Properties of Jets in W Boson Events from 1.8 TeV pbar p Collisions

What’s in the BoxIntellidox Docking ModuleEach Intellidox Docking Module package contains one Intellidox module with a factory-installed nest for the ConneX1 portable gas detector. The power adapter, power cord, calibration gas tubing, exhaust tubing, and user manual are packaged sepa-rately as the Intellidox Enabler Kit. One Enabler Kit is required for each stand-alone Intellidox module.If the Intellidox module is damaged or if parts are missing, con-tact BW T echnologies or an authorized distributor immediately.Intellidox Enabler KitOne Intellidox Enabler Kit is required for each stand-alone Intel-lidox module. Each Enabler Kit contains:1. Power supply and AC power cord appropriate to shippingdestination;2. Ethernet cable;3. Calibration gas and purge gas tubing, cut to 1 meter(3.3 feet);4. Quick connect fittings;5. Exhaust tubing, cut to 4.57 meters (15 feet);6. Inlet (purge) filter assembly;7. Intellidox end plate;8. CD containing the Intellidox Operator’s Manual in PDFformat; and9. CD containing FleetManager II version 3.0.0 software orhigher.If Enabler Kit parts are damaged or missing, or if additionalEnabler Kits are required, contact BW T echnologies or an autho-rized distributor immediately.A b o u t t h i s P u b l i c a t i o nT h i s p u b l i c a t i o n i s a q u i c k -s t a r t r e f e r e n c e g u i d e t o a s s e m b l i n g t h e I n t e l l i d o x D o c k i n g M o d u l e , a n d p r e p a r i n g i t f o r fi r s t u s e . E n s u r e t h a t y o u a r e f a m i l i a r w i t h t h e u s e o f p e r s o n a l g a s d e t e c -t i o n d e v i c e s a n d a c c e s s o r i e s , a n d t a k e a p p r o p r i a t e a c t i o n i n t h ee v e n t of a n a l a r m c o n d i t i o n .F o r a d d i t i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n r e g a r d i n g I n t e l l i d o x i n s t a l l a t i o n , c o n fi g u r a t i o n , o p e r a t i o n a n d m a i n t e n a n c e , r e f e r t o t h e I n t e l l i d o xO p e r a t o r M a n u a l o r v i s i t w w w .g a s m o n i t o r s .c o m .A b o u t t h e I n t e l l i d o x D o c k i n g M o d u l eT h e I n t e l l i d o x D o c k i n g M o d u l e (‘I n t e l l i d o x ’ o r ‘I n t e l l i d o x m o d u l e ’) i s a n a u t o m a t i c b u m p t e s t a n d c a l i b r a t i o n d o c k i n g s t a t i o n f o r u s e w i t h C o n n e X 1 p o r t a b l e g a s d e t e c t o r s m a n u f a c t u r e d b y B W T e c h n o l o g i e s . T h e I n t e l l i d o x a u t o m a t i c a l l y p e r f o r m s e s s e n t i a l p r o c e d u r e s i n c l u d i n g s e n s o r i d e n t i fi c a t i o n , b u m p t e s t s , c a l i b r a -t i o n s , a l a r m t e s t s a n d d a t a t r a n s f e r s . I t a l s o r e t a i n s a c u m u l a t i v e r e c o r d o f d e t e c t o r d a t a l o g s t h a t a r e t r a n s f e r r e d t o i t s o n b o a r dm e m o r y .T h e I n t e l l i d o x c a n b e u s e d o n a t a b l e t o p o r o t h e r fl a t s u r f a c e . A b u i l t -i n r e t r a c t a b l e s t a n d c a n b e d e p l o y e d t o h o l d t h e I n t e l l i d o x u p r i g h t a t a n a n g l e t h a t i s s u i t a b l e f o r r o u t i n e u s e . I n t e l l i d o x m o d u l e s c a n a l s o b e m o u n t e d o n a w a l l o r o t h e r fl a t s u r f a c e . F o ra d d i t i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n , r e f e r t o t h e O p e r a t o r M a n u a l.T h i s I n t e l l i d o x m o d e l i s i n t e n d e d f o r u s e a s a s t a n d -a l o n e d o c k -i n g m o d u l e o n l y . D o n o t c o n n e c t t w o o r m o r e I n t e l l i d o x m o d u l e st o g e t h e r .I n t e n d e d U s eU n l e s s o t h e r w i s e s p e c i fi e d a t t i m e o f p u r c h a s e , I n t e l l i d o x m o d -u l e s s h i p p e d f r o m B W T e c h n o l o g i e s :• A r e f a c t o r y c o n fi g u r e d f o r u s e w i t h C o n n e X 1 p o r t a b l e g a s d e t e c t o r s c o n t a i n i n g H 2S s e n s o r s w i t h s t a n d a r d c a l i b r a t i o ng a s s e t t i n g s .• C o n t a i n a m u l t i -g a s e x p a n s i o n m o d u l e .• O p e r a t e a s s t a n d -a l o n e b u m p t e s t a n d c a l i b r a t i o n s t a t i o n s .• M a y b e c o n n e c t e d t o a n e t w o r k v i a E t h e r n e t c a b l e f o r e n h a n c e d a c c e s s t o a n d c o n t r o l o f a d m i n i s t r a t i v e a n dm a i n t e n a n c e t a s k s .• A r e c o m p a t i b l e w i t h F l e e t M a n a g e r I I v e r s i o n 3.0.0 s o f t w a r eo r h i g h e r .I f t h e I n t e l l i d o x m o d u l e o r a n y o f i t s p a r t s a r e d a m a g e d o r m i s s i n g , c o n t a c t B W T e c h n o l o g i e s o r a n a u t h o r i z e d d i s t r i b u t o ri m m e d i a t e l y .N o r m a l O p e r a t i n g C o n d i t i o n sT h e I n t e l l i d o x i s d e s i g n e d t o b e s a f e u n d e r t h e f o l l o w i n g c o n d i -t i o n s :• I n d o o r u s e o n l y• N o r m a l a t m o s p h e r e (20.9% O 2) t h a t i s f r e e o f h a z a r d o u sg a s• T e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e o f +10°C t o +35°C• R e l a t i v e h u m i d i t y o f 0% t o 50%I f t h e i n t e n d e d o p e r a t i n g e n v i r o n m e n t d o e s n o t m a t c h t h e s e c r i -t e r i a , B W T e c h n o l o g i e s r e c o m m e n d s t h a t y o u c o n s u l t a q u a l i fi e d p r o f e s s i o n a l s p e c i a l i s t p r i o r t o i n s t a l l i n g a n d u s i n g a n y I n t e l l i d o xm o d u l e s .T h i s e q u i p m e n t u s e s p o t e n t i a l l y h a r m f u l g a s f o r c a l i b r a t i o n s . T h e I n t e l l i d o x m u s t b e a t t a c h e d t o a v e n t i n g s y s t e m o r b e u s e d i n aw e l l -v e n t i l a t e d a r e a .Copyright, Notices, TrademarksWhile this information is presented in good faith and believed to be accurate, BW Technologies disclaims the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose and makes no express warranties except as may be stated in its written agree-ment with and for its customers.In no event is BW T echnologies liable to anyone for any indirect, special or consequential damages. The information and specifica-tions in this document are subject to change without notice.Intellidox, ConneX1, and FleetManager II are trademarks of BW Technologies. Other brand or product names are trademarks of their respective owners.Symbol DefinitionsThis manual uses the following signal words, as defined by ANSI Z535.4-1998:Important Safety Information: Read First1. To ensure personal safety, read Safety Information andWarnings before using the Intellidox.2. Use the Intellidox only as specified by the manufacturer.Failure to do so may impair protection provided by the Intellidox.3. The safety and security of any system or networkincorporating the Intellidox and its accessory components is the responsibility of the assembler of the system.4. Follow all required National Electric Codes (NEC) and safetystandards.Prepare for First UseT o ensure that the Intellidox module is ready for safe opera-tion, you must attach the endplate, attach the purge inlet filter assembly, and connect the exhaust tubing before you connect power or attach a gas cylinder.Attach the EndplateEach Intellidox Enabler Kit contains one endplate. T o prevent gas leaks, the end plate must be attached and locked with the lock latch arm before connecting power supply or connecting gas cylinders. The end plate must remain securely latched at all times during operation. If the end plate is detached during operation, disconnect power and replace the end plate immedi-ately.1. Unhook and lift latch arm.2. Attach end plate.3. Lower and lock latch arm.Connect the Purge Inlet Filter AssemblyEach Intellidox Enabler Kit contains one purge inlet filter as-sembly. Unless otherwise specified, the purge inlet is configured to use ambient air in a fresh air environment with a normal atmosphere of 20.9% O 2 that is free of hazardous gas . Ensure that the purge inlet filter assembly is attached before using the Intellidox module. Y ou may attach an extension tubing to the filter assembly to draw ambient air from an adjacent fresh air environment.D o c k i n g M o d u l e50104991-166 || Q R G -E N -F M S U _B 2 E n g l i s h ©2016 B W T e c h n o l o g i e s . Al l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d .2840 2 A v e . S E C a l g a r y , A l b e r t a C a n a d a T 2A 7X 9C a n a d a : 1-800-663-4164U S A : 1-888-749-8878E u r o p e : +44 (0) 1295 700300O t h e r r e g i o n s : 1-403-248-9226F a x : 1-403-273-3708W e b : w w w .h o n e y w e l l a n a l y t i c s .c o mQ u i c k R e f e r e n c eG u i d eBW TECHNOLOGIES BY HONEYWELL 50104991-166 || QRG-EN-FMSU_B2 INTELLIDOX DOCKING MODULE QUICK REFERENCE GUIDEB W T EC H N O L O G I E S B Y H O N E Y W E L L W W W .H O N E Y W E L L A N A L Y T I C S .C O M I N T E L L I D O X D O C K I N G M O D U L E Q U I C K R E F E R E N C E G U I D EI n t e l l i d o x2. If AutoDownload Datalog is set usingFleetManager II software, detector datalogs are automatically transferred to Intellidox.Bump Test PassWhen the bump test is successful, LCD screen background changes to green and Bump test passed message is displayed. Alarm responseand sensor response test items are checked.Press to return to Intellidox user menu.Bump Test FailWhen the bump test fails, LCD screen back-ground changes to red and Bump test failed message is displayed. Failed alarm response and/or sensor response test items are markedwith .If the AutoCal on Failed Bump is set using Fleet-Manager II software, calibration automatically begins.CalibrationCalibration is a two-step procedure that deter-mines the measurement scale for the detector’s response to gas. In the first step, a baseline reading is taken in a clean, uncontaminated environment. In the second step, the sensors are exposed to known concentrations of gas. The detector uses the baseline and known gas concentrations to determine the measurement scale.Calibration Guidelines1. Calibrate only in a normal environment thatis 20.9% O 2 and free of hazardous gas. Do not operate the docking module in a hazardous area. Failure to adhere to this guideline can result in possible personal injury and/or property damage.2. Use only premium grade calibrationgases and cylinders that are approved by BW Technologies, and supplied by BW Technologies or an authorized distributor. The calibration gases mustmeet the accuracy of the detector. For more information, refer to the Operator Manual.3. Do not use a gas cylinder beyond itsexpiration date.4. All calibration cylinders must be usedwith a demand flow regulator and must meet these maximum inlet pressurespecifications: disposable cylinders: 000 psig/70 bar, refillable cylinders: 03000 psig/207 bar5. Do not calibrate the detector duringcharging or immediately after charging is complete.6. Calibrate the sensor if ambient gasreadings vary during startup.7. Calibrate a new sensor before use. Allowthe sensor to stabilize before starting calibration.8. Used sensor: wait 60 seconds 9. New sensor: wait 5 minutes10. When calibrating the same gas detectormultiple times, wait 10 minutes between calibrations to allow the sensor to stabilize.11. If a certified calibration is required,contact BW Technologies or an authorized distributor.Calibrate a DetectorIf AutoCal on Overdue Sensors is set using FleetManager II software and sensors are over-due, then calibration starts automatically once Intellidox recognizes the detector.1. Insert a detector.2. Use and to move to Calibrate mydetector on the Intellidox user menu.3. Press to select Calibrate my detector.The LCD screen background changes to yellow and the calibration progress screen is displayed.4. Calibration begins. Progress screens aredisplayed while the tests are performed.5. If AutoDownload Datalog is set usingFleetManager II software, detector datalogs are automatically transferred to Intellidox.Calibration PassWhen the calibration is successful, LCD screen background changes to green and Calibration passed is displayed. Alarm response and sensor response test items are checked. Press to return to Intellidox user menu.Calibration FailWhen the calibration fails, LCD screen back-ground changes to red and Calibration failed is displayed. Failed alarm response and/or sensor response test items are marked with .1. Ensure that the filter assembly is freeof obstructions and defects.2. Connect the filter assembly to thepurge inlet.3. If necessary, attach an extensiontubing to the filter assembly to draw ambient air from an adjacent fresh air environment.Connect the Exhaust TubingEach Intellidox Enabler Kit includes one exhaust tubing that is 4.57 meters (15 feet) long.1. Inspect the exhaust tubing to ensurethat it is free of obstructions and defects.2. Connect the exhaust tubing to theexhaust outlet.3. Ensure that the exhaust tubing is notconnected to a negative pressure system, or obstructed in any way.Connect the PowerEach Intellidox Enabler Kit contains one power supply and AC power cord. Use only the power supply provided in the Enabler Kit to connect the Intellidox Docking Module to an appropriate electrical power outlet. When the power is connected, the Intellidoxactivates and a self-test is performed.1. Connect the AC power cord to thepower supply2. Connect the power supply to theIntellidox power port.3. Plug the AC power cord into a suitable wall outlet.4. When the power is connected, theIntellidox LCD activates and a self-testis performed.To prevent the corruption or loss of data and/or software and/or firmware, do not deactivate the equipment while performing datalog transfers, bump tests, calibrations or other operations.Charge a DetectorUse the Intellidox to charge detectors fitted with rechargeable batteries. For more infor-mation on battery maintenance, refer to the detector manual.1. Charge only in a normal environmentthat is 20.9% O 2 and free of hazardous gas. Do not operate the docking module in a hazardous area. Failure to adhere to this guideline can result in possible personal injury and/or property damage.2. Deactivate the detector.3. Insert the detector into the Intellidoxmodule.4. Battery charging begins immediately.Battery charging is disabled during bump test and calibration procedures.Once tests and other routines are com-pleted, you may leave the detector in the module for charging. If the detector isactivated, the module will deactivate it after 10 minutes of inactivity. When charging is complete, remove the detector. Do not store the detector in the module.Prepare for Bump Tests and CalibrationsThe Intellidox module is factory-configured for use with ConneX1 portable gas detec-tors containing H 2S sensors. Gas inlets are configured at the factory. Inlet con-figurations cannot be altered. The Intel-lidox Enabler Kit includes quick connect fittings and calibration tubing cut to the minimum recommended length of 1 meter (39 inches). Use only tubing that is between 1 meter (39 inches) and 10 meters (33 feet) in length when you connect gas cylinders to an Intellidox module.Connect Calibration Gas1. Connect a demand flow regulator to the calibration gas cylinder.2. Use the quick connect fittings and calibration gas tubing to connect the calibration gas cylinder to the gas.Bump Test Bump test is a procedure that confirms a detector’s ability to respond to target gasesby exposing the detector to gas concentra-tions that exceed its alarm setpoints.If AutoBump on Insertion is set using FleetManager II software, then bump test starts automatically when Intellidox recog-nizes the detector. If AutoCal on OverdueSensors is enabled and if a calibration is also due, then no bump test is performed. Instead, calibration starts automatically when the detector is recognized.1. Insert a detector.2. Press and on the keypad tomove to Bump test my detector on theIntellidox user menu.3. Press to select Bump Test. TheLCD screen background changes to yellow and the bump test progress screen is displayed.1. The bump test begins. T estsequence progress screens are displayed while the tests are per-formed.Touchpad and buttonsActionMove right Move left Move up Move down Select menu item Save changesClose menu itemReturn to previous screen Cancel changesLCD BacklightBacklight StatusIdlePrompt for user action Activity in progress Activity successful WarningActivity Failed50104991-166 || QRG-EN-FMSU_B2 INTELLIDOX DOCKING MODULE QUICK REFERENCE GUIDE。

