2013年厦门大学806宏、微观经济学考研试题(回忆版)

2013年厦门大学806宏、微观经济学考研真题微观80名解 4 4=161.替代效应2.规模经济3.纳什均衡4.简答 3 8=241.一个消费者月汽油消费为1000元，假设现在汽油价格上涨了一倍，但其他商品价格没有变化，同时其工作单位为其增加了月汽油补贴1000元，请问该消费者的状况是变好了，还是变差了？请画图解释。

2.假设中国进口汽车，且中国汽车生产和消费不影响国际市场的汽车价格。

若计算 2 10=201.假设消费者消费衣服C和面包F，其效应函数为U(F,C)= ，衣服个面包的价格分别为Pc=140,Pf=5,消费者收入I=100.（1）.求消费者衣服和面包的消费量，面包价格的变化会影响消费者衣服的消费行为吗？（2）.假设衣服价格不变，面包价格上涨至Pf=10,为了让这个消费者生活，ZF 应该给他多少收入补贴？2.A企业主要生产矿泉水，其所在的市场为完全市场，A的短期成本函数为C（q）=20+5q+q2,其中20为企业固定成本。

（1）.请推导出A企业的短期供给曲线（2）？（3）.？论述 2 10=201.在竞争性市场中，对生产者征收从价税对消费者，生产者，ZF和社会带来怎样的福利影响？此时最终的税负如何在消费者和生产者中进行分配？这种分配比例由什么决定？画图并结合图形说明。

2.这道题讲的啥京都议定书宏观70名解4 4=161.欧拉定理2.货币政策的动态不一致性3.奥肯定律4.简答3 8=241.什么是凯恩斯的消费函数之谜？生命周期假说与持久收入假说是如何对其进行解释的？2.小型开放经济中，在固定汇率和浮动汇率下，扩张性财政政策的效应有何不同？3.假设银行某些规定的变动扩大了信用卡的可获得性，（1）请问货币需求如何变动？（2）?（3）？计算2 8=161.在索洛增长模型（SOLOW，model）中，假设生产函数为科布道格拉斯函数，Y=KaL1-a,已知n,g,s,a(1)写出生产函数的简约形式y=f(k),其中y为人均产出，k为人均资本存量。

2016年厦门大学806宏、微观经济学考研真题（回忆版）
机密★启用前和使用过程中
厦门大学2016年招收攻读硕士学位研究生
入学考试试题
科目代码： 806
科目名称：宏、微观经济学
招生专业：经济学院、公共政策研究所、南洋研究院、台湾研究院各相关专业
考生须知：答题书写须使用黑（蓝）色字迹钢笔、签字笔或圆珠笔；各类答案（包括选择题、填空题）均必须写在答题纸上规定处，不得直接在试卷（试题纸）或草稿纸上作答；
凡未按上述规定作答均不予评阅、判分、后果考生自负。

《微观经济学》（共80分）
一、名词解释总分值：16分每小题4分
1．恩格尔曲线
2．沉没成本
3．两部收费制
4．公共资源
二、简单题总分值：24分每小题8分
1．什么是替代品，互补品。

他们对于价格变化的研究有何启示2．经济租和生产者剩余异同
3．对垄断厂商征收数量税，垄断价格幅度为单位商品税收额，判断对错，并说明理由
三、计算题总分值：20分每小题10分
1．征税对消费者和生产者的影响，分析生产者剩余和消费者剩余变化和政府税收收入
2．斯塔克博格和古诺模型的计算
四、分析题总分值：20分每小题10分。

厦门大学2012年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题科目代码：806科目名称：宏、微观经济学招生专业：经济学院、南洋研究院、台湾研究院各相关专业考生须知：答题必须使用黑（蓝）色墨水（圆珠）笔；不得在试题（草稿）纸上作答；凡未按规定作答均不予评阅、判分。

《微观经济学》（共80分）一、名词解释总分值：16分每小题分值：4分1. 可竞争市场（contestable market）2. 一级价格歧视（first-degree price discrimination）3. 非竞争性产品（nonrival good）4. 合作博弈（cooperative game）二、简答题总分值：24分每小题分值：8分1. 试画出这样一条效用函数曲线：对于小额赌博，它显示的是风险偏好行为；而对于大额赌博，它显示的是风险规避行为。

2. 经济利润和生产者剩余之间有什么不同？3. 我们知道，在寡头垄断市场中，如果采取价格竞争手段，则率先定价的寡头一般存在先发劣势。

请解释：为什么在碳酸饮料市场中，可口可乐公司总是乐于率先定价。

三、计算题 总分值：20分 每小题分值：10分1. 厂商在两个分离的市场上销售产品，它们的需求曲线分别是11105Q P -=和222.060Q P -=，厂商的边际成本为15=MC 元。

