ZnO nanostructures prepared from ZnO

碱式碳酸铜红外-概述说明以及解释1.引言1.1 概述概述碱式碳酸铜是一种重要的无机化合物，具有广泛的应用领域和研究价值。

它是由铜离子和碳酸根离子在碱性条件下反应而成的化合物。

碱式碳酸铜具有独特的物理和化学性质，在催化剂、材料科学和电子学等领域都有重要应用和潜力。

本文主要围绕碱式碳酸铜的定义与性质、制备方法和应用领域展开阐述。

首先，将介绍碱式碳酸铜的化学组成、晶体结构和物理性质，探讨其在溶液中和固体态下的行为特点。

其次，将详细介绍碱式碳酸铜的制备方法，包括常见的化学合成路线和相关工艺参数。

最后，将探讨碱式碳酸铜在催化剂、储能材料和传感器等领域的具体应用，展示其在科学研究和工业生产中的价值。

通过深入的研究和综合分析，我们可以更好地了解碱式碳酸铜的性质和特点，为其进一步的应用和开发提供科学依据和技术支持。

同时，本文也将对碱式碳酸铜的前景展望进行探讨，展示其在未来的发展方向和潜在应用中的重要性。

在本文的总结部分，我们将对碱式碳酸铜进行全面的总结，对其在不同领域的应用进行评估和展望，并提出一些未来研究的方向和建议。

通过本文的阐述，我们希望能够为读者提供关于碱式碳酸铜的全面了解，促进相关领域的研究和工程应用的发展。

1.2文章结构文章结构部分的内容可以包括以下内容：文章结构部分主要介绍了整篇文章的组织结构和各个章节的内容概要。

首先，本文包括引言、正文和结论三个主要部分。

引言部分（1.引言）引出了碱式碳酸铜的研究背景和意义，并介绍了整篇文章的目的和结构。

正文部分（2.正文）分为三个小节，分别介绍了碱式碳酸铜的定义和性质、制备方法以及应用领域。

在2.1节（碱式碳酸铜的定义和性质）中，会详细介绍碱式碳酸铜的物理化学性质、晶体结构等基本特征，以及其在领域中的重要性和研究现状。

2.2节（碱式碳酸铜的制备方法）会探讨碱式碳酸铜的制备方法，包括化学合成法、水热法等不同的制备途径，以及不同条件下的制备工艺和优化方案。

2.3节（碱式碳酸铜的应用领域）将介绍碱式碳酸铜在不同领域的应用，比如催化剂、电池材料、传感器等，并说明其在相关领域中的优势和前景。

Brush-Like Hierarchical ZnO Nanostructures:Synthesis,Photoluminescence and Gas Sensor PropertiesYuan Zhang,†,‡Jiaqiang Xu,*,†,§Qun Xiang,†Hui Li,†,‡Qingyi Pan,†and Pengcheng Xu §Department of Chemistry,College of Science,Shanghai Uni V ersity,Shanghai 200444,China,Department of Physics,College of Science,Shanghai Uni V ersity,Shanghai 200444,China,and State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology,Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Shanghai 200050,ChinaRecei V ed:September 12,2008;Re V ised Manuscript Recei V ed:December 28,2008Brush-like hierarchical ZnO nanostructures assembled from initial 1D ZnO nanostructures were prepared from sequential nucleation and growth following a hydrothermal process.The morphology,structure,and optical property of hierarchical ZnO nanostructures were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD),field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM),and photoluminescence (PL)studies.The FE-SEM images showed that the brush-like hierarchical ZnO nanostructures are composed of 6-fold nanorod-arrays grown on the side surface of core pared with ZnO nanowires,brush-like hierarchical ZnO nanostructures easily fabricated satisfactory ethanol sensors.The main advantages of these sensors are featured in excellent selectivity,fast response (less than 10s),high response (sensitivity),and low detection limit (with detectable ethanol concentration in ppm).1.IntroductionNanoscale materials have stimulated great interest in current materials science due to their importance in such basic scientific researches and potential technology applications as microelec-tronic devices,1chemical and biological sensors,2light-emitting displays,3catalysis,4and energy conversion and storage devices.5Previous studies indicated that the shape of nanoscale materials have a profound influence on their properties.6This has led to intensive investigation on quantum dots,7nanowires,8nano-tubes,9and self-assembled monolayers (SAMs).10In recent years,much attention has been paid to three-dimensional and hierarchical architectures that derive from the above-mentioned low dimensional nanostructures as building blocks,due to various novel applications.For example,the Lieber group has reported that core/shell coaxial silicon nanowires architectures can be employed as solar cells.1Wang reported that a novel hierarchical nanostructure based on Kevlar fibers coated with ZnO nanowires could serve as nanogenerators.11Though tremendous progress has been made in this significant field,there are still great demands on the synthesis of alternative three-dimensional and hierarchical architectures with novel or po-tential applications.Hierarchical ZnO architectures have been extensively pro-duced with gas-phase approaches.12-14With these synthetic methods,nanowire arrays,15nanohelitics,16nanopropeller,17and tower-like nanocolumns 18have been successfully prepared.However,these protocols often require high temperature and induce impurities in the final products when catalysts and templates are introduced to the reaction system.In practice,this made it difficult to obtain organic/inorganic hybrid hierarchical architectures.In addition,although the solution-based synthetic strategies are simple and effective in the production of thebuilding blocks of hierarchical nanostructures such as nanopar-ticles,19nanowires,20and nanorods,21achievement of hierarchical architectures from such techniques remains a challenge.Herein,we developed a simple nucleation and growth strategy to synthesize brush-like hierarchical ZnO nanostructures.The two step seeded-growth approach allows stepwise control and optimization of experimental conditions and provides an op-portunity for rational design and synthesis of controlled architectures in nanostructures.22-24We also investigated the effect of morphology and structure of brush-like hierarchical ZnO nanostructures on its gas sensing responses.The results show that ZnO hierarchical nanostructures display better ethanol sensing property than that of ZnO nanowires.2.Experimental SectionAll reagents employed were analytically pure and used as received from Shanghai Chemical Industrial Co.Ltd.