山东中医药大学西医内科学2010年考博真题考博试卷

简答题：1.中医诊断的基本原则？①整体审查：诊断疾病时，应重视病人整体的病理联系以及外界环境等对人体病变的影响。

②四诊合参：医生临证时，必须四诊并重，诸法参用，广泛收集病情资料，并综合分析判断。

③病证结合：进行疾病诊断时，将辨病与辩证相结合，全面认识疾病的病理本质。

2.中医诊断基本原理？①司外揣内：外：疾病表现于外的症状或体征，内:脏腑等内在病理本质，医生通过诊察、分析病人外部的异常现象，可测知其体内的病理变化。

②见微知著：微：微小局部的变化，著：明显整体的变化，通过微小的局部的外在变化，可以测知整体的脏腑的内在病情。

③以常达变：常：健康生理的状态，变：异常病理的状态，通过观察比较，在认识正常的基础上，发现太过、不及的异常变化，从而认识事物的性质及变动的程度。

3.何为望诊，包括哪些内容？望诊是医生运用视觉观察病人全身和局部表现、舌象及排出物等，收集病情资料的诊察方法。

包括全身望诊---望神色形态；局部望诊---望头面、五官、颈项、躯体、四肢、二阴、皮肤。

；望舌---望舌体，舌苔；望排出物---望痰涕、呕吐物、大小便；望小儿食指络脉。

4.虚证失神的特征及临床意义？久病精亏、神衰而失神。

临床表现：精神萎靡，反应迟钝，面色晦暗，目光无彩，眼球呆滞，呼吸微弱，或喘促无力，肉消著骨，动作艰难，或郑声神昏等。

临床意义：提示正气大伤，功能衰败。

多见于久病、重病患者，预后不好。

5.假神的特征及临床意义？神志昏迷，或精神微米，突然甚至清楚，精神躁动；目光晦暗，瞳神呆滞，突然目光明亮，浮光外露；面色晦暗无华，突然颧红如妆；不欲言语，语声低微断续，突然言语不休；毫无食欲，或食量减少，突然欲进食或暴食。

提示脏腑精气衰竭，正气将脱，阴不敛阳，虚阳外越，阴阳即将离绝，属于病危。

6.假神与重病好转如何鉴别？假神见于垂危的病人，在治疗无效的前提下，突然出现局部症状的暂时性“好转”，与整体病情恶化不相符。

重病好转是在治疗有效的基础上，从个别症状的改善，逐渐发展为全身的、稳步的好转，与整体状况好转相一致，如食欲渐渐增加，面色渐渐红润。

山东中医药大学历年中内及西内考博真题（2000-2010）2000年中医内科1.请阐述水肿、淋证、癃闭、关格的临床特点及联系。

（10分）2.请论述内伤头痛与肝、脾、肾三脏的关系。

（10 分）3.胸痹的发病基础和病理因素是什么？其病理特点如何？怎样辨别阴寒证、痰浊证、气滞证、血瘀证的不同？各证型治疗要点是什么？（10分）4.如何理解“治痿独取阳明”的意义？（10分）5.试述“真中”“类中”的源流考略？（10分）6.痰饮发病的内在病理基础是什么？为什么?其治则如何？为什么？（10分）7.消渴病（糖尿病）临床常见哪些急慢性并发症？请写出消渴病（糖尿病）周围神经病变辨证分型（只写分型）、治法、方剂。

（10分）8.如何理解《血证论》提出的治血四法？（10分）9.调补脾肾为何是治疗虚劳的关键？请论述之。

（10分）10.通窍活血汤方义如何？你在临床应用如何体会？（10分）西内内科一、名词解释：Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭，卓－艾综合症，脾功能亢进，肾病综合症，Graves病，高血压危象。

二、试述肺气肿的治疗原则及具体措施。

三、试述PSVT的ECG 表现及临床表现。

四、试述再生障碍性贫血的诊断标准。

五、试述急性肾功能衰竭的分类及原因。

六、试述DM的诊断标准。

七、肝硬化腹水形成的主要原因有哪些?2001年中医内科1.你对中西医结合治疗风湿病的看法。

2.中风病（中脏腑、中经络）的临床表现。

3.“开鬼门、洁净府”结合心血管（心衰）的应用。

4.胃痞、胃胀、痞满的鉴别诊断。

5.试述扶正治疗肿瘤（祛邪需要扶正，邪去正自安）6.肝癌、积症的治疗方法，在何时用何法？7.石棉在《内经》的论述及其治法（3个）8.试述“病痰饮者当以温药和之”9.试述糖尿病的非药物治疗。