（1）如果厂商实行价格歧视，试求两个市场上的价格、销售量与相应的利润，此时厂商的总利润是多少？（2）如果厂商实行统一价格，此时利润最大化的价格、销售量与利润分别是多少？2. 已知商品X 的生产函数为6.04.05K L X =，而商品Y 的生产函数为5.05.04K L Y =，若社会上有劳动力100=L ，资本200=K ，且只生产商品X 和Y ，试问：该社会的生产契约曲线是什么？四、分析题 总分值：20分 每小题分值：10分1. 我国目前的商品房交易中，普遍存在对商品房质量的信息不对称现象，即房地产开发商对商品房质量的了解程度比购房者多。

厦门大学网络教育微观经济学带答案第一篇：厦门大学网络教育微观经济学带答案厦门大学网络教育2012－2013学年第二学期《微观经济学（本科）》课程复习题一、单选题1.需求曲线的位置由下列那种因素决定（A）A.商品的价格；B.生产要素价格；C.供给时间；D.厂商预期2.随着工资水平的提高，劳动的供给量会(B)A.一直增加B.先增加后减少C.先减少后增加D.增加到一定程度后既不增加也不减少3.以下哪项不是完全竞争市场的特点（A）A.商品有差别B.信息传输完全C.资源自由流动D.商品可替代4.总成本曲线(TC)与可变总成本曲线(TVC)之间的垂直距离(C)。

A.随产量减少而递减B.等于平均固定成本(AFC)C.等于固定总成本(TFC)D.等于边际成本(MC)5.等成本曲线围绕着它与纵轴（Y）的交点逆时针移动表明(C)。

A.生产要素Y的价格上升了B.生产要家X的价格上升了C.生产要素X的价格下降了D.生产要素Y的价格下降了6.在短期中，当边际成本曲线位于平均成本曲线上方时：(B)A.平均成本是递减的B.平均成本是递增的C.边际成本是递减的D.边际成本保持不变7.某种商品的需求缺乏弹性而供给富有弹性，如果对该商品征税，那么税收（BA.主要由生产者承担B.主要由消费者承担C.由生产者和消费者平均分摊D.全部由生产者承担8.以下问题中哪一个不是微观经济学所考察的问题?(B)A.一个厂商的产出水平B.失业率的上升或下降C.某一行业中雇佣工人的数量D.联邦货物税的高税率对货物销售的影响9.从长期来看，下列成本范畴不存在的是（D）。

A.TCB.VCC.AVCD.AFC10.消费者的预算线反映了(A)A.消费者的收入约束B.消费者的偏好C.消费者的需求D.消费者效用最大化状态）11.对于边际报酬的递增阶段，STC曲线(C)A.以递增的速率上升B.以递增的速率下降C.以递减的速率上升D.以递减的速率下降12.完全竞争市场的厂商短期供给曲线是指(D)。

《微观经济学》经济学院名次解释：1、外部性（externality）（2011）2、正常品（normal good）（2011）3、掠夺性定价（predatory pricing）（2011）4、沉淀成本（sunk cost）（2011）5、可竞争市场(Contestable market)(2012)6、一级价格歧视（first-degree price discrimination)(2012)7、非竞争性产品（nonrival good)(2012)8、合作博弈（cooperative game）(2012)9、套利（arbitrage）(2010)10、勒纳指数（Lerner Index）(2010)11、以牙还牙策略（Tit-for-Tit Strategy)(2010)12、范围经济（Economies of Scale)(2010)13、劣等品（inferior good）（2009）14、风险溢价（risk premium）（2009）15、恩格尔曲线（Engel curve）（2009）16、规模报酬递增（increasing returns to scale）（2009）17、比较优势(Comparative advantage)(2008）18、纳什均衡（Nash equilibrium)(2008）（2006）19、范围不经济（diseconomies of scope)(2008）20、消费者剩余（consumer surplus）(2008）（2006）21、边际报酬递减规律（2006）22、生产可能性边界（the production possibilities frontier）（2006）23、自然垄断（natural monopoly）(2006）24、消费者剩余（consumer's surplus)(2006）25、科斯定理（Coase theorem)(2006）简答题：1、假设一个偏远小镇上只有一家私人诊所，该诊所可以实行三级价格歧视(third-degree price discrimination)吗？为什么？（2011）2、为什么短期平均成本曲线和长期平均成本曲线都呈U型？（2011）3、“出于契约曲线上的所有点都是有效率的，因此从社会的观点来看它们都是同样理想的。

