国家留学基金委英语统考培训班入学考试阅读部分包含四...

基金委公派人员英语高级班结业统一考试标准一、统考目的国家留学基金委明确提出了对出国留学人员外语的质量要求。

外语达到标准要求的才能派出，达不到要求的不能派出。

因而，为确保出国留学人员外语程度和实现国家公派出国留学任务的目标，要求培训和考试做到标准化、规范化、合法化，具有权威性。

二、统考形式全国按照国家留学基金委的统一标准，统一要求进行集中统一出题、评卷、录分；统考成绩一般于考试后三周左右出。

三、统考分数要求1、考试分数：考试总分为160分（阅读40分，写作40分，听力40分，口语30分，平时出勤情况5分，平时作业情况5分）。

2、考试时间：上午笔试时间为2小时40分钟(听力40分钟，阅读、写作各60分钟)；下午口试。

3、合格成绩：总分达到90分，且口语达到18分，听力达到20分者为成绩合格。

4、统考时间：秋季班大约在每年1月初；春季班大约在每年7月初（由国家留学基金委最终确定考试时间）。

四、试题说明1、基金委-阅读考试题型介绍；2、基金委-听力考试题型介绍。

1. 基金委-听力考试题型介绍（一）简介：听力考试分三个部分，目的在于考察考生的英语听力理解能力，考试时间约为40分钟。

（二）听力部分具体介绍：题量：40道题时间：45分钟左右（另有10分钟誊写答案时间）分值：40分语速：每分钟100－120个单词难度：略高于PETS四级听力部分难度。

题型：完成句子、填空填表、选择判断、回答问题等。

听力部分具体题型介绍：听力测试共有四部分构成。

所有部分答案要求简短，即不超过3个单词。

第一部分：听写。

考察考生对于基本词汇语法的掌握。

考生听一段短文，根据听到的内容填写空缺的单词。

这部分只听一遍。

（做题之前会有60秒钟读题的时间。

）如：Section 1Listen to the following talk about the University Health Insurance Plan and fill in the blanks as you listen. You will listen to the talk ONCE only.You now have 60 SECONDS to look at questions 1 to 10.Today I’d like to give you a brief introduction to our university health insurance plan. The University Health Insurance Plan (UHIP) provides eligible participants with healthcare coverage comparable to that provided by the Ontario Government Health Insurance Plan (OHIP) and will reflect all changes made to OHIP (1)________ as they occur. You should contact York International to ascertain if you, or your accompanying dependants, (2) __________ for this plan.…第二部分前五道题。

考试注意事项整个试卷共120题,听力部分有30道题,长度约25分钟,该部分结束后立即开始语法词汇部分,然后是填充部分和阅读部分。

这三部分时间统用,共80分钟。

听力录音长度约21分钟,共30题,其中10题有惩罚措施:做对得1分,做错扣0.5分。

因此建议:不要做没有把握的题。

阅读部分中第111-120题亦有惩罚措施:做对得1分;做错扣1分。

请先下载听力试题的声音文件(MP3格式。

按鼠标右键,用―目标另存为...‖将声音文件下载到硬盘上,然后用相关软件播放。

试题的标准答案附在最后。

请自己核对答案。

最终成绩的换算表:Part I Listening Comprehension (听力理解每个正确答案乘以 1Part II Grammar and Vocabulary (语法、词汇每个正确答案乘以 0.6Part III Cloze (填充每个正确答案乘以 0.8Part IV Reading Comprehension (阅读理解每个正确答案乘以 1四项换算后的成绩之和为总分。

