Building an Electronic Shopping Mall for Oysters
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高二英语经济预测单选题50题1. The GDP of a country measures the total value of all final goods and services produced within a country's borders _.A. in a given yearB. for several yearsC. since its establishmentD. in a future year答案:A。
解析:GDP(国内生产总值)是衡量一个国家在特定的一年里,在其境内生产的所有最终商品和服务的总价值。
选项A“in a given year” 在给定的一年)符合GDP的定义中关于时间的界定。
选项B“for several years” 好几年)不是GDP计算的常规时间跨度。
选项C“since its establishment”(自从它建立以来)这种时间界定不符合GDP的计算方式。
选项D“in a future year”(在未来的一年),GDP 是对已经发生的生产成果的衡量,不是未来的。
2. Inflation refers to _.A. a decrease in the general price levelB. an increase in the general price levelC. a stable price levelD. a random change in price level答案:B。
解析:通货膨胀(Inflation)指的是总体物价水平的上升。
选项A“a decrease in the general price level” 总体物价水平下降)是通货紧缩的概念。
选项C“a stable price level”( 稳定的物价水平)与通货膨胀概念相悖。
选项D“a random change in price level”(物价水平随机变化)没有准确表达通货膨胀是物价上升这一概念。
Unit 8Nothing is to be got without pains but poverty.P art ADirections:Read the following texts. Answer the questions blow each text by choosing [A],[B],[C] or [D].Text 1Traffic statistics paint a gloomy picture. To help solve their traffic woes, some rapidly growing U.S. cities have simply built more roads. But traffic experts say building more roads is a quick-fix solution that will not alleviate the traffic problem in the long run. Soaring land costs, increasing concern over social and environmental disruptions caused by road-building, and the likelihood that more roads can only lead to more cars and traffic are powerful factors bearing down on a 1950s-style constructions program.The goal of smart-highway technology is to make traffic systems work at optimum efficiency by treating the road and the vehicles traveling on them as an integral transportation system. Proponents of this advanced technology say electronic detection systems, closed-circuit television radio communication, ramp metering, variable message signing, and other smart highway technology can now be used at a reasonable cost to improve communication between drivers and the people who monitor traffic.Pathfinder, a Santa Monica, California-based smart-highway project in which a 14-mile stretch of the Santa Monica Freeway, making up what is called a “smart corridor”, is being instrumented with buried loops in the pavement.Closed-circuit television cameras survey the flow of traffic, while communications linked to properly equipped automobiles advise motorists of the least congested routes or detours.Not all traffic experts, however, look to smart-highway technology as the ultimate solution to traffic gridlock. Some say the high-tech approach is limited and can only offer temporary solutions to a serious problem.“Electronics on the highway addresses just one aspect of the problem: how to regulate traffic more efficiently,”explains Michael Renner, senior researcher at the Worldwatch Institute.“It doesn’t deal with the central problems of too many cars for roads that can’t be built fast enough. It sends people the wrong message.”“They start thinking …Yes, there used to be a traffic congestion problem, but that’s been solved now because we have an advanced high-tech system in place.‟” Larson agrees and adds, “Smart highways is just one of the tools that we will use to deal with our traffic problems. It’s not the solution itself, just part of the package. There are different strategies.”Other traffic problem-solving options being studied and experimented which include car pooling, rapid mass-transit systems, staggered or flexible work hours, and road pricing, a system whereby motorists pay a certain amount for the time they use a highwayIt seems that we need a new, major thrust to deal with the traffic problems of the next 20 years. There has to be a big change.1. The compound word “quick-fix”(Line 4, Paragraph 1) most probably means[A] best [B] helpful [C] ready [D]efficient2. According to the text, the smart highway technology is aimed to[A] integrate the road and the vehicles on them into a transportation system[B] advise motorists of the least congested routes.[C] optimize the highway capabilities.[D] improve communication between driver and the traffic monitors.3.Which of the following is true of Pathfinder?[A] It‟s a good example of smart highway technology.[B] It‟s a project of a 14-mile stretch of freeway.[C] It's a smart corridor dealing with traffic problems.[D] It offers ultimate solutions to a serious traffic problem.4. According to Larson, to deal with the traffic problem,[A] car pooling must be studied.[B] rapid mass transit systems must be introduced.[C] flexible work hours must be experimented.[D] overall strategies must be coordinated.5. Which of the following is the best title for this text?[A] Smart Highway Projects — The Ultimate Solution to Traffic Congestion.[B] A Quick-fix Solution for the Traffic Problems.[C] A Venture to Remedy Traffic Woes.[D] Highways Get Smart — Part of the Package to Relieve Traffic Gridlock.Text2America’s economic recovery remains uncomfortably weak. The latest data show industrial production falling while the trade deficit soars to record levels. To round off a dismal week for economic statistics, the Fed announced that industrial production fell by 0.2% in December compared with the previous month. That came as a disappointment to economists who had been expecting a small rise. Monthly data are always unreliable, of course; there is always a plausible explanation for unexpectedly bad (or good) news. But nearly all recent economic statistics point to the same conclusion —that America’s recovery remains sluggish and erratic. It could put pressure on the Fed to consider cutting interest rates again when its policy-making committee meets at the end of the month.The biggest obstacle to healthier economic performance, though, is political. As the Fed’s chairman, Alan Greenspan, acknowledged in the closing months of 2002, uncertain about the future is holding both investors and consumers back. The shadowy threat of international terrorism and the much more explicit prospect of a war with Iraq have made many Americans nervous about the future. For businesses still reeling from the speed at which the lat e-1990s boom turned toslump, the political climate is one more reason to put off investing in new plant and equipment or hiring new staff. For consumers, for so long the mainstay of the American economy, the thrill of the shopping mall seems, finally, to be on the wane.It is hard to put a favorable interpretation on most of the data. But it is important to keep a sense of perspective.Some recent figures look disappointing partly because they fall short of over-optimistic forecasts —a persistent weakness of those paid to predict the economic future, no matter how often they are proved wrong. The Fed will be watching carefully for further signs of weakness during the rest of the month. Mr. Greenspan is an avid, even obsessive, consumer of economic data. He has made it clear that the Fed stands ready to reduce interest rates again if it judges it necessary —even after 12 cuts in the past two years. At its last meeting, though, when it kept rates on hold, the Fed signaled that it did not expect to need to reduce rates any further.Monetary policy still offers the best short-term policy response to weak economic activity, and with inflation low the Fed still has scope for further relaxation. President Bush’s much- vaunted fiscal stimulus is unlikely to provide appropriate help, and certainly not in a timely way.6.Which of the following best describes Americas economic situation now?[A] It is flourishing.[B] It faces an uncertain future.[C] It remains depressing.[D] It shows unreliable signs.7.The figure 0.2% in paragraph 1 indicates that[A] America’s economic recovery is still shaky.[B] Economists are disappointed at the future economy.[C] It is a good sign for America’s economic recovery.[D] The biggest obstacle to healthier economic performance is political.8.What factor makes investors put off investing in new plant and equipment?[A] The sluggish economic situation.[B] The direct threat of international terrorism.[C] The possibility of international terrorism.[D] Investors‟ shortage of capital.9.What is the writer’s attitude toward some recent figures mentioned in paragraph 3?[A] Optimistic. [B] Skeptical.[C] Worrisome.[D] Critical10.How does monetary policy offer help for weak economic activity?[A] It can stimulate investment in new plant and equipment.[B] It can reduce interest rates so as to stimulate weak economic activity.[C] The Fed tries to keep inflation low.