ALTRONIC GAS CONTROL VALVE OPERATING MANUAL 690154 SERIES FORM GCV1 OM 12-04 WARNING: DEVIAT ION FROM T HESE INST ALLAT ION INST RUCT IONS MAY LEAD T O IMPROPER ENGINE OPERAT ION WHICH COULD CAUSE PERSONAL INJURY T O OPERATORS OR OTHER NEARBY PERSONNEL.1.0 OVERVIEW1.1This manual provides installation instructions and maintenance information for the AltronicGas Control Valve, models 690154-1 and 690154-2. It is recommended that the user read this manual in its entirety before commencing operations.It is not our intention to instruct others on how to design control systems, nor can we assume responsibility for their safe operation. This advice is intended to help the end user install the Altronic Gas Control Valve in such a manner to reduce the risk of accident to personnel or to equipment.Do NOT attempt to operate, maintain, or repair the fuel control valve until the contents of this document have been read and are thoroughly understood.1.2The Altronic Gas Control Valves are normally used with natural gas. Natural gas and air,when combined together,become very combustible and when contained within an enclosure, such as a gas engine or its exhaust system, can explode in a violent manner when ignited.It is necessary to always use extreme caution when working with any fuel system. The control systems used with gas engines or other similar machines should always be designed to be “fail-safe”.1.3The Gas Control Valve is NOT a shutoff valve. Shutoff valves must be used in addition to thecontrol valve. The fuel system should be designed in such a way that:-no failure of a single component will cause the fuel system to admit fuel to the engine when the engine has been shutdown, and-no single failure can result in grossly over-fueling the engine when attempting to start.WARNING:Failure to follow the above rules may lead to serious damage to equipment or to personnel.1.4The two versions, 690154-1 and 690154-2, differ in the length of the internal piston toaccommodate different gas flow rates.Valve 690154-1 is recommended for use on gas engine applications from 250 HP to 1,000 HP.Valve 690154-2 is recommended for use on applications below 250 HP.1.5Maximum gas working pressure is 40 psig. Gas pressure at the valve must NOT exceedthis rating at any time.2.0 INSTALLATION2.1The Gas Control Valve should be inspected immediately after unpacking. Check for anydamage that may have occurred during shipping. If there are any questions regarding the physical integrity of the valve,contact the distributor or Altronic, Inc.NOTE: If possible, keep the original shipping container. If future transportation or storage of the valve is necessary, this container will provide the optimum protection.2.2The Gas Control Valve is designed to be installed on natural gas fired, reciprocating engines.It is a flow-control device that responds directly to the control output of the Altronic EPC-100 and EPC-150 series of Air Fuel Ratio controllers. Additionally, by the use of a special adaptor device,Altronic P/N 691156-1, the valve can be made to control based upon a 4 to 20 mA signal from a general purpose controlling device such as a PLC. In all cases the valve is installed between the fuel supply pressure regulator and the carburetor and is used to throttle the fuel available to the engine. When considering where to place the Gas Valve, choose a location away from any extreme sources of heat. Operating ambient temperature is–40°F to +185°F (–40°C to +85°C). Do not expose the valve to temperatures higher than indicated here.3.0 MOUNTING THE FUEL CONTROL VALVE3.1In order to control the air/fuel ratio, the electronically controlled valve is connected in seriesbetween the regulator and carburetor or mixer. The valve should be installed as close to the fuel inlet of each carburetor or mixer as possible.The distance from the valve to the carburetor inlet should not exceed 12 pipe diameters in length. The preferred mounting of the valve would be in the vertical position, with the Flow arrow pointing up or down. Horizontal mounting of the valve is acceptable as long as the valve is NOT installed with the control cable connector facing downward. This is necessary to avoid the collection of condensation in the electronics housing. See FIG. 1 for dimensional details.3.2If possible, gas connection piping should be of the same diameter as that currently in use.The 690154 series valves have 1.5 inch NPT threads. In some applications, the threaded connection to the valve body may require the use of thread adapters. If adapters are used, proper plumbing procedures must be followed.3.3Each control valve is connected to the EPC-100 or EPC-150 using the 693005-x cable. Thiscable has connectors on both ends and in unshielded installations these connectors are simply plugged into the valve and the EPC unit. If it is desired to enclose the cable in conduit, this can be easily accomplished by cutting the 693005 cable in half. The cables are color coded and must be reconnected inside a junction box with each wire color matching. This cable must not be run in the same conduit as the ignition primary or other wires.A distance of 4 to 6 inches should be maintained between EPC-100 or EPC-150 wiring and other engine wiring. Note that the upper connector on the EPC-100 or EPC-150 controls the stepper valve for single control channel applications and the left bank valve on V-engines.4.0 POWER SUPPLY4.1The circuitry of the valve is powered directly by the EPC-100, EPC-150 or the output of theStepper Motor Controller 691156-1. No additional external power source should ever be connected to the valve.5.0 FLOW CHARACTERISTICS5.1See the flow capacity curve, FIG. 3in the drawings section.6.0 GAS VALVE SERVICE AND REPAIR OVERVIEW6.1The Gas Valve has been designed to provide reliable operation with a minimum amount ofmaintenance. To ensure optimum performance, periodic inspection and cleaning is necessary. Preventative maintenance issues can be integrated into the current maintenance schedule of the engine. Most maintenance requires little effort and minimal downtime of the valve. Corrective maintenance is to be done when the Gas Control Valve begins to behave erratically. Procedures have been generated to cover most minor issues.•External Visual Inspection – Inspect the exterior of the Gas Control Valve for loose connections, frayed wires or structural damage.•Cleaning – Exterior cleaning will aid in the visual inspection of the external casing and ensure good connections. Mild soapy water can be used as a cleaning agent.•Maintenance Log – To facilitate troubleshooting and to establish service schedules, a maintenance log should be kept on the Gas Control Valve.Throughout this manual, service parts will be identified by the figure number and item number assigned in the parts list. Items will be referred to by the figure number followed by a hyphen and the item number that it refers to. For example, (2-5) and its position on the Gas Control Valve can be found by locating item 5 on FIG. 2 and looking for its description and part number as identified in the table.7.0 SERVICING THE GAS CONTROL VALVE7.1The Altronic Gas Control Valve is set from the factory and generally does not needadjustment, however periodic maintenance may be needed depending on the service application and quality of the fuel passing through the valve. By following the recommended mounting positions and supplying clean gas this valve will provide excellent service.7.2The following lists the service kits available for the Gas Control Valve.•Motor/Connector/Piston Assembly P/N 680003-1 (690154-1 Valve)P/N 680003-2 (690154-2 Valve) Other parts are available as individual items.8.0 DISASSEMBLY OF THE GAS CONTROL VALVE8.1This section covers the disassembly of the fuel control valve for purposes of field service ormaintenance. This valve was designed to be serviceable while connected to the gas pipeline providing that the gas flow has been shut off to the valve.Failure to shut off the gas flow can cause a very dangerous situation. If servicing is to be done with the valve removed from the gas pipeline, then it is recommended that a clean flat work surface be prepared and the proper tool be made available.8.2This is a recommended tool list to disassemble the 690154 series Gas Control Valves:•#2 Phillips Head screwdriver•5/16" socket with ratchet and short extension•5/32" T - handle hex wrench (Allen wrench)8.3With the stepper motor in its fully retracted position (valve fully open), remove the four 8-32seal screws (2-7) that secure the connector to the cover. Next remove the six 10-24 hex head screws (2-9) and lock washers (2-3) that fasten the cover plate (2-6) to the valve body (2-1).Note gasket (2-5) between connector and cover. There is also a gasket (2-8) between the cover plate and the valve body.8.4With the cover (2-3) removed, the inner workings of the valve are now exposed. Keep thisarea free from contaminants such as excessive dirt and moisture. Removing the two socket head cap screws (2-4) and the lock washers (2-3) will allow you to remove the stepper Motor/Connector/Piston Assembly (2-2) from the valve body (2-1). Having available a spare Motor/ Connector/Piston Assembly (2-2) will minimize downtime.9.0 REASSEMBLY OF THE GAS CONTROL VALVE9.1To reassemble the valve, follow the instructions given.9.2Replace the Motor/Connector/Piston Assembly (2-2) into the valve body (2-1). Secure themotor using the two socket head cap screws (2-4) and lock washers (2-3).9.3Replace the connector into the cover plate (2-6), taking care to properly mount the connectorgasket (2-5) between the connector and the cover. Secure the connector to the cover using the four 8-32 phillips head seal screws (2-7).9.4Attach the cover plate (2-6) to the valve body (2-1), taking care to properly mount the coverplate gasket (2-8) between the valve body and the cover plate. Secure the cover plate using the six 10-24 hex head screws (2-9) and lock washers (2-3). See tightening sequence and torque specification on FIG. 2.9.5Before returning the valve to service, the valve should be throughly leak tested using a soapywater solution.Brush a small amount of this solution onto the area to be tested. A constant bubbling of the liquid indicates a leak. Do not submerge the valve in the test solution.Carefully check the area around the cover gasket and around the connector.FIG. 2 - PARTS IDENTIFICATIONITEM NO.QUANTITY PART NO.DESCRIPTION11 610651Valve Body, Machined21 680003-1Motor-Piston Assembly (690154-1) 680003-2Motor-Piston Assembly (690154-2)31 901004Lockwasher #1041 902628Screw 8-32 x 1/2" Socket Hd 51 501335Gasket, Connector61 610609Cover Plate71 902632Screw 8-32 x 3/8" Seal Rd Hd 81 610610Gasket, Cover Plate91 902472Screw 10-24 x 5/8" Hex Hd。