满分为100分。

录取等级参考标准如下:高级班:65分以上中级班:50-64分准中级班:35-49分基础班:20-34分Part I Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections :In this section, you will hear 10 short statements. The statements will be spoken just once. They will not be written out for you, and you must listen carefully in order to understand what the speaker says.When you hear a statement, you will have a period of 15 to 20 seconds to read the four sentences in your test book and decide which one is closest in meaning to the statement you have heard. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the problem and mark your answer by drawing with a pencil a short bar across the corresponding letter in the brackets.Listen to the following example:You will hear:You will read:[A] He's been living in Beijing for a long time.[B] He used to live in Beijing.[C] He's gone to Beijing for a short visit.[D] He should stay longer in Beijing,Sentence [B] "He used to live in Beijing" is closest in meaning to the statement "He is no longer living in Beijing." Therefore you should choose answer [B].1. [A] Tom is riding a bike.[B] The bike is upside down.[C] Tom is repairing the bike.[D] Tom is cleaning his bike.2. [A] Professor Graff doesn't usually write on the blackboard.[B] Students are rarely bored in Professor Grafts class.[C] The professor uses graphs when she lectures.[D] Students in the graphic arts course don't take notes.3. [A] They are with them.[B] It is with them.[C] They are with her.[D] He is with her.4. [A] I passed the test because I studied hard.[B] I won't do well on the test if I don't study.[C] I failed the test because I didn't study enough.[D] I'll study hard so I can pass the test.5. [A] How long is the school term?[B] Why did you turn over the stool?[C] I wish I know how to get to the dormitory.[D] I want the term to end soon.6. [A] The boat owner must be rich.[B] This man must be the owner.[C] Those men are both rich.[D] The boat has a monkey on it.7. [A] Alice answered Jean's question.[B] Alice allowed Jean to respond.[C] Jean's response was questionable.[D] Alice accepted the answer.8.[A] Bob bought a new pair of sandals.[B] Bob's sandals were fixed.[C] The shoemaker only made sandals.[D] The shoemaker wore sandals.9.[A] We have to go to a party after work.[B] We are going to have a party when the house has been painted.[C] We went to a huge party after the house was painted.[D] We'll go to the party if the house is painted.10. [A] They read about the invention in the news report.[B] The inventor wrote an interesting news report.[C] A reporter asked the inventor some questions.[D] The reporter was watching the news.Section BDirections:In this section you will hear 10 short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. You will hear the question only once. When you have heard the question, you will have a period of 15 to 20 seconds to read the four possible answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D] and decide which is the best answer. Mark your answer on the answer sheet by drawing with a pencil a short bar across the corresponding letter in the brackets.Example :You will hear:'You will read:[A] At the office.[B] On his way to work.[C] Home in bed.[D] Away on vacation.From the conversation, we know that Bill is sick and will have to stay in bed until Monday. The best answer, then, is [C] "Home in bed." Therefore, you should choose answer [C].11. [A] On the steps.[B] By the window.[C] At s store.[D]In a bank.12. [A] It's almost time for lunch.[B] Only a few strawberries will be eaten at lunch.[C] There are just enough strawberries for lunch.[D] There won't be many people for lunch.13.[A] No one knows how Mary gets to work.[B] It's surprising that Mary could repair the record player.[C] She threw the old records away.[D] She doesn't think the record player works.14. [A] In a railroad station.[B] In a bus terminal.[C] In a restaurant.[D] In a hotel room.15. [A] At the information desk.[B] On the platform.[C] On the train.[D] Near the stairs.16. [A] Eighteen.[B] Nineteen.[C] Twenty.[D] Twenty-eight.17. [A] He gave homework.[B] He prepared a test.[C] He opened the book to page 20.[D] He went to the cinema.18. [A] He doesn't understand the question.[B] He will definitely not lend her the money.[C] He will lend her the money.[D] He might lend her the money.19. [A] She lost her money.[B] The price of postage went up.[C] She didn't know where the post office.[D] The post office was closed today.20. [A] Zero.[B] One.[C]Two.[D] Three.Section CDirections :In this section you will hear several brief talks and/or conversations. You will hear them once only. After each one, you will hear some questions. You will hear each question once only. After you hear the question, you will have 1 5 to 20 seconds to choose the best answer from the four choices given. Mark your answer on the answer sheet by drawing with a pencil a short bar across the corresponding letter in the brackets.21. [A] A person's character.[B] A person's voice characteristics.[C] A person's health.[D] A person's profession.22. [A] The strength of the speaker.[B] The force of air that comes from the lungs.[C] The weight of the speaker.[D] The height of the speaker.23. [A] The highness or lowness of sounds.[B] The loudness of sounds.[C] The force of sounds.[D] The speed of sounds.24. [A] The Student Activities Office will open.[B] Seniors will measure their heads.[C] Students will order new school hats.[D] Seniors will graduate.25. [A] All students[B] All seniors[C] All graduating seniors[D] All faculty26. [A] What kind of ceremony there will be[B] How to order the graduation outfit[C] How much to pay for the clothes[D] Where to go for graduation27. [A] Rent them[B] Buy them[C] Clean them[D] Measure them28. [A] Michael Jackson.[B] Muhammad Ali[C] A very famous actor.[D] A very famous and powerful president.29. [A] He was a gold medal winner in Olympics.[B] He is the younger brother of Michael Jackson.[C] He had some influence on the president of the U.S.[D] He is quite popular with the American young people today.30. [A] They usually don't live long.[B] They usually are quickly forgotten by the public.[C] They don't know where to hide themselves.[D] They are usually very fat.Part II Grammatical Structure and Vocabulary(30 minutesSection ADirections :There are 10 sentences in this section. Beneath each sentence there are 4 words or phrases marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the answer sheet by drawing with a pencil a short bar across the corresponding letter in the brackets.Example: I have been to the Great Wall three times ___ 1979.[A] from[B] after[C] for[D] sinceThe sentence should read, "I have been to the Great Wall three times since 1979." Therefore you should choose [D].31. Those foreign visitors look very ____.[A] smartly[B] wildly[C] like friends[D] friendly32.It ____ every day so far this month.[A] is raining[B] rains[C] has rained[D] rained33. James has just arrived, but I didn't know he ____ until yesterday.[A] will come[B] was coming[C] had been coming[D] came34. She ought to ___ my letter a week ago. But she was busy with her work.[A] have answered[B] answering[C] answer[D] be answered35. The house ____ windows are broken is unoccupied.[A] its[B] whose[C] which[D] those36. _____ of gold in California caused many people to travel west in hope of becoming rich.[A] The discovering[B] To discover[C] The discovery[D] On discovering37. _____ the Wright brothers successfully flew their airplane.[A] The century was beginning[B] It was the beginning of the century[C] At the beginning of the century[D] The beginning of the century38. After a brief visit to New Orleans,____.[A] returning to New York and beginning to write his greatest poetry did Walt . Whitman.[B] Walt Whitman returned to New York and began to write his greatest poetry.[C] Walt Whitman was writing his greatest poetry when he returned to New York.[D] having returned to New York Walt Whitman wrote his greatest poetry.39. We wish that you ____ such a lot of work , because we know that you would have enjoyed theparty.