(Shanghai,China)unless otherwise mentioned.2.1.Synthesis.The strategies to fabricate the brush-like hierarchical ZnO nanostructures are summarized as follows.First,the ZnO nanowires with a uniform shape were synthesized as described elsewhere,25which was used as the initial material to grow hierarchical ZnO nanostructures.Subsequently,a saturated solution of Zn(OH)42-was prepared by dissolving excess ZnO in 10mL of NaOH solution (5mol/L)for growing hierarchical ZnO nanostructures.Third,the ZnO nanowires (0.05g)were uniformly suspended in deionized water (37mL)in an ultrasonic bath.The suspension was mixed with the Zn(OH)42-saturated solution (3mL).After the mixture was transferred into a Teflon-lined autoclave (50mL),it was kept at 100°C for 10h.Finally,upon the hydrothermal treatment a white precipitate was formed,which was washed thoroughly with ethanol and distilled water in sequence,and dried at 60°C under vacuum for 6h.2.2.Characterization.The initial ZnO seeds were character-ized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM,JEM-200CX,using an accelerating voltage of 160kV).The morphology of*Corresponding author.Tel:+862166134728.Fax:+862166134725.E-mail:xujiaqiang@.†Department of Chemistry,Shanghai University.‡Department of Physics,Shanghai University.§Chinese Academy of Sciences.J.Phys.Chem.C 2009,113,3430–3435343010.1021/jp8092258CCC:$40.75 2009American Chemical SocietyPublished on Web 02/06/2009hierarchical ZnO nanostructures was observed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM,JSM-6700F).The crystal phase of as-synthesized products was identified by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD)analysis using a D/max 2550V diffractometer with Cu K R radiation (λ) 1.54056Å)(Rigaku,Tokyo,Japan),and the XRD data were collected at a scanning rate of 0.02deg s -1for 2θin a range from 10°to 70°.2.3.Photoluminescence (PL)Measurement.Room tem-perature PL measurements were performed on a Hitachi RF-5301PC spectrofluophotometer using the 350nm Xe laser line as the excitation source.2.4.Gas Sensor Fabrication and Response Test.The ZnO powder was mixed with Terpineol and ground in an agate mortar to form a paste.The resulting paste was coated on an alumina tube-like substrate on which a pair of Au electrodes had been printed previously,followed by drying at 100°C for about 2h and subsequent annealing at 600°C for about 2h.Finally,a small Ni -Cr alloy coil was inserted into the tube as a heater,which provided the working temperature of the gas sensor.The schematic drawing of the as-fabricated gas sensor is shown in Figure 1.In order to improve the long-term stability,the sensors were kept at the working temperature for several days.A stationary state gas distribution method was used for testing gas response (Air humidity:47%).In the measurement of electric circuit for gas sensors (Figure 2),a load resistor (Load resistor value:470k Ω)was connected in series with a gas sensor.The circuit voltage was set at 10V,and the output voltage (V out )was the terminal voltage of the load resistor.The working temperature of a sensor was adjusted through varying the heating voltage.The resistance of a sensor in air or test gas was measured by monitoring V out .The test was operated in a measuring system of HW-30A (Hanwei Electronics Co.Ltd.,P.R.China).Detect-ing gases,such as C 2H 5OH,were injected into a test chamber and mixed with air.The gas response of the sensor in this paper was defined as S )R a /R g (reducing gases)or S )R g /R a (oxidizing gases),where R a and R g were the resistance in air and test gas,respectively.The response or recovery time was expressed as the time taken for the sensor output to reach 90%of its saturation after applying or switching off the gas in a step function.3.Results and Discussion3.1.Structure and Morphology.In the XRD pattern of the as-synthesized products (Figure 3),all of the peaks were well indexed to hexagonal wurtzite ZnO (JCPDS No.36-1451,a )0.3249nm,c )0.5205nm)with high crystallization.No characteristic peaks were observed for impurities.The FE-SEM images of hierarchical ZnO nanostructures (Figure 4)were observed at low and medium magnifications,respectively.From the low magnification image (Figure 4a),the secondary nanorods self-organized into very regular arrays,which mimic brush-like hierarchical nanostructures.These nanorod arrays that grew onto one common central nucleus could also be revealed from the protrudent brush-like structures (Figure 4a).The medium magnification (Figure 4b)clearly indicated that these secondary nanorod arrays were brush-like 6-fold symmetry.MorecarefulFigure 1.Sketch of the