黑龙江大学跨文化交际英语复习总结(超全)

英语跨文化交际期末总结Introduction:Intercultural communication is the process of exchanging information and ideas between individuals from different cultural backgrounds. It involves understanding and respecting different cultural norms, beliefs, and values. As our final reflection, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the key concepts, lessons learned, and personal experiences gained during the course of studying intercultural communication.I. Overview of Intercultural Communication:1. Definition and Importance2. Challenges and Barriers3. Strategies for Effective Intercultural CommunicationII. Understanding Cultural Dimensions and Differences:1. Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions2. Individualism vs. Collectivism3. High-Context vs. Low-Context Cultures4. Verbal and Nonverbal CommunicationIII. Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination:1. Types of Stereotypes2. Ethnocentrism and its Impact on Communication3. Overcoming Stereotypes and Promoting Cultural SensitivityIV. Effective Communication in Diverse Contexts:1. Intercultural Communication in Business2. Intercultural Communication in Healthcare3. Intercultural Communication in EducationV. Case Studies:1. Miscommunication During a Business Negotiation2. Cultural Sensitivity in Multicultural Teams3. Communication Challenges in a Healthcare SettingVI. Personal Reflection:1. Cultural Identity and Self-Awareness2. Lessons Learned and Skills Developed3. Personal Growth and Future DirectionsConclusion:Intercultural communication is a complex and dynamic process that requires continuous learning and adaptation. Through this course, I have gained a deeper understanding of different cultural dimensions, communication styles, and the impact of stereotypes. I have also developed strategies for effective communication in various contexts, such as business, healthcare, and education. This knowledge has broadened my cultural sensitivity and self-awareness, allowing me to navigate intercultural interactions with more confidence and respect. Going forward, I intend to apply these learnings in my personal and professional life, fostering inclusivity and understanding in all my interactions.。

跨文化交际英语知识点归纳跨文化交际是指在不同文化背景下进行的人际交往和沟通。

在全球化背景下，跨文化交际的重要性日益凸显。

了解并掌握跨文化交际的英语知识点对于有效地与不同文化背景的人进行交流和合作至关重要。

本文将详细介绍跨文化交际的英语知识点，包括文化差异、非语言交际、礼仪与礼貌等方面。

一、文化差异1. 时间观念：不同文化有不同的时间观念，如西方注重准时，东方则注重灵活性。

了解并尊重对方的时间观念，避免引起误会。

2. 社会等级：不同文化中对社会地位的看法不同，有些文化注重等级分明，有些文化则强调平等。

在交际中应注意尊重对方的社会地位和身份。

3. 个人主义与集体主义：西方文化注重个利和自由，而东方文化注重集体利益和团队协作。

了解并尊重不同文化的价值观念，有助于建立良好的跨文化交际关系。

二、非语言交际1. 肢体语言：不同文化对于肢体语言的解读和使用有所差异，如眼神接触、手势等。

了解并注意对方的肢体语言，避免产生误解。

2. 面部表情：不同文化对面部表情的解读也有所差异，如微笑、皱眉等。

了解并适应对方的面部表情，有助于推动交际进程。

3. 身体姿势：身体姿势也是非语言交际的一种形式，如坐姿、站姿等。

注意对方的身体姿势，尊重对方的个人空间，避免给对方带来不适。

三、礼仪与礼貌1. 问候礼仪：不同文化有不同的问候方式和习惯，如握手、鞠躬等。

了解并尊重对方的问候方式，展示友好和尊重。

2. 礼貌用语：不同文化有不同的礼貌用语和礼貌表达方式，如道歉、感谢等。

适当使用对方的礼貌用语，展示尊重和关注。

3. 社交礼节：不同文化有不同的社交礼节，如用餐礼仪、着装规范等。

了解并遵守对方的社交礼节，展示自己的文化素养。

四、语言交际1. 语言障碍：不同文化使用不同的语言，语言障碍是跨文化交际中常见的问题。

尽量使用简洁明了的词汇和表达方式，避免产生歧义和误解。

2. 文化障碍：语言与文化密切相关，不同文化对于词汇、语法和表达方式有不同的理解和运用。

Unit 11.The definition of INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION1.1“Inter-" comes from the Latin word for "between",and dictionaries define communication as exchanging information.Inter-"来自拉丁语，意思是"在之间"，字典把交流定义为交换信息。

Intercultural Communication refers to the exchange of information between people from different cultures.跨文化交际是指来自不同文化的人之间的信息交流。

As the very phrase suggests, Intercultural Communication emphasizes cross-cultural competence rather than language only.正如这句话所暗示的，跨文化交际强调的是跨文化能力，而不仅仅是语言。

1.2 what makes IC a common phenomenon: new technology, innovative communication system,globalization of the economy , changes in immigration patterns 新技术、创新的通讯系统、经济全球化、移民模式的变化2.The definition of globalizationGlobalization is the process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through communication, transportation,and trade between nations.全球化是区域经济、社会和文化通过国家之间的交流、运输和贸易而变得一体化的过程。