Product Release Notes1. General Release InformationThe ATTO Configuration Tool helps you customize the settings of your ATTO storage Controller to maximize the performance of your storage connection. While the factory settings on your host adapter should provide excellent performance for a wide range of applications, some specialized applications may benefit from modification of the adapter settings to tune the adapter for a specific performance range.These product release notes define the new features, changes, known issues and release details that apply to the ATTO Configuration Tool v4.09 that was released on November 29, 2012. This information pertains to the Microsoft® Windows OS including Windows XP, Vista, 7, 8, Server 2003, 2008, 2008 R2 and 2012.2. Changes∙Version 4.09 (Released 11/29/12)o The following apply to changes made from v4.08 to v4.09. You must use the latest product drivers for your specific adapter whenever updating the ATTO Configuration Tool version. Thelatest driver sets can be accessed via the ATTO website.o New Features, Enhancements and Changes▪ A new tab has been added to manage NPIV settings▪The ConfigTool now supports NPIV on windows platforms only▪Celerity 16Gb support to the Windows and Linux diagnostic scripts▪Devices can be added/removed in a rapid fashion without consequence▪The adapter buzzer now sounds for non-Thunderbolt adapters when clicking thenotification test button∙Version 4.08 (Released 11/08/12)o The following apply to changes made from v4.07 to v4.08. You must use the latest product drivers for your specific adapter whenever updating the ATTO Configuration Tool version. Thelatest driver sets can be accessed via the ATTO website.o New Features, Enhancements and Changes▪Added process power management events from the ESASRAID driver▪Activated the on-board buzzer on the adapter that triggered a buzzer event only▪Added detect mute button events from ThunderStream products▪Resolved a timing related crash on shutdown if SNMP is enabled▪Resolved a crash when committing the Notifications Plane contents with an emailpassword▪Resolved conflict with StorNext▪Made changes to the operating system display for Window 8∙Version 4.07 (Released 09/28/12)o The following apply to changes made from v4.05 to v4.07. You must use the latest product drivers for your specific adapter whenever updating the ATTO Configuration Tool version. Thelatest driver sets can be accessed via the ATTO website.o New Features, Enhancements and Changes▪Removed the discovery mode option in the NVRAM panel for a 16Gb Celerity FCadapter.∙Version 4.05 (Released 08/13/12)o The following apply to changes made from v4.03 to v4.05. You must use the latest product drivers for your specific adapter whenever updating the ATTO Configuration Tool version. Thelatest driver sets can be accessed via the ATTO website.o New Features, Enhancements and Changes▪Added support for OEM branding.▪Added support for time-stamped log messages from a RIAD device.∙Version 4.03 (Released 04/23/12)o The following apply to changes made from v4.02 to v4.03. You must use the latest product drivers for your specific adapter whenever updating the ATTO Configuration Tool version. Thelatest driver sets can be accessed via the ATTO website.o New Features, Enhancements and Changes▪The installer now makes the application available to all users.▪Several freezes in the system service have been resolved.▪Several crashes related to the auto discovery system were resolved.∙Version 4.02 (Released 02/14/12)o The following apply to changes made from v4.01 to v4.02. You must use the latest product drivers for your specific adapter whenever updating the ATTO Configuration Tool version. Thelatest driver sets can be accessed via the ATTO website.o New Features, Enhancements and Changes▪SNMP support has been added.▪Help menu now features a ‘Run Diagnostics’ option for troubleshooting purposes, which displaces the former option to save logs under the Notifications panel. RAIDlogging has also been improved.▪Support for FastFrame CT and NT adapter series has been added.▪Gen 3 PCIe transfer rate support has been added.▪Hot spares can now be assignable to RAID groups via CLI.▪Support for sounding the buzzer on buzzer-equipped hardware, controllable by the Notification Application.▪Performance, stability and logging improvements.∙Version 4.01 (Released 09/06/11)o The following apply to changes made from v4.0 to v4.01. You must use the latest product drivers for your specific adapter whenever updating the ATTO Configuration Tool version. Thelatest driver sets can be accessed via the ATTO website.o New Features, Enhancements and Changes▪The integrated help text features new icons for the buttons the user can click as well as manipulate in the table of contents.▪This release offers improved support and functionality with 3Gb RAID adapters.▪Rare instances of system hangs have been resolved.∙Version 4.0 (Released 08/17/11)o The following apply to changes made from v3.38 to v4.0. You must use the latest product drivers for your specific adapter whenever updating the ATTO Configuration Tool version. Thelatest driver sets can be accessed via the ATTO website.o New Features, Enhancements and Changes▪Support for ExpressSAS H6F0GT.▪This release represents a major update to the GUI interface and capabilities. Whereas previous versions contained a single application, this release provides a GUIapplication and system service. Refer to the product manual for more information onthe setup and operation of these components.▪This release offers the ability to set-up, manage and optimize storage connected locally and remotely to ATTO storage controllers. This includes the ability to remotely accessand update NVRAM settings, updating system firmware and drivers, as well asretrieving system event logs.▪Only one instance of the ConfigTool can be installed on a host at any one time (i.e.either v3.38 or v4.0, but not both).This version does not have SNMP enabled. Use an earlier version of the ATTOConfigTool if you require SNMP.3. Known Issues/Advisements∙Windows XP x64 and Windows 2003 machines do not display a message when the system is prompted to shut down via the ConfigTool.∙The Notifications tab can be viewed and changed without logging into a host. Additionally, the Notifications tab doesn’t detect if a connected host has disconnected, and thus the informationdisplayed may become stale.∙The audible and visual notifications only work with the system service on the local machine (not remotely).∙Drives may not disappear in the ConfigTool if a cable is pulled with no IO.∙The ConfigTool client doesn’t detect when it has been disconnected from a daemon.∙Manually entered IP addresses or hostnames are not saved.∙Installer extraction process does not automatically start the installation process on Windows.∙If many notifications pop-up, the Notification Application may stop responding.4. Affected ProductsATTO ConfigTool for the following ATTO products:ATTO ExpressSAS H6F0GT, H6F0, H60F, H680, H608, H644, H30F, H380, H308ATTO ExpressSAS RAID Adapters R30F, R380, R348, R60F, R680, R608, R644ATTO Celerity FC-162E, FC-161E, FC-84EN, FC-81EN, FC-82EN, FC-44ES, FC-42ES, FC-41ES,FC-42XS, FC-41XSATTO ExpressPCI UL5D Low-Profile, ExpressPCI UL5D, ExpressPCI UL4DATTO FastFrame Network Adapters CS14, CS12, CS11, NS14, NS12, NS11, NT12, NT11ATTO ThunderStream SC 3808ATTO ThunderLink FC1082, SH1068, NT1102, NS11015. Contacting ATTO SupportATTO Technology, Inc. is renowned for its technical support services. ATTO’s goal is to provide you the quickest response possible for your technical support needs, and is available Monday-Friday, 8:00 AM to 6:00 PM EST (except holidays).ATTO Technical Support can be contacted via phone or email:∙Phone: 716.691.1999 ext. 242∙E-Mail: ************************。

Websocket出现的错误前端使⽤sockjs，后台使⽤spring的websocket框架结果在⼀个⽹络较慢的地⽅，发现tomcat报错信息：Oct 28, 2015 10:10:43 AM org.apache.catalina.core.StandardWrapperValve invokeSEVERE: Servlet.service() for servlet [mvc-dispatcher] in context with path [/rscc] threw exception [Request processing failed; nested exception is org.springframework.web.socket.sockjs.SockJsException: Uncaught failure in SockJS request, u ng.IllegalArgumentException: Async support must be enabled on a servlet and for all filters involved in async request processing. This is done in Java code using the Servlet API or by adding "<async-supported>true</async-supported>" t at org.springframework.util.Assert.isTrue(Assert.java:65)at org.springframework.http.server.ServletServerHttpAsyncRequestControl.<init>(ServletServerHttpAsyncRequestControl.java:59)at org.springframework.http.server.ServletServerHttpRequest.getAsyncRequestControl(ServletServerHttpRequest.java:202)at org.springframework.web.socket.sockjs.transport.session.AbstractHttpSockJsSession.initRequest(AbstractHttpSockJsSession.java:238)at org.springframework.web.socket.sockjs.transport.session.AbstractHttpSockJsSession.handleInitialRequest(AbstractHttpSockJsSession.java:203)at org.springframework.web.socket.sockjs.transport.session.StreamingSockJsSession.handleInitialRequest(StreamingSockJsSession.java:54)at org.springframework.web.socket.sockjs.transport.handler.AbstractHttpSendingTransportHandler.handleRequestInternal(AbstractHttpSendingTransportHandler.java:66)at org.springframework.web.socket.sockjs.transport.handler.AbstractHttpSendingTransportHandler.handleRequest(AbstractHttpSendingTransportHandler.java:58)at org.springframework.web.socket.sockjs.transport.TransportHandlingSockJsService.handleTransportRequest(TransportHandlingSockJsService.java:254)at org.springframework.web.socket.sockjs.support.AbstractSockJsService.handleRequest(AbstractSockJsService.java:317)at org.springframework.web.socket.sockjs.support.SockJsHttpRequestHandler.handleRequest(SockJsHttpRequestHandler.java:88)at org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.HttpRequestHandlerAdapter.handle(HttpRequestHandlerAdapter.java:51)at org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet.doDispatch(DispatcherServlet.java:938)at org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet.doService(DispatcherServlet.java:870)at org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet.processRequest(FrameworkServlet.java:961)at org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet.doPost(FrameworkServlet.java:863)at javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:646)at org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet.service(FrameworkServlet.java:837)at javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:727)at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:303)at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:208)at org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:52)at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:241)at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:208)at org.springframework.web.filter.CharacterEncodingFilter.doFilterInternal(CharacterEncodingFilter.java:88)at org.springframework.web.filter.OncePerRequestFilter.doFilter(OncePerRequestFilter.java:108)at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:241)at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:208)at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardWrapperValve.invoke(StandardWrapperValve.java:220)at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContextValve.invoke(StandardContextValve.java:122)at org.apache.catalina.authenticator.AuthenticatorBase.invoke(AuthenticatorBase.java:501)at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardHostValve.invoke(StandardHostValve.java:171)at org.apache.catalina.valves.ErrorReportValve.invoke(ErrorReportValve.java:102)at org.apache.catalina.valves.AccessLogValve.invoke(AccessLogValve.java:950)at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardEngineValve.invoke(StandardEngineValve.java:116)at org.apache.catalina.connector.CoyoteAdapter.service(CoyoteAdapter.java:408)at org.apache.coyote.http11.AbstractHttp11Processor.process(AbstractHttp11Processor.java:1040)at org.apache.coyote.AbstractProtocol$AbstractConnectionHandler.process(AbstractProtocol.java:607)at .JIoEndpoint$SocketProcessor.run(JIoEndpoint.java:316)at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1145)at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:615)at org.apache.tomcat.util.threads.TaskThread$WrappingRunnable.run(TaskThread.java:61)at ng.Thread.run(Thread.java:745)根据报错信息来看，应该是缺少了<async-supported>true</async-supported>这个配置，这个是3.0开始⽀持的，async的请求需要开启async-supported。