[A] hadn't had[B] hadn't[C] didn't have had[D] hadn't have40. Since your roommate is visiting her family this weekend, why_____ you have dinner with ustonight[A] will[B] won't[C]do[D] don'tSection BDirections :There are 10 sentences in this section. Each sentence has four parts underlined. The four underlined parts are marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Identify the one underlined part that is wrong. Mark your answer on the answer sheet by drawing with a pencil a short bar across the corresponding letter in the brackets.Example:A number of foreign visitors were taken to the industrial exhibition which they sawA B C Dmany new products.Answer [C] is wrong because the sentence should read, "A number of foreign visitors were taken to the industrial exhibition where they saw many new products." So you should choose[C].41. Thomas is most excellent in the family.A B C D42. By 1642 all towns in the colony of Massachusetts was required by law to have schools.A B C D43. Both moths and butterflies have a keen sense of sight, smell, and tasting.A B C D44.The plane took off after holding up for hours by fog.A B C D45. Smith sold most of his belongings. He has hardly nothing left in the house.A B C D46. The reason why I decided to come here is because this university has a goodA B CDepartment of English.D47.If he would have finished his paper a little sooner, he would have graduated this term.A B C D48. Most experts agree that there have never been such an exciting series ofA B Cbreakthroughs in the search for a cancer cure as we have seen recently.D49. If one does not have respect for himself, you cannot expect others to respect him.A B C D50. The South is mostly Democrat politically, when the North has both DemocratsA B C Dand Republicans.Section CDirections:There are 20 sentences in this section. Each sentence has a word or phrase underlined. There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the one word or phrase which would best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it were substituted for the underlined part. Mark your choice on the answer sheet by drawing with a pencil a short bar across the corresponding letter in the brackets.Example: The initial step is often the most difficult.[A] quickest[B] longest[C] last[D] firstThe best answer is [D] because "first" has the same meaning as "initial" in the sentence. Therefore you should choose [D].51. The initial talks were the base of the later agreement.[A] first[B] quickest[C] last[D] longest52. She is quiet and pious at church in the morning but gossips all afternoon.[A]gentle[B] smiling[C]joyful[D] devout53. The weatherman said, "It will be chilly this afternoon."[A] wet[B] turbid[C] hot[D] cold54. He walked to his bedroom cautiously because he heard strange sounds in it.[A] happily[B] carefully[C] curiously[D] noisily55. Apparently she never got my letter after all.[A] Evidently[B] Disappointedly[C] Luckily[D] Anxiously56. Placing tags on ducks and geese as they migrate is one method of studying the behavior of birds.[A] sleep for winter[B] move from one place to another[C] flee their enemies[D] search for food57. In September, 1835, Darwin's vessel arrived at the Galapagos Islands.[A] assistant[B] cargo[C] ship[D] gun58. Movie studios often boost a new star with guest appearances on television talk shows.[A] attack[B] watch[C] denounce[D] promote59. When products advertise extensively on television, they are often ridiculously overpriced.[A] inexpensive[B] costly[C] valueless[D] overabundant60. John and his brother have entirely different temperaments.[A] likings[B] dispositions[C] tastes[D] objectives61. Seeds are contained in the center of fleshy fruit such as apples and pears.[A] core[B] focus[C] nucleus[D] median62. One of the responsibilities of a forest ranger is to drive slowly through the area in search of animals in distress.[A] cruise[B] tiptoe[C] skid[D] mare63. Mrs. Palmer was offended by the clerk's mean remark.[A] tasty[B] nasty[C] misty[D] musty64. Most recipients of the peace prize are given the award in person, but sometimes the award is givenposthumously.[A] when the person is out of the country[B] after the person has died[C] to political prisoners[D] by mail65. Seeing the Grand Canyon from the air is a sight to behold.[A] hold upon[B] remember[C] anticipate[D] gaze upon66: Mythical creatures have been a part of the folklore of many cultures throughout the centuries.[A] Appealing[B] Magical[C] Legendary[D] Fighting67. Everyone would like a panacea for health problems.[A] protection against[B] advice for[C] a cure-all for[D] a decrease in68. In the fall it is gratifying to see stalks of wheat ready for harvest.[A] terrifying[B] satisfying[C] surprising[D] relaxing69. A bad winter storm can paralyse an urban area.[A] immobilise[B] evacuate[C] isolate[D] stabilise70. Even though he was obese, Oliver Hardy gained fame as a comedian.[A] dying[B] crazy[C] unhappy[D]fatPart III ClozeDirections: For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the choices in the column on the right. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and draw a short bar across the corresponding letter.There is a lot of luck in the drilling foroil. The [71] may just miss the oil although it is near;[72], it may strike oil at a fairly high[73]. When the drill goes down, itbrings [74] soil. The sample of soil from various depths areexamined for traces of [75]. If they are disappointed at one place, thedrillers go to [76]. Great sums ofmoney [77] spent, for example in the deserts of Egypt, in ‗prospecting‘ for oil. Sometimes[78] is found. When you buy a few gallons of petrol for our cars, we pay not only the [79] of the petrol, but also part of the cost if the search that 71.[A] time[B] man[C] drill[D] plan72. [A] at last[B] in the end[C] as a result[D] on the other hand73. [A] level[B] time[C] place[D] price74. [A] down[B] up[C] on[D] in75. [A] sand[B] water[C] oil[D] gas76. [A] another[B] the other[C] others[D] one another77. [A] are[B] is[C] has been[D] have been78. [A] a little[B] little[C] a few[D] few79. [A] amount[B] price[C] cost[D] drilling北京语言大学出国人员培训部/入学考试样题/2013is [ 80 ] going on.When the crude oil is obtained from the field, it is taken to the refineries.[ 81 ].The commonestform of treatment is [ 82 ]. When the oil is heated, the first vapours[ 83 ] are cooled and become the finest petrol. Petrol has a lowboiling[ 84 ]; if a little is poured into the hand, it soon vaporizes.Gas that comes off the [ 85 ] lateris condensed into paraffin. [ 86 ] the lubricating oils of variousgrades are produced. What [ 87 ] is heavy oil that is used as fuel.There are four main areas ofthe world [ 88 ] deposits of oil appear.The first is [ 89 ] of the Middle East.Another is thearea [ 90 ] North and South America, and the third, between Asia and Australia. The fourth area is the part near the North Pole. 80. [A] often[B] frequently[C] busily[D] always81. [A] to be treated[B] to treat[C] for treatment[D] for treating82. [A] heated[B] to be heated[C] to heat[D] heating83. [A] to rise[B] rises[C] rising[D] risen84. [A] level[B] place[C] point[D] degree85. [A] ground[B] air[C] oil[D] water86. [A] Then[B] Last of all[C] Afterwards[D] Lately87. [A] remains[B] remain[C] remained[D] remaining88. [A] there[B] which[C] that[D] where89. [A] the one[B] one[C] that[D] this90. [A] between[B] among[C] above[D] belowPart IV Reading Comprehension(40 minutesDirections:In this part there are passages followed by questions or unfinished statements, each with four suggested answers. Choose the one you think is the best answer. Mark your choice on the answer sheet by drawing with a pencil a short bar across the corresponding letter in the brackets. Questions 91-94 are based on the following passage:The fiddler crab is a living clock. It indicates the time of day by the color of its skin, which is dark by day and pale by night. The crab's changing skin color follows a regular 24-hour cycle that exactly matches the daily rhythm of the sun.Does the crab actually keep time, or does its skin simply respond to the sun's rays, changing color according to the amount of light that strikes it? To find out, biologists kept crabs in a dark room for two months. Even without daylight the crab's skin color continued to change precisely on schedule.This characteristic probably evolved in response to the rhythm of the sun, to help protect the crab from sunlight and enemies. After millions of years it has become completely regulated inside the living body of the crab.The biologists noticed that once each day the color of the fiddler crab is especially dark, and that each day this occurs fifty minutes later than on the day before. From this they discovered that each crab follows not only the rhythm of the sun but also that of the tides. The crab's period of greatest darkening is precisely the time of low tide on the beach where it was caught!91. The fiddler crab is like a clock because it changes color[A] in a regular 24-hour rhythm.[B] in response to the sun's rays.[C] at low tide.[D] every fifty minutes.92. The crab's changing color[A] tells the crab what time it is.[B] protects the crab from the sunlight and enemies.[C] keeps the crab warm.[D] is of no real use.93. When the fiddler crabs were kept in the dark, they[A] did not change color.[B] changed color more quickly.[C] changed color more slowly.