[D] President Bush can offer appropriate monetary policy.Text 3“I want to criticize the social system, and to show it at work, at its most intense.”Virginia Woolf’s provocative statement about her intentions in writing Mrs. Dalloway has regularly been ignored by the critics, since it highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different from the traditional picture of the “poetic”novelist concerned with examining states of reverie and visionand with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness. But Virginia Woolf was a realistic as well as a poetic novelist, a satirist and social critic as well as a visionary: literary critic‟s cavalier dismissal of Woolf’s social vision will not withstand scrutiny.In her novels, Woolf is deeply engaged by the questions of how individuals are shaped (or deformed) by their social environments, how historical forces impinge on people’s lives, how class, wealth, and gender help to determine people’s fates. Most of her novels are rooted in a realistically rendered social setting and in a precise historical time.Woolf’s focus on society’s has not been generally recognized because of her intense antipathy to propaganda in art. The pictures of reformers in her novels are usually satiric or sharply critical. Even when Woolf is fundamentally sympathetic to their causes, she portrays people anxious to reform their society and possessed of a message or program as arrogant or dishonest, unaware of how their political ideas serve their own psychological needs. (Her Writer’s Diary notes: “the only honest people are the artists, whereas those social reformers and philanthropists ...harbor...discreditable desires under the disguise of loving their kind ...”) Woolf detested what she called “preaching”in fiction, too, and criticized novelist D. H. Lawrence (among others) for working by this method.Woolf’s own social criticism is expressed in the language of observation rather than in direct commentary, since for her, fiction is a contemplative, not an active art. She describes phenomena and provides materials for a judgment about society and social issues; it is the reader’s work to put the observations together and understand the coherent point of view behind them. As a moralist, Woolf words by indirection, subtly undermining officially accepted mores, mocking, suggesting, calling into question, rather than asserting, advocating, bearing witness: hers is the satirist’s art.Woolf’s literary models were acute social observers like Chekhov and Chaucer. As she put it in The Common Reader, “It is safe to say that not a single law has been framed or one stone set upon another because of anything Chaucer said or wrote; and yet, as we read him, we are absorbing morality at every pore.” Like Chaucer, Woolf chose to understand as well as to judge, to know her society‟s root and branch —a decision crucial in order to produce art rather than polemic.11. What‟s the autho‟s attitude towards the literary critics mentioned in paragraph 1?[A] scornful. [B] ironic.[C] joking. [D] disappointed.12.According to the text, Woolf realistically described the social setting in her novels in that[A] she was aware that literary critics considered the novel to be the most realistic.[B] she was interested in the effect of social condition on people‟s characters and actions.[C] she needed to be attentive to details to support the arguments she advanced.[D] she wished to prevent critics from charging her for an ambiguous and inexact style.13. According to the text,Woolf chose Chaucer as a literary model because she believed that[A] he was the first English author to focus on society as well as on individual characters.[B] he was an honest author trying to asserting, advocating bearing witness.[C] he was more concerned with calling the society‟s accepted mores into question.[D]his writing was greatly, if subtly, effective in influencing the moral attitudes of his readers.14. Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] Woolf showed herself to be sympathetic to the reformers in her writings.[B] Woolf criticized D.H. Lawrence for the realistic settings in his novels.[C] Woolf didn't remarked on the social issues directly in her novels.[D] Literary critics had ignored the social criticism in the works of Chekhov and Chaucer.15. Which would be the best title for this text?[A] A Key to Understanding Virginia Woolf’s Novels.[B] Poetry and Satire as Influences on the Novels of Virginia Woolf.[C] Virginia Woolf’s Comment on the Twentieth Century Novel.[D] Virginia Woolf’s Novels’Reflections on the Individual and Society.Text 4Age has its privileges in America, and one of the more prominent of them is the senior citizen discount. Anyone who has reached a certain age ―in some cases as low as 55 ―is automatically entitled to a dazzling array of price reductions at nearly every level of commercial life. Eligibility is determined not by one‟s need but by the date on one‟s birth certificate. Practically unheard of a generation ago, the discounts have become a routine part of many businesses-as common as color televisions in model rooms and free coffee on airliners.People with gray hair often are given the discounts without even asking for them: yet, millions of Americans above age 60 are healthy and solvent. Businesses that would never dare offer discounts to college students or anyone under 30 freely offer them to older Americans. The practice is acceptable because of the widespread belief that "elderly" and "needy" are synonymous. Perhaps that once was true, but today elderly Americans as a group have a lower poverty rate than the rest of the population. To be sure, there is economic diversity within the elderly, and many older Americans are poor. But most of them aren't.It is impossible to determine the impact of the discounts on individual companies. For many firms, they are a stimulus to revenue. But in other cases the discounts are given at the expense, directly or indirectly, of younger Americans. Moreover, they are a direct irritant in what some politicians and scholars see as a coming conflict between the generations.Generational tensions are being fueled by continuing debate over Social Security benefits, which mostly involves a transfer of resources from the young to the old. Employment is another sore point. Buoyed by laws and court decisions, more and more older Americans are declining the retirement dinner in favor of staying on the job - thereby lessening employment and promotion opportunities for younger workers. Far from a kind of charity they once were, senior citizen discounts have become a formidable economic privilege to a group with millions of members who don’t need them.It no longer makes sense to treat the elderly as a single group whose economic needs deserve priority over those of others.Senior citizen discounts only enhance the myth that older people can‟t take care of themselves and need special treatment; and they threaten the creation of a new myth, that the elderly are ungrateful and taking for themselves at the expense of children and other age groups. Senior citizen discounts are essence of the very thing older Americans are fighting against-discrimination by age.16.Accoding to paragraph1,we know that[A] offering senior citizens discounts has become routine commercial practice.[B] senior citizen discounts have enabled many old people to live a decent life.[C] giving senior citizens discounts has boosted the market for the elderly.[D] senior citizens have to show their birth certificates to get a discount.17.What can we learn from senior citizen discounts?[A] Businesses are doing something good for society in return.[B] Old people are entitled to special treatment for their contribution.[C] The elderly, financially underprivileged, need humane help from society.[D] Senior citizen discounts can make up for the Social Security system.18.According to some politicians and scholars, senior citizen discounts will[A] make old people even more dependent on society.[B] intensify conflicts between the young and the old.[C] have adverse financial impact on business companies.[D] bring a marked increase in the companies‟ revenues.19.What's the author's opinion about the Social Security system?[A] It encourages elderly people to retire in time.[B] It opens up broad career prospects for young people.[C] It benefits the old at the expense of the young.[D] It should be reinforced by laws and court decisions.20.Which of the following best summarizes the author‟s main argument?[A] Senior citizens should fight hard against age discrimination.[B] The elderly are selfish and taking senior discounts for granted.[C] Priority should be given to the economic needs of senior citizens.[D] Senior citizen discounts may well be a type of age discrimination.Part BDirections: In the article, following sentences have been removed. For Questions 21-25, choose the most suitable one from the list [A]—[G] to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.The human ear is an incredible piece of engineering and exquisitely sensitive. Calculations show that the quietest sound we can hear vibrates the eardrum by less than the diameter of a hydrogen atom. 21.But for 8.5 million people in the UK something goes wrong with one of the stages. Different parts of the processing chain are vulnerable at different ages. Some of the causes are avoidable and many are treatable. Treatments for problems that occur early in the processing chain are more straightforward and more effective.22.Things get more complicated behind the eardrum, in the air filled middle-ear cavity.Middle-ear problems are common, treatable and the subject of intense debate about who should be treated and how. Anything that impairs transmission across the middle-ear even if it is only the pressure changes in an aircraft cabin, or blockage of the Eustachian tube by a cold-causes hearing loss.At the center of the debate over treatment is the common childhood condition known in the medical profession as otitis media with effusion or OME. This is usually caused by an infection of the middle ear, often in the aftermath of a cold, in which the middle ear cavity fills up with aliquid effusion. 