savonius风⼒机DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF SAVONIUS WIND TURBINE ROTOR WITH TWISTED BLADES A. S. Grinspan, P. Suresh Kumar, U. K. Saha, P. Mahanta, D. V. Ratna Rao and G. Veda BhanuDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology, Guwahati-781 039, India.(saha@iitg.ernet.in, pinakeswar@/doc/e0367e114431b90d6c85c728.html )ABSTRACTThe present work describes the development of a Savonius rotor configuration which is simple in design, fabrication and maintenance, and is suitable for small-scale rural application. Initially, the performance studies of Savonius wind turbine rotors have been carried out with conventional three bladed straight and curved rotors. From the experiences of these experiments, two distinct blade shapes i.e., an aerofoil type and a twisted type rotors have been developed and tested in three bladed rotor system. Performance characteristics of the developed rotor blades has been evaluated and the results obtained are compared and discussed.NOMENCLATUREb velocity factor (V2/V1)V1 upstream air velocityV2 downstream air velocityC p Performance coefficient [0.5(1-b2) (1+b)]θAngle between the blade edge and shaft INTRODUCTIONThe Savonius rotor is a vertical axis machine with high starting torque and reasonable peak power output. Its use has been restricted till now because of large surface area it employs [1]. From the point of aerodynamic efficiency, Savonius wind turbines cannot compete with high-speed propeller and Darrieus type wind turbines. Savonius rotor has the low power output per given rotor size, weight and cost, thereby making it less efficient;the coefficient of performance is of the order of 15 % [2, 3]. Nevertheless, these type of turbines are simple to construct, insensitive to wind direction and self starting [4]. Hence, it is obvious that with the increase in rotor performance characteristics, it has the potential of generating small amount of power for water pumping [5, 6]. It has also been proposed as an auxiliary starting device for the Darrieus turbine, and as a tidal power generator [7].In the present investigation, two different Savonius rotor blades have been developed and their performances in terms of rotational speed have been analyzed against the conventional straight and the curved rotor blades.DESIGN OF BLADESExperiments have been conducted with four different types of blades viz., (a) Curved blade (b) Straight blade (c) Aerofoil blade and (d) Twisted blade as shown in Fig. 1. It is worth mentioning here that some basic investigations on straight and curved blades in the same laboratory have recently beenEXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS In the present work, both straight andcurved blades have been redesigned and tested. Fromthis investigation, an aerofoil shaped blade and a twisted blade have been designed, fabricated and tested in the same set-up. Blades, in each case, are fabricated from similar dimensions (500 mm height and 300 mm width), and are fabricated from flattened trapezoidal profiled G.I. sheet of 0.5 mm thick having a coat of 175 gm zinc per sqm. on both sides with epoxy primer and silicon modified polyster coating. The experimental apparatus used in the present investigation is shown in Fig. 5. It consists of the rotor assembly, the bearing housing to hold the rotor and the support structure. The apparatus was developed earlier by Sharma [8]. In this investigation, the cylindrical shaft and the bearing housing have been redesigned and replaced. The rotor assembly consists of a cylindrical solid shaft where blades are clamped by means of strips. Cylindrical solid shaft of diameter 20 mm is made out of mild steel rod. Three equally spaced mild steel strips are welded to this shaft. The ends of the shaft are connected to bearings on either side. Each strip has 5 holes of 5mm diameter to hold the blade or bracket. The brackets of different lengths are used to hold the twisted blades at the desired angular position. All other types of blades are bolted to the shaft directly with the help of strips.TWISTED BLADE GEOMETRYThe pictorial view of the developed twistedSavonius wind turbine blade attached to the rotor shaftis shown in Fig. 2. This three bladed rotor system isused in the present investigation. The angular positionwith its edge to the rotor shaft is marked as angle θ. Asingle twisted blade of the system with its bracket isshown in Fig. 3. The geometry of the blade at its topand bottom perimeters is depicted in Fig. 4.Fig. 5: Experimental ApparatusMEASUREMENT PROCEDUREAn exhaust fan was used as an air source.The fan with four blades operates at 440 V and 50 Hz.The upstream air velocity is varied by moving the fanin and away such that rotation of fan is perpendicularto the turbine rotor axis. The upstream velocity andthe down stream velocity have been measured withthe help of an inclined tube manometer and a pitot-tube developed in the laboratory [8]. The RPM of therotor in each case has been recorded by a digitaltachometer.ANALYSIS OF RESULTSIn the tested ranges of air velocities, straightblade is fount to be less efficient as compared to the Fig.4 : Geometry at the top and the bottom perimetersother blades (Fig. 6). This is caused by an equal amount of drag force on the two blades which are at 1200 apart and facing same amount of air stream.Fig. 6: Variation of RPM with air velocity for the tested bladesThe aerofoil shaped blade has shown improved performance because of the reduction of negative wetted area (opposite to the direction of rotation) which causes negative torque.Curved blades are generally of half cylinder type. Here, the blade is of 240 mm diameter. Performance of the curved bladed rotor improves in the tested range because of lesser negative wetted area (convex part of the blade) as compared to straight and aerofoil shaped blades.In case of twisted blade, further improvement in the performance has been observed with greater reduction of negative wetted area. From the above observation, it is realized that at some optimal angle, the negative wetted area becomes minimum, where a high torque as well as high RPM can be achieved.It is clear from Fig. 6 that at an airstream velocity in the range of 5.0-5.8 m/s, all the tested blade configurations, except the twisted one, have nearly constant RPM, i.e., these blade configurations start rotating by overcoming the negative torque. However, the twisted blade because of its low negative torque characteristics starts rotating even in the range of lower velocity and the RPM increases rapidly and smoothly with the increase in velocity.From Fig. 7, it is seen that the twisted rotor at 00 and 25.60 shows similar and weaker characteristics. It stands to reason that at θ=00, the negative wetted area is more as compared to non-zero angles, while at θ= 25.60, the energy capture from the airstream is less i.e., due to the reduction of both negative and positive wetted area. At other settings of angles i.e., θ = 13.20, 18.40 and 21.50 the rotor shows better performance. However, the experiments with the twisted blade at θ=18.40 seemed to have been the superior amongst all.Fig. 7: Variation of RPM with air velocity of the twisted blade at different angular position.The performance coefficient (Cp) has been plotted (Fig. 8) against the tested velocity for all the rotor configurations. The Cp values for straight bladed rotor is found to be less than 0.5, while for all other bladed rotor Cp is greater than or equal to 0.5 at an airstream velocity above 5 m/s.Fig. 8: Variation of Cp for the tested blades DISCUSSIONIn the present investigation, the available dynamic wind pressure is utilized to an optimal levelin the developed twisted blade at θ=18.40. The wind velocity is partly utilized by the concave surface of the blade (generating the positive torque) facing the wind, and partly being utilized again by the adjacent concave surface of the blade and the process continues (Fig.9). The angular clearance (θ) between the blade edge and the shaft allows the airstream to pass and hit the concave surface of the adjacent blade and thereby produces a couple which balances the rotor movement and enhances the positive torque. High RPM and high torque can be achieved by controlling the negative wetted area. This design-principle can be used in future to improve the efficiency of Savonius typeKEY OBSERVATIONSThe developed twisted blade, in general, would have the following performance characteristics.Decrease of negative wetted area (i.e., exposed convex surface area to the airstream).Reduce the negative torque by the twist of the blade due to air being swept inward and outward direction.The couple produced by the airstream helps smooth running of the rotor with high RPM and high torque.All the above points would make a twisted bladed rotor insensitive to wind direction and to have a good self-starting ability. CONCLUSIONSFrom the above studies, the newly developed twisted bladed rotor was found to be more efficient than the other types of bladed rotor. However cost effectiveness of such a rotor has to be studied by actual field tests with additional energy utilizing devices (generator, pump etc.).The twisted bladed rotor has very good self-start ability, even at low air velocity and has the capability of smooth running, high torque and high RPM, which makes it suitable for electricity generation. Furthermore, RPM can be increased by proper design of a gear train as starting torque for a twisted bladed rotor is less. If such bladed rotor system is used in stacks, a highly efficient power generation system can be developed. REFERENCES[1] Shankar, P.N., 1978, “Development of VerticalAxis Wind Turbines,” Rural Technology, IISc, Bangalore, pp. 145-162.[2] Kumar, A., and Grover, S., 1993, “PerformanceCharacteristics of a Savonius Rotor for Wind Power Generation - A Case Study,” Alternate Sources of Energy, Proc. of Ninth National Convention of Mechanical Engineers, IIT Kanpur. [3] Walker, J.F., and Jenkins, N., 1997, “Wind Energy Technology,” John Wiley and Sons.[4] Ogawa, T., Yoshida, H., and Yokota, Y., 1989,“Development of Rotational Speed Control Systems for a Savonius-Type Wind Turbine,”ASME Journal of Fluids Engineering, Vol. 111, pp.53-58.[5] Spera, D.A., 1994, “Wind Turbine Technology,”ASME Press.[6] Vishwakarma, R., 1999, “Savonius Rotor WindTurbine for Water Pumping-An Alternate Energy Source for Rural Sites,” Journal of Institution of Engineers (India), Vol.79, pp. 32-34.[7] Modi, V. J., and Fernando, M. S. U. K., 1989, “Onthe Performance of the Savonius Wind Turbine,”ASME Journal of Solar Engineering, Vol. 111, pp.71-76.[8] Sharma, P.K., 2001, “Vertical Axis Wind Turbine:Design, Fabrication and Experimental Study of Savonius Rotor and Straight Blade Wind Turbines,” B. Tech. Project Report, Mechanical Engineering Department, IIT-Guwahati.。