gassensor.Figure 2.Measuring electric circuit of the gassensor.Figure 3.XRD pattern of the brush-like hierarchical ZnOnanostructures.Figure 4.FE-SEM images of the brush-like hierarchical ZnO nanostructures:(a)at low magnification and (b)at medium magnification.Brush-Like Hierarchical ZnO Nanostructures J.Phys.Chem.C,Vol.113,No.9,20093431observation of the morphology of hierarchical nanostructures indicated that the nanorod arrays grew on the side surface of core nanowire.The reason for nanorod arrays to grow into 6-fold symmetry may arise from the hexagonal symmetry of the major core.26The central stems provide its six prismatic crystal planes/facets as growth platforms for branching of multipod units.The synthesis of 6-fold ZnO nanostructures have been reported;17,26-28however,the solution-based approach to this structure is rarely disclosed.Under hydrothermal conditions,heteronucleation can take place,and the interfacial energy between crystal nuclei and substrates is usually smaller than that between crystal nuclei and solutions.22Therefore,the secondary rod-like branches can grow on the wire-like ZnO central core.3.2.Impact of the Reaction Conditions on the Growth of ZnO Hierarchical Nanostructures.Our studies suggest that the morphology of ZnO seeds and the concentration of OH -ion in the reaction system are the key factors for the formation of ZnO hierarchical nanostructures.First,ZnO nanostructures with different morphology were used as seeds for the nucleation and growth process.In the synthesis of brush-like ZnO hierarchical nanostructures,high aspect ratio (height/width)ZnO nanowires were used as seeds.These ZnO nanowires have typical diameters of 80-100nm and lengths up to 10µm (Figure 5).In order to study the effect of the seeds morphology on the growth of brush-like ZnO hierarchical nanostructures,a lower aspect ratio of ZnO nanorods (200nm diameter,aspect ratio <5,Figure 6a)was used as substitute seeds in this seeding growth method.When nanorods were used as seeds for further crystal growth,shorter and thicker rod-like ZnO nanostructures were obtained (Figure 6b).Second,the brush-like ZnO hierarchical nanostructures could only be obtained under an optimized concentration (5M)of OH -ion.The morphologies of the as-obtained products varied remarkably with changes in the OH -ion concentration.When the OH -ion concentration dropped to 3M,only a few disorder secondary nanorods grew on each common central nucleus (Figure 7a).As the OH -ion concentration increased to 15M,the secondary rod-like branches structures and the brush-like hierarchical nanostructures became shorter than those at lower concentrations because of the dissolve effect of NaOH (Figure 7b).When the OH -ion concentration increased to 20M,the amount of sub-branch nanorods also increased,and chrysan-themum-like microstructures could be obtained (Figure 7c).It is worth mentioning that these secondary rod-like crystals have a relatively planar bottom at high OH -ion concentration.We noted that the concentration of NaOH (i.e.,the concentra-tion of OH -)was crucial to the formation of Zn(OH)42-precursor.The growth of ZnO did not proceed at low concentra-tion of OH -because no Zn(OH)2was formed in the solution.Accordingly,only a few disordered sub-branch nanorods grew on each common central nucleus.With an increase of OH -concentration,the nucleation of ZnO was accelerated leading to more nanorods growing on the central nucleus.When the concentration of OH -was further increased,the growth of sub-branch nanorods was impeded,29and the average aspect ratio of ZnO nanorods was decreased.However,when excess NaOH was employed,it became not only a source of hydroxyl ions to form ZnO,but a capping agent.30ZnO crystal is a polar solid with a positive polar plane (0001)rich in Zn and a negativepolar plane (0001j )rich in O.31At a high OH -concentration,OH -ions are preferably adsorbed on the (0001)plane of ZnO,29,32and the growth of the ZnO nanocrystallite along the c axis is partially suppressed.It suggests that the OH -ion could act as a surface termination reagent,thus impeding the growth of crystal face (0001).29Accordingly,the secondary rod-like crystals have a flat face.Previous studies indicated that surfactants could control the morphology in the solution phase process.33-36We synthesized the ZnO hierarchical nanostructures V ia a surfactant-free route.But,do surfactants have a positive effect on the morphology of the products?Taking a typical surfactant CTAB (cetyltrimethy-lammonium bromide)as example,when CTAB was introduced into the reaction system,the morphology of the as-obtained products was ZnO microsphere consisting of nanorods(FigureFigure 5.TEM image of the ZnO nanowireseeds.Figure 6.TEM images of the ZnO samples:(a)the initial ZnO nanorods seeds and (b)the secondary crystals from the initial ZnO nanorods.3432J.Phys.Chem.C,Vol.113,No.9,2009Zhang