跨文化交际英语知识点归纳1. 礼仪（Etiquette）礼仪是不同文化交往中最基本的要素之一。

在跨文化交际中，礼仪的重要性不言而喻。

例如，不同国家、不同文化的人在相互交往时，他们的相互礼仪的表达方式都是有所不同的。

2. 规范和价值观（Norms and Values）规范是一种文化内部形成的行为结构，是一种文化共同遵守的行为方式。

在跨文化交际中，了解对方所遵循的规范是非常重要的，这有助于避免在交流中出现不必要的误解和冲突。

3. 语言和文化（Language and Culture）语言是人类进行交流的最基本手段。

语言和文化是紧密相关的。

例如，美国英语和英国英语在用词和发音上有所不同，这也反映出两个国家的文化差异。

4. 非语言交际（Non-Verbal Communication）除了语言外，身体语言、肢体动作、面部表情、姿势等非语言交际也是跨文化交际中不可忽视的因素。

这些非语言交际动作在不同文化间也存在差异。

5. 社会组织形态和社会关系（Social Organization and Relationships）不同文化的社会组织形态和社会关系也是非常不同的。

例如，中国传统文化中注重家庭、亲情和社会关系，而西方文化则注重个性、自由和独立性。

6. 时间观念（Time）不同国家和文化对时间观念的重视程度也存在差异。

例如，在日本文化中，迟到被看作是不尊重别人的行为，而在西方文化中，稍微迟到几分钟不会被认为是什么大问题。

7. 社会礼仪和礼节（Social Etiquette and Formalities）在跨文化交际中，了解对方的社会礼仪和礼节也是非常重要的。

例如，上司和下属之间的交往在不同文化中有着不同的礼节和规范。

8. 语言表达方式和文化复杂性（Language Expression and Cultural Complexity）语言表达方式和文化的复杂性也是跨文化交际中重要的要素之一。

不同文化的语言表达方式有着不同的复杂度和难度，了解这些差异有助于更好地理解对方文化的复杂度。

Culture: Culture is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, behaviors, institutions and communication patterns that are shared, learned and passed down through the generations in an identifiable group of people.Objective Culture: history, religion, literature, language, food, etiquette, law, and customs.Subjective Culture: feelings and attitudes about how things are and how they should be –the concept of time, spaces, friendship, love, family, communication pattern, etc.Characteristics：Learned, transmitted from generation to generation, based on symbols, dynamic, ethnocentric.Doing Culture: It is meant to be a contrast to learning “about” culture underscores the idea that communicating across cultures is a process of making meaning, of people understanding one another so they can get to know one another, build relationships, and solve problems together. It should not be words on paper, but ideas in practice.Communication: Human communication is the process through which individuals –in relationships, groups, organizations and societies –respond to and create messages to adapt to the environment and one another.Characteristics: Dynamic and interactiveIntercultural Communication: Generally speaking, it refers to interaction between people from different cultural backgrounds, such as interactions between people from America and China, between whites and African Americans, between Hispanic and Japanese AmericansThe form of Intercultural Communicationa. Interracial communication –people from different racesb. Interethnic communications –the parties are of the same race but of different ethnic origins.c. Intercultural communication –communication between members of the sameculture, in which one or both of the participants hold dual or multiple memberships.（gay, disabled, Mexican American, African American, or female）Communication Competence (ICC competence)The cognitive component –how much one know about communication.The affective component –one’s motivation to approach or avoid communication The behavior component –the skills one has to interact competently. Perception: Perception is a cognitive process in which we attach meaning to objects, symbols, people and behavior in order to make sense of them.Pattern of Thought: The way people in a culture think influences the way they interpret strangers’ messages.World views: The grid (decentralized. This pattern does not have a fixed center) The radiating star (highly centralized. In this pattern important things are at the center and everything else radiates out from the center)The inside/ outside pattern (圈子)female maleprivate publichome market, mosque, coffee housethe outside is plain, not welcoming, even forbidding. The walls are thick to protect what is inside.highly centralized pattern: important people sit in the front middle;decentralized pattern: people sit equally.Stereotyping: People generalize to make sense of his experience. The result of the process of over generalizing based on limited or inaccurate information.The classification of stereotypes1. Negative stereotype of other cultures: Prejudice (severe prejudice)2. Positive stereotype of one’s own culture: Cultural superiority Characteristics: universal, unavoidable, stable, variable, ethnocentrismHigh context communication & Low context communicationHC culture (察言观色): Relies mainly on the physical context or the relationship for information, with little explicitly encoded.LC culture: provide most of the information in the explicit code itself.Perception: Perception is a cognitive process in which we attach meaning to objects, symbols, people and behavior in order to make sense of them.High contact and low contact culture:In high contact cultures people want to get close enough to one another and to objects to sense them in these ways.People in these countries stand closer, touch more, engage in more eye contact and speak more loudly than people do in lower-contact cultures.In a low contact cultures, people rely more on sight, and especially sight at a far distance. People are most likely to stand a certain distance away to get the whole picture, without actually feeling or sensing the other person’s body heat or subtle smell.So in low contact culture as America, one is taught not to breathe on people.However, this visual space seems unfriendly and indifferent to those from high contact cultures, which favor tactile space.When a person from a high contact culture goes to a low contact culture, he or she is likely to feel that people are cold, lack human warmth, and are indifferent and pay no attention to them.low-contact: Asia ; moderate-contact: Australia, Northern Europe, United States high-contact: South America, Mediterranean, the Arab worldLarge and smell Power Distancespower distance is an attempt to measure cultural attitudes about inequality insocial relationships.In high power distance cultures, position in a hierarchy is considered to benatural and important. People are expected to show only positive emotions toothers with high status and to display negative emotions to those with low status;tend to decrease gaze in the presence of powerful people.Low Power Distance Culture: Minimize and eliminate the differences in power and status; more emotional display, increase the amount of gaze. People believe that the differences in power between boss and workers should be reduced and not mphasized.Individualism VS CollectivismThe individualism index measures the extent to which the interests of the individual are considered to be more important than the interests of the group. People from individualist cultures are more likely to act on principles that apply to everyone, principles that are universal and apply to associates and strangers alike. Collectivists are not unprincipled, but when making decisions they tend to give a higher priority to relationships than individualists do. They expect people who are involved in a group relationship to have duties and obligations to one another. Masculinity (Toughness) VS Femininity (Tenderness)Masculinity means everyone in society embraces values that have traditionally been associated with men, that is assertiveness, competitiveness and toughness. On the feminine side of the scale we find societies in which people generally embrace values that have traditionally been labeled as feminine, that is modesty, cooperation and tenderness.Strong and weak Uncertainty AvoidanceThe Uncertainty Avoidance Index seeks to measure the extent to which people in a particular society are able to tolerate the unknowns of life. In high uncertainty avoidance countries people experience more stress and a sense of urgency as they go through their daily routines. Relationships are guided by strict rules. People from low uncertainly avoidance countries do not have a strong need to control things, people, and events by clearly defining and categorizing them. Relationships are guided by strict rules.Intercultural CommunicationIntercultural CommunicationGenerally speaking, it refers to interaction between people from different cultural backgrounds, such as interactions between people from America and China, between whites and African Americans, between Hispanic and Japanese Americans The form of Intercultural Communicationa. Interracial communication –people from different racesb. Interethnic communications –the parties are of the same race but of different ethnic origins.c. Intracultural communication –communication between members of the sameculture, in which one or both of the participants hold dual or multiple memberships.（gay, disabled, Mexican American, African American, or female）Language&CulturePeople pay attention to basic language in cross-culture communication because of the essential role these codes play in communication and they are part of object culture. The same word may stir up different associations in people under different cultural background, e.g. the word “dog”. In eastern culture, dogs are dirty, brutal and stupid. But in western culture, dogs are lovely, loyal and obedient. They are faithful friends and compassionate animals.Language reflects culture. Language expresses cultural reality, reflects the people’s attitudes, beliefs, world outlooks, etc. For example, American businessmen often encode their meanings in metaphors and images from these sports.Chinese traditional sport culture emphasizes the harmony between human beings and oneness between man and nature. It is morality, benevolence, entertainment and longevity. But western sports culture is competition and sportsmanship.Culture shock: Troublesome feelings such as depression, loneliness, confusion, inadequacy, hostility, frustration, and tension, caused by the loss of familiar cues from the home culture.U-Curuemodel:Excitement→Confusion→Frustration→Effectiveness→Appreciation。