10.血府逐瘀汤的组成，能治疗心系的那些疾病？西医内科1.慢性腹泻的发病机理。

2.感染性心内膜炎的诊断标准。

3.白血病前期多发MDX 的分类标准。

4.再障的鉴别诊断。

5.癫痫及其处理。

2010 医学博士英语统一入学考试试卷Paper OnePart ⅠListening Comprehension (30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question about what is said. The question will be read only once. After you hear the question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D, Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven't had a bite all day.Question: What's the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Now let's begin with question Number 1.1. A. She's looking for a girl.B. She needs a new purse.C. She's going to give a birthday party.Sample AnswerA B C DD. She wants to go shopping with her mom.2. A. She bears noises in her ears day and night.B. She has been overworking for a long time.C. Her right ear, hurt in an accident, is troubling her.D. Her ear rings are giving her trouble day and night.3. A. He'll go to see Mr. White at 10:30.B. He'd like to make an earlier appointmentC. He'd like to cancel the appointment.D. He'd like to see another dentist.4. A. 8:00 B. 8:15 C. 8:40 D. 8:455. A. In a hotel. B. At a fast food bar.C. In the supermarket.D. In the department store.6. A. To resign right away.B. To work one more day as chairman.C. To think twice before he makes the decision.D. To receive further training upon his resignation.7. A. She didn't do anything in particular.B. She send a wounded person to the ER.C. She had to work in the ER.D. She went t skiing.8. A. A customs officer. B. The man's mother.C. A school headmaster.D. An immigration officer.9. A. It feels as if the room is going around.B. It feels like a kind of unsteadinessC. It feels as if she is falling down.D. It feels as if she is goingaround.10. A. John has hidden something in the tree.B. John himself should be blamedC. John has a dog that barks a lot.D. John is unlucky.11. A. The chemistry homework is difficult,B. The chemistry homework is fun.C. The math homework is difficult.D. The math homework is fun.I2. A. His backache.B. His broken leg,C. His skin problem.D. His eye condition.13. A. Whooping cough, smallpox and measles.B. Whooping cough, chickenpox and measles.C. Whooping cough, smallpox and German measles.D.Whooping cough, chickenpox and German measles14. A. Saturday morning, B. Saturday night.C. Sunday afternoon.D. Next weekend.15. A. He's lost his notebook.B. His handwriting is messy.C. He'll miss class later this week.D. He cannot make it for his appointment.Section BDirection: In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions. After each question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D, Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Conversation16. A. He is having a physical checkup.B. He has just undergone an operation.C.He has just recovered from an illness.D. He will be discharged from the hospital this afternoon.17. A. He got an infection in the lungs.B. He had his gallbladder inflamed.C. He was suffering from influenza.D. He had developed a big kidney stone.18. A. A lot better. B. Terribly awful.C. Couldn't be better.D. Okay, but a bit weak.19. A. To be confined to a wheelchair.B. To stay indoors for a complete recovery.C. To stay in bed and drink a lot of water.D. To move about and enjoy the sunshine.20. A. From 4 pm to 6 pm. B. From 5 pm to 7 pm.C. From 6 pm to 8 pm.D. From 7 pm to 9 pm.Passage One21. A. The link between weight loss and sleep deprivation.B. The link between weight gain and sleep deprivation.C. The link between weight loss and physical exercise.D. The link between weight gain and physical exercise.22. A. More than 68,000. B. More than 60,800.C. More than 60,080,D. More than 60,008.23. A. Seven-hour sleeper gained more weight over time than 5-hour ones.B. Five-hour sleepers gained mote weight over t/me than 7-hour ones.C. Short-sleepers were 15% more likely to become obese.D. Short-sleepers consume fewer calories than long sleepers:24. A. Overeating among the sleep-deprived.B. Little exercise among the sleep-deprived.C. Lower metabolic rate resulting from less sleep.D. Higher metabolic rate resulting from less sleep,25. A. Exercise every day. B. Take diet pills.C. Go on a diet.D. Sleep more.Passage Two26. A. She is too hard on me.B. She asks too many questions.C. She is always considerate of my feelings.D. She is the meanest mother in the neighborhood.27. A. A university instructor B. A teaching assistant.C. A Ph.D. student. D. A psychiatrist.28. A. They usually say no. B. They usually say yes.C. They usually wait and see.D. They usually refuse to say anything.29. A. They are overconfident. B. Their brains grow too fast.C. They are psychologically dependent.D. Their brains are still immature in some areas .30. A. Be easy on your teen. B. Try to be mean to your teen.C. Say no to your teen when necessary.D. Don't care about your teen's feelings.Part II. Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirections: In this section all the statements are incomplete, beneath each of which are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that can best complete the statement and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.31. A number of black youths have complained of being by the police.A. harassedB. distractedC. sentencedD. released32. He rapidly became with his own power in the team.A. irrigatedB. irradiatedC. inoculatedD. intoxicated33. Throughout his political career he has always been in the .A. twilightB. spotlightC. streetlightD. torchlight34. We that diet is related to most types of cancer but we don't have definite proof.A. suspend B: supervene C. supervise D. suspect35. A patient who is dying of incurable cancer of the throat is in terrible pain, which can no longer besatisfactorily .A. alleviatedB. abolishedC. demolishedD. diminished36. The television station is supported by from foundations and other sources.A. donationsB. pensionsC. advertisementsD. accounts37. More legislation is needed to protect the properly rights of the patent.A. integrativeB. intellectualC. intelligent D, intelligible38. Officials are supposed to themselves to the welfare and health of the general public.A. adaptB. confineC. commitD. assess39. You should stop your condition and do something about it.A. drawing onB. touching onC. leaning onD. dwelling on40. The author of the book has shown his remarkably keen into human nature.A. perspectiveB. dimensionC. insightD. reflectionSection BDirections: In this section each of the following statements has a word or. phrase underlined, beneath which are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part. Then mark. the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET,41. The chemical was found to be detrimental to human health.A. toxicB. immuneC. sensitiveD. allergic42. It will be a devastating blow for the patient, if the clinic closes.A. permanentB. desperateC. destructiveD. sudden43. He kept telling us about his operation in the most graphic detail.A. verifiableB. explicitC. preciseD. ambiguous44. The difficult case tested the ingenuity of even the most skillful physician.A. credibilityB. commitment C; honesty D. talent45. He left immediately on the pretext that hah ad to catch a train.A. claimB. clueC. excuseD. circumstance46. The nurse was filled with remorse for not believing her.A. anguishB. regretC. apologyD. grief47. The doctor tried to find a tactful way of telling her the truth.A. delicateB. communicativeC. skillfulD. considerate48. Whether a person likes a routine office job or not depends largely on temperament.A. dispositionB. qualificationC. temptationD. endorsement49. The doctor ruled out Friday's surgery for the patient's unexpected complications.A, confirmed B. facilitated C. postponed D. cancelled50. It is not easy to remain tranquil when events suddenly change your life.' A. cautious B. motionless C: calm D. alertPart IlI Cloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D listed below the passage, Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Experts say about 1% of young women in the United States are almost starving themselves today. They are suffering from a sickness called anorexia.These young women have an abnormal fear of getting fat. They 51 starve themselves so they weigh at least 15% less than their normal weight.The National Institute of Mental Health says one 52 ten cases of anorexia leads to serious medical problems. These patients can die from heart failure or {he disease can lead young women to 53 themselves. For example, former gymnast Christy Henrich died at age 22. She weighed only 6l pounds.A person with anorexia first develop joint and muscle problems. There is a lack of iron in theblood. 54 the sickness progresses, a young woman's breathing, heartbeat,, and. blood pressure rates slow down. The important substance calcium is 55 from the bones, sometimes causing bones to break. Sometimes the brain gets smaller, causing changes in 56 a person thinks and acts. Scientists say many patients have further mental and emotional problems. They have 57 opinions about themselves. They feel helpless. Their attempts to become extremely thin may 58 efforts to take control of their lives. They may suffer from fearfulness or continued deep sadness. Called depression. They may become dependent on illegal drugs. Some people also feel the need to continually repeat a(n) 59 . For example, they may repeatedly wash their hands although their hands are clean.Anorexia is a serious eating 60 . lf it is not treated on time, it can be fatal.51. A, specifically B. purposely C. particularly D .passionately52. A. from B. of C. at D. in53. A. kill B. starve C. abuse D. worsen54, A. When B. While C . As D. Since55. A. lost B. derived C. generated D. synthesized56. A. what B. why C. how D. which57. A, good B. high C. lower D. poor58. A. represent B. make C. present D. exert59. A. medication B. illusion C motion D. action :60. A. habit B. behavior C. disorder D. patternPart IV. Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions: In this section there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, 13, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneChildren should avoid using mobile phones for all but essential calls because of possible health effects on young brains. This is one of the expected conclusions of an official government report to be published this week. The report is expected to call for the mobile phone industry to refrain from promoting phone use by children, and start labeling phones with data on the amount of radiation they emitThe independent Expert Group on Mobile Phones, chaired by former government chief scientist William Stewart, has spent eight months reviewing existing scientific evidence on all aspects of the health effects of using mobile phones. Its report is believed to conclude that because we don't fully understand the nonthermal effects of radiation on human tissue, the government should adopt a precautionary approach, particularly in relation to children.There is currently no evidence that mobile phones harm users or people living near transmitter masts. But some studies show that cell-phones operating at radiation levels within current safety limits do have sort