美国“本土”的技术劳动力的需求会产生怎样的影响？4. 许多雇主都为他们的员工提供健康保险，而有些雇主，主要是小企业，却不这么做。
假设政府希望所有的员工都能获得达到或超过某一标准之上的健康保险。
再假设政府希望有雇主来支付这笔保险费用，并且政府目前正在考虑从下面两种不同方法中选择其一来实施：选择一：如果一位雇主不愿意主动向其员工提供可接受的健康保险，则必须根据其实际使用的劳动小时数来缴纳每小时X美分的税收，然后政府再利用这笔资金为员工提供健康保险。
选择二：与选择一情况相同，但政府获得健康保险基金的方式有所不同，现在采取按照雇主总收益的一定比例来征税的方式来形成这笔资金。
对这两种方法对劳动力市场所产生的影响进行对比和分析。
5. 根据目前正在运行的工伤保险制度，一位因公永久受伤的员工无论是否工作，每年都可得到X美元的保险金。
假设政府现在实施一项新的计划，规定：那些根本不工作的人每年都会得到0.5X美元，而那些参加工作的人则不仅可得到0.5X美元而且还能以每一个工作小时追加50美分的方式得到额外的工伤保险（这笔补贴是在雇主支付的工资以外额外追加的）如果以这种方式来追加工伤保险，那么劳动者的工作动机会将产生怎样的变化？6. 2002年法国实施了一项法律，把标准工作周从39小时减少至35小时（尽管劳动者一周只工作35小时，但是他们却得到39小时的工资），同时不禁止安排加班加点的工作。
1、决定企业长期劳动力需求的原则是（）A劳动的边际产量与工资率之比等于资本的边际产量和资本价格之比B 劳动的边际生产力与工资率之比等于资本的边际生产力和资本价格之比C劳动的边际产量与资本价格之比等于资本的边际产量和工资率之比D劳动的边际生产力与资本价格之比等于资本的边际生产力和工资率之比2、劳动力需求曲线左移，劳动力供给曲线左移，则均衡就业量( )。
A.减少B.增加C.不变D.不确定3、工资率提高的收入效应对个人劳动供给影响是（A.正向B.负向C.没有D.4、个人劳动力供给曲线是（A.向前弯曲B.C.从左下向右上倾斜D.从左上向右下倾斜5、劳动力需求曲线不变，劳动力供给曲线左移，对均衡工资率和均衡就业量的影响为（）A.减少，减少B.减少，增加C.增加，减少D.增加，增加6、技术进步对（A.熟练工B.非熟练工C.技工D.女工7、实行计件工资制，工人低生产率的风险主要由( )承担。
A.企业B.工人C.政府D.社会8、长期劳动力需求行为不同于短期的劳动力需求行为在于( )。
A.企业可以调整其资本数量B.企业可以调整其劳动力数量C.企业不可以调整其资本数量D.企业不可以调整其劳动力数量9.长期劳动力需求曲线比短期需求曲线的弹性和形状（A.大，陡峭B.大，平缓C.小，陡峭D.小，平缓10.一般培训的成本通常由（）来支付。
A.企业B.员工C.政府D.11.向右上倾斜且较为平缓的劳动供给曲线的弹性( )。
A.等于零B.较大C.较小D.等于12.在水平形状的市场劳动力供给曲线下，（）A.单个企业可以通过改变工资出价水平来改变劳动力供给水平B.单个企业可以通过改变其劳动力需求来改变市场工资水平C.单个企业可以以低于市场工资率的工资水平雇到所需劳动力D.单个企业不可以通过工资出价水平的改变来改变劳动力供给水平13.当工资率增加所产生的替代效应小于收入效应时，工作时间为( )。
A.减少B.不变C.增加D.不确定14.个人预算约束线的斜率等于( )。
A.边际替代率B.边际技术替代率C.工资率D.利息率15.无差异曲线较为陡峭的人更加( )。