CONCURRENCY AND COMPUTATION:PRACTICE AND EXPERIENCEConcurrency Computat.:Pract.Exper.2008;20:315–330Published online13July2007in Wiley InterScience().DOI:10.1002/cpe.1221Towards workflow simulationin service-orientedarchitecture:an event-basedapproachYanchong Zheng,Yushun Fan and Wei Tan∗,†National Engineering Research Center for Computer Integrated ManufacturingSystems,Department of Automation,Tsinghua University,Beijing100084,ChinaSUMMARYThe emergence of service-oriented architecture(SOA)has brought about a loosely coupled computing environment that enablesflexible integration and reuse of heterogeneous systems.On building a SOA for application systems,more and more research has been focused on service composition,in which workflow and simulation techniques have shown great potential.Simulation of services’interaction is important since the services ecosystem is dynamic and in continuous evolution.However,there is a lack in the research of services’simulation,especially models,methods and systems to support the simulation of interaction behavior of composite services.In this paper,an enhanced workflow simulation method with the support of interactive events mechanism is proposed to fulfill this requirement.At build time, we introduce an event sub-model in the workflow meta-model,and our simulation engine supports the event-based interaction pattern at run time.With an example simulated in the prototype system developed according to our method,the advantages of our method in model verification and QoS evaluation for service compositions are also highlighted.Copyright©2007John Wiley&Sons,Ltd.Received23March2007;Accepted1April2007KEY WORDS:service composition;workflow simulation;event;data correlation1.INTRODUCTIONService-oriented architecture(SOA)is gaining increasing momentum in many domains such as enterprise information systems,software architecture and grid computing.SOA promises to∗Correspondence to:Wei Tan,National Engineering Research Center for Computer Integrated Manufacturing Systems, Department of Automation,Tsinghua University,Beijing100084,China.†E-mail:tanwei@Contract/grant sponsor:National Science Foundation of China;contract/grant number:60674080Contract/grant sponsor:China National High Technology R&D project‘Business Coordination System Base on SOA’Copyright2007John Wiley&Sons,Ltd.316Y.ZHENG,Y.FAN AND W.TANprovide a decentralized and loosely coupled environment that enablesflexible,reliable and coordi-nated integration of dynamic applications belonging to different organizations.Furthermore,more and more companies are starting to organize their business processes by means of service aggrega-tion;therefore,the importance of service composition has been widely recognized.Since service compositions can be described as workflow models,it is natural to apply workflow technology to automated service composition in the service-oriented paradigm,and there is much research work on that topic[1–3].Many studies have been devoted to the design,verification and performance analysis issues related to Web service composition.Based on the XML Process Definition Language(XPDL),a model of Web services workflow is proposed[4],thus bringing workflow into the web environment.By employing Web service technology in the interaction,monitoring and control of process execution, Li and Lu[5]proposed a framework for modeling and reusing workflows as sub-workflows in service composition.Business Process Execution Language for Web Services(BPEL4WS)[6] defines an interoperable integration model which facilitates the expansion of automated process integration,and currently BPEL4WS is the de facto standard,supported by major companies in this area.Zhao and Liu[7]studied the modeling of organization centered workflows and their realization in the Web service environment via mapping to BPEL4WS.Particularly,Casati and Shan[8]developed a model and architecture that employed the element of events to achieve dynamic interaction between composite services;Wang et al.[9]proposed an ECA-rule-based method for end users to compose Web services conveniently;Guo et al.[10]introduced Pi-calculus to address the protocol level deadlock in grid workflows;Chandrasekaran et al.[11]explicated the power of simulation as a part of Web service composition and process design;and Chang et al.[12],Song and Lee[13]both utilized simulation techniques to evaluate service composition based on their QoS properties.The research efforts have demonstrated the strength of workflow and simulation techniques in the design and performance analysis of service composition;however,to the best of our knowledge, few of them have made substantial investigations in the implementation mechanisms for simulating the actual behaviors of composite services.In other words,they neglect the interaction of internal service nodes between different services,and this interaction will probably affect the correctness and performance of composite services.In order to address this issue,we proposed an interactive-event-based workflow simulation method in this paper.Our main contribution is that,with profound analysis on the core mechanisms—the internal event interaction and data correlation,we made simulation techniques applicable to a loosely coupled environment like that of service-oriented computing.The rest of the paper is organized as follows.In Section2,a motivating example is presented.In Section3,we give the workflow meta-model which serves as a foundation for performing simulation in a service-oriented environment,and we explain briefly the major components within the meta-model.Then,Section4elaborates on the core mechanisms of the workflow simulation method—the internal event communication and corresponding data correlation,from both the build-time and run-time perspectives.Section5covers the system architecture and relevant application programming interfaces(APIs),and Section6gives important analysis results based on the information we gathered through simulating the motivating example in the prototype system.Finally,conclusions and future research directions are given in Section7.Copyright2007John Wiley&Sons,Ltd.Concurrency Computat.:Pract.Exper.2008;20:315–330DOI:10.1002/cpeTOWARDS WORKFLOW SIMULATION IN SERVICE-ORIENTED ARCHITECTURE317Figure1.A travel planning example.2.A MOTIV ATING EXAMPLEWithout loss of generality,now consider two service compositions that have internal interaction as shown in Figure1.It depicts a travel planning example including two separate composite service processes that work jointly to accomplish planning requests from customers of the travel agency. Composition1describes the workflow process for itinerary planning,while composition2is the online ticket handling process.When the agency receives initial itinerary from its customer,it will send the customer information to an independent online ticket system to acquire either quotations or bundles,contingent on the customer type specified by the online system.Simultaneously in the agency process,it will follow different procedures for existing or new customers to work out a travel plan.Note that there is plenty of data exchange between the internal service nodes of these two compositions,which will affect the accomplishment of both workflows.For instance,the status of the decision node‘Customer type?’in composition1determines which route to go after the decision node‘Bundles available?’in composition2,as bundles are only applicable to VIP customers of the ticket system.Such control logic can hardly be modeled or simulated with traditional techniques, thus arousing a need for specific supplements to the original meta-model as well as simulation mechanisms.3.THE WORKFLOW META-MODELIn order to ensure the interoperability between heterogeneous workflow systems and the efficient integration with other applications,we establish our workflow meta-model as an extension of the meta-data model presented by the Workflow Management Coalition(WfMC)in its Work-flow Process Definition Interface—XML Process Definition Language(Interface one:XPDL)[14], enabling event communication in service computing environment by incorporating event elements. Figure2shows the static structure of the meta-model via the UML class diagram.Copyright2007John Wiley&Sons,Ltd.Concurrency Computat.:Pract.Exper.2008;20:315–330DOI:10.1002/cpe318Y.ZHENG,Y.FAN AND W.TANFigure2.Static structure of the service-oriented workflow meta-model.3.1.Sub-model definitionsThe workflow meta-model is basically composed of four sub-models:the process sub-model,the event sub-model,the participant sub-model and the simulation sub-model,with three different types of relationship between individual elements—Generalization,Association and Aggregation.As the participant sub-model is irrelevant to our topic,we will not discuss it for simplicity.Briefly,we introduce the other sub-models as follows:The process sub-model is composed of the classes Process,Workflow Process,Activity,Subflow, Atomic Activity,Transition,Condition,Relevant Data,and Event Listener.As the semantics of the classes except Event Listener complies with XPDL,we will not give detailed explanation here and readers can refer to the corresponding specification[15].Specially,as an important extension to the XPDL model,we create the class Event Listener as an aggregated class to Workflow Process, Atomic Activity and Subflow,in order to monitor both external and internal run-time events in the lifecycle of workflow simulation,hence supporting the particular message communication patterns in a service-oriented environment.Besides,the attribute‘bCorrelationSet’in the class Relevant Data also plays a significant role in achieving data correlation in a loosely coupled environment. Details regarding these points will be discussed more thoroughly in the next section.The event sub-model comprises the class Event and itsfive inherited classes:Data Event,Status Event,Alarm Event,Exception Event and Custom Event,serving as a fundamental part in the meta-model to achieve the specific interaction pattern in a service-oriented environment.An event is the encapsulation of any message which is transferred from one process/activity instance(or service instance in the service-oriented context)to another in the conversation between these instances. Copyright2007John Wiley&Sons,Ltd.Concurrency Computat.:Pract.Exper.2008;20:315–330DOI:10.1002/cpeTOWARDS WORKFLOW SIMULATION IN SERVICE-ORIENTED ARCHITECTURE319 Considering the characteristics of an event and its possible influence on the instance that initiates or receives it,we classify events intofive categories,each being represented by the abovefive inherited classes.Data Event is used to specify those events having tight correlation with specific workflow relevant data;Status Event is for those arising from status alteration of the instance;Alarm Event is for those indicating duration or deadline limits for the execution of the instance;Exception Event is for those stemming from faults during the execution of the instance;and Custom Event is employed to provide extensibility for user-defined events.The common attribute‘bInitiation’defined in the superclass Event specifies whether this event is used to initiate an instance for the service receiving it;the attribute‘ValidTime’prescribes the time limit for a service instance to perform instance matching;and the attribute‘Action’designates the specific action incurred by an event,which will be interpreted by the ECA rule parser during workflow simulation and enactment.The simulation sub-model consists of six classes—Simulation Info,Simulation Setting,Simulation Statistics,Simulation Chart and Generator.Simulation Info is the abstract base class for the other five classes,maintaining correlation with the process sub-model and defining commonly owned attributes.Simulation Setting is used to set up simulation scenarios such as the simulation schedule; Generator,a common class for traditional workflow simulation,is used to generate transaction queues based on specific statistical distribution models;Simulation Statistics and Simulation Chart are for presenting simulation results in user-defined formats.3.2.Association definitionsAs indicated before,there are three different kinds of relationship between individual elements in the workflow meta-model:Generalization,Association and Aggregation.Generalization describes the inheritance relationship between a superclass and its sub-classes;Aggregation shows the inclusion relationship between two elements or between an element and itself;and Association establishes the reference relationship between elements.We have assigned a name for each Association so that the relationship can be understood more easily.For example,the Association‘relates with’from the class Process to Relevant Data specifies that certain workflow relevant data might be correlated with an instance of Process,while‘is assigned to’from Participant to Atomic Activity means that necessary resources or application systems must be allocated to activity instances,or service instances in the service-oriented context,to support its execution.Note that the multiplicity of an Association is indicated by the numeric signs near both ends of an Association.Take the Association‘correlates to’for instance,it has the following multiplicity: Data Event/Relevant Data=0...n/1...n,which designates that an instance of Data Event must be correlated to no less than one instance of Relevant Data,while an instance of Relevant Data might not be correlated to any instance of Data Event,or it might be correlated to more than one instance of Data Event.Such multiplicity in an Association defines the quantitative proportion between the two associated classes.4.SIMULATION MECHANISMS BASED ON INTERACTIVE EVENTSIn traditional simulation,individual generators are assigned to each workflow to generate ran-dom transactions independently and essentially,such kind of simulation only deals with single process,i.e.no interaction is incurred between the internal units of different workflows(see Copyright2007John Wiley&Sons,Ltd.Concurrency Computat.:Pract.Exper.2008;20:315–330DOI:10.1002/cpe320Y.ZHENG,Y.FAN AND W.TANparison of simulation patterns:(a)traditional simulationand(b)simulation in service-oriented paradigm.Figure3(a)).However,workflow simulation in a service-oriented environment is intrinsically multi-process involved—some service in a workflow may need to interact with a service in another which is simulated simultaneously.In addition,there will also be external events acting on the internal units other than the start node and influencing the simulation process(see Figure3(b)).Under such cir-cumstances,the simulation engine should be modified to support specific mechanisms for external and internal event interactions,which will inevitably involve such issues as data correlation as well as asynchronous communication between different processes and the like.Based on the meta-model presented in the previous section,we will analyze the implementation of these mechanisms in the service computing environment from both the build-time and run-time perspectives in this section.4.1.Build-time analysisAs introduced before,the class Event Listener acts as an event monitor in the model.Through the Association‘monitors’,it contains a referenced attribute‘InternalEvent:Event’,which actually is a queue of received events(at this point,we have counted in the asynchronous property of message communication in a service-oriented environment).Through the Aggregation s to Workflow Process, Atomic Activity and Subflow,an instance of Event Listener is permanently bound to a certain process instance,or activity instance,or sub-flow instance(in the service-oriented context,these are all defined as service instances),so that the events received by this Event Listener can influence the simulation of the corresponding process instance.Now look at the source of the events.Through the Association‘initiates/receives’,the class Event contains two referenced attribute from the class Process(‘Source’and‘Target’),indicating where the events come from and where they would bining the above elements,these classes together with the associations between them provide a foundation for the implementation of internal message conversation during multi-process simulation.Data correlation is a critical issue inherent in internal message communication.In traditional single-process simulation,dataflow within a process and need not cross the boundary between different processes.Thus,the correlation of relevant data with process instances simply by instance IDs works reasonably well.However,the use of such IDs to correlate data would be rather diffi-cult and even somewhat non-sensical when considering internal communication in multi-process Copyright2007John Wiley&Sons,Ltd.Concurrency Computat.:Pract.Exper.2008;20:315–330DOI:10.1002/cpeTOWARDS WORKFLOW SIMULATION IN SERVICE-ORIENTED ARCHITECTURE321 simulation.In order to solve this problem,we introduce the concept of Correlation Set from BPEL4WS[7]into our meta-model.On one hand,there is a Boolean attribute‘bCorrelation-Set’in the class Relevant Data,with which we could define whether a relevant data would be used as the correlation set.On the other hand,the class Event contains a referenced attribute ‘CorrelationSet:Relevant Data’derived from the Association‘correlates to’with the class Relevant Data.Whenever necessary,this referenced attribute would serve as a combination of all the rel-evant data that is defined to be used as a correlation set,with the attribute‘bCorrelationSet’set as TRUE,so that we could easily correlate relevant data with the right process instance receiving the event.On considering external events,we can simply regard them as random transactions.Therefore, we establish the Association‘binds to’between the classes Event Listener and Generator.The referenced attribute‘ExternalEvent:Generator’relates the instance of Event Listener to a specific instance of Generator,with the latter defining the statistical distribution model of the external events.In this way,we can take into account both internal message communication and external event handling in the design phase of our workflow models.4.2.Run-time analysisWe will explore in this section the event communication behavior of part of the service nodes in the example presented in Section2during the running phase of simulation via the UML sequence diagram shown in Figure4.For the sake of conciseness,we merely depict the situation of one customer in the diagram,and issues relevant to multiple concurrent customers will be rationally inferred later.Generally,each composition has an independent generator to produce random transactions.Once the travel agency received requirement from a customer,i.e.a transaction arrived at the start node of composition1,it created an instance of the globally defined Relevant Data CustomerOrder(specified as‘CustomerOrder[1]’in Figure4)with‘CustomerID’as the Correlation Set.In executing‘Input customer Info’,it transferred the data to subsequent nodes in composition1on one hand,and on the other initiated an instance of the Data Event CustomerInfo(‘DataEvent[1]’in Figure4),which contained part of the data in CustomerOrder and must include the Correlation Set.When the event listener aggregated in‘Login to online ticket system’received‘DataEvent[1]’,itfirst performed instance matching with existing pending transactions through the operation‘InstanceMatch()’, using Correlation Set‘CustomerID’in the data event.Simulation involving other events is similar to thisfirst situation.What if the matching of instance returned a false value regarding every instance in execution? Our solution is that,the activity remains waiting for another instance to come for a predefined period.If the waiting time exceeds the deadline,a timeout exception would be initiated and the simulation engine would refer to the corresponding exception processing module.For this purpose, we include in the class Event an attribute named‘ValidTime’(see Figure2).In most cases during simulation,there may be multiple transactions and events pending at a partic-ular service node at a certain point of time.Under such circumstances,the event listener aggregated in each node would create separate queues for each kind,by the attributes‘InternalEvent:Event’for internal events,‘ExternalEvent:Generator’for external events and‘TransactionQueue’for random transactions,respectively.As mentioned before,when the simulation engine encounters an event, Copyright2007John Wiley&Sons,Ltd.Concurrency Computat.:Pract.Exper.2008;20:315–330DOI:10.1002/cpe322Y.ZHENG,Y.FAN AND W.TANFigure4.Simulation sequence diagram of the motivating example.it would perform instance matching via the correlation set with each transaction in the queue until itfinds the right one,or wait for new transactions until a specific deadline if no matching can be achieved with the existing instances.Simulation results regarding performance indicators of these queues should be quite useful to the evaluation of QoS.Moreover,the potential leverage of multi-process simulation in performing model verification for service compositions,apart from the general function of simulation in performance analysis, is shown above.In most situations,two interactive compositions are independent from each other, thus possible error existed in the interaction logic between them can be revealed by examining the simulation trajectory.Such analysis is of great value for designers to compose services more effectively and correctly.Obviously,traditional simulation can never reveal such problems since both compositions are executed independently.5.SYSTEM ARCHITECTUREAs shown in Figure5,the workflow modeling and simulation system based on our meta-model consist of three layers:the user interface layer,the operation logic layer and the persistent storage layer,with the workflow meta-model as the supporting framework.We will elaborate on each of these layers hereinafter.Copyright2007John Wiley&Sons,Ltd.Concurrency Computat.:Pract.Exper.2008;20:315–330DOI:10.1002/cpeTOWARDS WORKFLOW SIMULATION IN SERVICE-ORIENTED ARCHITECTURE323Figure5.Architecture of the workflow modeling and simulation system.er interface layerThe user interface layer,which is mainly composed of the graphical modeling tool,the simulation monitor and the data analysis interface,helps establish effective communication between users and the system.The modeling tool offers an easy-to-use visual interface for the modelers,who in turn can construct a multi-view enterprise model regarding the function,information,process, organization and resource elements within the company,as well as their inherent relationship.With an access to the model database,modelers can conveniently modify legacy models and create new models as well.The simulation monitor performs real-time interaction with the workflow engine during the process of simulation so as to provide real-time supervision upon some specific objects which the analyzers might be interested in.For instance,we can observe the dynamic utilization of some resource in the whole process of execution,which should be a useful basis for doing further detailed capacity analysis.The data analysis interface equips the analyzers with the ability to customize statistical reports according to multiple objectives,and its connection with the simulation database enables it to retrieve necessary statistics any time.5.2.Operation logic layerThe operation logic layer functions as the core of the whole system,achieving control over the entire data and logicflows,as well as carrying out statistical calculation.Copyright2007John Wiley&Sons,Ltd.Concurrency Computat.:Pract.Exper.2008;20:315–330DOI:10.1002/cpe324Y.ZHENG,Y.FAN AND W.TANFigure6.Data types and WAPI definition.Copyright2007John Wiley&Sons,Ltd.Concurrency Computat.:Pract.Exper.2008;20:315–330DOI:10.1002/cpeThe workflow engine is the kernel component of the operation logic layer,with the participant allocator,the model interpreter,the ECA rule parser and the random number generator as supportive components,and the analysis engine is for building up statistical analysis with respect to the requirements received from the data analysis interface.The workflow engine is basically composed of a logic controller and an event handler,with the former dealing with the navigation of logicflows as well as dataflows in a workflow model,and the latter handling particular events in a service-oriented environment.The message communication and data correlation mechanisms described in the previous sections are realized by the event handler,and pertinent functions are encapsulated in this module.The Workflow Management Application Programming Interface(WAPI)Specification by WfMC [15](Interface2&3)has defined standard APIs which can be supported by workflow man-agement products.These APIs,such as WMCreateProcessInstance,WMAssignActivityInstanceAt-tribute,WMChangeActivityInstanceState,WMTAInvokeApplication,etc.are encapsulated in the logic controller within the workflow engine.According to the conventions of the above specifica-tion,we define several APIs(Figure6)in the event handler module to support event handling and data correlation.Thefirst table in Figure6defines some data types specific to the concepts of Correlation Set as well as Event proposed in this paper,and the second table defines particular WAPIs,which realize the corresponding message communication and data correlation mechanisms.5.3.Persistent storage layerThe persistent storage layer consists of three databases:the model database,the workflow database and the simulation database.The model database is mainly for storing the enterprise models con-structed,as well as the underlying constraints and scheduling rules.The interaction between the model database and the model interpreter in the operation logic layer prepares necessary model information for simulation on one hand,and the interaction with the graphical modeling tool in the user interface layer realizes the creation,modification and storage of the models,and in the meanwhile offers support in the version management as well as the knowledge management during the modeling process.The workflow database is for maintaining the relevant data and the instance data which would be referred to and operated on during the course of simulation.Its communication with the workflow engine ensures that the right data would be transferred at the right time to the right instances.The simulation database is the database for those statistics calculated in simulation, including dynamic real-time statistics as well as static results.This database interacts with both the workflow engine and the data analysis engine,not only giving support in obtaining and recording data in simulation,but also helping produce customized statistical analysis reports.6.ANALYSIS OF THE MOTIV ATING EXAMPLE IN THE PROTOTYPE SYSTEM6.1.A snapshot of the systemFigure7shows the simulation snapshot of the motivating example in our prototype system.Apart from the ordinary controlflows between different elements within each workflow,there are alsoCopyright2007John Wiley&Sons,Ltd.Concurrency Computat.:Pract.Exper.2008;20:315–330DOI:10.1002/cpeFigure7.A snapshot of the prototype system.explicit eventflows between the two workflows,represented by dotted lines,such as the event flow carrying‘Quotation’information from‘Provide normal quotation’to‘Propose a draft plan’, and the like.Eventflows which have a data annotation nearby transfer data events,while those without notation represent status eventflows.(For alarm events and exception events not included in our example,we assign a clock and an error symbol,respectively,to each type for identification.) Correlation sets formed by global data are passed along the eventflows in order for instance correlation.Different shades of thefigures indicate different states of the elements during simulation, e.g.dark-shaded rectangle means the activity is under execution,while light-shaded rectangle represents that the activity is waiting for necessary resources to perform its tasks.The system is developed on the Microsoft Visual C#platform,with SQL2000as the database.6.2.Structure analysis of service compositionsThe simulation trace for two certain customers in our example is given in Table I.Note that a dead lock occurred in simulating travel planning for C2,when the agency workflow waited at the node ‘Propose a draft plan’for response from the ticket handling workflow,while the latter sent back bundles information to the node‘Select a bunch’.Carefully comparing the simulation tracks of both customers and examining the structure of both compositions,it is not difficult tofind out the radical cause for the dead lock—that is because in our example,the two compositions have distinct criteria for classifying their customers:the agency classifies customers into new or existing ones, while the ticket system categorizes customers into standard ones or VIPs.In the agency workflow, if a customer is new to it,it will never examine whether a bundle is applicable but directly wait for normal quotation from the ticket system so as to propose a draft plan.This logic works well Copyright2007John Wiley&Sons,Ltd.Concurrency Computat.:Pract.Exper.2008;20:315–330DOI:10.1002/cpe。