ofbiological effect on the brain.John Tattersall, a researcher on the health effects of radiation at the Defense Evaluation andResearch Agency's site at Portan Down, agrees that it might be wise to limit phone use by children. "If you have a developing nervous system, it's known to be more susceptible to environmental insults," he says. "So if phones did prove to be hazardous -- which they haven't yet -- it would be sensible."In 1998, Tattersall showed that radiation levels similar to those emitted by mobile phones could alter signals from brain cells in slices of rat brain. "What we've found is an effect, but we don't know if it's hazardous," he says.Alan Preece of the University of Bristol, who found last year that microwaves increase reaction times in test subjects, agreed that children's exposure would be greater. "There's a lot less tissue in the way, and the skull is thinner, so children's heads are considerably closer," he says.Stewart's report is likely to recommend that the current British safety standards on energy emissions from cell-phones should be cut to the level recommended by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection, which is one-fifth of the current British limit. "The extra safety factor of five is somewhat arbitrary," says Michael Clark of the National Radiological Protection Board. "But we accept that it's difficult for the UK to have different standards from an international body."61. Just because it has not been confirmed yet whether mobile phone emissions can harm humantissue, according to the government report, it does not mean that .A. the government should prohibit children from using cell phonesB. we should put down the phone for the sake of safetyC. the industry can have a right to promote phone useD. children are safe using cell phones62. Tattersall argues that it is wise to refrain mobile phone use by children in term ofA. their neural developmentB. their ill-designed cell phonesC. the frequency of their irrational useD. their ignorance of its possible health effects63. On the issue in question, Preece .A. does not agree with TattersallB. tries to remove the obstacles in the wayC. asks for further investigationD. would stand by Stewart64. What is worrisome at present is that the UKA. is going to turn deaf ears to the voice of Stewart's planB. finds it difficult to cut the current safety standards on phone useC. maintains different standards on safety limit from the international onesD. does not even impose safety limit on the mobile phones' energy emissions65. Which of the following can be the best candidate for the title of the passage?A. Brain Wave.B. For Adults Only.C. Catch Them Young.D. The Answer in the Air.Passage TwoAdvances in cosmetics dentistry and plastic surgery have made it possible to correct facial birth defects, repair damaged teeth and tissue, and prevent or greatly delay the onset of tooth decay and gum disease. As a result, more people smile more often and mom openly today than even in the past, and we can expect more smiles in the future.Evidence of the smile's ascent may be seen in famous paintings in museums and galleries throughout the world. The vast majority of prosperous bigwigs, voluptuous nudes, or middle-classfamily members in formal portraits and domestic scenes appear to have their mouths firmly closed. Soldiers in battle, children at play, beggars, old people, and especially villains (like the torturers inmartyrdom and crucifixion scenes) may have their mouths open; but their smiles are seldom attractive, and more often suggest strain or violence than joy.Smiles convey a wide range of meanings in different eras and cultures, says art historian Angus Trumble, currently curator of Yale University's Center for British Art, in his book A Brief History of the Smile. Compare, for instance, the varying impressions made by the shy dimples of Leonardo's Mona Lisa; the rosy-cheeked, mustachioed Laughing Cavalier of Frans Hals; and the "Smiley Face" logo perfected (though not invented) in 1963 by American graphic artist Harvey R. Ball.In some non-Western cultures, Trumble notes, even a warm, open smile does not necessarilyindicate pleasure or agreement. It can simply be a polite mask to cover emotions considered too rude or shocking to be openly displayed.Subtle differences in muscle movement can convey enormous differences in emotion, from the tranquility of bronze Buddhas, to the erotic bliss of couples entwined in stone on Hindu temples, to the fierce smirk of a guardian demon at the entrance to a Chinese tomb.Trumble expects the impact of Western medicine and mass media to further increase the pressure on people to grin broadly and laugh openly in public. "Faint smiles are increasingly thought of in scientific and psychological circles as something that falls short of the 'true' smile," and .therefore suggest insincerity or lack of enthusiasm, he says.With tattooing, body piercing, and permanent cosmetics already well established as fashion trends, one can imagine tomorrow's beauty shops adding plastic surgeons and dentists to their staffs. These corner-store cosmeticians would offer style makeovers to reshape our lips, teeth, and jawlines to mimic the signature smile of one's favorite celebrity.What can you say to that except "Have a nice day"?66. Had it not been for cosmetic advances, as inferred from the passage, .A. people would not have been as happy as they are today .B. the rate of facial birth defects would not have declinedC. there would not have been many more open smilesD. we would not have seen smiling faces in public67. According