A.偏好收入B.偏好闲暇C.没有偏好D.不确定16.劳动力需求自身工资弹性的绝对值较小时，工资率变化对该类劳动力就业量的影响( )。
A.大B.小C.没有D.不确定17.总成本中，劳动成本所占比重越大，该种劳动力的自身工资弹性( )。
A.越大B.越小C.不变D.不确定18.劳动力需求增加，劳动力供给减少时，则均衡工资率( )。
A.减少B.增加C.不变D.不确定19.与横轴平行的劳动力需求曲线的劳动力需求弹性为( )。
A.无弹性B.无限弹性C.富有弹性D.缺乏弹性20.实行计时工资，工人低生产率的风险主要由( )承担。
A.企业B.工人C.政府D.社会21.进行专门培训的成本，在形式上通常采用( )。
A.企业负担原则B.员工个人负担原则C.企业和员工双方负担原则D.社会负担原则22.下列论述正确的是( )A.劳动力往往从经济欠发达地区向经济发达地区流动B.专业技术型劳动力往往流向经济欠发达地区C.学历较高的劳动力流动率较低D.青年劳动力具有较低的流动率23.下列有关劳动力市场歧视的论述正确的是( )A.雇主歧视模型认为：雇主的偏见越大，实际生产率越高B.统计性歧视模型认为：群体中成员的差别越大，使用群体资料作为甄别的代价越高C.资本家企图团结劳动者，是二元劳动力市场形成的原因之一D.垄断力量造成市场歧视理论的共同特征是：把劳动力划分为几个可竞争性的集团24.工资上升后对劳动力供给的影响可以归结为( )A.规模效应和收入效应B.替代效应和收入效应C.规模效应和替代效应D.替代效应和平移效应25.下列论述正确的是( )A.劳动者年龄越大，流动的可能性越大B.劳动者受教育程度越高，流动的可能性越小C.专业技术和管理人员的总流动率低于体力劳动者的流动率D.迁移距离越长，迁移成本越低26.下列属于前市场歧视的是( )A.工资歧视B.就业歧视C.职业歧视D.人力资本投资歧视27.工资率提高的收入效应对个人劳动供给影响是( )A.正向B.负向C.没有D.28. 长期劳动力需求曲线比短期需求曲线的弹性和形状( )A.大，陡峭B.大，平缓C.小，陡峭D.29. 劳动力需求曲线不变，劳动力供给曲线左移，对均衡工资率和均衡就业量的影响为( )A.减少，减少B.减少，增加C.增加，减少D.30. 一般培训的成本通常由( B )A.企业B.员工C.政府D.31.甲的闲暇偏好大于乙的闲暇偏好，则两者的等效用曲线的斜率关系为( )A.甲大于乙B.甲小于乙C.两者相等D.无法判定32.生产劳动密集型产品的企业，其劳动力需求弹性( )A.为零B.大C.小D.为单位弹性33.劳动需求曲线向左下方向移动，说明劳动力需求( )。
A.增加B.减少C.不变D.难以判定34.向右上倾斜且较为平缓的劳动供给曲线的弹性( )。
A.等于零B.较大C.较小D.等于135.水平形状的劳动力供给曲线的弹性为( )。
A.0B.1C.正无穷D.不确定36.工资率变动对劳动力需求的影响包括( )。
A.规模效应和收入效应B.规模效应和替代效应C.收入效应和替代效应D.收入效应和边际效应37.长期劳动力需求行为不同于短期的劳动力需求行为在于( )。
A.企业可以调整其资本数量B.企业可以调整其劳动力数量C.企业不可以调整其资本数量D.企业不可以调整其劳动力数量38.当工资率增加所产生的替代效应小于收入效应时，工作时间为( )。
A.减少B.不变C.增加D.不确定39.劳动力需求自身工资弹性的绝对值较小时，工资率变化对该类劳动力就业量的影响( )。
A.大B.小C.没有D.不确定40.总成本中，劳动成本所占比重越大，该种劳动力的自身工资弹性( )。