23.Treatment of glue ear is controversial. The condition affects millions of children between the ages of one and four, at the time they are learning to speak.Mark Haggard, director of the Medical Research Council Institute for Hearing Research at Nottingham University, is conducting a large-scale evaluation of the effectiveness of the different treatments for glue ear, which will be completed in the autumn. According to him, there are two problems that complicate the assessment.First, the long-term development effects of glue ear are not very severe. Language development is slightly delayed in children under four, and in children between four and seven there are “modest but definite” adverse effects on anxiety, social confidence and general co-coordination of behavior, Haggard says.24. Nobody can identify in advance the children who will have persistent glue ear.25. The UK Health and Safety Executive recommends that precautions should be taken by those who work 40 hours a week in sound levels of 85 decibels, and requires an annul check for those who work in noise levels between 85 decibels and 90 decibels. In working environments where the noise is above 90 decibels, ear protection is mandatory.[A] Noise exposure in the workplace is the most common preventable hazard to hearing. The hazard depends both on the intensity of the noise and the duration of the exposure.[B] Evidence that it impairs the development of language and other cognitive functions led to a huge enthusiasm for grommet operations —which are the most common surgical operation in children —in the 1980s. Since 1992, doubt about whether the benefits of treatment would always justify the risk of surgery has swung the pendulum the other way.[C] Before those vibrations are analyzed by the brain they pass through several stages of mechanical and neural processing that select the sounds we want to hear, adjust their level for comfort and intelligibility, and turn down the volume of distracting sounds.[D] The effusion can be thick and sticky, giving the condition its colloquial name of “glue ear”. The liquid causes variable degrees of hearing loss by impairing the transmission of sound through to the inner ear.[E] Glue ear can be treated surgically by inserting a tiny tube —a grommet —in the eardrum. This allows the glue to drain away, and ventilates the middle ear, which reduces the effusion of glue. There is evidence that removing the adenoids at the same time as inserting the grommet also helps by reducing the probability of future infections.[F] The second problem is more difficult. Although glue ear affect 83 percent of children at some time in their lives, it fluctuates enormously in its severity and most children recover quickly and spontaneously.[G] The easiest problem to treat is the one that occurs earliest in the chain. Obstruction of the ear canal by wax causes a relatively mild hearing loss. The loss is negligible unless the canal is completely blocked, which is rare, and is easily restored by cleaning out the wax.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.All great writers express their ideas in an individual way: it is often possible to determine the authorship of a literary passage from the style in which it is written. 26)Many authors feel that the conventions of the written language hamper them and they use words freely, with little observance of accepted grammar and sentence structure, in order to convey vividly their feelings, beliefs and fantasies. Others with a deep respect for traditional usage achieve a style of classical clearness and perfection or achieve effects of visual or musical beauty by their mastery of existing forms enriched by a sensitive and adventurous vocabulary, vivid imagery and a blending of evocative vowels and consonants.Young people often feel the need to experiment and, as a result, to break away from the traditions they have been taught. In dealing with a foreign language, however, they have to bear in mind two conditions for experiment. 27)Any great experiential artist is fully familiar with the conventions from which he wishes to break free: he is capable of achievement in established forms but feels these are inadequate for the expression of his ideas. In the second place, he is indisputably an outstanding artist who has something original to express; otherwise the experiments will appear pretentious, even childish.Few students can also intimate an understanding of a foreign language that they can explore its resources freely and experimentally. Not all feel the need to do so. 28)And in any case examination candidate need to become thoroughly acquainted with conventional usage as it is a sure knowledge of accepted forms that examiners look for.The student undertaking a proficiency course should have the ability to use simple English correctly to express everyday facts and ideas. 29)This ability to express oneself in a foreign language on a basis of thinking in that language without reference to one‟s own is essential at all stages of learning. Students with extensive experience in translation who have had little practice in using the foreign language directly must, above all, write very simply at first, using only easy constructions which they are convinced are correct, forgetting for the time being their own language and rigorously avoiding translating from it.More complex forms, more varied vocabulary and sentence structure should evolve naturally in step with the student‟s increasing knowledge of the language. As he achieves additional confidence, he can begin to take an interest in the use of the language to create diverse effects. He may want to convey impressions of suspense, calm, dignity, humor of music or poetry. 30)He will master the art of logical explanation, of exact letter-writing, of formal speeches and natural conversation and of vivid impressionistic description. But he will still write within the limits of his ability and knowledge. And as a learner, he will still be studying and observing conventional English usage in all that he writes.做题点拨与全文翻译Part AText 1语境词汇1. woe(s) (常用复数)麻烦事2. quick-fix(很不完善的)应急解决办法,权宜之计3. alleviate vt.减轻,缓和4. bear down on逼近,施压加力于5. optimum a.最佳的,适宜的6. ramp n.斜坡,斜道7. detour n.迂回路线8.gridlock n.阻塞9.pool v.共用n.水池10. stagger v.错开(尤指假期、工作时间等)难句突破1.Soaring land costs, increasing concern (over social and environmental disruptions) (caused by road-building), and the likelihood {that more roads can only lead to more cars and traffic} are (powerful) factors (bearing down on a 1950s-style constructions program).【分析】复合句。
Unit 1ExercisesI. Answer the following questions according to the text.1. Electronic mail is the most widely used application on the Net. You can also carry on live "conversations" with other computer users using Internet Relay Chat (IRC).2. The most widely used part of Internet is the World Wide Web (often abbreviated "WWW" or called "the Web"). Its outstanding feature is hypertext, a method of instant cross referencing.3. The most popular Web browsers are Microsoft Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator.4. Hypertext is information presented as a page which can contain text, pictures, sound, animations, and links to other pages which can be activated by buttons located on a page.5. HTML stands for HyperText Markup Language, and is the language that most web pages are written in. It provides a standard method for displaying Hypertext.6. The Internet Protocol (IP) is the method or protocol by which data is sent from one computer to another on the Internet.7. The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) puts packets back in the right order.8. It means that there is no continuing connection between the end points that are communicating. Each packet that travels through the Internet is treated as an independent unit of data without any relation to any other unit of data.9. The most widely used version of IP today is Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4).10. In the most widely installed level of the Internet Protocol (IP) today, an IP address isa 32-bit number that identifies each sender or receiver of information that is sent in packets across the Internet.II. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa.1. connectionless protocol 1. 无连接协议2. electronic shopping mall 2. 电子购物商城3. Internet Protocol 3. 因特网协议4. conversation 4. n.会话,交谈5. connection-oriented protocol 5. 面向连接的协议6. n.网关 6. gateway7. 传输控制协议7. Transmission Control Protocol8. n.浏览器8. browser9. n.超文本9. hypertext10. vt.转寄,转发10. forwardIII. Fill in the blanks with the words given below.1. remote2. office3. protected4. ordering5. meet6. technologies7. offer8. relationships9. secure 10. resourcesIV. Translate the following passage from English to Chinese.主页对于网络用户来说,主页就是启动像网景公司的Navigator或微软公司的Internet Explorer这样的浏览器时首先显示的那个页面。