to the passage, it seems that whether there is a smile et not in the portraits or pictures is decidedbyA. one's internal sense of the external worldB. one's identity or social positionC. one's times of existenceD. all of the above68. Trumble's study on smiles shows that .A. an open smile can serve as a cover-upB. the famous portraits radiate varying smilesC. even the human muscles can arouse varying emotionsD. smiles can represent misinterpretations of different eras and cultures69. What Trumble expects to see is .A. the increasing tendency of broad grins and open smiles in publicB. further impact of Western medicine upon non-Western culturesC. a wider range of meanings to be conveyed by smilesD. more of sincerity and enthusiasm in public70. At the end of the passage, the author implicates .A. a fortune to come with cosmetic advancesB. an identical smile for everybodyC. future changes in life styleD. the future of smilesPassage ThreeAdolf Hitler survived an assassination attempt in 1944 with the help of penicillin made by theAllies, a microbiologist in the UK claims. If the Nazi leader had died from- bacterial infection of his many wounds, the Second World War might have been over a year earlier, saving millions of lives, says Milton Wainwright of the University of Sheffiel , a noted historian of microbiology.In a paper to be published soon in Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, Wainwright reveals first-hand evidence that Hitler was treated with penicillin by his personal doctor, Thee Morrell, following an assassination attempt in which a bomb in a suitcase exploded next to Hitler's desk, Hitler was badly hurt, fleeing the scene with his hair and trousers on fire, a badly bleeding arm and countless wooden splinter wounds from the oak table that probably saved his life.Wainwright found confirmation that Morrell gave Hitler antibiotics as a precaution in a recenttranslation of Morrell's own diary .I happened to be reading it for interest when the word penicillinjumped out at me," he says. He then set about trying to establish where Morrell might have got thedrug. At the time, penicillin was available only to the Allies; German and Czechoslovakian: teams had tried without much success to make it, Wainwright says, but the small quantities that were available were weak and impure. "It's generally accepted that it was no good," says Wainwright.He reasons that Morrell would only have risked giving Hitler penicillin to prevent infectious if he were confident that the antibiotic would cure, not kill the German premier. "My research shows that Morrell, in a very dodgy position as Hitler's doctor, would only have used pure stuff." And the only reliable penicillin was that made by the Allies. So where did Morrell get it?Wainwright's investigations revealed that Allied airmen carried penicillin, so the Germans may have confiscated some from prisoners of war. The other more likely source is from neutral countries such as Spain, which received penicillin from Allied countries for humanitarian purposes, perhaps for treating sick children."I have proof the Allies were sending it to these countries," says Wainwright. 'I'm saying thiswould have got through in diplomatic bags, reaching Hitler's doctor and the higher echelons of the Nazi party. So this was almost certainly pure, Allied penicillin.""We can never be certain it saved Hitler's life," says Wainwright. But he notes that one of Hitler's henchmen, Reinhard Heydrich, otherwise known as the "Butcher of Prague died from blood poisoning after surviving a car-bomb assassination attempt. "Hair from his seat went into his wounds and gave him septicaemia," says Wainwright. Morrell may have been anxious to ensure that Hitler avoided the same fate.71. According to Wainwright, Adolf Hitler .A. might have used biological weapons in the warB. could not have committed suicide as confirmedC. could have died of bacterial infectionD. might have survived a bacterial plague72. Following his assassination in 1944, Adolf HitlerA. began to exercise precautions against his personal attacksB. was anxious to have penicillin developed in his countryC. received an injection of penicillin for blood poisoningD. was suspected of being likely to get infected73. As Wainwright reasons, Hitler's personal doctorA. cannot have dared to prescribe German-made penicillin to himB. need not have used pure antibiotic for his suspect infectionC. would have had every reason to assassinate himD. must have tried to produce penicillin74. Wainwright implies that the Third ReichA. met the fate of collapse as expectedB. butchered millions of lives on the earthC. was severely struck by bacterial plaguesD. did have channels to obtain penicillin75. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. How Hitler Manage to Survive Assassination Attempts?B. Morrel Loyal to His German Premier?C. Hitler Saved by Allied Drugs?D. Penicillin Abused in German?Passage FourGet ready for a new kind of machine at your local gym: one that doesn't involve huffing andpuffing as you burn off calories, Instead, all you have to do is stand still for 30 seconds while themachine measures your body fat. It could then tell you exactly where you could do with losing a few pounds and even advise you on exercises for your problem areas. If the body fat scanner turns out to be accurate enough, its makers hope it could one day help doctors spot disease.The scanner works by simultaneously building up an accurate 3D image of the body, while measuring the body's effect on an electromagnetic field. Combining the two measurements allows