A.越大B.越小C.不变D.不确定41.总互补的两类劳动力的交叉工资弹性( )。
A.小于零B.等于零C.大于零D.不确定42.工资率下降时，长期劳动力需求比短期需求( )。
A.增加得更少B.增加得更多C.减少得更少D.减少得更多43.一般而言，每增加一单位的闲暇所增加的效用是( )的。
A.增加B.减少C.不变D.不确定44.其它生产要素供给价格弹性越大，该种劳动力的自身工资弹性( )。
A.越大B.越小C.不变D.不确定45实际工资率越低，预算约束线( )。
A.越陡直B.越弯曲C.越平缓D.不变46在市场工资率一定的条件下，居民家庭生产率提高，则劳动力参与率( )。
A.提高B.降低C.不变D.不确定47.劳动力需求自身工资弹性的绝对值较大时，工资率变化对该类劳动力就业量的影响( )。
A.大B.小C.没有D.不确定48.生产劳动密集型产品的企业，其劳动力需求弹性( )。
A.为零B.大C.小D.为单位弹性49.两种劳动力间为总替代关系时，其交叉工资弹性为( )。
A.正B.负C.零D.任意值50.工资率提高的收入效应对个人劳动供给影响是（）。
A.正向B.负向C.没有D.不确定51.两种劳动力间为总互补关系时，其交叉工资弹性为（）。
A.正B.负C.零D.任意值52.劳动力需求自身工资弹性的绝对值较小时，若工资率提高，该类劳动的工资总额（）A.增加B.不变C.减少D.不确定53.劳动的边际产品曲线与劳动的平均产品曲线相交于平均产品曲线的（）处。
A.最大值B.最小值C.中点D.零点54.雇主在利用某个群体的典型特征作为雇用标准时，就会产生（）。
A.顾客歧视B.雇员歧视C.统计性歧视D.性别歧视55.下列关于劳动力需求的表述，正确的是( )。
A.工资率上升所产生的替代效应导致需求增加B.工资率上升所产生的规模效应导致需求增加C.工资率上升所产生的两种效应方向相同D.工资率上升所产生的两种效应方向相反56.劳动力需求自身工资弹性的绝对值较小时，若工资率提高，该类劳动的工资总额( )。
A.增加B.不变C.减少D.不确定57.短期内，其他的生产要素是不变的，唯一可变的生产要素是______投入。
（）A.土地B.资本C.劳动D.技术58.以下属于劳动力流动的货币成本的是( )A.迁移发生的交通费用B.寻找新工作损失的收入C.精神成本D.心理压力59.根据统计性歧视模型，随着群体中成员的差别减少，使用群体资料作为甄别手段的代价将会( )A.降低B.不变C.增大D.无法确定60．如果两类劳动力是总替代关系，则一类劳动力的工资率上升会引起另一类劳动力（）A．供给的增加B．供给的下降C．需求的增加D．需求的下降61．引起劳动力需求量变动的根本原因是（）A．工资率B．生产技术C．货币资本规模D．企业的性质62．在其他条件不变的情况下，由于对教育、培训有较高回报的预期，因此，人力资本投资增加，将使（）A．劳动供给增加B．劳动供给减少C．劳动需求增加D．劳动需求减少63．在工资率和收入水平较低的情况下，随着工资率提高，劳动者将增加劳动供给。