1.假设宝马能够以常数边际成本15000美元和2000万美元的固定成本生产任意数量的汽车。

你被要求关于宝马应该给在欧洲市场的销售和在美国市场的销售定什么价格和数量给CEO提供咨询意见。

各市场对宝马的需求由以下式子列出：Q E=18000-400P E Q U=5500-100P U式中，下别E代表欧洲，U代表美国，而所有价格和成本都以1000美元计。

假设宝马能够将美国的销售限制于只有宝马授权的经销商做。

（1）厂商在各市场应该销售多少宝马以及各个市场的价格为多说？总利润为多少？（2）如果宝马被迫在各个市场定相同的价格，在各个市场销售的数量是多少？均衡价格是多少？公司利润是多少？2.假定一个垄断厂商面临的需求曲线为：P=10-3Q，成本函数为TC=Q2+2Q（1）求利润极大时的产量、价格和利润（2）如果政府企图对该垄断厂商采取限价措施迫使其达到完全竞争行业所能到达的产量水平，则限价应该是多少？（3）如果政府打算对该垄断厂商生产的每单位产品征收从量税1单位，新的均衡点利润如何？3.某产品的需求曲线为Q=10-P,供给企业的成本函数为c=q2+1。

试问：（1）设有n个企业参与市场，求竞争均衡时价格、各企业产量关于n的关系式。

（2）求竞争均衡时的最大的企业参与数（3）求n个企业达成Cournot均衡时的价格、各企业产量关于n的关系式。

（4）求Courtnot均衡时最大的企业参与数。

4.有两个厂商（厂商1和厂商2）通过选择价格竞争，他们的需求曲线是：厂商1需求曲线：Q1=20-2P1+P2厂商2需求曲线：Q2=20+P1-2P2式中，P1和P2分别是两厂商所定的价格，Q1和Q2则是相应的需求，（注意：对各产品的需求只取决于他们的价格差，如果两厂商串通并定相同的价格，他们可以把价格定在任意的高度，并赚到无限的利润）。

边际成本为零；Q=Q1+Q2，π=π1+π2（1）设两厂商同时决定他们的价格。

求出相应的纳什均衡。

《宏观经济学》经济学院名词解释：1.GDP平减指数（2012）2.基础货币（2012）3.效率工资（2012）4.皮鞋成本（shoe leather cost）（2012）5.周期性失业（cyclical unemployment）（2011）6.李嘉图等价（ricardian equivalence）（2011）7.费雪效应（fisher effect）（2011）8.货币幻觉（money illusion）（2011）9.持久收入假说（2009）10.非自愿失业（2009）11.利率平价（2009）12.财政扩张的挤出效应（2009）13.庇古效应（2010）14.流动偏好理论（2010）15.实际经济周期理论（2010）16.卢卡斯批评（2010）17.流动性偏好（2007）18.总需求曲线（2007）19.债务-通货紧缩理论（2007）20.自然失业率（2007）21.国内生产总值（GDP）（2008）22.货币中性（neutrality of money）（2008）23.自动稳定器（automatic stabilizer）（2008）24.前后不一致性（time inconsistency）（2008）25.投资的q理论（2006）26.通货膨胀税（2006）27.自动稳定器（2006）简答题1.为什么摩擦性失业不可避免？政府如何降低摩擦性失业的数量？（2012）2.内生增长理论如何在没有外生技术进步的假设的情况下解释长期经济增长？这种解释与索洛模型solow model有什么不同？（2012）3.考察资本完全流动的小型开放经济。

在固定和浮动汇率制度下，中央银行的公开市场操作都是一种能够稳定产出的有效工具。

这一说法是否正确？请给出简要解释。

（2012）4.在什么情况下降低通货膨胀而不引起衰退是可能的？（2011）5.索洛（solow）增长理论得出，储蓄只能够带来经济的暂时增长，而内生增长理论得出储蓄能够引起经济的长期增长。