the researchers to work out the distribution of fat and water within. Neither method is new on its own, says Henri Tapp, at the Institute of Food Research in Norwich in the UK. "The smart thing is that we've put them in one machine."And it is not just for gym users. The body fat scanner could be used to study fat deposition aschildren develop, while patients remover from injury, or during pregnancy, And since it uses radiowaves rather than X-rays, Tapp's device is safe to use repeatedly.Body shape is known to be a risk indicator for heart disease and diabetes. So accurately quantifying fat distribution could help doctors suggest preventive measures to patients before problems arise. At the moment, doctors estimate fat content from knowing body volume and water content. To a good approximation, says Tapp, anything that is not fat is water. The amount of water in the body is often measured by giving the subject a drink of water that contains a radioactive tracer. The level of tracer in the patient's urine after three hours reveals the total water volume.To find out a body's volume, subjects are weighed while totally submerged in water, and this is subtracted from their normal weight to give the weight of water displaced, and hence the subject's volume. But it is scarcely practical for seriously ill people.There are other ways to directly measure body fat, such as passing a minuscule current between the wrists and feet. The overall fat content can then be estimated from the body's resistance. But this method does not take body shape into account -- so a subject with particularly skinny legs might register a higher fat content than the true value. That is because skinny legs -- with a lower cross-sectional area -- will present higher resistance to current. So the machine thinks the water content of the body is lower -- rating the subject as fatter. Also, the system can only give an overall measurement of fat.Tapp's method uses similar calculations, but is more sophisticated because it tells you where you are piling on the pounds.76. The new machine is designedA. to picture the body's hidden fatB. to identify those at risk for obesityC. to help clinically treat specific casesD. to measure accurately risky obesity-related effects77. The beauty of the device, according to Tapp, is thatA. it performs a dual functionB. it is of great accuracy in measurementC. it has significant implications in clinical practiceD. it contributes to the evolution of human anatomy78. Which of the following, according to the passage, does the machine have the potential to spare?A. A minuscule current.B. A radioactive tracer.C, A water tank.D. All of the above.79. In comparison with the techniques mentioned in the passage, the body fat scannerA. quickens the pace of the patient's rehabilitationB. is highly appreciated for its safetyC. features its measuring precisionD. is easy to operate in the clinic80. For scanning, all the subject has to do isA. take up a form of workout in the gymB. mm round the body fat scannerC. lie on the electromagnetic fieldD. stand in the systemPassage FiveThere is currently abroad a new wave of appreciation for breadth of knowledge. Curricula atuniversities and colleges and programs in federal agencies extol the virtues of a broad education. For scientists who work in specialized jobs, it is a pleasure to escape in our spare time to read broadly in fields distant from our own. Some of us have made interdisciplinary study our occupation, which is no surprise, because much of the intellectual action in our society today lies at the interfaces between traditional disciplines. Environmental science is a good example, because it frequently requires us to be conversant in several different sciences and even some unscientific fields.Experiencing this breadth of knowledge is stimulating, but so is delving deeply into a subject.Both are wonderful experiences that are complementary practical and aesthetic ways. They are like viewing the marvelous sculpture of knowledge in two different ways. Look at the sculpture from one perspective and you see the piece in its entirety, how its components connect to give it form, balance, and symmetry. From another viewpoint yon see its detail, depth, and mass. There is no need to choose between these two perspectives in art. To do so would subtract from the totality of the figure.So it is with science, Sometimes we gaze through a subject and are reluctant to stop for too much detail. As chemists, we are fascinated by computer sciences or molecular genetics, but not enough to become an expert. Or we may be interested in an analytical technique but not enough to stay at its cutting edge. At other times, we become immersed in the detail of a subject and see its beauty in an entirely different way than when we browse. It is as if we penetrate the surface of the sculpture and pass through the crystal structure to the molecular level where the code for the entire structure is revealed.Unfortunately, in our zeal for breadth or depth, we often feel that it is necessary to diminish the value of the other. Specialists are sometimes ridiculed with names such as "nerd" or "technocrats", generalists are often criticized for being too "soft" or knowing too little about any one thing. Both are ludicrous accusations that deny a part of the reality of environmental science. Let us not be divided by our passion for depth or breadth. The beauty that awaits us on either route is too precious to stifle, too wonderful to diminish by bickering.81. From a broad education to interdisciplinary study, we can see。