Launching a rocket into the sky is an exhilarating and complex process that requires a deep understanding of physics, engineering, and a host of other scientific disciplines. Here is a stepbystep account of what it takes to send a rocket soaring through the atmosphere.Step 1: Design and PlanningThe journey of a rocket begins with meticulous design and planning. Engineers and scientists work together to create a blueprint that outlines the rockets structure, propulsion system, and payload capacity. This stage involves extensive calculations to ensure the rocket can withstand the forces it will encounter during launch and ascent. Step 2: ConstructionOnce the design is finalized, the construction phase begins. This involves fabricating the various components of the rocket, such as the fuselage, engines, and payload bay. Each part must be built to exact specifications to ensure the rockets structural integrity and performance.Step 3: TestingBefore a rocket can be launched, it undergoes rigorous testing. This includes static tests of the engines, structural tests to ensure the rocket can handle the stresses of launch, and simulations to predict the rockets behavior during flight.Step 4: Assembly and IntegrationAfter testing, the rocket is assembled and integrated with its payload. This process is delicate and requires precision to avoid any damage to the rocket or its cargo.Step 5: Transport and SetupThe assembled rocket is then transported to the launch site. Once there, it is carefully erected on the launch pad. This setup includes connecting the rocket to ground support equipment for fueling and monitoring systems.Step 6: FuelingThe rocket is fueled with a combination of propellants, which can be liquid or solid, depending on the design. This process must be conducted with extreme care due to the volatile nature of rocket fuel.Step 7: Countdown and LaunchAs the launch date approaches, a countdown sequence is initiated. This involves a series of checks and preparations to ensure that all systems are go for launch. The final moments before launch are filled with tension and anticipation.Step 8: Ignition and LiftoffAt the designated time, the rockets engines ignite, creating an immense amount of thrust. This force overcomes gravity, and the rocket begins its ascent. The initial phase of the launch is the most critical, as it involves clearing the launch tower and gaining altitude quickly.Step 9: Stage SeparationMost rockets are multistaged, meaning they shed parts of themselves as they ascend. This is done to reduce weight and increase efficiency. Stage separation is a carefully choreographed event that must occur at precise moments to ensure the rocket continues on its trajectory.Step 10: Reaching Orbit or DestinationOnce the rocket has shed its initial stages, it continues to propel itself towards its destination, whether that be Earths orbit or beyond. Upon reaching the desired altitude, the payload is deployed or the mission objectives are carried out.Step 11: Mission CompletionThe final stage of the rockets journey is its return to Earth, if applicable, or the completion of its mission in space. This can involve landing, deorbiting, or remaining in orbit for further operations.The entire process of launching a rocket is a testament to human ingenuity and our relentless pursuit of exploring the cosmos. Each successful launch is a victory for science and a step forward in our understanding of the universe.。