Intercultural communication in English1. Globalization (what & why)1)Dictionary: to organize or establish worldwide2)Wiki: Globalization refers to the increasingly global relationships of culture, people andeconomic activity.3)Globalization refers to the establishment of a world economy, in which national borders arebecoming less and less important as transnational corporations, existing everywhere and nowhere, do business in a global market.4)Globalization refers to “time-spaces compression”. That is, the way in which the worldappears to be getting smaller. (Reasons: the increasing global mobility of people; the impact of new electronic media on human communications)5)At the same time, people all over the world are faced with the same environmental issuesthat affect all cultures.6)Global instability stems from clashes between cultures as humankind createscatastrophes(灾难) that are far worse than natural disasters.7)Culture interdependence: people from different cultures attempt to get along with eachother and try to decrease conflicts.Driving force: technology, particularly telecommunications, computers2. Culture1)People who are raised or live in a particular place probably speak the same language, holdmany of the same values, and communicate in similar ways.2)the group of people who share the same ancestry3)commodities or products that are internationally exported and imported4) a particular way to satisfy our human needs. Maslow: physiological, safety, belongingness,esteem, self-actualization5)The coherent learned, shared view of a group of people about life’s concerns that rankswhat is important, furnishes attitudes about what things are appropriate and dictates behavior.6)Culture is coherent, learned, the view of a group of people, ranks what is important,furnishes attitudes2.1 elements of communication1)Context: the interrelated conditions of communication(aspects: physical settings, historical,psychological, culture)2)Participants: the participants in communication play the roles of sender and receiver,sometimes of the messages simultaneously.3)Messages: elements: meanings, symbols, encoding and decoding.4)Channels: a channel is both the route traveled by the message and the means oftransportation.5)Noise: noise is any stimulus, external or internal to the participants, that interferes with thesharing of meaning. They include: external noise, internal noise, semantic noise6)Feedback: some kind of verbal or nonverbal response3. Different lands, different friendships1)European: friendship is quite sharply distinguished from other, more casual relations, and isdifferently related to family life.2)American: a friendship may be superficial, casual, situational or deep and enduring.3)French: F is one to one relationship that demands a keen awareness of the other person’sintellect, temperament and particular interests; friends generally are of the same sex;disagreement and argument are the breath of live; compartmentalized (a man play chess with a friend for years without knowing his political opinion)4)Germany: F is much more articulately a matter of feeling; friends are brought to the family;disagreement on any subject that matters to both is a tragedy.5)English: F is based on shared activity, and are formed outside the family circle.4. Comparing and contrasting culturesFrederick:Human nature orientation; man-nature orientation; time orientation; activity orientation; social orientationKluckhohns and Strodtbeck:Human nature; relationship of man to nature; sense of time; activity; social relationships4.1Cultural dimensions (Geert Hofstede)Individualism versus collectivismUncertainty avoidancePower distanceMasculinity versus femininityLong-term versus short-term orientation5. High & low context culturesAdding: from wikipediaLow context culture and the contrasting "high context culture" are terms presented by the anthropologist Edward T. Hall in his book Beyond Culture. Low context culture refers to a culture’s tendency not to cater towards in-groups. An "in-group" is defined by the authors as being a discrete group having similar experiences and expectations, from which, in turn, inferences are drawn. Low context cultures, such as Germany or the United States make much less extensive use of such similar experiences and expectations to communicate. Much more is explained through words or verbalization, instead of the context.High context culture and the contrasting "low context culture" are terms presented by the anthropologist Edward T. Hall in his 1976 book Beyond Culture. It refers to a culture's tendency to use high context messages over low context messages in routine communication. This choice of communication styles translates into a culture that will cater to in-groups, an in-group being a group that has similar experiences and expectations, from which inferences are drawn. In a high context culture, many things are left unsaid, letting the culture explain. Words and word choice become very important in higher context communication, since a few words can communicate a complex message very effectively to an in-group (but less effectively outside that group), while in a lower context culture, the communicator needs to be much more explicit and the value of a single word is less important.6. How is language related to culture?1)Culture and language are intertwined and shape each other.2)Culture influences language by way of symbols and rules for using those symbols, as well asour perceptions of the universe.3)All languages have social questions and information questions. The meaning comes out ofthe context, the cultural usage.4)Language reflects cultural values.5)Sometimes different cultures use identical words that have rather different meanings. Theresults can be humorous, annoying, or costly, depending on the circumstances.6)Even if two people from different cultures can speak a common language, they maymisinterpret the cultural signals.7)To summarize, in the culture itself, language-and-culture is embedded in cultural products,practices, perspectives, communities, and persons. One reflects the other, and they are best seem as joined. Language , as a product of culture, is infused with culture.7. The sapir-whort hypothesis8. Nonverbal communication (what)Nonverbal communication is usually understood as the process of communication through sending and receiving wordless,(mostly visual) messages between people. Messages can be communicated through gestures and touch, by body language or posture, by facial expression and eye contact. Nonverbal messages could also be communicated through material exponential; meaning, objects or artifacts (such as clothing, hairstyles or architecture). Speech contains nonverbal elements known as paralanguage, including voice quality, rate, pitch, volume, and speaking style, as well prosodic features such as rhythm, intonation, and stress. Likewise, written texts have nonverbal elements such as handwriting style, spatial arrangement of words, or the physical layout of a page. However, much of the study of nonverbal communication has focused on face-to-face interaction, where it can be classified into three principal areas: environmental conditions where communication takes place, physical characteristics of the communicators, and behaviors of communicators during interaction.I.e. voices, handshakes, hand gestures, eyes movement, face expressions (smile, laugh),touching behaviorIt is governed by culture.Functions: repeating, complementing, substituting, regulating, and contradicting.9. Social timethe peculiarities of the Past-Present-Future in social processes, and their unbreakable connection.10. Improving intercultural communication1)To begin with your own culture, regardless of what that culture might be.2)To identify those attitudes, prejudices, and opinions that we all carry around and that biasthe way the world appears to us.3)To learn to recognize your communication style.Advices:1)Both parties involved in intercultural communication should seek a common language andattempt to understand cultural differences in using the language.2)To develop empathy - be able to see things from the point of view of others so that we canbetter know and adjust to the other people.3)To be flexible when deciding on how to present yourself to another person.。