[D] changed color on the same schedule.94. The best title for the passage is[A] The Rhythmic Cycles of the Sun and Tide[B] Discoveries in Biology[C] A Scientific Study[D] A living ClockThere is another example of the revolution in railway signaling and safety measures which can also be attributed to the widespread introduction of electricity in the last decade of the nineteenth century. The track circuit, patented by one William Robinson as far back as 1872, was based on a simple principle. A section of track is insulated at the rail joints from the adjoining sections, and an electrically-operated switch or relay is maintained in the closed position by a low-voltage current passing continually through the rails. The effect of the entry of a train on the insulated section is to short-circuit this current through its wheels and axles with the result that the switch opens. It will be appreciated that should the current fail or should an accidental short-circuit take place, the device will behave as if a train were on the section. However, it will obey the essential requirement of every safety device that in the event of failure the danger signal is given.95. What does the paragraph preceding this one probably discuss?[A] Another one of Robinson's inventions[B] A twentieth-century safety device[C] An electrically-operated safety device[D] Railroading in the mid-nineteenth century96. In the last sentence in the passage, what does the word "it" refer to?[A] An accidental short-circuit[B] A danger signal[C] A safety device[D] A train97. Which of the following statements is TRUE?[A] Railway signaling improved with the American Revolution.[B] The last century saw great progress in railway signaling device.[C] The track circuit is a simple application of a complex principle.[D] The widespread introduction of electricity took place around 1910.98. If a short-circuit takes place, what will happen to the section containing the safety device?[A] A fire will start.[B] A danger signal will be given.[C] A train will derail.[D] The electrically operated switch will close.99. What is the result when a train passed over a section with a low-voltage current?[A] It will derail.[B] A switch opens.[C] A danger signal is given.[D] It will shock the crew.100. What is the topic of this passage?[A] The development of electrical safety devices[B] The inventions of William Robinson[C] The danger of railroad accidents[D] The operation of an electrical safety device for trainsLife near the shore everywhere is affected by the tides, which come and go twice each day in a cycle of about twelve-and-a-half hours —just different enough from the daily cycle of the sun so that there can be no regular relationship between the shore being alternately wet and dry and alternately light and dark. The extent of the tides varies greatly, from as little as one foot in inland seas like the Mediterranean, to fifty feet or so in the Bay of Fundy in Nova Scotia. In some parts of the world, one of the two daily tides rises higher and falls lower than the other; and tides at the time of new moon and full moon are generally greater than at other times. The extent of the intertidal zone thus varies from day to day as well as from place to place.The kinds of organisms living in the region between the tidal limits depend very much on whether the shore is rocky, sandy, or muddy. Rocky shores have the most obviously rich faunas, because of the firm anchorage for both animals and plants, and because of the small pools left by the retreating seas. Sandy shores, especially when exposed to surf (as they usually are, have the fewest kinds of animals.101. Which of the following factors does not affect the extent of the tides?[A] Place[B] Time[C] The moon[D] The composition of the shore soil102. The time span between tides[A] varies as much as the extent of the tides.[B] is a more constant phenomenon than the extent of the tides.[C] is shorter in inland seas.[D] and the extent of tides depend upon each other.103. The two tides in a given day[A] may vary in extent.[B] never vary in extent.[C] always vary in extent.[D] only vary in extent at the time of a new moon or a full moon.104. The composition of the intertidal soil affect[A] the nature of tides.[B] the temperature of the water in that area.[C] the amount of animals and plants living in that area.[D] the level of pollution in that area.105. Muddy shores[A] have poorer faunas than do sandy shores.[B] have richer faunas than do rocky shores.[C] have poorer faunas than do rocky shores, but richer faunas than do sandy shores.[D] have no faunas at all.106. The smallest tides occur in[A] open seas.[B] inland.[C] bays.[D] deeper seas.Reading is the key to school success and, like any skill, it takes practice. A child learns to walk by practising until he no longer has to think about how to put one foot in front of the other. A great athlete practices until he can play quickly, accurately, without thinking. Tennis players call that "being in the zone." Educators call it "automaticity."A child learns to read by sounding out the letters and decoding the words. With practice, he stumbles less and less, reading by the phrase. With automaticity, he doesn't have to think about decoding the words, so he can concentrate on the meaning of the text.It can begin as early as first grade. In a recent study of children in Illinois schools, Alan Rossman of Northwestern University found automatic readers in the first grade who were reading almost three times as fast as the other children and scoring twice as high on comprehension tests. At fifth grade, the automatic readers were reading twice as fast as the others, and still outscoring them on accuracy, comprehension and vocabulary."It's not I.Q. but the amount of time a child spends reading that is the key to automaticity," according to Rossman. Any child who spends at least 3.5 to 4 hours a week reading books, magazines or newspapers will in all likelihood reach automaticity. At home, where the average child spends 25 hours a week watching television, it can happen by turning off the set just one night in favour of reading.You can test your child by giving him a paragraph or two to read aloud - something unfamiliar but appropriate to his age. If he reads aloud with expression, with a sense ofthe meaning of the sentences, he probably is an automatic reader. If he reads haltingly, one word at a time, without expression or meaning, he needs more practice.107. The first paragraph tells us____.[A] what automaticity is[B] how accuracy is acquired[C] how a child learns to walk[D] how an athlete is trained108. An automatic reader[A] sounds out the letters[B] concentrates on meaning[C] has a high I.Q.[D] pays much attention to the structures of sentences109. The Illinois study shows that the automatic reader's high speed[A] costs him a lot of work[B] affects his comprehension[C] leads to his future success[D] doesn't affect his comprehension110. A bright child[A] also needs practice to be an automatic reader[B] always achieves great success in comprehension tests[C] becomes an automatic reader after learning how to read[D] is a born automatic readerQuestions 111 - 116 are based on the following passage:The Triumph of Unreason?Neoclassical economics is built on the assumption that humans are rational beings who have a clear idea of their best interests and strive to extract maximum benefit (or―utility‖, in economist-speak from any situation. Neoclassical economics assumes that the process of decision-making is rational. But that contradicts growing evidence that decision-making draws on the emotions—even when reason is clearly involved.The role of emotions in decisions makes perfect sense. For situations met frequently in the past, such as obtaining food and mates, and confronting or fleeing from threats, the neural mechanisms required to weigh up the pros and cons will have been honed by evolution to produce an optimal outcome. Since emotion is the mechanism by which animals are prodded towards such outcomes, evolutionary and economic theory predict the same practical consequences for utility in these cases. But does this still apply when the ancestral machinery has to respond to the stimuli of urban modernity?One of the people who thinks that it does not is George Loewenstein, an economist at Carnegie Mellon University, in Pittsburgh. In particular, he suspects that modern shopping has subverted the decision-making machinery in a way that encourages people to run up debt. To prove the point he has teamed up with two psychologists, Brian Knutson of Stanford University and Drazen Prelec of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, to look at what happens in the brain when it is deciding what to buy.。