TOEFL作文实例解析:建一个社区商业中心To Build a Community Shopping Center – YESTopic: It has recently been announced that a large shopping center may be built in your neighborhood. Do you support or oppose this plan? Why? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.Since industrialization makes it possible to manufacture large quantities of goods, going shopping has become fairly recreational. Furthermore, transportation keeps everything going easily. (Furthermore, transportation keeps everything running smoothly.) (1) (“running smoothly”) (A) Shopping centers have entered the language and life of every citizen. When it comes to whether it is good to build a shopping mall near your apartment, different people have different views. As far as I am concerned, the advantages of setting a shopping center near where we live outweigh the disadvantages.Many people argue that setting a shopping center nearby ushers in more noise, more traffic congestion and more security problems. They would rather go farther to do shopping than let all these bad effects go around in their own community. (They would rather go out of their way to shop than allow these bad elements enter their community.) (“go out of their way”) (B)Although their concern is quite reasonable, it can be avoidable if we handle the center well. Building a shopping center near where we live may have lots of existent and potential advantages. They go as follows. (Building a shopping center where we live has a lot of potential advantages, such as the f ollowing.) (2) (“potential advantages”) (C)First, it provides more convenience and less time wasted in traffic. (First, it provides more convenience and reduces time wasted in traffic.) We can buy whatever we need on the way home leisurely, instead of having to write the task down on a schedule and drive through the heavy traffic to get there. (We can buy whatever we need leisurely on the way home, instead of having to jot the task down on a schedule and drive through the heavy traffic to get there.)Second, it helps improve the economy of the local community as well as that of the whole city. Just imagine, another shopping center means another competitor. If they want to survive out of such demanding business, they must provide better service and goods of higher quality. (If they want to survive in such a demanding market, they mustprovide higher quality goods and services.) As a result, the community and even the city can develop economically.What's more, it offers job opportunities for both adults and students. For adults, especially those who are unemployed, they can earn money to support themselves. For students, they can apply for part-time jobs, and thus get experience and earn some extra money. (For students, they can apply for part-time jobs, gain work experience, and earn extra money.)If it is up to me to decide whether a shopping center should be built near my apartment, I prefer to build it. (If it were up to me to decide whether or not to build a shopping center near my apartment, I wo uld decide to build it.) (3) (“If it were up to me”) (D) This is because I am the sort of person who enjoy conveniecnce and happincess of contacting with people. (This is because I am the type of person who enjoys convenience and contact with people.) If the shopping center is successfully run, I believe that everyone who lives around will get great benefits from it. (If the shopping center is successfully run, I believe the community will benefit greatly from it.)。
介绍购物商场的英语作文全文共3篇示例,供读者参考篇1Introduction to Shopping MallsShopping malls are a popular destination for people of all ages. They offer a wide range of retail stores, eateries, entertainment options, and services all under one roof. Shopping malls have become a central part of modern society, with millions of people visiting them daily to fulfill their shopping needs, socialize with friends, and enjoy various leisure activities.One of the main attractions of shopping malls is the variety of shops they house. From high-end luxury brands to affordable fashion retailers, shopping malls cater to a diverse range of tastes and budgets. Whether you are looking for the latest fashion trends, home decor items, electronic gadgets, or specialty products, you are likely to find it in a shopping mall. The convenience of having numerous stores in one location makes shopping malls a one-stop destination for all your shopping needs.In addition to shopping, malls also offer a wide range of dining options. From fast food chains to upscale restaurants, malls feature a variety of culinary choices to suit every palate. Whether you are craving a quick bite while on a shopping spree or looking to enjoy a leisurely meal with friends and family, shopping malls have something for everyone. Many malls also have food courts or indoor/outdoor dining areas where you can relax and refuel during your shopping experience.Apart from dining and shopping, malls also provide a range of entertainment options for visitors. Many shopping malls have multiplex cinemas, arcades, bowling alleys, and other recreational facilities to keep shoppers entertained. These entertainment options make shopping malls a popular destination for families, couples, and groups of friends looking to have a fun day out. Additionally, malls often host events such as fashion shows, concerts, and art exhibitions to offer visitors a unique and engaging experience.Moreover, shopping malls offer convenient services that enhance the overall shopping experience. From free parking facilities to valet services, malls make it easy for shoppers to access their favorite stores without any hassle. Many malls also provide amenities such as restrooms, baby changing stations,and stroller rentals to cater to the needs of families with young children. Furthermore, shopping malls often have customer service desks where visitors can get assistance with inquiries, lost items, and other concerns.In conclusion, shopping malls are more than just retail spaces – they are vibrant hubs of activity and entertainment that cater to a wide range of interests and preferences. Whether you are looking to shop for the latest fashion trends, enjoy a delicious meal, catch a movie, or simply unwind with friends, shopping malls offer something for everyone. With their diverse mix of stores, dining options, entertainment facilities, and services, shopping malls provide a convenient and enjoyable shopping experience for people of all ages. Next time you are looking for a place to shop, dine, or have fun, consider visiting a shopping mall and explore all that it has to offer.篇2An Introduction to Shopping MallsShopping malls are places where people can go to shop for a wide variety of products and services, as well as socialize, dine, and enjoy entertainment. They are large, indoor complexes that house a mix of retail stores, restaurants, movie theaters, andother amenities. In this essay, we will explore the characteristics and benefits of shopping malls, as well as their impact on society.One of the key features of shopping malls is their convenience. By bringing together a diverse range of stores and services under one roof, shopping malls make it easy for consumers to find everything they need in one place. Whether shoppers are looking for clothing, electronics, home goods, or groceries, they can typically find a store in a shopping mall that meets their needs. This makes shopping malls an efficient and time-saving option for busy consumers.In addition to convenience, shopping malls offer a wide range of options for dining and entertainment. Many shopping malls feature food courts with a selection of restaurants and eateries, allowing shoppers to grab a quick bite to eat or sit down for a leisurely meal. Some malls also have movie theaters, arcades, and other forms of entertainment, making them popular destinations for families and teenagers looking for a fun day out. The variety of dining and entertainment options at shopping malls helps to attract a diverse range of visitors, making them vibrant and lively hubs of activity.Shopping malls also play a significant role in the local economy by creating jobs and generating revenue for thecommunity. In addition to the staff employed by individual stores and restaurants within the mall, shopping malls themselves require a team of management, security, maintenance, and cleaning staff to keep operations running smoothly. This creates employment opportunities for people in the area, contributing to economic growth and development. Furthermore, the presence of a shopping mall can attract other businesses to the surrounding area, leading to increased foot traffic and boosting sales for local shops and restaurants.Despite their many benefits, shopping malls have also been criticized for their impact on the environment and society. The construction and operation of shopping malls can contribute to urban sprawl, leading to increased traffic congestion and pollution. In addition, the retail industry's reliance on fast fashion and disposable consumer goods can generate a significant amount of waste, further contributing to environmental degradation. Critics also argue that shopping malls promote consumerism and materialism, encouraging people to prioritize the accumulation of goods and possessions over more meaningful experiences and relationships.In conclusion, shopping malls are complex and multifaceted spaces that offer a wide range of benefits and drawbacks tosociety. While they provide convenience, variety, and economic opportunities, shopping malls also raise concerns about their environmental impact and promotion of consumerism. As consumers, it is important to be mindful of the choices we make when shopping at malls and to consider the broader implications of our purchasing decisions. By supporting sustainable and ethical businesses, we can help shape a more responsible and sustainable future for shopping malls and the retail industry as a whole.