呼吸内科1、名词解释Ⅰ、Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭社区性肺炎PET/CTPACAP/HAPPTE/PEILD/IPF简答或问答题试述一位内科医生对痰性状的仔细观察对于疾病诊断的临床意义。

试述肺气肿的治疗原则及具体措施。

慢性阻塞性肺病按其临床表现特征可分为哪些类型？其主要病理变化有何不同？（10分）COPD肺动脉高压形成有哪些主要因素？如何确定是否有肺动脉高压？（15分）试述慢性肺源性心脏病急性加重期的并发症。

肺心病患者应用洋地黄的指征哮喘的分级及治疗前的临床表现临床上心源性哮喘与支气管哮喘应如何鉴别？PTE的临床表现肺癌的早期征象有哪些？（10分）早期肺癌的检查方法和诊断依据。

哪些情况应视为肺癌的可疑对象应进行排癌检查，以便早期诊断。

（20分）副癌综合症的临床表现有哪些？（15分）试述右侧胸腔大量积液的临床特征ARDS的治疗原则是什么？（10分）感染性休克（休克性肺炎）的治疗原则感染性休克的诊断及治疗原则呼吸衰竭的定义及分类慢性呼吸衰竭可归纳为哪两大类型？其病理生理有何不同？试述慢性呼吸衰竭的分类及各类型的主要病理生理基础，简述各类的处理原则。

（20分）列举呼吸衰竭时的临床表现及其基本治疗措施。

（15分）阻塞性呼吸暂停综合症的定义.急性呼吸窘迫综合征的定义及其诊断标准.肺炎的分类慢性阻塞性肺疾病要与哪些疾病相鉴别，试述其鉴别要点。

ARDS诊断定义有关ARDS方面的试述低氧血症和高碳酸血症的发生机制。

心血管内科1、名词解释高血压危象心室重构心房电重构胰岛素抵抗存活心肌二联律法则2、简答或问答题试述心血管系统疾病的常见症状与体征。

心力衰竭的诱因慢性心力衰竭的病因，心力衰竭的分级的治疗原则β-受体阻滞剂和ACEI治疗心力衰竭的要点试述近10年来慢性心功能不全的治疗进展。

慢性心衰近10年的治疗进展。

今后20年，心衰治疗的的重点应包括哪些内容？急性左心衰竭的病理、临床表现处理原则。

请列举治疗急性左心衰的具体措施，并说明各项措施的治疗一以及有关注意事项。

统考专业课2010年真题及真题解析西医综合专业课产品部医学教研中心2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试西医综合一、A型题：1～90小题，每小题1．5分；91～120小题，每小题2分；共195分。