新编跨文化交际英语教程知识点梳理（实用版）目录1.新编跨文化交际英语教程的概念与目的2.跨文化交际的重要性3.新编跨文化交际英语教程的主要内容4.新编跨文化交际英语教程的特点与亮点5.新编跨文化交际英语教程的应用与实践正文一、新编跨文化交际英语教程的概念与目的新编跨文化交际英语教程是一本针对英语学习者的教材，旨在帮助学生更好地理解和应对跨文化交际中的各种问题。

该教程通过讲解文化、交际、语言以及跨文化交际等相关概念，使学生能够较为客观、系统、全面地认识英语国家的文化，从而提高跨文化交际能力。

二、跨文化交际的重要性随着全球化的不断深入，跨文化交际在我们的生活中扮演着越来越重要的角色。

对于英语学习者来说，掌握跨文化交际的能力不仅能够帮助他们更自信地与来自不同文化背景的人进行交流，还能够拓宽他们的国际视野，提高他们的综合素质。

三、新编跨文化交际英语教程的主要内容新编跨文化交际英语教程共分为 10 个单元，涵盖了全球化时代的交际问题、文化与交际、各类文化差异、语言与文化、跨文化言语交际、跨文化非言语交际、时间与空间使用上的文化、跨文化感知、跨文化适应、跨文化能力等各个方面。