篇3Shopping malls are popular destinations for people of all ages around the world. These commercial complexes offer a wide variety of products and services, making them a one-stop shop for all your shopping needs. In this essay, we will explore the different aspects of shopping malls and why they continue to attract large crowds.One of the main attractions of shopping malls is the vast array of stores and boutiques they house. From high-end designer brands to budget-friendly shops, there is something for everyone in a shopping mall. This variety ensures that shoppers can find everything they need in one convenient location, saving time and effort.In addition to shopping, malls also offer a range of entertainment options. Many malls have cinemas, arcades, and play areas for children, making them a popular destination for families looking for a fun day out. Some malls even have indoor theme parks and roller coasters, providing a thrilling experience for visitors of all ages.Food is another big draw for shoppers in malls. Most shopping complexes have a food court with a wide selection of cuisines, from fast food to fine dining. This allows shoppers to refuel and recharge before continuing their shopping spree. Some malls also have specialty food stores and gourmet markets, where visitors can sample and purchase unique and exotic food items.Apart from shopping and entertainment, malls also provide a range of services such as beauty salons, spas, and fitness centers. This allows visitors to indulge in some self-care or pampering while they are at the mall. Some malls even have medical clinics and pharmacies, ensuring that shoppers can take care of their health and wellness needs as well.One of the key reasons why shopping malls remain popular is the convenience they offer. With everything under one roof, shoppers can easily browse, shop, dine, and be entertainedwithout having to travel from place to place. This convenience factor is particularly appealing for busy individuals who may not have the time to visit multiple stores or venues.Furthermore, shopping malls are designed to be aesthetically pleasing, with modern architecture, high-quality finishes, and attractive landscaping. Many malls have spacious atriums, water features, and green spaces, creating a pleasant and relaxing environment for visitors. This design aspect adds to the overall shopping experience and makes a trip to the mall feel like a day out rather than just a chore.In conclusion, shopping malls are popular destinations for a reason. With their wide range of stores, entertainment options, dining choices, and services, malls cater to the diverse needs and preferences of shoppers. Their convenience, entertainment value, and appealing design all contribute to their enduring popularity. Whether you are looking to shop, eat, relax, or have fun, a shopping mall is the perfect place to visit.。
去万达玩游戏机满分作文英文回答:In the vibrant heart of the bustling shopping mall, amidst the cacophony of chattering patrons and the enticing displays of retail wonders, lay an oasis of electronic entertainment: the arcade. Its neon lights beckoned like a siren's call, promising an escape into a world of virtual thrills and adrenaline-pumping challenges.With eager steps, I approached the entrance, my heart pounding with anticipation. Rows upon rows of sleek arcade machines greeted me, each boasting a vibrant display and promising a unique gaming experience. From classic racing simulators to intense shooting galleries, the arcade offered a tantalizing smorgasbord of digital delights.I scanned the options, my eyes drawn to a racing game that promised an adrenaline-fueled adventure. The sleek cockpit, complete with a high-definition screen andresponsive controls, seemed to beckon me in. I slipped into the driver's seat, gripped the steering wheel, and braced myself for the virtual race of my life.The countdown began, and my heart raced with anticipation. As the lights turned green, I slammed down on the accelerator and surged forward, leaving my virtual opponents in my dust. The roar of the engine filled the air as I navigated treacherous turns and overtook challengers with daring precision. Each lap brought me closer to victory, and the thrill of the chase became intoxicating.But just as I crossed the finish line, a rival racer appeared in my rearview mirror. His car was faster, and he was gaining on me with alarming speed. I fought back with all my might, maneuvering my vehicle with expert precision. The race became a blur of speed, skill, and determination.Lap after lap, we pushed our machines to the limit. The arcade around us faded into oblivion as we became lost in the adrenaline-fueled battle. Finally, in a nail-biting finish, I crossed the line just a nose ahead of my rival.The crowd erupted in cheers, and I felt a surge of triumph that coursed through my veins.中文回答:在热闹的购物中心里,在熙熙攘攘的人群和诱人的商品展示中,有一个电子娱乐的绿洲,游乐场。
购物经验的英语作文{z}Title: My Shopping ExperienceShopping is an essential part of our daily lives.Whether we are buying groceries, clothing, or electronic devices, shopping provides us with the goods and services we need.Each shopping experience is unique, and mine was no exception.Recently, I went on a shopping spree to purchase a new pair of shoes.I went to a popular mall in my city, which was bustling with people.As I entered the mall, the sound of conversation, music, and the hum of the air conditioning greeted me.The mall was beautifully decorated with vibrant colors and attractive displays, creating a festive atmosphere.I headed straight to the shoe store, which was located on the ground floor.The store had a wide range of footwear, ranging from casual sneakers to formal dress shoes.I was immediately attracted to a pair of stylish sneakers with a vibrant color scheme.I tried them on and found them to be comfortable and fitting perfectly.I decided to purchase them.The sales representative was friendly and helpful.She asked me about my preferences and provided me with valuable recommendations.I felt valued as a customer and appreciated the personalized service.The transaction was smooth, and I completed the purchase using a debit card.After buying the shoes, I explored the rest of the mall.I visited various stores, such as clothing boutiques, electronics shops, and cafes.The mallhad a food court, where I enjoyed a delicious meal of my favorite fast food.The ambiance of the mall was inviting, with comfortable seating areas and vibrant decorations.Overall, my shopping experience was positive.The mall had a wide variety of stores, and the staff was friendly and helpful.The festive atmosphere and attractive displays made the shopping experience enjoyable.I was satisfied with my purchase and plan to visit the mall again in the future for more shopping adventures.。
网购英语作文(优秀10篇)网购英语作文篇一Whenit comes to online shopping, different people holds different ideas towards it.Some people seem extremely enjoy the way of buying things online because theyfeel online shopping is so convenient. Some just don’t believe that they can buygood quality commodities from Internet. As far as I’m concerned, I think onlineshopping creates lots of benefits to people.Firstly,buying things online is a way of saving time. Compared with the traditional wayof shopping, we have no need to go out to pick up our favorite goods from storeto store. Just a click, we can have things in our shopping cart and just waitfor the goods to be delivered to us. To this extent, not only we can save thetime of finding things from store to store but we don’t need to spend time ontransportation. Thus, we can save lots of time to enjoy fun.Secondly,buying things online can save our money. People buy commodities by Internet notonly because it saves us time, but also, we can save lots of money. It is oftenseen that some people just go to the physical store to check out thecommodities they want to buy and then they would search for their favoritecommodities online and take the order. People do this just because they knowthat online goods are usually cheaper than the goods displayed in shop windowbecause online shop have no need to pay the rent. So, people are more inclinedto buying things from online store.Thirdly,convenience is the last but not least thing of shopping online. Since we canbuy things online, there is no need to go out to look for things we want tobuy. What we need to do is to simply sit before our computer, search for thingswe want to buy, click ourfavorite thing and then pay our order by our bankcard. And then, you just need to wait for your goods to be delivered to yourhome.Inconclusion, shopping online is a convenient, time-saving and money saving wayof buying things. Therefore, we can benefit a lot from shopping online. That’sthe reason of why shopping online has developed faster and faster in recentyears.