et al.7d).The ability of CTAB to form diversified shapes of microparticles has been exploited extensively.37-41Due to the coulomb force action between [Zn(OH)42-]and CTAB,they interact to form complexes,which are adsorbed on the circum-ference of the ZnO nuclei.42Upon the formation of globules,the zinc complex dissociated to form rod-like nanostructures with the assistance of CTAB,43,44leading to the nanorod-assembled microsphere.In addition,the hydrothermal temperature (100-120°C)and hydrothermal time (10-15h)made no obvious difference in the morphology of ZnO hierarchical nanostructures.3.3.Optical Properties Measurement.The photolumines-cence spectrum of the secondary brush-shaped nanostructures was measured using Xe laser (350nm)as excitation source.We also measured the PL spectrum of the initial nanowires for comparison (Figure 8).Strong emission at ∼389nm was observed for both structures.In addition,we observed that the green emission intensity at ∼558nm for the brush-shaped nanostructures is stronger than that of the initial nanowires.The green emission peak is commonly referred to singly ionized oxygen vacancy in ZnO resulting from the radiative recombina-tion of a photogenerated hole with an electron occupying theoxygen vacancy.15,45The stronger green light emission intensity suggests that there is a greater fraction of oxygen vacancies in the brush-shaped nanostructures.Defects at metal oxide surfaces are believed to significantly influence a variety of surface properties,including chemical adsorption reactivity,46,47such as heterogeneous catalysis,cor-rosion inhibition and gas sensing.The influence of the intrinsic defects on the ZnO surface chemistry and the effects of chemisorption have been addressed by theoretical calculation and experimental data.47-50Moreover,the mechanism of the oxygen vacancies induced gas sensing enhancement properties of ZnO has been explained.51A large quantity of oxygen vacancy results in high adsorptions of oxygen,and in turn enhances the chance of interaction with testing gases.3.4.Gas Sensing Properties.The gas sensing properties of low dimensional ZnO nanostructures (nanoparticles,nanowires,nanorods)have been widely investigated by many research groups;52-55however,the influence of hierarchical ZnO mor-phology on their gas sensing performance has scarcely been investigated.In this paper,we also studied the ethanol gas-sensing properties of ZnO hierarchical nanostructures,and discussed the effect of morphology on the gas sensing responses.Eight typical reducing gases (CH 4,H 2,NH 3,i -C 4H 10,HCHO,CO,C 6H 6,and C 2H 5OH)and two typical oxidizing gases (NO 2and Cl 2)were selected as target gases to investigate the gas response at an optimal operating temperature of 265°C,where the concentration of all the tested gases was 50ppm.The gas sensor based on the ZnO hierarchical nanostructures (Figure 9)showed good selectivity to ethanol with little interference against other gases.ZnO is a very common ethanol sensing material.56-58The ethanol sensing mechanism of the ZnO sensors has also been reported in our previous studies.59However,only few studies indicate that ZnO has higher gas response to ethanol than other commonly used gases.58Most metal oxide semiconductor gas sensors are based on the conductance change arising fromtheFigure 7.The FE-SEM images of the secondary ZnO nanostructures obtained under different conditions a)3M NaOH,b)15M NaOH,c)20M NaOH,d)1gCTAB.Figure 8.Photoluminescence spectra of different ZnO samples (a)brush-like hierarchical nanostructures and (b)nanowires.Brush-Like Hierarchical ZnO Nanostructures J.Phys.Chem.C,Vol.113,No.9,20093433reactions between the oxygen ions and the detecting gas molecules adsorbed on the active surface.60,61We found that the electron donating effect of the testing gas molecule is an important factor in the explanation of this phenomenon (In the several forms of oxygen adsorbates,the O -is more active form of adsorbed oxygen.).For example,the typical testing gas sensing reactions are expressed as follows:CO +O -f CO 2+e -(1)H 2+O -f H 2O +e -(2)HCHO +2O -f H 2O +CO 2+2e -(3)Catalytic oxidation of ethanol gas is known through two different routes depending on the acid or base properties of catalyst surface,i.e.,a dehydrogenation route through CH 3CHO intermediate (on the basic surface)and a dehydration route through a C 2H 4intermediate (on the acidic surface).61,62Since ZnO is a basic oxide,dehydrogenation is favored,providing CH 3CHO as the major which undergoes subsequent oxidation to form CO 2and H 2O.C 2H 5OH f CH 3CHO +H 2(4)CH 3CHO(ad)+5O -(ad)f 2CO 2+2H 2O +5e -(5)According to these equations,the electron donating effect of ethanol is stronger than that of the other gases.Therefore,the gas response of ethanol is higher than that of the other gases at the equivalent concentration.However,owing to the complicated reactivity