【最新】国家留学基金管理委员会官网国家留学基金管理委员会国家公派研究生项目介绍一、项目概况为贯彻落实人才强国战略，推进高水平大学建设，增强为建设创新型国家服务的能力，____年起，国家在重点建设的高水平大学中实施“国家建设高水平大学公派研究生项目”等国家公派研究生项目，选派一流的学生，到国外一流的院校、专业，师从一流的导师留学学习。

国家留学基金管理委员会（以下简称国家留学基金委）负责项目的组织和实施。

国家公派研究生项目重点支持留学人员前往教育、科技发达国家和地区的知名院校、科研院所、实验室等机构。

重点支持《人才规划纲要》、《科技规划纲要》确定的重点支持学科、前沿技术、基础研究、人文及应用社会科学领域。

培养一批国家急需的具有国际视野、通晓国际规则，能够参与国际事务和竞争的高层次专门人才。

留学目的地不包括港澳台地区。

国家留学基金为公派研究生提供一次往返国际旅费和规定留学期间的奖学金生活费，包含伙食费、住宿费、交通费、电话费、书籍资料费、医疗保险费、交际费、一次性安臵费和零用费等。

国家对公派研究生实行“签约派出，违约赔偿”的管理办法。

公派研究生按期回国后应在国内连续服务至少两年。

二、主管部门1.国家公派研究生项目主要负责单位有：国家留学基金委、教育部留学服务中心、驻外使（领）馆等。

职责分别为：国家留学基金委：发布选拔办法、评审录取、签订协议、交存保证金、派出后异动管理等教育部留学服务中心：行前培训、照会和经济担保办理、签证代办、国际机票订购等驻外使（领）馆：派出后管理、发放奖学金生活费等2.我校国家公派研究生项目主管部门为：研究生院、人事处、国际合作处。

职责分别为：研究生院：前期宣传通知、组织申报、发放录取材料、派出后管理、回国报到等人事处：确定上报名单、回国后提取保证金审核等国际合作处：拓宽合作渠道、网上申报审核、代签署推荐意见等学校负责选拔推荐工作；留学基金委组织专家评审并确定拟选派人员名单，经教育部审核批准后予以公布。

国家公派出国留学人员英语培训统一考试
国家公派出国留学人员英语培训统一考试，也称为国家公派出国留学人员全国统一考试，是为了选拔合格的公派留学人员，使他们具备在国外进行学习和研究的能力而设置的考试。

该考试主要考察学生的英语听、说、读、写、译等能力，以确保他们能够在国外顺利地完成学业。

该考试由教育部主办，每年定期举行。

考试成绩合格者将获得国家公派出国留学资格，并有机会被选派到国外知名大学或研究机构进行学习和研究。

考试的报名和考试时间通常会在官方网站上公布，具体的考试大纲和考试内容也会在官方网站上公布。

考生可以通过官方网站查询相关信息，并按照规定的时间和地点参加考试。

需要注意的是，国家公派出国留学人员英语培训统一考试是一项比较严格的考试，对考生的英语水平和综合素质要求较高。

考生需要认真准备，提高自己的英语水平和综合素质，争取取得好的成绩。

2021年四级考试集训队之阅读篇(1)精华前言：各位可可网的网友大家好，从今天开始可可网推出了一档栏目“2021年四级考试集训队”，我们会为参加今年四级考试的同学认真搜集学习资料、考试最新动态以及相关的热点问题。

另外，我们会在茫茫入海的信息中去粗取精，为您打造一份最有效的学习资料，让您不仅一次性通过而且在考试中取得高分。

希望大家能够跟随可可网进行有计划的长期学习。

最后，感谢大家对可可网的支持。

祝大家在新学习中取得好成绩，顺利通过四级考试！2021年2月27日训练科目：四六级考试阅读常考词今天为大家准备的是由新东方老师经过多年对四级考试的追踪和研究为大家准备的“四六级考试阅读常考词”，单词数量不多但全部是精华，几乎在每年考试中均有出现。