网购英语作文篇二With numerous technological advances, various kinds of media have been well developed. As a result, an increasing number of people are fond of purchasing goods with the help of media, such as newspapers, radio stations, TV stations and the Internet.As we know, every coin has two sides and shopping via media is no exception. On the one hand, it saves much time, money and effort to purchase goods through media since you don’t have to go to the shops in person. Besides, you can choose what you want from an enormous variety of goods on display. On the other hand, you may be cheated sometimes by the false information and suffer a considerable loss. As far as I am concerned, shopping via media brings greatbenefits to our life and our economy on the whole. At the same time, we need strengthened supervision over the information released via media. In this way, we can reap more benefits from shopping via media and reduce the possible harm to a minimum.网购英语作文篇三with the rapid development of electronic technology,many people are now crazy about e-shopping,especially the young,shopping on the internet has many advantages,in my point of view,of which the most important is its convenience.people don’t have to go outside fo r necessities,what we need to do is to sit in front the screen andclick the mouse,the goods we ordered will be delivered within several days.but online shopping would sometimes not be that satisfying,the real goods may not exactly be the same as what we have seen on the screen,worse still,one would even be cheated 。
A Access Method 网络的访问方法1、Access Right访问(存取)权3、Accounts 网络账号4、Accounting Services 记账服务5、Acknowledgment 确认6、Address Resolution Protocol(ARP)网址解决协议7、Addresses of Electronic Mail电子邮件地址8、Address of Network 网络地址9、Advertise online 网络广告10、Alpha 阿尔法试验11、Ask Job on Internet 网上求职12、Advertisement on Internet 网上广告13、AAMOF 事实上14、AFAIK 据我所知15、Angels 网络投资者16、ASAP 尽快17、Agent 代理程序18、Alpha AXP, DEC 数字设备公司的电脑系统19、Amazon Business Model 亚马逊商务模式20、American National Standards Institute(ANSI) 美国国家标准协会21、Anonymous File Transfer Protocol 匿名文件传输协议22、AOL(American Online)美国在线23、Application Services Proviver(ASP) 网络应用服务供应商24、Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line(ADSL)异步数字用户线25、At Work Architecture, Microsoft Auditing 网络运作体系结构26、Authentication and Authorization 验证和授权27、RSA 数据安全B Backbone Networks 骨干网络29、Backup and Data Archiving备份与归档30、Bandwidth 带宽31、B to B (Business toBusiness) 企业间的电子交易32、BBC Model BBC 模式33、B to C 电子零售,企业对消费者的交易34、Biz. 商业类新闻讨论组35、BBIAB 马上回来36、BBIAF 以后见37、BBL稍后便回38、BBYE 再见39、BTW 顺便提一下40、Bits and Bytes 比特与字节41、Business Software 商业软件42、Bookmark 书签43、Bookstore Online 网上书店44、BGP 边界网关协议45、Bridge 网桥46、Broadband ISDN(B-ISDN) 宽带综合业务数字网47、Broadband Service 宽带服务48、Browser 浏览器48、Browsing 浏览49、Bulletin Board System (BBS)电子公告栏50、Buy Online 网上购物C Commercial Software 商业软件52、Cyber economy 网络经济53、CES(Consumer ElectronicsShow)消费性电子用品展54、Carrier 电信公司55、CD 光盘56、CEO(Chief ExecutiveOfficial) 首席执行官57、CGI(Common GatewayInterface)通用网关接口58、Channel 信道,通道,频道59、Certification Systems 确认认证系统60、Client/Server 客户服务器61、Principal and SubordinateStructure 主从结构62、Client-Server LANProtocol 客户服务器局域网络协议63、Client Software 用户端软件64、Command Line Account 命令行账户65、Commerce Net 商业网66、Commercial Online Service商业在线服务67、Comparative Buy 比较购物68、Common Mail Calls(CMC) 共同邮件呼叫69、Communication 通讯70、Communication Server 通讯服务器71、Computer Network 计算机网络72、Consumer Online 网络消费者73、CRM(Customer RelationshipManagement)客户关系管理74、Cryptography 密码术75、C to C 消费者之间的交易76、CPM 每千人收费77、Cybercafés 网吧78、CNNIC(China internetnetwork information center)中国互联网络信息中心79、Customer Online 在线顾客、客户80、CWIS(Campus WideInformation System)全校园信息系统81、Cyber investigate forConsumer 网络消费者调查82、Cyberspace 网络空间D Data Base ManagementSystem (DBMS) 数据库管理系统84、Database Server 数据库服务器85、Data Communications 数据通信86、Data Encryption Standard(DES) 数据加密标准87、Datagram Delivery Protocol(DDP) 数据报传送协议88、Datagram Network Services 数据报网络服务89、Data Highway 数据高速公路90、Data Management 数据管理91、Data Migration 数据转移92、Data Protection 数据保护93、Data Transfer Rates 数据传输率94、Digital Cash 数字现金95、Dotcom(.com) 互联网络公司96、Desktop 台式计算机97、Dialup Line 拨号线98、Digital Certificate 数字凭证99、Digital Recording 数字录制100、Digital Signatures 数字签名101、Directory Management 目录管理102、Directory Services 目录服务103、Directory Services, Netware Netware 的目录服务器104、Directory Tree 目录树状结构105、Distributed Computing 分布式计算机106、Distributed Data Base 分布式数据库107、Document Management 文件管理108、Domain Name Service(DNS) 域名服务109、Domains 域110、Download 下载111、Dynamic Data Exchange(DDE) 动态数据交换112、Dynamic Routing 动态路由E E-book 电子图书114、Ecash 电子现金115、Electronic Mall 电子购物中心116、Electronic money 电子货币117、Eyeball Economy “眼球”经济118、E-wallet 电子钱包119、E-banking 网上银行120、EC(Electronic Commerce)电子商务121、EC Website in China 中国电子商务网站122、EC of Wireless 无线电子商务123、Electronic DataInterchange(EDI) 电子数据交换124、Electronic Mail 电子邮件125、E-Traditional Industry传统产业的电子化126、E-Mail System andStandard 电子邮件系统和标准127、SMTP 互联网简易邮件传输协议128、Novell, MHS 信息管理服务系统129、Constitute ProjectE-Mail System 建立企业电子邮件系统130、E-Mail ApplicationProgram Interface Standard电子邮件应用程序接口标准131、Electronic Business 电子商务132、E-Marketplace 电子交易市场133、E-journal 电子刊物134、Enterprise Network 企业网135、E-zine 电子杂志136、Extranet 企业外部互联网137、EBay() 电子港湾138、Electronic MailBroadcasts to a RoamingComputer (EMBARC)对移动计算机的电子邮件广播139、E-Consumer 电子消费者140、ECR(Electronic CashRegister)电子收款机141、ECP (Enterprise CustomerPortal)企业客户门户142、EDI(Electronic DataInterchange)电子数据交换143、E-Distribution 电子分销144、EFT(Electronic FundTransfer)电子资金转帐145、ERP (Enterprise ResourcePlanning)企业资源计划146、EOS(Electronic OrderingSystem)电子订货系统147、Encoder 编码148、Enterprise Networks 企业网络149、Expert system 专家系统150、E-Publishing 电子出版F FAQ(Frequently AskedQuestions)常见问题回答152、Big File, Little Space 大文件,小空间153、File Transfer Access andManagement (FTAM) 文件传输存取与管理154、File TransferProtocol(FTP) 文件传输协议155、Follow up Article 后续新闻稿156、Free-Net 免费网络157、Freeware 免费软件158、FTP(File TransferProtocol)匿名 FTP159、Domain Name Service 域名服务160、Electronic Mail Gateway电子邮件网关G、Gateway-to-Gateway Protocol 网关一网关协议162、Global Naming Service 全球命名服务163、Group Buy 网上集体议价164、Group 新闻组165、GIF(Graphic Interchange Format)图形交换格式166、Goods Online 在线商品167、Gopher space Gopher 公共Gopher服务器168、Price of Goods Online 在线商品价格169、Groupware 新闻组软件170、E-Mail And Groupware 电子邮件与新闻组软件171、Work Flow Software 工作流软件172、Gateway 网关H、Hacker 黑客174、Header 标题、报头、页眉175、Hierarchy 新闻组的分级176、Host 主机83、177、Home Page 主页178、Home Shopping 在家购物179、Hostname 主机名180、Hot list 热表181、HTTP(Hyper Text Transport Protocol)超文本传输协议182、Hyperlink 超链接183、Hypermedia 超媒体184、Hypertext 超文本I、IC 我明白了186、IDK 我不知道187、IOW 换句话说188、Internet 内部互联网189、IDG(International Data Group)国际数据集团190、Inter NTC(internet network information center) 互联网网络信息中心191、ID(Identifier)标识符192、Reseller Online 网上中间商193、Information Superhighway信息高速公路194、Imaging 图形化195、Interconnectivity 网络连接196、IRM(Information ResourceManage met)信息资源管理197、Interactive 交互的、互动的198、Interactive Marketing 互动营销199、Interactive Television互动式电视200、Internet AccountInternet 账户201、IP(Internet phone)网络电话202、Investigate on internet网上调查203、ICQ(I seek you)网络寻呼机204、Internet AddressInternet 地址205、Internet work 网际网206、IP(Internet Protocol)互联网络协议207、IP Address IP 地址208、Interior GatewayProtocols 内部网关协议209、InternationalOrganization forStandardization(ISO) 国际标准组织210、Internet 互联网211、Internet Mall 网络购物中心212、Internet Protocol(IP) 互联网协议213、IPX PACKETS IPX 信息包214、Internet work Routing 互联网上的路由215、Interoperability 交互操作性216、Interrupts 中断217、ISP(Internet ServeProvider 网络服务供应商218、IT (InformationTechnology) 信息技术K、KOOL 酷220、Kbps (kilo bit per second)每秒千比特221、Key Escrow 第三方保存密钥222、Kerberos AuthenticationKerberos 认证84、223、Kernel 核心224、Key EncryptionTechnology 钥匙的加密技术L、LAN Drivers 局域网络驱动程序226、LAN and WAN 局域与广域网络227、Local Area Network (LAN)局域网络228、Wide Area Network (WAN)广域网络229、Layered Architecture 阶层性结构230、Leaf Objects 未端对象231、Learning Bridges 学习型网桥232、Leased Line 专线233、Login 登录234、Logic bomb 逻辑炸弹235、Lurking 潜伏236、Local Area Networks(LANs)局域网络237、Netscape6 新版网景浏览器238、Local Area Transport(LAT)局域传输239、Logistics 现代物流M、Management Group(Team) 管理团队241、Mobile Office 移动办公室242、Moore’s Law 摩尔定律243、MIS(ManagementInformation System 管理信息系统244、MP3 电子音乐格式N、NASDAQ 纳斯达克246、Netizen 网民247、Netbug 网虫248、Netiquette 网络礼仪249、Netnews 网络新闻250、Network Language 网络语言251、Newbie 网络新手252、Newsreader 新闻阅读器253、New Economy 新经济254、NC(Network Computer)网络计算机255、NIC(Network Information Center)网络信息中心256、NOC(Network Operation Center)网络运行中心257、Node 节点258、Object-Oriented 面向对象的259、Protocol Independence 协议独立260、Network Cant 网络“黑话”261、Memory Management 内存管理262、Networks 网络263、Why Constitute Network? 