of some gas molecules on the ZnO surface,the electron donating effect is not the only influential factor on gas response.Other factors (such as reaction of testing gases and sensing material,humidity,temperature,and some additional external fluctuating factor)may exist and compete against each other.Interestingly,the response of brush-like hierarchical nano-structures (Figure 9)is greater than that of initial ZnO nanowires.This observation is general to all the gases examined herein.The gas sensing response enhancement can be attributed to more active centers that are obtained from the enhanced oxygen vacancy defects on the brush-shaped nanostructures.Besides,the formation of initial nanorod/secondary nanorods junctions may be an additional reason for the response enhancement.These junctions are considered as the active sites that canenhance the response of the gas sensors.63Moreover,the nanorod arrays could increase the numbers of the gas channels leading to more effective surface areas (defined as the areas which can contact with the gas).The enhancement in gas response of the brush-like hierarchi-cal nanostructures with the increase of ethanol concentration was observed (Figure 10)in a range of 5-50ppm.The gas response of brush-like hierarchical nanostructures was so high that even if the concentration of ethanol decreased to 5ppm,the gas response increased by 3.0times.In addition,the brush-like hierarchical ZnO nanostructures had very high responses to ethanol,showing a promise as ethanol-sensing materials.The dynamic response of brush-like hierarchical ZnO nanostructures to 10,30,and 50ppm ethanol (Figure 11)displayed impressive response and recovery properties for the brush-like hierarchical ZnO nanostructure-based sensors.All the response time and the recovery time of the sensors at the ethanol concentration of 10,30,and 50ppm were less than 10s.The SEM image (Figure 12)of brush-like hierarchical ZnO nanostructure after sintering at 600°C for 2h suggested that the brush-like hierarchical nanostructures were kept well.The heat treatment did not affect the morphology and sizes of these hierarchical nanostructures,which demonstrated a high stability of the brush-like hierarchical ZnO nanostructures.The structural stability may be in favor of the long-term stability of sensors suitable for practical applications.4.ConclusionIn this paper,we developed a simple hydrothermal route to synthesize brush-like hierarchical ZnO nanostructures under mild conditions.Our results showed that a soft chemical route is promising for rational and structural design of the nanoscale materials.The photoluminescence and gas sensing properties of brush-like hierarchical ZnO nanostructures were studied.The photoluminescence spectrum suggested higher oxygen vacancy defects on the brush-shaped nanostructures thannanowires,Figure 9.Responses of the brush-like hierarchical ZnO nanostructures and the ZnO nanowires to various gases (The concentration of all gases was 50ppm).Figure 10.Relationship between gas response of the brush-like hierarchical ZnO nanostructures and ethanolconcentration.Figure 11.Response of sensor based on brush-like hierarchical ZnO nanostructures to 10,30,and 50ppm ethanol.3434J.Phys.Chem.C,Vol.113,No.9,2009Zhang et al.which combined with special ZnO morphology were able to generate more active centers so as to enhance the gas response.The gas sensing measurements showed that the brush-like hierarchical ZnO nanostructures could serve excellent ethanol sensors.Acknowledgment.We appreciate the financial support of Shanghai NSF (No.07ER14039)and Leading Academic Discipline Project of Shanghai Municipal Education Commis-sion (No.J50102).We also thank the Analysis and Research Center at Shanghai University for sample characterization.References and Notes(1)Lauhon,L.J.;Gudiksen,M.S.;Wang,C.L.;Lieber,C.M.Nature 2002,420,57.(2)Modi,A.;Koratkar,N.;Lass,E.;Wei,B.Q.;Ajayan,P.M.Nature 2003,424,171.(3)Banerjee,D.;Jo,S.H.;Ren,Z.F.Ad V .Mater.2004,16,2028.(4)Bansal,V.;Jani,H.;Du Plessis,J.;Coloe,P.J.;Bhargava,S.K.Ad V .Mater.2008,20,717.(5)Arico, A.S.;Bruce,P.;Scrosati, B.;Tarascon,J.M.;Van 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基于低共熔溶剂的反溶剂沉淀法制备纳米结构材料黄强;左文彬;寸唐湘;杨丽萍;李虹;聂鑫鑫;王毓德【摘要】以尿素、氯化胆碱形成的低共熔溶剂为反应介质、乙醇/水为反溶剂,由市售ZnO制备纳米结构ZnO的材料化学实验.所制备的样品用XRD、SEM、EDS等分析手段进行表征,提出了溶解-沉淀过程的基本原理.结果表明,ZnO具有六方纤锌矿结构,表面形貌为纳米棒构成的菊花状三维有序结构.本实验对材料、化学等相关专业高年级学生、研究生学习和掌握材料制备与表征的基本方法以及认识低共熔溶剂、反溶剂沉淀、纳米结构材料等知识点起到良好的作用.【期刊名称】《实验室研究与探索》【年(卷),期】2015(034)008【总页数】4页(P8-10,72)【关键词】低共熔溶剂;反溶剂沉淀;纳米结构材料;实验教学【作者】黄强;左文彬;寸唐湘;杨丽萍;李虹;聂鑫鑫;王毓德【作者单位】云南大学材料科学与工程系,云南昆明650091;云南大学材料科学与工程系,云南昆明650091;云南大学材料科学与工程系,云南昆明650091;云南大学材料科学与工程系,云南昆明650091;云南大学材料科学与工程系,云南昆明650091;云南大学材料科学与工程系,云南昆明650091;云南大学材料科学与工程系,云南昆明650091【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TB321;G642.00 引言实验教学在材料科学与工程学科相关专业的培养计划中占有重要的地位，担负着培养学生掌握基本实验技能、材料制备以加工方法、结构表征与性能测量等材料应用与研究方面的主要知识与技能［1］。