每个单元都以阅读文章为主线，配有形式多样的练习和数量较多的案例分析，同时还提供丰富的相关文化背景知识材料，供选择使用，以满足不同的教学情境和需求。

四、新编跨文化交际英语教程的特点与亮点新编跨文化交际英语教程具有以下特点和亮点：1.实用性：教材选材广泛，包括了几十个实例，既有趣味性，又有实用性，能够帮助学生在实际交际中更好地运用所学知识。

2.系统性：教程对跨文化交际的各个方面进行了全面、深入的讲解，使学生能够系统地掌握跨文化交际的知识和技能。

3.灵活性：教材形式多样，既有阅读文章，又有练习和案例分析，能够满足不同学生的学习需求和教学情境。

4.丰富性：教材提供了丰富的相关文化背景知识材料，帮助学生更好地理解和感知英语国家的文化。

五、新编跨文化交际英语教程的应用与实践新编跨文化交际英语教程在实际应用中，可以通过以下方式进行实践：1.在课堂教学中，教师可以结合教材的内容，进行跨文化交际的讲解和训练，帮助学生提高跨文化交际能力。

U1:1.views on intercultural communicationTwo different views on intercultural communication: “people are people” VS. “contact is not equal to communication”2. 3 major socio-cultural elements influencing perception and communicationCultural value, world view , social organizations.3.What is globalization?Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the p eople, companies, and governments of different nations。