2019年6月、12月大学英语六级真题及答案解析（完整版）Part Ⅰ Writing (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on the importance of having a sense of community responsibility. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.Part Ⅱ Listening Comprehension (30 minutes)Section ADirections:In this section, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of each conversation, you will hear four questions. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A）, B）, C）and D）. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Questions l to 4 are based on the conversations you have just heard.1. A) It focuses exclusively on jazz.B) It sponsors major jazz concerts.C) It has several branches in London.D) It displays albums by new music talents.2. A) It originated with cowboys.B) Its market has now shrunk.C) Its listeners are mostly young people.D) It remains as widespread as hip hop music.3. A) Its definition is varied and complicated.B) It is still going through experimentation.C) It is frequently accompanied by singing.D) Its style has remained largely unchanged.4. A) Learn to play them.B) Take music lessons.C) Listen to them yourself.D) Consul jazz musicians.Questions 5 to 8 are based on the conversations you have just heard.5. A) She paid her mortgage.B) She called on the man.C) She made a business plan.D) She went to the bank.6. A) Her previous debt hadn’t been cleared yet.B) Her credit history was considered poor.C) She had apparently asked for too much.D) She didn’t pay her mortgage in time.7. A) Pay a debt long overdue.B) Buy a piece of property.C) Start her own business.D) Check her credit history.8. A) Seek advice from an expert about fund raising.B) Ask for smaller loans from different lenders.C) Build up her own finances step by step.D) Revise her business proposal carefully.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear two passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear three or four questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A）, B）, C）and D）. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Questions 9 to 11 are based on the passage you have just heard.9. A) It is profitable and environmentally friendly.B) It is well located and completely automated.C) It is small and unconventional.D) It is fertile and productive.10.A) Their urge to make farming more enjoyable.B) Their desire to improve farming equipment.C) Their hope to revitalize traditional farming.D) Their wish to set a new farming standard11.A) It saves a lot of electricity.B) It needs little maintenance.C) It causes hardly any pollution.D) It loosens soil while weeding.Questions 12 to 15 are based on the passage you have just heard.12.A) It has turned certain insects into a new food source.B) It has started on expand business outside the UK.C) It has imported some exotic foods from overseas.D) It has joined hands with Sainsbury’s to sell pet insects.13.A) It was really unforgettable.B) It was a pleasant surprise.C) It hurt his throat slightly.D) It made him feel strange.14.A) They are more tasty than beef, chicken or pork.B) They are more nutritious than soups and salads.C) They contain more protein than conventional meats.D) They will soon gain popularity throughout the world.15.A) It is environmentally friendly.B) It is a promising industry.C It requires new technology.D) It saves huge amounts of labour.Section CDirections: In this section, you will hear three recordings of lectures or talks followed by three or four questions. The recording will be played only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A）, B）, C）and D）. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Questions 16 to 18 are based on the recording you have just heard.16. A)To categorize different types of learners.B) To find out what students prefer to learn.C) To understand the mechanism of the human brain.D) To see if they are inherent traits affecting learning.17. A) It was defective.B)It was misguided.C) It was original in design.D) It was thought-provoking.18. A) Auditory aids are as important as visual aids.B) Visual aids are helpful to all types of learners.C) Reading plain texts is more effective than viewing pictures.D) Scientific concepts are hard to understand without visual aids.Questions 19 to 21 are based on the recording you have just heard.19. A) Not playing a role in a workplace revolution.B) Not benefiting from free-market capitalism.C) Not earning enough money to provide for the family.D) Not spending enough time on family life and leisure.20. A) People would be working only fifteen hours a week now.B) The balance of power in the workplace would change.C) Technological advances would create many new jobs.D) Most workers could afford to have a house of their own.21. A) Loss of workers’ personal dignity.B) Deprivation of workers’ creativity.C) Deterioration of workers’ mental heal th.D) Unequal distribution of working hours.Questions 22 to 25 are based on the recording you have just heard.22. A) It is the worst managed airport in German history.B) It is now the biggest and busiest airport in Europe.C) It has become something of a joke among Germans.D) It has become a typical symbol of German efficiency.23. A) The city’s airports are outdated.B) The city had just been reunified.C) The city wanted to boost its economy.D) The city wanted to attract more tourists.24. A) The municipal government kept changing hands.B) The construction firm breached the contract.C) Shortage of funding delayed its construction.D) Problems of different kinds kept popping up.25. A) Tourism industry in Berlin suffers.B)All kinds of equipment gets rusted.C) Huge maintenance costs accumulate.D) Complaints by local residents increase.Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Questions 26 to 35 are based on the following passage.The number of devices you can talk to is multiplying—first it was your phone, then your car, and now you can tell your kitchen appliances what to do. But even without gadgets that understand our spoken commands, research suggests that, as bizarre as it sounds, under certain 26 , people regularly ascribe human traits to everyday objects.Sometimes we see things as human because we are 27 . In one experiment, people who reported feeling isolated were more likely than others to attribute 28 to various gadgets. In turn, feeling close to objects can 29 loneliness. When college students were reminded of a time they had been 30 in a social setting, they compensated by exaggerating their number of friends—unless they were first given tasks that caused them to interact with their phone as if it had human qualities. According to the researchers, the participants' phones 31 substituted for real friends.At other times, we personify products in an effort to understand them. One study found that three in four respondents yelled at their computer. Further, the more their computer gave them problems, the more likely the respondents were to report that it had its own “beliefs and 32 .”So how do people assign traits to an object? In part, we rely on looks. On humans, wide faces are 33 with dominance. Similarly, people rated cars, clocks, and watches with wide faces as more dominant-looking than narrow-faced ones, and preferredthem—especially in 34 situations. An analysis of car sales in Germany found that cars with gills (护栅) that were upturned like smiles sold best. The purchasers saw this 35 as increasing a car's friendliness.A) alleviate I) desiresB) apparently J) excludedC) arrogant K) featureD) associated L) lonelyE) circumstances M) separateF) competitive N) spectacularlyG) conceded O) warrantH) consciousnessSection BDirections: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.[A] Though he didn’t come from a farming family, from a young age Tim Joseph was fascinated by the idea of living off the land. Reading magazines like The Stockman Grass Farmer and Graze, he got hooked on the idea of grass-fed agriculture. The idea that all energy and wealth comes from the sun really intrigued him He thought the shorter the distance between the sun and the end product, the higher the profit to the farmer.[B] Joseph wanted to put this theory to the test. In 2009, he and his wife Laura launched Maple Hill Creamery, an organic, all grass-fed yogurt company in northern New York. He quickly learned what the market has demonstrated: Demand forgrass-fed products currently exceeds supply. Grass-fed beef is enjoying a 25-30% annual growth rate. Sales of grass-fed yogurt and kefir (发酵乳饮品) on the other hand, have in the last year increased by over 38%. This is in comparison with a drop of just under 1% in the total yogurt and kefir market according to natural and organic marketresearch company SPINS. Joseph’s top priority became getting his hands on enough grass-fed milk to keep customers satisfied, since his own 64-cow herd wasn’t going to suffice[C] His first partnership was with Paul and Phyllis Amburgh, owners of the Dharma Lea farm in New York. The Amburghs, too, were true believers in grass-fed. In addition to supplying milk from their own 85-head herd, they began to help other farmers in the area convent from conventional to certified organic and grass-fed in order to enter the Maple Hill supply chain. Since 2010, the couple has helped 125 small dairy farms convert to grass-fed, with more than 80% of those farms coming on board during the last two years.[D] All this conversion has helped Maple Hill grow 40-50% every year since it began with no end in sight. Joseph has learned that a farmer has to have a certain mindset to successfully convert. But convincing open-minded dairy people is actually not that hard, when you look at the economics. Grass-fed milk can fetch up to 2.5 times the price of conventional milk. Another factor is the squeeze that conventional dairy farmers have felt as the price of grain they feed their cows has gone up, tightening their profit margins. By replacing expensive grain feed with regenerative management practices, grass-fed farmers are insulated from jumps in the price of feed. These practices include grazing animals on grasses grown from the pastureland’s natural seed bunk, and fertil ized by the cows’ own fertilizer[E] Champions of this type of regenerative grazing also point to its animal welfare, climate and health benefits: Grass-fed animals live longer out of confinement. Grazing herds stimulate microbial (微生物的) activity in the soil, helping to capture water and separate carbon. And grass-fed dairy and meat have been shown to be higher in certain nutrients and healthy fats.[F] In the grass fed system, farmers are also not subject to the wildly fluctuating milk prices of the international commodity market. The unpredictability of global demand and the lag-time it takes to add more cows to a herd to meet demand can result in events like the recent cheese surplus. Going grass-fed is a safe refuge, a way for family-scale farms to stay viable. Usually a farmer will get to the point where financially, what they’re doing is not working. That’s when they call Maple Hill. If the farm is well managed and has enough land, and the desire to convert is sincere, a relationship can begin. Through regular regional educational meetings, a large annual meeting, individual farm visits and thousands of phone calls, the Amburghs pass on the principles of pasture management. Maple Hill signs a contract pledging to buy the farmer’s milk at a guaranteed bas e price, plus quality premiums and incentives for higher protein, butter fat and other solids.[G] While Maple Hill's conversion program is unusually hands on and comprehensive, it’s just one of a growing number of businesses committed to slowly changing t he way America farms. Joseph calls sharing his knowledge network through peer-to-peer learning a core piece of the company’s culture. Last summer, Massachusetts grass-fed beef advocate John Smith launched Big Picture Beef, a network of small grass-fed beef farms in New England and New York that is projected to bring to market 2,500 head of cattle from 125 producers this year. Early indications are that Smith will have no shortage of farm members. Since he began to informally announce the network at farming conferences and on social media, he’s received a steady stream of inquiries from interested farmers.[H] Smith says he’ll provide services ranging from formal seminars to on-farm workshops on holistic (整体的) management, to one-on-one hand-holding and an almost 24/7 phone hotline for farmers who are converting. In exchange, he guarantees an above-market price for each animal and a calf-to-customer electronic ear tag ID system like that used in the European Union.[1] Though advocates portray grass fed products as a win-win situation for all, they do have downsides. Price, for one, is an issue. Joseph says his products are priced10-20% above organic versions, but depending on the product chosen, compared to non-organic conventional yogurt, consumers could pay a premium of 30-50% or more for grass-fed. As for the meat, Smith says his grass-fed hamburger will be priced20-25% over the conventional alternative. But a look at the prices on online grocer Fresh Direct suggests a grass-fed premium of anywhere from 35-60%，[J] And not every farmer has the option of going grass-fed. For both beef and dairy production it requires, at least in the beginning, more pastureland. Grass-fed beef production tends to be more labor-intensive as well. But Smith counters that if you factor in the hidden cost of government corn subsidies, environment degradation, and decreased human heath and animal welfare, grass-fed is the more cost-effective model. “The sun provides the lowest cost of production and the cheapest meat,” he says.[K] Another grass-fed booster spurring farmers to convert is EPIC, which makes meat-based protein bars. Founders Taylor Collins and his wife, Katie Forrest, used to be endurance athletes; now they’re advocates of grass-fed meat. Soon after launching EPIC’S mo st successful product - the Bison Bacon Cranberry Bar - Collins and Forrest found they’d exhausted their sources for bison (北美野牛) raised exclusively on pasture. When they started researching the supply chain, they learned that only 2-3% of all bison is actually grass-fed. The rest is feed-lot confined and fed grain and corn. [L] But after General Mills bought EPIC in 2016, Collins and Forrest suddenly had the resources they needed to expand their supply chain. So the company teamed up withWisconsin-based rancher Northstar Bison. EPIC fronted the money for the purchase of $2.5 million worth of young bison that will be raised according to its grass-fed protocols, with a guaranteed purchase price. The message to young people who might not otherwise be able to afford to break into the business is,“You can purchase this $3 million piece of land here, because I’m guaranteeing you today you'll have 1,000 bison on it.’ We’re bringing new blood into the old, conventional farming ecosystem, which is really cool to see,” Collins explains.36. Farmers going grass-fed are not affected by the ever-changing milk prices of the global market.37. Over the years, Tim Joseph’s partners have helped many dairy farmers to switch to grass-fed.38. One advocate believes that many other benefits should be taken into consideration when we assess the cost-effectiveness of grass-fed farming.39. Many dairy farmers were persuaded to switch to grass-fed when they saw its advantage in terms of profits.40. Tim Joseph’s grass-fed program is only one example of how American farming practice is changing.41. Tim Joseph was fascinated by the notion that sunlight brings energy and wealth to mankind.42. One problem with grass-fed products is that they are usually more expensive than conventional ones.43. Grass fed products have proved to be healthier and more nutritious.44. When Tim Joseph started his business, he found grass-fed products fell short of demand.45. A snack bar producer discovered that the supply of purely grass-fed bison met was scarce.Section CDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices markedA）, B）, C）and D）. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.Schools are not just a microcosm(缩影) of society: they mediate it too. The best seek to alleviate the external pressures on their pupils while equipping them better to understand and handle the world outside-- at once sheltering them and broadening their horizons. This is ambitious in any circumstances. and in a divided and unequal society the two ideals can clash outright(直接地).Trips that many adults would consider the adventure of a lifetime-treks in Borneo, a sports tour to Barbados-appear to have become almost routine at some state schools. Parents are being asked for thousands of pounds. Though schools cannot profit from these trips, the companies that arrange them do. Meanwhile, pupils arrive at school hungry because their families can’t afford breakfast. The Child Poverty Action Group says nine out of 30 in every classroom fall below the poverty line. The discrepancy is startlingly apparent. Introducing a fundraising requirement for students does not help, as better-off children can tap up richer aunts and neighbours.Probing the rock pools of a local beach or practising French on a language exchange can fire c hildren’s passions, boost their skills and open their eyes to life’s possibilities. Educational outings help bright but disadvantaged students to get better scores inA-level tests. In this globalised age, there is a good case for international travel. and some parents say they can manage the cost of a school trip abroad more easily than a family holiday. Even in the face of immense and mounting financial pressures. some schools have shown remarkable determination and ingenuity in ensuring that all their pupils are able to take up opportunities that may be truly life-changing. They should be applauded. Methods such as whole-school fundraising. with the proceeds(收益) pooled, can help to extend opportunities and fuel community spirit.But ￡3,000 trips cannot be justified when the average income for families with children is just over ￡30,000. Such initiatives close doors for many pupils. Some parents pull their children out of school because of expensive field trips. Even parents who can see that a trip is little more than a party or celebration may well feel guilt that their child is left behind.The Department for Education’s guidance says schools can charge only for board and lodging if the trip is part of the syllabus, and that students receiving government aid are exempt from these costs. However, many schools seem to ignore the advice; and it does not cover the kind of glamorous, exotic trips. which are becoming increasinglycommon. Schools cannot be expected to bring together communities single-handed. But the least we should expect is that they do not foster divisions and exclude those who are already disadvantaged.46. What does the author say best schools should do?A) Prepare students to both challenge and change the divided unequal society.B) Protect students from social pressures and enable them to face the world.C) Motivate students to develop their physical as well as intellectual abilities.D) Encourage students to be ambitious and help them to achieve their goals.47. What does the author think about school field trips?A) They enable students from different backgrounds to mix with each other.B)They widen the gap between privileged and disadvantaged students.C) They give the disadvantaged students a chance to see the world.D) They only benefit students with rich relatives and neighbours.48. What does the author suggest can help build community spirit?A) Events aiming to improve community services.B) Activities that help to fuel students’ ingenuity.C) Events that require mutual understanding.D) Activities involving all students on campus.49. What do we learn about low-income parents regarding school field trips?A) They want their children to participate even though they don’t see much benefit.B) They don’t want their kids to participate but find it hard to keep them from going.C) They don’t want their kids to miss any chance to broaden their horizons despite the cost.D)They want their children to experience adventures but they don’t want them to run risks,50. What is the author’s expectat ion of schools?A) Bringing a community together with ingenuity.B) Resolving the existing discrepancies in society.C) Avoiding creating new gaps among students.D) Giving poor students preferential treatment.Passage TwoQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.Rising temperatures and overfishing in the pristine(未受污染的) waters around the Antarctic could see king penguin populations pushed to the brink of extinction by the end of the century, according to a new study. The study’s report states that as global warming transforms the environment in the world’s last great wilderness, 70 percent of king penguins could either disappear or be forced to find new breeding grounds.Co-author Céline Le Bohec, from the University of Strasbourg in France, w arned:“If there’re no actions aimed at haling or controlling global warming, and the pace of the current human- induced changes such as climate change and overfishing stays the same, the species may son disappear.” The findings come amid growing concern ov er the future of the Antarctic. Earlier this month a separate study found that a combination of climate change and industrial fishing is threatening the krill (磷虾) population in Antarctic waters, with a potentially disastrous impact on whales, seals and penguins. But today’s report is the starkest warning yet of the potentially devastating impact of climate change and human exploitation on the Antarctic’s delicate ecosystems.Le Bohec said: “Unless current greenhouse gas emissions drop, 70 percent of king penguins - 1.1 million breeding pairs - will be forced to relocate their breeding grounds, or face extinction by 2100.” King penguins are the second-largest type of penguin and only breed on specific isolated islands in the Southern Ocean where there is no ice cover and easy access to the sea. As the ocean warms, a body of water called the Antarctic Polar Front - an upward movement of nutrient-rich sea that supports a hugeabundance of marine life - is being pushed further south, This means that king penguins, which feed on fish and krill in this body of water, have to travel further to their feeding grounds, leaving their hungry chicks for longer. And as the distance between their breeding grounds and their food grows, entire colonies could be wiped out.Le Bohec said:“The plight of the king penguin should serve as a warning about the future of the entire marine environment in the Antarctic. Penguins, like other seabirds and marine mammals, occupy higher levels in the food chain and they are what we call bio-indicators of their ecosystems." Penguins are sensitive indicators of changes in marine ecosystems. As such, they are key species for understanding and predicting impacts of global change on Antarctic and sub-Antarctic marine ecosystems. The report found that although some king penguins may be able to relocate to new breeding grounds closer to their retreating food source, suitable new habitats would be scarce. Only a handful of islands in the Southern Ocean are suitable for sustaining large breeding colonies.51. What will happen by 2100, according to a new study?A)King penguins in the Antarctic will be on the verge of dying out.B)Sea water will rise to a much higher level around the Antarctic.C) The melting ice cover will destroy the great Antarctic wilderness.D) The pristine waters around the Antarctic will disappear forever.52. What do we learn from the findings of a separate study?A)Shrinking krill population and rising temperatures could force Antarctic whales to migrate.B)Human activities have accelerated climate change in the Antarctic region in recent years.C)Industrial fishing and climate change could be fatal to certain Antarctic species.D)Krill fishing in the Antarctic has worsened the pollution of the pristine waters.53. What does the passage say about king penguins?A) They will turn out to be the second-largest species of birds to become extinct.B) Many of them will have to migrate to isolated islands in the Southern Ocean.C) They feed primarily on only a few kinds of krill in the Antarctic Polar Front.D) The majority of them may have to find new breeding grounds in the future.54. What happens when sea levels rise in the Antarctic?A) Many baby king penguins can’t have food in time.B) Many king penguins could no longer live on krill.C) Whales will invade king penguins’ breeding grounds.D) Whales will have to travel long distances to find food.55. What do we learn about the Southern Ocean?A)The king penguins there are reluctant to leave for new breeding grounds.B)Its conservation is key to the sustainable propagation of Antarctic species.C)It is most likely to become the ultimate retreat for species like the king penguin.D)Only a few of its islands can serve as huge breeding grounds for king penguins.Part Ⅳ Translation (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.荷花是中国的名花之一，深受人们喜爱。