但是，目前我国很多高校由于实验条件和自身发展水平的限制，所开展的相关实验教学或多或少都存在教学内容单一、课程体系陈旧、学生缺乏兴趣等缺点，不能完全适应培养合格专业人才的需要。

因此，逐步改进单一、陈旧的实验教学项目是很多高校面临的实际问题。

近年来，一些高校结合学校的实际情况，提出了许多解决这一问题行之有效的方法，比如说实验教学内容与所处地区的工业应用相结合，与教师的科研项目相结合而定期更新实验教学项目等［3-5］。

超敏感的ZnO镀覆传感器在室温下对甲醛的影响何一聪;罗浩;朱振【摘要】在本工作中,用介孔结构的甲醛传感器在室温下检测了甲醛(十亿分之几)浓度.通过 X-射线衍射(XRD)、Brunauer Emmett Teller(BET)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)检测介孔氧化锌的形态和结构.测试了甲醛、甲醇、乙醇、丙酮和丙酮的传感特性.气体传感研究表明,介孔氧化锌在室温下对浓度为0.037 mg/m3的甲醛具有极好的敏感性.因此,介孔氧化锌在甲醛传感器领域有着广阔的应用前景.%In the present work, the formaldehyde sensor with mesoporous structure has been used to detect formaldehyde(parts-per-billion(ppb) concentrations) at room temperature. The morphology and structure of mesoporous ZnO were characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD),Brunauer-Emmett-Teller(BET) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The sensing characteristics of formaldehyde, methanol, ethanol, hydrogen and acetone were examined. Gas sensing study revealed that mesoporous ZnO exhibited excellent sensitivity to formaldehyde at concentration as low as 0.037 mg/m3at room temperature. Therefore,mesoporous ZnO was a promising application in the field of formaldehyde sensor.【期刊名称】《广州化工》【年(卷),期】2018(046)005【总页数】3页(P61-63)【关键词】介孔氧化锌;甲醛;室温;气体传感器【作者】何一聪;罗浩;朱振【作者单位】天津理工大学环境科学与安全工程学院,天津 300384;天津理工大学环境科学与安全工程学院,天津 300384;天津理工大学环境科学与安全工程学院,天津 300384【正文语种】中文【中图分类】X851甲醛会造成鼻腔肿瘤、眼睛刺激、恶心、头痛、疲劳、迟钝、口渴、中枢神经损伤，免疫系统紊乱等症状[1]。