造成这种现象的原因是（）A．收入效应B．替代效应C．收入效应小于替代效应D．收入效应大于替代效应64．劳动力流动成为人力资本投资方式之一的原因在于（）A．劳动力流动费用直接形成人力资本存量B．劳动力流动费用直接增加人力资本存量C．劳动力流动费用直接抵销人力资本存量D．劳动力流动是实现人力资本价值和增值的必要条件65．下列各项培训成本中，属于培训投资机会成本的是（）A．雇员在接受培训期间的工资B．接受培训的人员在培训期间对产量的影响C．租用培训场地的费用D．培训教材费用66．下列选项中，属于延期支付方式的是（）A．带薪休假B．免费工作午餐C．折价优惠商品D．失业保险67.ES>1是表示劳动力供给弹性如何？( )A.供给无弹性B.供给有无限弹性C.供给缺乏弹性D.供给富有弹性68.长期劳动力需求调整与短期相比幅度更大，是因为下列哪个效应也开始起作用？( )A.规模效应B.收入效应C.替代效应D.外在化效应69.下列哪个选项属于个人接受教育时的机会成本？( )A.学费B.由于上学而放弃的收入C.超出不上学时的部分生活费用D.书籍费70.下列哪个选项的劳动力具有较高的流动性？( )A.劳动力本身所具有的技巧能被许多企业利用B.铁路机车司机C.石油工人D.整个社会对劳动力需求下降的一些行业71.下列哪个选项属于延期支付？( )A.小时工资B.养老金C.住房D.免费午餐72.下列哪个选项不属于造成劳动力市场歧视的因素？( )A.种族B.性别C.民族传统D.劳动技能73．下列关于劳动力需求交叉工资弹性的论述哪项是正确的？（）A.如果一种劳动力需求量的增加将引起另一种劳动力需求量的增加，称这两种劳动力为总替代B.如果一种劳动力需求量的增加将引起另一种劳动力需求量的减少，称这两种劳动力为总互补C.如果交叉弹性值为正，二者之间为总替代关系D.如果交叉弹性值为正，二者之间为总互补关系74．下列哪个选项是正确的？（）A.实际工资＝货币工资B.实际工资＝货币工资/物价指数C.货币工资＝实际工资/物价指数D.货币工资＝实际工资/物价75.劳动力供给的含义是指( )A.在一定市场工资率条件下，劳动者个人或家庭愿意并且能够提供的劳动时间B.在一定市场工资率条件下，政府规定劳动者的劳动总时间C.一定时期内，一国或地区生产某种使用价值时运用的体力和智力的总和D.一定时期内，一国或地区劳动人口的总和76.反映劳动力需求量变动对工资率变动的反应程度的指标是( )A.劳动力需求的交叉弹性B.劳动力需求的自身工资弹性C.劳动力供给的自身工资弹性D.劳动力供给的交叉弹性77.劳动的边际产品收益可以表述为( )A.增加一单位劳动要素投入所增加的产量B.增加一单位劳动资料投入所增加的产品价值C.平均每单位劳动要素投入所带来的产品收益D.劳动的边际产量与产品价格的乘积78.如果两类劳动力是总替代关系，则下列说法正确的是( )A.一类劳动力的工资率上升会引起该类劳动力需求的增加B.一类劳动力的工资率上升会引起另一类劳动力需求的下降C.两类劳动力需求的交叉工资弹性值为正值D.两类劳动力需求的交叉工资弹性值为负值79.下列关于人力资本特点表述正确的是( )A.人力资本是寄寓在劳动者身上的一种生产能力B.人本身就是人力资本C.人力资本具有不可积累性D.与物质资本投资相比，人力资本投资不具有风险性80.效用均等化的补偿性工资差别产生的原因是( )A.劳动质量的差别B.劳动数量的差别C.恶劣的劳动条件及伤害危险D.劳动效率的差别81.采用计件工资制的企业，其员工基本工资的高低取决于( )A.一定时间内劳动产品的价值B.一定时间内合格劳动产品的数量C.一定时间内劳动产品的质量D.一定时间内劳动产品的生产成本82．在其他条件不变时，下列关于劳动力需求正确的说法是（）A．劳动力需求随工资率提高而减少B．劳动力需求随工资率提高而增加C．无论工资率如何变化，劳动力需求始终减少D．无论工资率如何变化，劳动力需求始终增加83．个人劳动力供给曲线与其他供给曲线存在明显区别，即“向后弯曲”。