在每小题给出的A、B、C、D四个选项中，请选出一项最符合题目要求的。

75. 女性，32岁，因发热、关节痛2周入院。

辅助检查示：血WBC 5.6×109/L, Hb 96g/L, Plt 108×109/L,网织红细胞3.0%，尿蛋白（+）、RBC 5~7/HP。

该患者确诊为系统性红斑狼疮，下列辅助检查结果于其病情相符合的是（C）A. Coombs试验（+）B. 外周血涂片可见破碎红细胞C. 血清抗肾小球基底膜抗体阳性D. 尿红细胞位相显示80%红细胞形态正常考察知识点：系统性红斑狼疮辅助检查76、混合结缔组织病患者自身抗体阳性率最高的是（B ）A、抗Jo-1抗体B、抗RNP抗体C、抗SS-A抗体D、抗着丝点抗体考察知识点：混合结缔组织病辅助检查77、下列治疗休克的措施中，最重要的是（B ）A、应用血管活性药B、补充血容量C、纠正酸碱平衡失调D、保持合适的体味并吸氧考察知识点：休克的治疗78、患者误输异型血后无尿2天，无休克，此时最有效的治疗是（B ）A、输注甘露醇B、血液透析C、注射地塞米松D、静注大量速尿考察知识点：输血并发症-溶血反应的治疗79、下列关于腹膜粘连的叙述中，错误的是（D ）A、多为腹腔手术或炎症的后果B、粘连可引起肠梗阻C、粘连越广，肠梗阻越重D、目前尚无有效的预防粘连的方法考察知识点：粘连性肠梗阻的诊断治疗80、男性、75岁，总胆管结石行ERCP和EST取石术后3小时，出现上腹痛并恶心、呕吐，剑突下压痛。

最可能的诊断是（C ）A、急性胰腺炎B急性胆囊炎C、急性胆管炎D、急性乳头炎考察知识点：胆系结石常见并发症81、下列关于胰腺假性囊肿的叙述中，正确的是（C ）A．多继发于腹部外伤B.囊壁上皮可分泌粘液C.主要体征是上腹包块D.诊断后尽早手术切除考察知识点：胰腺炎的临床表现、诊断方法及治疗原则82.肝炎后肝硬化病人，有黄疸和大量腹水，因大量呕血入院。

山东中医药大学历年中内及西内考博真题（2000-2010 ）2000 年中医内科1.请论述水肿、淋证、癃闭、关格的临床特色及联系。

（10 分）2.请论述内伤头痛与肝、脾、肾三脏的关系。

（ 10分）3.胸痹的发病基础和病理要素是什么？其病理特色如何？如何鉴识阴寒证、痰浊证、气滞证、血瘀证的不一样？各证型治疗重点是什么？（10 分）4.如何理解“治痿独取阳明”的意义？（10 分）5.试述“真中”“类中”的源流考略？（10 分）6.痰饮发病的内在病理基础是什么？为何?其治则如何？为何？（10 分）7.消渴病（糖尿病）临床常有哪些急慢性并发症？请写出消渴病（糖尿病）四周精神病变辨证分型（只写分型）、治法、方子。

（10 分）8.如何理解《血证论》提出的治血四法？（10 分）9.调补脾肾为何是治疗虚劳的重点？请论述之。

（10分）10.通窍活血汤方义如何？你在临床应用如何领会？（10 分）西内内科一、名词解说：Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭，卓－艾综合症，脾功能亢进，肾病综合症，Graves 病，高血压危象。

二、试述肺气肿的治疗原则及详细举措。

三、试述 PSVT 的 ECG 表现及临床表现。

四、试述重生阻碍性贫血的诊疗标准。

五、试述急性肾功能衰竭的分类及原由。

六、试述 DM 的诊疗标准。

七、肝硬化腹水形成的主要原由有哪些?2001 年中医内科1.你对中西医联合治疗风湿病的见解。

2.中风病（中脏腑、中经络）的临床表现。

3.“开鬼门、干净府”联合心血管（心衰）的应用。

4.胃痞、胃胀、痞满的鉴识诊疗。

5.试述扶正治疗肿瘤（祛邪需要扶正，邪去正自安）6.肝癌、积症的治疗方法，在何时用何法？7.石棉在《内经》的论述及其治法（ 3 个）8.试述“病痰饮者当以温药和之”9.试述糖尿病的非药物治疗。

10.血府逐瘀汤的构成，能治疗心系的那些疾病？西医内科1.慢性腹泻的发病机理。

2.感染性心内膜炎的诊疗标准。

3.白血病先期多发MDX的分类标准。