目录摘要 (1)1.ZnO材料简介 (1)2.ZnO材料的制备 (1)2.1 ZnO晶体材料的制备 (1)2.2 ZnO纳米材料的制备 (2)3. ZnO材料的应用 (3)3.1 ZnO晶体材料的应用 (3)3.2 ZnO纳米材料的应用 (5)4.结论 (7)参考文献 (9)氧化锌材料的研究进展摘要介绍了氧化锌（ZnO）材料的性质，简单综述一下近几年ZnO周期性晶体材料和ZnO纳米材料的新进展。

关键词：ZnO；晶体材料；纳米材料1.ZnO材料简介氧化锌材料是一种优秀的半导体材料。

难溶于水，可溶于酸和强碱。

作为一种常用的化学添加剂，ZnO广泛地应用于塑料、硅酸盐制品、合成橡胶、润滑油、油漆涂料、药膏、粘合剂、食品、电池、阻燃剂等产品的制作中。

ZnO的能带隙和激子束缚能较大，透明度高，有优异的常温发光性能，在半导体领域的液晶显示器、薄膜晶体管、发光二极管等产品中均有应用。

此外，微颗粒的氧化锌作为一种纳米材料也开始在相关领域发挥作用。

纳米ZnO粒径介于1-100nm之间，是一种面向21世纪的新型高功能精细无机产品，表现出许多特殊的性质，如非迁移性、荧光性、压电性、吸收和散射紫外线能力等，利用其在光、电、磁、敏感等方面的奇妙性能，可制造气体传感器、荧光体、变阻器、紫外线遮蔽材料、图像记录材料、压电材料、压敏电阻、高效催化剂、磁性材料和塑料薄膜等[1–5]。