同时，把今天的训练内容当做一次小测验，看看你的词汇量有多大，如果绝大部分的词你都掌握了，说明你冲击四级考试几乎稳操胜券，以后需要做的是扩充词汇量，争取考高分，如果有很多单词你部认识，那你需要注意了，需要跟可可网一步一个脚印的学习，打好基础，相信通过四级考试也能够十拿九稳！以下是这些常考单词，不会的要查字典并且记牢！forcer. enforce. reinforce. report. scope. spirit. decline. climate. lend to. occasion.accuse. afford. anxiety. atmosphere. blame. bargain. calculate. circle. confidence.conscious. convince. custom. desperate. encourage. discourage. economic.economy. motive. promote. emotional. motion. fail to. install. flat. intimate. limit.major. no matter. neutral. outlet. perform. inform. formal. normal. radiate. authority.companion. concept. create. creature. dentist. fluid. identify. identical. identity.engage. entitle. evaluate. influence. fortune. fulfill. general. intense. interpret.justice. adjust. judge. minor. observe. deserve. preserve. parallel. percept. stuff.surroundings. transport. transmit. transform. undergo. wander. wonder. widespread.ambition. approach. brief. conquer. result. consult. insult.deliberate. despair. compare.emergence. emergency. establish. exhaust. expand. fade. frustrate. handy. incredible.inheri. conference. infer. offer. interfere. length. manufacture. mood. necessity. noble.记单词总是容易让人枯燥，给大家推荐一首法语歌：歌舞青春:Aller Plus Loin《走得更远》。