a process dri ven by international trade and investment and aided by information te chnology. This process has effects on the environment, on culture, on political systems, on economic development and prosperity, and on hu man physical well-being in societies around the world.4.What are the stumbling blocks in intercultural communication?(1)assumption of similiarities: people expect that simply being human and havingcommon requirements of food,shelter,security and so on makes everyone alike.(2)Language differences.: “yes”and “no” cause trouble.(3)Nonverbal misinterpretatons: misinterpretation of observable sians andsymbols—gesture ,postures, body movenment.(4)Preconceptions and stereotypes: Arabs are “inflammable”may causeU.S.students to keep their distance .(5)Tendence to evaluate: to approve or disapprove ,to statements and actions ofother person or group.(6)High anxiety/ tension.U2:1.What is culture?Culture is a very extensive concept, it is very difficult to define it strictly and accurately, because culture involves too much. Culture is a complex system of behavior, values, beliefs, traditions and artifacts, which is transmitted through generations.What are the five basic needs for human beings?(1)physiological needs (things that make us alive,food water air)(2)safety needs (physical safe and psychologicallly secure)(3)belongingness needs (needs tobe accepted by others and to belong to a group )(4)esteem needs ( recognition, reputation,self respect )(5)self-actualization needs (actualize onself and to reach one’s full potential) 2.What are values, attitudes, beliefs and behaviors? How are they linked? (1)Values are what people go to war over or conduct bussiness by. Values tell ushow to weigh the worth of something, they can indicate a relative hierarchy.(2)Attitudes are feelings about things .it is a tendency to respond the same wayto the same object or situation or idea. Attitudes is learned and can change.(3)Beliefs are convictions or certainties based on subjective and often personalideas rather than on proof or fact.(4)Links: values underlie attitudes and also shape beliefs. Attitudes are basedon beliefs as well as values.values enable us to evaluate what matters to usor apply standars to our attitudes and beliefs.value→ belief →attitude. For example , you have an attitude toward eating raw fish,which is positive and is based on the belief that expert prepararion of sushi and sashimi by Japanese chefs results in culinary delicacies ,or you have an attitude that is negative,based on the belief that raw fish can contain parasites that cause unpleasant consequences in the human digestive system. You can even have both attitudes at the same time.if you do ,then probably you value both fine eating experiences and physical health.3.What are the elements of communication?①context: physical setting, psychological ,historical,culture ,thecommunication norms②participants: senders who form messages and communicate with symbols,receiverswho process and react the massages.③Massages: meanings, symbols ,encodings and decodings④Channels :a variety of sensory channels⑤Noise ;internal external and semantic noise.⑥Feedback : the verbal and nonverbal responses4.What are norms?Norms are the guildelines that we establish for conducting transactions. Norms tell us what kinds of messages and behavior are proper in a given context or with a particular person or group of people. People acquire communication norms from their experiences in life.5.What is the difference between encoding and decoding?Encoding is the process of transforming ideas and feelings into symbols and organizing them. Decoding is the process of tansforminf meeages backe into ideas and feelings.Transforming and organizing Transforming and intepretingideas and feelings--------------------→symbols/massages------------→ideas and feelings↓↓Encoding decoding6.What is the difference between external noise, internal noise and semanticnoise?external noise : Sights and sounds and other stimuli in the environment that draw people’s attention away from intended meaning.internal noise : Thoughts and feelings that interfere with the communication process. Feelings of anger or anxiety ,stereotypeor prejudice in your mind.semantic noise: the meanings we assign to words depend on our own experience, other people may at times decode a word or phases differently from the way we intend.7.What is communication?Communication is a process involving the exchange of messages and the creation of meaning.U3:1.What are the five basic questions at the root of any culture’s value system?(1)what is the character of innate human nature?-----human nature(2)what is the relation of man to nature?------t he relationship of man to nature.(3)What is the temporal focus of human life?----sense of time /time orientation.(4)What is the mode of human activity?-------activity orientation.(5)What is the mode of human relationships?----social relationships2.What are the key principles of Confucianism?(1)social order and stability are based on uneqal relationships between peopleincluding leaders and followers ,father and son ,husband and wife , older brother and younger brother,and friends .(2)family :follow rules for ordering(3)proper social behavior consists of not treating others as you would not liketo be treated youself.,learn to be sensitive to other’s feels(子所不欲勿施于人)(4)people should be skilled ,educated hardworking,thrifty ,modest, patient andpersevering.3.How do living situations account for value differences between differentcultures?For example,Japanese live in a little of arable land ,even mainly valcanoes.thus,they built their homes together very closely in order to make use of every available land and they can work together in planting and harvesting of rice effectively . In this situation, japanenes’central social valuebecause of living close proximity that gave very little privacy was that an idividual does not matter. However, in the U.S. it is common to see a pattern of a single farmhouse surrounded by firelds.the nearnest neighbor was perhaphs two miles distant.inevitably, the central social values were self-reliance and independence.4.What are cultural values?The commonly held standards of what is acceptable or unacceptable, important or unimportant, right or wrong, good or bad, true or false, workable or unworkable, etc., in a community or society.Values represent a learned organization of rules for making choices and for resolving the conflicts.5.What are the five dimensions to consider when doing studies of culturaldifferences(culture value)?(1)Idividualism versus collectivism (involves people’s relationship stothe larger social groups;social relationship)Idividualism;key words include independence,privacy,self,and all important ICollectivism believe in obligations to the group, we consciouceness and an emphasis on belonging.(2)uncertainty avoidance(how to adapt to changes and cope withuncertainties,)Greece(plan everything0 versus Singapore (like uncertainty)(3)power distance(all people in a culture do not have equals levels ofstatus or social power.) Malaysia versus New Zealand(4)masculinity versus femininity(work harder to get achievement ,wealthversus caring for the others and the quatity of life) Japan versus Thailand(5)orientation to time (a long-term orientation schedule for work and lifeversus a short-term orientation toward changing events)6.What are the differences between a high-context culture and a low-context one? Low-context interaction emphasizes direct talk, person-oriented focus, self-enhancement mode, and the importance of “talk”: high- context interaction, in contrast stresses indirect talk, status-oriented focus , self- esffacement mode, and the importance of nonverbal signals and even silence.U4:1.What is the relationship between language and culture?Culture and language are interwined and shaped each other. Each time we select words ,form sentence, and send a message ,either oral or written,we also make cultural choices. Cultural literacy(特定领域的能力或知识) is necessary to understand the language being used.