下面我们简单综述一下，近几年ZnO周期性晶体材料和ZnO纳米材料的新进展。

2.ZnO材料的制备2.1 ZnO晶体材料的制备生长大面积、高质量的ZnO晶体材料对于材料科学和器件应用都具有重要意义。

尽管蓝宝石一向被用作ZnO薄膜生长的衬底，但它们之间存在较大的晶格失配，从而导致ZnO外延层的位错密度较高，这会导致器件性能退化。

由于同质外延潜在的优势，高质量大尺寸的ZnO晶体材料会有利于紫外及蓝光发射器件的制作。

由于具有完整的晶格匹配，ZnO同质外延在许多方面具有很大的潜力：能够实现无应变、没有高缺陷的衬底-层界面、低的缺陷密度、容易控制材料的极性等。

(2023)最新水热法制备ZnO纳米材料及其影响因素的研究开题报告.答案(一)研究背景随着纳米科技和材料科学的发展，纳米材料已成为当前研究的热点。

其中，氧化锌纳米材料因其优异的物理、化学性质及广泛的应用领域备受关注。

水热法作为制备氧化锌纳米材料的一种方法，具有简单易行、成本低廉等优点，因此受到广泛关注。

研究目的本文旨在对水热法制备氧化锌纳米材料进行研究，并探究影响其制备过程及性质的因素，从而为其应用领域提供理论和实验依据。

研究内容1.概述水热法制备氧化锌纳米材料的过程2.系统研究影响制备氧化锌纳米材料过程的因素，包括反应温度、反应时间、溶液浓度等。

3.对制备得到的氧化锌纳米材料进行表征，包括粒径、形貌、结晶性等。

4.探究氧化锌纳米材料的性质，包括光学性质、催化性能等。

5.对影响氧化锌纳米材料性质的因素进行研究和分析。

研究方法1.采用水热法制备氧化锌纳米材料。

2.利用SEM、TEM等显微分析技术对氧化锌纳米材料进行形貌和结构的表征。

3.利用XRD、FTIR、UV-Vis等分析技术对氧化锌纳米材料的晶体结构、光学性质等进行分析。

4.利用对苯二酚-光度法、紫外光谱法等方法对氧化锌纳米材料的催化性能进行测定。

研究意义1.为水热法制备氧化锌纳米材料提供一种新途径。

2.探究影响制备过程及性质的因素，为优化氧化锌纳米材料的制备提供依据。

3.系统地分析氧化锌纳米材料的性质，为其在光学、催化等领域的应用提供理论基础。

4.对于绿色合成、减少污染、节约成本等方面也有一定的贡献。

研究计划阶段时间任务第一阶段2023.1-2023.3 文献综述，明确研究思路和方向第二阶段2023.4-2023.6 开展水热法制备氧化锌纳米材料的实验第三阶段2023.7-2023.9 对制备得到的氧化锌纳米材料进行表征和性质研究第四阶段2023.10-2023.12分析影响氧化锌纳米材料制备和性质的因素，撰写论文第五阶段2024.1-2024.2 完善并提交毕业论文参考文献1.Li Y, Wang Y, Zhang L, et al. Synthesis of ZnOnanoparticles in microemulsions and theircharacterization[J]. Materials Science and Engineering: B, 2008, 149(1): 10-14.2.Liu F, He S, Ge C, et al. Hydrothermal synthesis of ZnOnanostructures with different morphologies[J]. Journalof Alloys and Compounds, 2009, 467(1-2): 369-373.3.Chen X, Mao S S. Titanium dioxide nanomaterials:Synthesis, properties, modifications, andapplications[J]. Chemical Reviews, 2007, 107(7): 2891-2959.4.Pan S, An L, Li W, et al. Hydrothermally grown ZnOnanorods and nanosheets: Characterization and gassensing properties[J]. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2011, 156(2): 700-706.5.Singh R P, Singh P, Singh A K. A comprehensive review onsynthesis, characterization, photocatalytic activity,and mechanism of ZnO nanoparticles[J]. Advances inColloid and Interface Science, 2017, 242: 65-79.结论经过实验和分析，本文得出以下结论： 1. 水热法是一种可行的制备氧化锌纳米材料的方法； 2. 反应温度、时间和溶液浓度是影响氧化锌纳米材料制备和性质的关键因素； 3. 制备得到的氧化锌纳米材料在形貌、结晶性、光学性质和催化性能等方面表现出良好的性质； 4. 氧化锌纳米材料具有潜在的光学、电化学和催化应用前景。

ZnO纳米线的研究进展摘要：ZnO纳米线是很重要的准一维纳米材料。

本文主要介绍ZnO纳米线的合成、结构分析、特性和应用。

首先，本文讨论了纳米线合成步骤的设计以及分别通过气相和化学生长方法合成纳米线。

其次，本文描述了ZnO纳米线独特的光电性能和气敏特性。

最后，本文对一些使用纳米线制作的新器件和应用进行了跟踪报道，如超灵敏的化学生物纳米传感器，染料太阳能电池，发光二极管，纳米激光器等。

1. 引言在纳米技术领域，最引人注目并且最具代表性的一维纳米结构主要有三种：碳纳米管、硅纳米线和ZnO纳米线/纳米带。

ZnO作为一种优良的纳米材料，已经引起人们很大的兴趣。

ZnO作为一种重要的半导体材料，在光学、光电子学、能源、生物科技等方面有广泛的应用（图1）[1]。

它所展现出的丰富的纳米结构形态，是其它材料无法比拟的。

图1 ZnO特性和应用的概要[1]2. ZnO的晶体结构通常情况下，ZnO具备纤锌矿结构，其晶胞为六角形，空间群为C6mc，晶格常数为a = 0.3296nm，c = 0.52065nm。

O2-和Zn2+构成正四面体单元，整个结构缺乏中心对称。

ZnO的结构可以简单描述为：由O2-和Zn2+构成的正四面体组成的大量交互平面，沿c轴叠加形成的，如图2所示[2]。

图2 ZnO的纤锌矿结构[2]3. ZnO纳米线的合成氧化物纳米结构的合成主要通过高温下的物理气相生长途径和低温下的化学途径。

3.1 VLS生长纳米线可以应用于制作激光器、发光二极管及场效应晶体管。

ZnO纳米线生长需要用到基底和晶体颗粒。

大规模优良的垂直ZnO纳米线阵列最早生长在（1120）晶面取向的蓝宝石基底上，其中用Au纳米颗粒做催化剂[3]。

不像通常的VLS过程，纳米线阵列的生长需要适当的生长速率，因为催化剂需要是熔融态，并且构成合金，从而一步步凝结，最后在蓝宝石表面上完成外延生长。

因此，需要相对较低的生长温度来减小气体浓度。

把ZnO和石墨粉末混合在一起，也就是碳热蒸发，可以把气化温度从1300℃降低到900℃。