留学基金委英语统考口试题目汇编文件管理序列号：[K8UY-K9IO69-O6M243-OL889-F88688]留学基金委英语统考口试题目汇编Section 1Giving personal information1. Where are you from Would you please say something about your hometownI’m from Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, which is located in the east of China and well-known for its pleasant climate and beautiful scenery. It is a historic city, full of energy and incredibly clean. Most of all, I really enjoy the weather with its four distinct seasons—snowy in the winter, windy and rainy in the spring, hot and humid in the summer and the mild,colorful fall. (But I’ve been living in Chendu for the lastten years. I think Chengdu is also an amazing city, where there are a variety of delicious foods, such as bean curd andZhangfei beef jerky. In winter, it is not very cold. And in summer it is not very hot. Moreover, the people of Chengdu leada happy-go-lucky life. So, I prefer Chengdu to my hometown now.)2. Could you say something about your family Could you tell me something about your family Could you talk about your family brieflyYes, I could. There are four people in my family, my parents, my wife and me. My father works in a private enterprise inChengdu, my mother has retired for 2 years. My wife is an employee of a multinational corporation. And I am a university teacher of Southwest Petroleum University. I have been married for 5 years and we are too busy with our work every day to spare a moment for taking care of a baby. We plan to have a kid in 2 years when we will probably save enough money for bringing up our child.3. What is your job What do you do Where are you working What does your job involve What do you like most about your jobI’m a professional teacher of a university in Chengdu city, teaching petroleum engineering to undergraduates and doing research on oil and gas reservoir exploitation. My main focusis on phase behavior of sour gas involved in numerical simulation.4. What do you like about your job?I like my job very much. I like my two holidays when I enjoy the freedom of doing my own business, research, traveling, or visiting my parents. 1In addition, flextime allows me to decide by myself when to start and when to finish my work on condition that my own teaching work should be well done. I do not have to get upearly and catch the bus to arrive at the workplace on time because I live in the campus.5. What is your research field Could you say something about your researchI’m doing research on oil and gas reservoir exploi tation. My main focus is on phase behavior of sour gas involved in numerical simulation. The phase behavior is involved in the calculation of the vapor liquid equilibrium between oil and natural gas at the reservoir conditions.6. What do you plan to do upon your return to China?I plan to start bilingual teaching in my work, improve my teaching methodologies especially in specialized course such as Petrophysics, and further my research on phase behavior of oil and gas reservoir fluids.7. Which country are you planning to go What do you know about the countryI want to USA, where Berkeley University of California is an ideal university for me.8. What do you usually do in your spare time?Usually I would do three things in my spare time, playing basketball, reading, and surfing the Internet. I love playingbasketball with my friends during the weekend. We usually play 3 to 3. In addition, playing basketball with friends helps me on building team working skills. Reading is a good way to absorb knowledge. Surfing on the Internet exposes me to the world's different cultures and different people.9. What are your interests and hobbies What hobbies do you have Playing basketball and listening to the music are my hobbies, because I think I can relax myself by these ways. I play basketball with my friends during the weekend. We usually play 3 to 3.10. How do you find the life here in…11. Is there anything you’ve always wanted to do?12. If you are planning to change your job, what kind of job would you like to take?13. What kind of sports do you like?14. What kind of difficulties do you think you will encounter when you go abroad 215. What would you like to be doing in five years’ time?16. What’s your workload like?17. What do you do for fun?18. How long would you want to stay in America or Canada?19. Which university did you graduate from Where did you graduate from Which university did you go toSection 2Asking for information1. You are now studying at a British university. You have reada notice about a part-time job. Make a call to get more information. Ask questions about:Job requirements Duties/Responsibilities Hours per day/week Starting time Workplace length of the job Pay2. You are now studying at a British university. You want to apply for a rail card which allows you to buy cheaper railway tickets. Make a call to the station to get information. Ask questions about:Types of the card Benefits Duration of the card Documents/ Proof needed Costs Restrictions Application deadline3. You have just arrived at a British university as a visiting scholar. You want to get some information about the school’s health center. Make a call to the center and ask questions about:Opening hours (workdays/ weekends/ holidays) Location Setting Services provided Charges Appointments Ways of payment Good morning, sir, I’m a visiting scholar from China, I would liketo get some information about the school’s health center. Do you mind if I ask you some questions?4. You are invited to attend an international conference because a paper of yours on environmental protection is awarded a prize. Write an e-mail to the organizer of the conference and ask the following questions:Time for the meeting Venue for the meeting Need for speech Topics on the conference Documents/ certificates needed Speakers Costs accommodation and food5. As a visiting scholar, you are now conducting a research on modern western 3architecture in your university, and need to use the school library. Now make a phone call to the librarian and ask the following questions:Books related books that can be borrowed returning time library card photocopying opening hour6. You are now studying at the University of Manchester. You want to join in a two-day tour to Scotland at a weekend. You learn that there is a travel agency, which offers different travel plans. Make a phone call to the agency and ask the following questions:Transportation travel schedule accommodation and food special local products travel documents to prepare costs for each person interesting places museums7. You learn that a new movie is on general release and you’d like to watch it in the cinema. Make a phone call to the cinema and ask the following questions:Days for screening screening schedule each day ticket types (e.g. full ticket, student ticket, or senior ticket) and cost for each original or dubbed film stars in it location of the cinema8. You are going to travel from Manchester to York, and you want to make a reservation at a guesthouse for your accommodation there. Now write an e-mail to a guesthouse and ask the following questions:Cost of accommodations location of the guesthouse food provision room facilities opening hours transportation to the guesthouse9. You are going to be studying at a British college. You meeta student who studies in the same city as you hope to go to. Find out about the cheapest way to live there.Accommodation food entertainment transportation books discounts for students shopping10. You have just arrived at your college in Britain and you hear about a party to welcome new students. You would like to go, so you go to the Overseas Students Office to get some more details. Your interviewer works there.Organizer cost activities place time partner transportation11. You were absent from your writing class yesterday in which the students were given an assignment. Your interviewer is one of your classmates. Ask him/her about the assignment.Topic/content presentation submission date length title page place of submission12. You are a new student at a British college. You go to the Welfare Office to find out about health care provision in the UK. Your interviewer is a welfare officer there. Health care facilities public/private health care registration (doctor) medical insurance emergencies prescription/ medicine13. You have just arrived at your college in London and want to find out about the capital’s entertainment. Your intervieweris a British student. Ask him/her about it. Cinema pubs sports theatre restaurants TV2008-01-0414. Renting a Car in AmericaYou have recently come to America to attend the University at Flagstaff, Arizona. You would like to rent a car to drive to the Grand Canyon to see the beautiful sights there before school starts. You call one of the companies that rent cars in Flagstaff to ask about the following information:Driver’s license Deposit requirement Daily rental cost Types of cars available Insurance Ways of payment15. A Visa ExtensionYou are a student at California State University in USA, and you believe that you need to apply for an extension of your visa. You call the immigration office to ask about thefollowing information:Application procedures Necessary documentation Cost of renewal Length of time needed to get renewal Office hour Transportation 16. Traveling in the UKYou’re planning to travel for 2 weeks in Britain. Your friend used to study in Britain and has a lot of experience traveling there. Now make a phone call to your friend and ask him or her about the following information:Transportation Travel documents to prepare Weather Food Tourist attractions Souvenirs/ gifts17. Going to a PartyYou are now in America. A friend of yours has asked you to join him to go to a birthday party. Before you make a decision, you would like to ask about the following information:Date of the party Transportation Starting time Dress to wear Location Gifts to bring18. Information about a Shopping CenterYou have been in America for only a few days. It is necessary for you to get some 5necessities. You ask your landlord about a shopping center nearby for the following information:Opening and closing time Ways of payment Location Discounts Transportation Delivery19. Driving LicenseOne day when you are chatting with your American landlord, you come to the topic of transportation which arouses your interest in getting a driving license in America. So you ask your landlord about the following information:Age limit for application Tests involved Health requirement Cost Training courses License validity21. Going to a Football MatchYou have been in Britain for a few weeks. You would like to watch a football match with your British friends. So you askthem about the following information: Ways to get a ticket Football Stars Ticket prices Starting time Teams involved Transportation22. Renting an ApartmentYou have just arrived in Arizona State University. You haveread the ads about several large apartment buildings which are very close to the campus. You make a call to ask about the following information:Monthly rent Necessary documents Required deposits Gas and electricity bills Car park Sports facilitiesSection 3Explaining personal opinionsIn this section, you are required to explain your point of view on the following topics:1.Students in China used to enjoy free higher education, butnow they have to pay tuition as well as rent for accommodation. Should students in China enjoy free higher education What is your opinion2.3.The internet is now playing a very important role in ourdaily life and work. While it is making our life and work enjoyable and efficient, it also brings us problems. What is the negative side of the internet Should children not beallowed to visit the internet What is your opinion on this4.In school education, the teacher or the student himself maybe responsible for the success of a student. Which of the two is more important Or are they equally important Give us your views.5.6.It is said that one aims at a wealthy life (having a goodincome and being able to afford good things in life), and important life (a life of achievement that brings one respect), or a family life (a life completely centered on one’s family). What is your choice What do you consider important in life7.8.What can be done to reduce the traffic jams in big Chinesecities?9.It was reported that the May Day golden week this year saw areduction in the number of tourists. What do you think were the reasons?10.Many parents complain that their children are having toomuch school work. Do you think that is true How can parents help their children11.12.What can the government do about factories that seriouslypollute the environment?13.With the practice of May Day holiday, National Day holiday,and the Spring Festival, more and more people choose to travel to famous tourist attractions instead of staying at home. Enjoying the beautiful natural scenery is a great treat, but many tourist attractions raise the entrance fees considerably. Do you agree to it Why or why not14.15.In recent years, China’s economic development has gainedspeed and great achievements have been made in this respect.But, while making profit, people often neglect environmental protection, even destroy the ecological balance. Do you think China should develop its economy at the cost of environmental destruction State your point of view.16.Each year around March 15, consumers focus their attentionon fake products that do great harm to our daily life. More seriously, academic plagiarism has become rampant both in China and overseas, and eroding people’s trust in intellectual circles. In your view, what are the reasons for academic plagiarism And how can scholarly dishonesty and cheating be prevented17.18.With the improvement of the living standard, private carshave become an important aspect of people’s life in manyparts of the county, especially in large cities such as Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou. What changes do private cars bring about to our life And what problems do they cause In your opinion, how to solve those problems19.Parents are now attaching greater importance to theirchildren’s education. Many choose to find a private tutor, or even several private tutors for their child. Do you agree to it What are the advantages and disadvantages of doing so20.21.Please comment on the latest changes in housing conditionsin Chinese cities.22.Please comment on the benefits of sendingscholars/university teachers abroad.23.What are the alternatives of junior high school leavers interms of education and training?24.What can the government do to help the laid-of workers infinding ways of supporting themselves and their families?25.Nowadays, while some parents are wishing to have morechildren, more and more young couples are choosing to go without a child. What is your view about such a phenomenon? 26.It is commonplace these days for people to change theirjobs. Which do you prefer, to have a stable job or change jobs frequently Explain your reasons.27.It is suggested that students rate (evaluate) theirteachers and teachers subsequently get paid according to students’ rating. Do you agree with this idea Why or why not28.29.Some people think the Internet-based learning will one dayreplace school education. What is your opinion about this claim?30.Young couples today are so busy with their work that theirchildren are often brought up by the grandparents. What do you think are the advantages and disadvantages?31.House prices are rising sharply throughout China, creatinggreater financial difficulties for ordinary citizens. How do you think this situation can be improved?32.University graduates are now finding it more and moredifficult to get a proper job. What suggestions do you have to help solve this problem?33.Some people claim that examination is not the best way totest students’ ability, but it is fair. What is your point of view?34.The costs of medical care are increasing all the time.Governments are finding it difficult to balance the health care budget. How do you think this situation can be improved?27. School children are feeling increasingly greater pressure from their studies, especially in that they often spend a long time doing their homework. Therefore,many of them do not have enough time to play sports, pursue hobbies, and enjoy themselves. What is your opinion about this issue?28.We are becoming increasingly dependent on computers. Theyare used in business, hospitals, crime detection and even aviation. What is your opinion on the growing dependence?29.As China grows more open to the outside world, it hasbecome increasingly important for people of all ages to learn English. What difficulties have you encountered in your experience of learning English?。