为何建立电脑网络?264、Network Environment 网络环境265、Network Compose 网络的组成266、Network Connect Method 网络连结的方法267、Network Class 网络的种类268、Network Configuration 网络结构O Offline 脱机,离线270、Online 联机,在线271、Online Career Center 网上求职中心272、Online Community 网络社区273、OEM(Original Equipment Manufacturer)原始设备制造厂商274、Online Service 在线服务275、Operating System 操作系统276、On-Line TransactionProcessing(OLTP) 在线即时事务处理277、Open Data-linkInterface(ODI) 开放式数据链接口278、Open MessagingInterface(OMI) 开放式信息接口279、Open NetworkComputing(ONC),SunSoftSunSoft 的开放式网络计算280、Remote Program Call(RPC)远程程序呼叫281、External DataRepresentation(XDR) 外部数据展现282、Network File System(NFS)网络文件系统283、Open System 开放系统284、Optical Libraries 光盘图书馆285、Packets 信息包P、Packet-Switching Network包交换网络287、Parallel Processing 并行处理288、PDA(Personal DigitalAssistant)个人数字辅助电脑289、Personal Marketing 个性化营销290、Place Online 在线销售渠道291、Platform 平台292、Promotion On Internet 网上促销293、Promotion of E-Webs it 电子商务网站的促销294、Portable Computer 便携式计算机295、Protocol 协议296、Public File 公共文件297、POS(Point of Sale)销售点信息系统298、Mobile Radio Networks 移动无线电网络R、Redirector 重新定向器300、Release 新产品发布301、RI&W 读完去哭吧302、ROTEL 捧腹大笑303、Real time 实时304、Remote Access Software远程存取软件305、Remote Procedure Call(RPC) 远程程序呼叫306、Report of Business Plan商业计划书307、Replication 复制308、Routers 路由器309、Multi Protocol Router 多协议路由器310、Interior GatewayProtocols 内部网关协议311、Exterior GatewayProtocol(EGP) 外部网关协议312、Interdomain PolicyRouting Protocols 域间的政策性路由器协议313、Border GatewayProtocol(BGP) 边界网关协议314、Routing InformationProtocol(RIP) 路由信息协议315、Routing Protocols 路由协议316、Path Logic 逻辑路由317、Exterior Protocol 外部/域协议318、RSA Data Security RSA 数据安全性319、Authentication andAccredit 认证和授权320、Private Key Method 私钥方法(对称性)321、Public Key Method 公钥方法(非对称性)322、Appraisal System 鉴定系统323、Number Idiographic 数字签名S、Segment, Network 区段,网络325、Semaphore 信号灯326、Servers, Network 网络服务器327、Directory Server 目录服务器328、Service after Sell Online 在线售后服务329、Service Access Point 服务存取点330、Service Advertising Protocol (SAP) 服务广告协议331、Set-Top Box 机顶盒332、Shareware 共享软件333、Shell 外壳334、Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) 简易邮件传送协议335、Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) 简易网络管理协议336、Signature 签名337、SOHO(Small Office Home Office)在家办公338、Sockets 插头339、Software Distribution 软件分布340、Spanning Tree Algorithm 伸缩树法341、Spam 垃圾邮件342、Subscribe 订阅343、Supercomputer 超级计算机344、Supply Chain Management 供应链管理345、Surfing 冲浪346、Sysop(System Operator) 系统操作员347、System Integration 系统集成348、Supervisor 管理者349、Switched Services 交换服务350、Integrated Service Digital Network(ISDN) 综合业务数字网351、Synchronous Communication 同步传输352、Synchronous Optical Network(SONET) 同步光纤网络353、System FaultTolerance(SFT) 系统容错354、System ApplicationArchitecture(SAA) 系统应用程序体系结构T、Talk 对话356、Telecommuting 远程上班357、Telnets 远程网358、Terminal 终端机359、Terminal Emulation 终端服务器360、Third Party Logistics 第三方物流361、Logistics Center 物流中心,配送中心362、Timesharing Computer 分时计算机363、Internet Protocol (IP)网际协议364、Internet ProtocolAddress IP 地址365、Internet ApplicationsProtocol 应用软件协议366、Trustees 受托人367、Twisted-Pair Cable 双绞线368、Line Limit 连线限制369、Time limit 时间限制370、Workstation Limit 工作站限制V、Virtual office 虚拟合作372、Virtual office 虚拟办公室373、Videoconferencing 视频会议374、Virtual Circuits 虚拟线路375、Virtual Community 虚拟社区376、Virtual DataNetworks 虚拟数据网络377、Virtual File System(VFS)虚拟文件系统378、Data Access and AccessEnvironment 数据存取与存取环境379、The RepositoryEnvironment 库存环境380、Virtual MemorySystem(VMS) 虚拟存储系统381、Virtual Terminal, (VT)虚拟终端机382、Virtual ElectronicCommerce City 电子商城383、Wide Area Networks(WAN)广域网络384、Expert Network 专用网络385、Public Equipment 公用设备386、Circuitry ExchangeServe 线路交换服务387、Package Exchange Serve包交换服务388、Leased Line 专用线路389、Integrated ServicesDigital Network (ISDN) 综合业务服务网W、WAN(Wide Area Network)广域网391、Wed 万维网392、Webonomics 网络经济家393、WAP(Wireless ApplicationProtocol)无线应用协议394、WYSIWYG 所见即所得395、Webmaster 万维网设计管理师396、Website Brand 网站品牌397、Virtual Storage 虚拟存储器398、File and System Protect文件与系统保护399、Network 网络400、Print Function 打印功能401、Login Startup Options 登入与启动选项402、Worm 蠕虫403、WWW 万维网404、Workgroups 工作组405、Workplace OS 工作站操作系统406、Workstation 工作站407、Yellow pages 黄页。
Building an Electronic Shopping Mall for OystersMasaru Nakagawa*,e-mail; nakagawa@sys.wakayama-u.ac.jpAkinori Nokami*, Hironobu Morikawa*, Takehiko Tanaka*Abstract: In recent times, electronic commercial systems have been getting popular."The Internet exposition in Japan" into which the government was putting the power, started in New Year's Eve in 2000. We are catching the wind of this boom, andpropose an electronic shopping mall that sells local specialty to the whole country. ThisInternet goods sales system integrates the control information of sales dealers, and dealswith the commercial transaction habit which is peculiar to oyster ordering.Oysters are mainly traded for gifts, and as for oyster dealing, the customer's control and the decision of the selling price are peculiar. The customer who had dealings manytimes is treated as a good customer, who is granted the privilege of buying at lessexpensive prices. In our system, a decision on a formal style of pricing is entrusted to thecommunication from dealer and customer. On the other hand, a convenient electroniccommercial transaction was realized by the database on the server, which classifies thecustomers into order persons, order data such as destinations, payment persons.By using this system,the goods that are purchased are better and can be purchased at lower cost, while for the sales dealer, securing of the new customer whomade use of the Internet and securing of the customer as a repeater become easy.Keywords;electronic shopping mall, Oyster dealing, Database Design1. IntroductionAs the Internet has been popularized, the dealings using the Internet are progressing rapidly. Electronic commerce is one of the representative examples [1]. Though there are various forms of this electronic commerce, an electronic shopping mall targeting the dealings with a dealer and an individual consumer is made a topic in this paper.Electronic commerce is expected to bring benefits to both customers and dealers; the customers can look up more than one kind of goods and buy them in bulk. On the other hand, it is easier for the dealers to gather their guests. Nevertheless, early electronic shopping malls did not make use of this advantage; it is merely an aggregate of electronic stores. Electronic shopping malls that made use of those characteristics have recently appeared by the introduction of the database. However, there are few electronic shopping malls that share information of commodities between the dealers. Therefore, there is hardly any competition between the dealers. From the viewpoint of the customers, when they search stores with some keywords, they see the wishing stores separately.Based on these problems,we developed a new electronic commercial system that stimulates the competition between the dealers, by supplying several functions and interfaces to reduce the load of the customers and the dealers.*Department of Computer and Communication Sciences, Faculty of System Engineering,Wakayama Univ., 930 Sakaedani, Wakayama 640-8510, JAPAN2.2. Commercial Transaction of Oysters2.1 Characteristics of Commercial Transaction of OystersIn the commercial transaction of oysters, there are several characteristics different from other goods. Main characteristics are as follows. (1) Oysters are mainly traded for gifts. (2) Some customers are treated as good customers. (3) A sales period is concentrated on a short term in the year. We will give the details of these characteristics.(1) Since oysters are handled for the gifts, an order person, a destination and a payment person are different in general. For example, a branch of an enterprise orders some for a gift, and the head office pays for it. In this case, three persons are actually different. When one order specifies more than one destination, the destinations are different.(2) How to decide a good customer, though there are some differences among oyster dealers, must meet at least the following two conditions. First,he or she has ordered the goods sufficiently in the quality and in the quantity. Then, he or she is a trustworthy person. To the customer who becomes a good customer, a privilege like the discount of the selling price and the change of the settlement method to the lump-sum payment from the bank payment and the generation favor is given. This implies that prices are different for every customer. Hence a direct communication with the dealer and the customer is indispensable. Taking care of good customers leads to holding repeaters.