.ftp类FTPClientng.Object继承.SocketClient.ftp.FTP.ftp.FTPClient所有已实现的接口：可配置直接已知子类：FTPHTTPClient，FTPSClient公共类FTPClient延伸的FTP实现了可配置FTPClient封装了所有必要的功能来存储和检索从FTP服务器上的文件。

这个类负责所有与FTP服务器交互的底层细节，并提供了便捷的更高层次的接口。

正如来自所有类SocketClient，您必须首先连接到与服务器connect做任何事之前，最后disconnect完成后，你完全与服务器交互。

然后，你需要检查的FTP 答复代码，看看是否连接成功。

例如：布尔错误= 0;尝试{诠释答复;ftp.connect（“”）;System.out.println（“连接到”+服务器+ ".");System.out.print（ftp.getReplyString（））;/ /连接尝试后，你应该检查代码以验证答复/ /成功。

答复= ftp.getReplyCode（）;如果（！FTPReply.isPositiveCompletion（回复））{ftp.disconnect（）;System.err.println（“FTP服务器拒绝连接。

”）;System.exit（1）;}... / /传送文件ftp.logout（）;}捕捉（IOException异常五）{误差为真;e.printStackTrace（）;最后} {如果（ftp.isConnected（））{尝试{ftp.disconnect（）;}捕捉（IOException异常雇主组织）{/ /什么也不做}}System.exit（错误1：0？）;}连接后立即是唯一真正的时候你需要检查答复代码（因为是连接类型为void）。

对于所有的FTP FTPClient指挥方法的公约就是这样，他们要么返回一个布尔值或其他值。