(1)all languages have social questions and information questions.For exemple: in Ameirca English ,the question “How are you”is a social question,the Americans register the phrase as “hello”. But in Germany and Russia ,the phase is an imformation qustion .the speaker atually wants to get an answer to it.(2) language reflects the environment in which we live .For exemple, in the Amazon area snow is not part of the environment. Therefore , people in that region do not have a word for snow . however , most Americans ,who live an environment where Iit snows most months of the year, use terms such as snow , sleet , slush, blizzard and ice.(3)language reflects cultural values. a way of thinking .when we translate concepts from a foreign language and cultural with words ,we have to choose the priority words in oder to communicate effectively. Cultural kowledge is impotant as linguistic knowledge.For example ,Amerians are frustrated with the manana mentality(西班牙语的明天心态) of Spanish-speaking countries : for American tomorrow means midnight to midnight ,a very precise time period , To Mexicans ,manana means in the future,soon. （4,）Different cutures use identical words that have rather different meanings. For example, for Amercans ,adminisration in the university context means department chair or dean,for Frenches adminisration means upper level clerical staff . What Americans consider to be an adminstrator, Frenches consider faulty.（5）language changes overtime.words and prases that are used commonly at one time may be discontinued or their meaning my change overtime.For example, the word gay means happy lightened. In recent decades ,however the word has taken on the meaning”homosexual”.English speaking countries do n’t use the original meaning anymore..Communication across cultures and language is difficult and full of hurdles and pitfalls. Even if two people from different countries spesk a common language ,they may misinteptet the cutural signal. If that happens ,in all likelihood , there will be a cutural problem rhather than a language problem.2.What is the relationship between environment and language?(2) language reflects the environment in which we live .For exemple, in the Amazon area snow is not part of the environment. Therefore , people in that region do not have a word for snow . however , most Americans ,who live an environment where Iit snows most months of the year, use terms such as snow , sleet , slush, blizzard and ice.3.How does language change over time?language changes overtime.words and prases that are used commonly at one time may be discontinued or their meaning my change overtime.For example, the word gay means happy lightened. In recent decades ,however the word has taken on the meaning”homosexual”.English speaking countries do n’t use the original meaning anymore..4.Denotations and connotationsDenotations: denotations of a word or phrase are the meanings that relate it to the objects or concepts referred to the actual or fictional “things”that are symbolized.For example, the denotation of the English word “bird”is a tow –legged,winged,egg-laying creature.Connnotations: connnotations refer to the additional meanings that a word or phrase has beyond its central meaning .These meanings show people’s attitudes or feelings toward what the word or phase refers to.For example: consider the word “dog” in English and 狗in Chinese. They can be said to have the same denotative meaning； however,people from different cutures may have different connotative reactions to these words ,compare “a homeless dog”(流浪狗) with 丧家之犬5.What are the ways of expressing “no”? Why do people in countries like Japanand China often refuse to say “no” directly?(1)be vague(2)be silent or ask a question(3)change the topic or leave(4)tell a white lie or refuse to answer the question. Say one cannot answer(5)put the reaponsibility to the trird party or offering an alternative.The reason: In Japan and China’s culture ,to refuse an invitation or request with“no”, or a similar phrase, is felt to be impolite. It is thought to be selfish and unfriendly.6.How does language affect people’s perception and experiences?The language we use may to some exten determine the way we perceive and experience the world.(!)in japan language varies substantially in different social situatons like sddressing superior peers and inferiors.(2) the Thailand language（3）splanish language reveals male dominance through use of gendered nouns and pronouce. A group of man referred to as ello, agroup of wemen referred to as ellas 7.What are the five intended types of equivalence when doing translation? (1)lexical equivalence 例子;there is no equivlent to the English color word bluein Russian. Russia only have the according words of light blue and dark blue that an be translated into English.(2)Idiomatic equivalence : “raining cats and dogs”(3)Grammatical equivalence ；’in Filipino language ,there is no equivalent of theenglish verb “to be”.(4)Experience equivalence(5)Conceptual equivalence8.Why do people say language is always ambiguous?(1)we can never fully control the meanings of the things we say and write in theway of paticipants interpret(2)language can never fully express our meanings whether in writing or speaking(3)whether the participants share the same assumptions and knowledge about the worldor not.U5:1.What is a rich point?Conversation is a rich point ,a rich point is something in one culture that makes it difficult to be connected with another culture.2.What basic differences can we still find between the English-speaking peopleand the Chinese people concerning compliment and response?In English countrries, the “best way “to respond to a compliment is to accept it. Rejection of compliments is often regarded as a symptom of problem, such as low self-esteem. In contrast to english ,the best way rasponse to compliments in Chinese is traditionally thought to be a rejection or denial. A denial is the routinized response to a compliment.3.What are the differences between “high involvement”style and “highconsiderateness” style?High involvement styles tend to : (1) talk more ；（2）interrupt more ; (30 expect to to be interrupted (4) talk more loudly at times and (5) talk more quickly than those from cultures favoring “high considerateness styles.High considerateness styles；(1) speak one at times (2)use polite listening sounds;(3) refrain from interrupting; and (4) give plenty of positive and respectful responsesto their conversation partners ;4.Directness & indirectness‘get to the point! Don’t beat around the bush” & have many ways to say “no”directly5.Different communication patternsPeople’s communication patterns differ the way people converse.Americans hold a conversation, it seems like they are having a PingPong game.one person has the ball and then hits it to the other side of the table. The other player hits the ball back the game continutesJapanes conversationstyle is like a bowling game,answer to questions are carefully thought out rather than blurted out ,enven long silences are tolerated. Give a answer to a question must be given enough time .6.Cross-cultural verbal communication stylesOur verbal communication styles reflects our cultural and personal values and sentiments.