2021年硕士入学考试英语阅读真题附答案详解:TEXT41994 Passage 4"I have great confidence that by the end of the decade we'll know in vast detail how cancer cells arise," says microbiologist Robert Weinberg, an expert on cancer. "But," he cautions, "some people may have the idea that once one understands the causes, the cure will rapidly follow. Consider Pasteur. He discovered the causes of many kinds of infections, but it was fifty or sixty years before cures were available."This year, 50 percent of the 910000 people who suffer from cancer will survive at least five years. In the year 2000, the National Cancer Institute estimates, that figure will be 75 percent. For some skin cancers, the five-year survival rate is as high as 90 percent. But other survival statistics are still discouraging — 13 percent for lung cancer, and 2 percent for cancer of the pancreas.With as many as 120 varieties in existence, discovering how cancer works is not easy. The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s, when they discovered that oncogenes, which are cancer-causing genes, are inactive in normal cells.Anything from cosmic rays to radiation to diet may activate a dormant oncogene, but how remains unknown. If several oncogenes are driven into action, the cell, unable to turn them off, becomes cancerous.The exact mechanisms involved are still mysterious, but the likelihood that many cancers are initiated at the level of genes suggests that we will never prevent all cancers. "Changes are a normal part of the evolutionary process," says oncologist William Hayward. Environmental factors can never be totally eliminated; as Hayward points out, "We can't prepare a medicine against cosmic rays."The prospects for cure, though still distant, are brighter."First, we need to understand how the normal cell controls itself. Second, we have to determine whether there are a limited number of genes in cells which are always responsible for at least part of the trouble. If we can understand how cancer works, we can counteract its action."63. The example of Pasteur in the passage is used to ________.[A] predict that the secret of cancer will be disclosed in a decade[B] indicate that the prospects for curing cancer arebright[C] prove that cancer will be cured in fifty to sixty years[D] warn that there is still a long way to go before cancer can be conquered64. The author implies that by the year 2000, ________.[A] there will be a drastic rise in the five-year survival rate of skin-cancer patients[B] 90 percent of the skin-cancer patients today will still be living[C] the survival statistics will be fairly even among patients with various cancers[D] there won't be a drastic increase of survival rate of all cancer patients65. Oncogenes are cancer-causing genes ________.[A] that are always in operation in a healthy person[B] which remain unharmful so long as they are not activated[C] that can be driven out of normal cells[D] which normal cell can't turn off66. The word "dormant' in the third paragraph most probably means ________.[A] dead[B] ever-present[C] inactive[D] potential难句解析：①"But", he cautions, "some people may have the idea that once one understands the causes, the cure will rapidly follow. Consider Pasteur, he discovered the causes of many kinds of infections, but it was fifty or sixty years before cures were available."▲此句是一个直接引语，注意引语中有两个句子，前面的句子有一个复杂的同位语从句that once one understands the causes, the cure will rapidly follow修饰the idea，而后面提到了一个例子，句中有一个but，它后面的it指代前面整句话。

国家留学基金委外语合格条件(一)什么是国家留学基金委？国家留学基金委是国家层面的重要机构，其主要职责是管理和分配用于境外留学的基金，同时也负责评估申请人的综合素质和外语水平。

外语能力的重要性外语是申请国外留学的一个重要条件，外语能力的要求也越来越高。

其主要原因是，留学生需要在境外的学习和生活中使用外语进行交流和沟通，只有掌握了良好的外语水平，才能更好的适应和融入留学生活。

国家留学基金委外语要求国家留学基金委的外语要求是针对不同国家和不同学科而制定的。

总的来说，国家留学基金委要求申请人需要达到以下的外语能力标准：•具有良好的语音、语调和语音韵律能力；•熟练掌握所选语种的语音、词汇与语法知识；•能流利、准确地表达和交流思想、感受和观点；•具备阅读、听力、口语、写作综合运用语言的能力。

外语考试和证书为了证明自己达到了国家留学基金委的外语要求，申请人需要参加相应的外语考试并取得相应的证书。

不同国家和不同学科所要求的外语考试种类不同，以下是一些常见的外语考试和证书：•TOEFL（考试名称为“托福”）：适用于申请留学美国的学生；•IELTS（考试名称为“雅思”）：适用于申请留学澳大利亚、英国等英语国家的学生；•DELF/DALF（考试名称为“法语国际文凭考试”）：适用于申请留学法国的学生；•HSK（汉语水平考试）：适用于申请留学中国的学生。

以上是一些常见的外语考试和证书，申请人可以根据自己所要申请的国家和学科进行选择。

总结外语水平是申请国外留学最为基本的条件和要求，只有掌握了良好的外语能力，才能在留学生活中更好的适应和融入。

国家留学基金委的外语要求是比较严格的，申请人需要在外语考试中取得较高的分数和相应的证书，才能获得国家留学基金的支持和资助。

如何提高外语水平？如果申请人在外语水平上存在一定的差距，可以通过以下方式进行提高：•多听、多说、多读、多写：提高外语水平最基本的方法就是多听、多说、多读、多写。

可以通过看电影、听歌、读小说等方式增加词汇量和语感，同时练习口语和写作。