(3) The sales of oysters are concentrated in a few months of winter. In the time when there are most dealings, several hundred orders pour in one day. Since it is perishable, oysters cannot be kept long once unloaded. A dealer is mindful for the prediction of the order since the decision of the amount of unloading on one day is concerned with the profit directly. To raise sales in this season, in addition, the dealers take advertising activities such as sending of pamphlets and the offer of bargain sale information before the season. For an acquisition of new customers, these advertisement activities are directed to the destinations, too.2.2 From Traditional System to Electronic Shopping MallA typical oyster sales system is shown in Figure 1. A dealer has a local database in which data such as goods, customers, orders (slips) and postage are managed. Actually a dealer owns one personal computer and a database management system to work on it. An order is accepted by calls or FAX. When an order appears, a dealer inputs the contents of an order to the local database with his or her hands.Figure 1. A Traditional SystemThough such a database is excellent in totaling every customer's amount of dealings and the sales of every month and so on,it is easy to imagine that the effort to input the data is too much for the dealer.That is why we attempt to build an "electronic shopping mall" which unifies more than one oyster dealer. Accepting an order from the Web page will reduce a dealer’s input load. However, if the contents of all the local databases were integrated, then it would make troubles. It is obvious that the information of the customer, for example, should be stored only in the local database and each dealer wants the information not to be known by other dealers. The local database, furthermore, holds as well the stock information and the charge data of the home delivery dealer including the printing format of the home delivery slip, which are various in every dealer. For this reason, when developing the electronic shopping mall for oysters, we consider it important that the dealers use their local databases to manage their own information while the public data of the dealers are gathered and maintained in a new server. At present, a charge settlement is done with the bank payment, month-end settlement, and so on. Though there are several sorts of electronic money proposed (for example in [2]), we consider that it is too early yet to adopt that when we think about its safety, the cost for a realization and the penetration into the consumer [3]. Hence our system uses telephone and FAX as well for the confirmation of the order.3. Electronic Shopping Mall for Oysters3.1 OverviewThe outline of this system is shown in Figure 2. Existing independently of local databases, one database called the “network database” is installed.Figure 2. Overview of the systemThe network database manages the goods data of dealers together with the customer dataand the order data that order persons input newly. Remark that once information of a customer (an order person, a destination or a payment person) is registered, it will be available for other orders in the future. The re-use of these input data contributes to the repeater's acquisition. The retrieval of the goods information and the goods order are realized by the World Wide Web (abbreviated as Web). An order person refers to the Web page by a computer with the Internet connectivity and by a Web browser running in the computer. Of course, it must not be the case that the information of the customer is leaked out to the dealer who does not have dealings with the customer. By recording the relations between the dealer and the customer, a dealer never knows the information of the customers without dealing.However, by referring to the Web page, each dealer can know other dealers’ prices and the evaluation by the order person, which is an effect on competition among the dealers.3.2 Flow of Goods PurchaseA purchase process using our system is shown in Figure 3. Everyone can access freely to the oysters homepage on the Web and can refer to the goods and the prices (a). In other words, user registration is not necessary until fixing the goods to purchase.Figure 3. Purchase processUser registration arises only when he or she tries to do an order using this system for the first time (b). When the order person inputs a name, an address, a telephone number, a password, and so on, a user ID is given. This information is recorded as customer informationin the network database. The user ID, the password and the telephone number identify the order person. If the goods to purchase are decided, he or she moves to the order page in the Web after the login procedure. Then, this system displays the goods formation of the dealer's page on the Web. We developed the interface module using Oracle DBI ( Data Base Interface) module and CGI( Common Gateway Interface) of Perl for the connection of the Web pageand the network database (c).Before specifying the goods,an order person inputs a payment person and a destination.We prepared three patterns for the input of this information. They are (1) New input,(2) input of User ID and the telephone number,(3) reuse of the inputted data. Using the methodof (2) and (3), the customer can retrieve and reuse the data of a payment person and the destination, inputted in the order to other dealers. When a reference button is pushed, JavaScript displays a name and address list in another window. Then, when the name is clicked on, a data such as a destination is pasted on the window of the order page. And, when the customer chooses goods and determines a quantity,a delivery hope’s date, and a classification (the small gift, the year-end present), the order is finished. The customer who finished an order waits for the contact from the home delivery dealer. The customer can confirm how the order is dealt with by looking at the homepage onthe Web. Because the Web page can be used to send a complaint to the dealer directly and the bulletin board as well on Web is prepared, a user can say his opinion and can see the opinionof other order people. The dealing is completed if a payment is finished and goods are received.3.3 Network DatabaseIn the network database (figure 3), many data such as a customer data, a goods data, an order data, a destination data and relationships between goods, dealers and customers are managedby using Relational DBMS (Data Base Management System). Main tables in this system and relationships between tables are shown in figure 4. In a customer table, information of an order person, a destination and a payment person are kept as the customer data without distinction. A destination order person relationship table and a slip number table are referringto a customer code (an order person code, a destination code and a payment person code) of a customer table.When an order is completed on figure 3 (b), the data is written to the network database. When a customer inputs new destination data and payment person data, the data is written in a customer table using SQL(Structured Query Language) statement in Perl script. And then, the relationship between dealers and customers and the relationship between order persons and destinations are written in each relationship table, too (figure 4). A slip number is decided bythe relationship of an order person, a payment person and a dealer. An order slip is made based on this slip number and the data of ordered goods are stored in the order table. At this moment, a price is a standard price shown on Web page. After that, contents of an order aresent to both of the order person and the destination by electric mail. An order person can confirm his dealing’s conditions by using the slip number.A dealer completes an authentication by the dealer number and the password. And, he downloads order data for his company to his local database (d). Then, the order data is translated to the CSV (Comma Separated Values) file format that is one of TEXT file format. Based on this data, He telephones to the order person and the destination to confirm contentsof an order (e). Then, they decide a formal selling price, a way of settlement, a delivery day,and so on. At this moment, a formal deal is made. After the confirmation of the contents is taken, goods are sent to the destination and the local database is modified. Then, the networkdatabase is modified by a final order data translated to the CSV file format, too (f).Dealer table Dealer Customer relationship table Customer tableNote:Description only a main key attribute(K) and a reference key attribute(R)Figure 4. Construction of Network Database4. ConclusionsWe developed Electronic shopping mall system, which promotes competition between peoples in the same trade. Concretely, we realized the sharing of the information and the reduction of the input load for oyster dealers by creating a network database. From the viewpoint of customers, the goods that are purchased are better and can be purchased at lower cost.In this system, after a customer orders oysters on Web, a final decision on a price is done by the telephone or FAX. If a decision on a price is done on the Web page, the period from the order to the delivery becomes shorter. Especially, we think it is useful for the dealings that a destination aligns with the order person. However, oyster dealing is mainly for gifts. Therefore, we must take consideration for next two points.At first, because a destination is generally different from the order person, the technique of more powerful authentication is looked for, so a pretender, an order mistake, and so on may not happen. Though present on-line authentication technology is fully developed, its cost is too much. At last, because oyster dealing is mainly for gifts,so the needs, which is delivered soon after the order, are never high. For these reasons, we did not accept the price decision with on-line.References[1] Donna L. Hoffman, Thomas P. Novak: A New Marketing Paradigm for Electronic Commerce. Paper submitted for the Special Issue on Electronic Commerce for The Information Society, 1999, pp.43-54[2] Sigetaka Mayumi: IT Frontier - Electronic Money. Nikkei Business magazine, No.864, 1996, pp.74-76 (in Japanese)[3] Masanori Kodama, Seiichi Iwamoto: The stability of the Internet and The settlement system. Kyushu university publishing meeting, 1996, pp.20-23 (in Japanese)。