(1)diect and indirect verbal interaction styles,in the direct verbal styles,statements clearly reveal the speaker’s intention. Say what you mean “don no beat around the bush(2)person-oriented(treat other people with casualness and informality )andstatus-oriented verbal styles(uphold formality in the human relationship) (3)self-enhancement (boast one’s accomplishments and ablilities) andself-oriented verbal styles (signal modesty or humanity)7.What cultural implications are there underlying the difference betweenspeaker-responsibility and listener-responsibility in organizational structure?187In Speaker-responsible language, the speaker provides the structure and therefore much of the specific meaning of the statement. Because the speaker want to tell the listener exactly what is goning to be talked about,and what the speaker wants the listener to know. Prior knowledge of the speaker’s intent is necessary.In listener-responsible language, speakers need to indicate only indirectly what they are discussing. The listener is forced to construct the meaning and usually does so ,based on shared kownledge between the speaker and the listener.U6:1.Values shown in nonverbal communication: intonation, body language (handmovement, eye contact, smile, touch)2.Baptics (touch)There are many kinds of touch to commonly used in the western world. The study of how we use touch in communication is called baptic.3.Gender and nonverbal communicationWhat we know as gender is a set of “acts” or social performences that people arerepearedly compelled to enact.Touch, in the us,wemen friends and relatives may walk arm-in-arm, dance together and hug one another .touch between heterosexual males is generally more restricted. Height ,height equels power and wemen are not supposed to be more powerful than man, taller women may attempt to diminsh themselves,so as to retreat as little space as possible.Gaze, looking directly into person’s eyes can connote an aggressive threat, a sexual invitation,or a desire for honest and open communication. in some culture, children are taught that to look adults in the eyes is a sign of disrespect. In mixed-sex paries,women are more likely than men to avert their eyes.Gesture and demeanor ,or “act like a lady”.Artifactual (objects)message , when worn ,they have beed used to signify a wear’s gender, culture, and socioeconomic class. From the moment at which families or hospital assign infants pink or blue blankets,artifacts annouce and contribute to the shaping of children’s experience of gender.. maant of us have our notions of masculine and femininity resting on the nonverbal message we display.4.Functions of nonverbal communicationOur nonverbal communication haves many uses and functions in communication. Repeating: a nonverbal message can repeat a verbal one. Eg; place fingers to his lips to mean “stop”Complementing : using of the voice and facial expression to express appology. Subsituting, regulating ,contradictiing5.ParalanguageParalanguage (辅助性语言) lies between verbal and nonverbal communication. It involves sounds but not words. (语音和语调，感叹词的使用，美国中的插入语：you know ,okay, well ,the wors simply build a bridge to what the speaker says next. U7:1.Private space & public space2.Conversational distance3.The layout of a city reflects its social structure and cultural values.美国 NewYork is arrranged in a grid pattern of right-angled street,any corner can becomen a center ,reflect more equality and independence.French is star pattern everthing should be surrounded the center of highly centrealized government.4. 3 perspectives on a culture’s conception of time(1)Informal time :,conception of late and attitutude to the conversation time.(2)Past ,present ,and future: behavior and time are linked.Chinese proverb ；consider the past and you will know the present.Americans are constanly planning for the future.(3)monochronic and polychronicM-time people: do one thing at atime ,concentrate on the job,take the deadline,schedules seriously , adhere to plans,show great respect for privacy. P-time people；do many things at once ,change the plans ofen easily and often, 5.German use of space美国与德国的比较， germans sense their own space as an extension of the egoU8:1.perceptions/images related to the term “gaijin” in Japaneseblond hair and blue eyes outgoning.2.ethnocentrism & ethnorelativismethnocentrism (民族中心主义)is nagetively judging aspects of another culture by the standars of one’s own culture. It is the technical name for the view of things in whivh one’s own group is the center of everything,and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it.Ethnorelativism involves the view that all cultures areof equal value and the values and behaviors of a culture can only be judged using that culture as a frame of reference..no one cultural trait is right or wrong ,it is merely diferent from alternative cultural traits.3.stereotype : a tereotype is over simplified idea about a person ,group,.culturalstereotype about americans “we and they “.many american view jew and arab asa menace and demon and they may avoid to talk to them and escape them when theymeet them on the way.4.What is perception? The three-step process of perceptionPerception is the means by which you make sense of your physical and social world.(1)selection,(2) organazation (3)interpretation5.What are cultural patterns?6.Racial prejudice7.the 3 ways in which stereotypes are formed(1)we may categorize people or things by the most obvious characteristics theypossess.(2)We may apply a set of characteristics to a whole group of people..(3)We may give the same treatment to each member of the group.8.the 4 dimensions of stereotypesA rereotype is an overgeneralized and oversimplified belief we use to categorize a group of people.（1）direction (positive or negative statements, american honest, ambitious) （2）intensity ： the strenth of a belief about agroup of people（3）accuracy(4)content9.What is prejudice? The five common forms of prejudiceAn attitude based on erroneous beliefs or preconceptions is called prejudice. Vebal abuse,. Physical avoidance, discrimination, physical attack and massacre. U9:1.What is cultural shock? What are the symptoms?cultural shock refers to the transition period and the accompanying feelings of stress and anxiety a person experiences during the early period unpon entering a new culture.(1)physiological such as headache and sleeplessness(2)emotional such as anxiety,and feeling helpless and loneliness(3)communication such as frustration and excessive complainting,withdrawal fromrelationship and conversation.2.model that explains the normal cycles or stages of early adaptation and cultureshockpredeparture stage :everything is beatiful ,awful, okadaption and reentry3.What is reverse culture shock?The shock suffered by expatriates returning home after lengthy overseas assignments. It is caused by the fact that the cultural norms of the ex-pat's overseas assignment become natural to them, over their home country's own traditions and customs.suggestions for culture shock adaptationcontrol emotion be patient meet people try new things give youself period of rest and thought, work on your self-concept observe bady language ,learn the verbal language4. 2 major views of culture shock: the disease view (hepless victim leave the cuturequickly)& self-awareness view (positive learning experience)5.positive cross-cultural learning experiences6.overcoming ethnocentrism in communication7.Who are “sojourners”? What is cross-cultural adaptation? What are challengesto sojourner adaptation?People who cross cultural boundaries are referred to as sojourners.including immigrants ,refugees ,studentsCross-cutural adaptation refers to how a sojourner chooses to cope with cutural changes.Challenges to sojourner adaptation include ethnocentrism, language barriers, disequilibrium(fit into the host culture0，length of stay, level of knowledge 8.key qualities of a mindful state of being(`1) creation of new categories (2)openness to new information (3)awareness of more than one perspective.U101.betweenness of identity2.metaphors of US cultural diversity3.steps to improve intercultural communication4.attributes of a competent intercultural communicator5. 3 cognitive processes of perceptiondescription, interpretation, evaluation。