厦门大学真题2013年(总分100,考试时间90分钟)Part Ⅰ V ocabulary and StructureDirections: There are 30 sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that **pletes the sentence or substitute the underlined expression.1. ______ one time, Manchester was the home of the most productive cotton mills in the world.A. OnB. ByC. AtD. Of2. If **e to Tokyo, I can put you ______ in an apartment near my company.A. acrossB. downC. outD. up3. It seems oil ______ from this pipe for some time. We'll have to take the machine apart to put it right.A. had leakedB. is leakingC. leakedD. has been leaking4. He will agree to do what you require ______ him.A. ofB. fromC. toD. for5. Though he was born and brought up in America, he can speak ______ Chinese.A. fluidB. smoothC. fluentD. flowing6. We look forward to ______ to the opening ceremony.A. inviteB. be invitedC. having been invitedD. being invited7. If people feel hopeless, they don't bother to ______ the skills they need to succeed.A. adoptB. acquireC. accumulateD. assemble8. Professor Wang, ______ for his informative lectures, was warmly received by his students.A. knowingB. knownC. to be knownD. having known9. She just had no faith in me. It was William ______ she still had her faith.A. thatB. whoC. whomD. in whom10. The conference ______ a full week by the time it ends.A. must have lastedB. will have lastedC. would lastD. has lasted11. "Bob certainly has a low opinion of Sue. " "It can't be any worse than ______ of him. "A. herB. hersC. sheD. she does12. The woman has not yet ______ the loss of her son.A. got upB. got byC. got overD. got round13. Eighty percent of mothers cradle their ______ in their left arms, holding them against the left side of their bodies.A. infantsB. hosesC. handkerchiefsD. fences14. The explorers came forward with gifts of ducks and flour-cakes and ______ troughs of water for the horses to drink.A. held inB. held withC. held underD. held up15. He likes to take a hand in everything, even those that hardly concern him.A. offer help toB. get mixed up inC. have a part inD. make a fuss over16. A ______ examination for the post of department manager will be held next Tuesday.A. classifyingB. comparingC. contrastingD. competitive17. Mother was so weak after her operation that the doctors wondered if they would be able to ______ her through.A. pullB. cureC. pushD. save18. Go and see what your mother is ______ now.A. forB. atC. aboutD. busy19. With three young children to take care of, Cathy is kept on the run every minute of the day.A. walkingB. at full speedC. busyD. on foot20. Since his retirement, Peter Smith, who was ______ a teacher, has written four novels.A. latelyB. usuallyC. formerlyD. already21. We must ______ on our reputation to expand the business.A. improveB. buildC. developD. weigh22. ______ it or not, his discovery has created a stir in scientific circles.A. BelieveB. To believeC. BelievingD. Believed23. ______ does business with that fellow is bound to lose money.A. WhoeverB. WhoC. No matter whoD. However24. Ann never dreams of ______ for her to be sent abroad very soon.A. there being a chanceB. there to be a chanceC. there be a chanceD. being a chance25. Frequently single-parent children ______ some of the functions that the absent adult in the house would have served.A. take offB. take afterC. take inD. take on26. Whenever a **pany ______ a small one, the product almost always gets worse.A. gets on withB. cuts downC. takes overD. puts up with27. Samuel was obliged to compromise on lesser questions.A. **pelledB. was delightedC. was preparedD. was only too ready28. Children tend to ______ while playing, even if they make a promise before.A. lose all count of timeB. keep all count of timeC. be aware of the passage of timeD. waste time29. A survey was carried out on the death rate of new-horn babies in that region, ______ were surprising.A. as resultsB. which resultsC. the results of itD. the results of which30. Our manager is so ______ in his thinking, he never listens to new ideas.A. stiffB. rigidC. tenseD. tightPart Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: There are 3 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D.Statuses are marvelous human inventions that enable us to get along with one another and to determine where we "fit" in society. As we go about our everyday lives, we mentally attempt to place people in terms of their statuses. For example, we must judge whether the person in the library is a reader or a librarian, whether the telephone caller is a friend or a salesman, whether the unfamiliar person on our property is a thief or a meter reader, and so on.The statuses we assume often vary with the people we encounter, and change throughout life. Most of us can, at very high speed, assume the statuses that various situations require. Much of social interaction consists of identifying and selecting among appropriate statuses and allowing other people to assume their statuses in relation to us. This means that we fit our actions to those of other people based on a constant mental process of appraisal and interpretation. Although some of us find the task more difficult than others, most of us perform it rather effortlessly.A status has **pared to ready-made clothes. Within certain limits, the buyer can choose style and fabric. But an American is not free to choose the costume of a Chinese peasant or that of a Hindu prince. We must choose from among the clothing presented by our society. Furthermore, our choice is limited to a size that will fit, as well as by our pocketbook. Having made a choicewithin these limits we can have certain alterations made, hut apart from minor adjustments, we tend to be limited to what the stores have on their racks. Statuses **e ready made, and the range of choice among them is limited.1. In the first paragraph, the writer tells us that statuses can help us ______.A. determine whether a person is fit for a certain jobB. behave appropriately in relation to other peopleC. protect ourselves in unfamiliar situationsD. make friends with other people2. According to the writer, people often assume different statuses ______.A. in order to identify themselves with othersB. in order to better identify othersC. as their mental processes changeD. as the situation changes3. The word "appraisal" (Sentence 4, Paragraph 2) most probably means ______.A. involvementB. appreciationC. assessmentD. presentation4. In the last sentence of the second paragraph, the pronoun "it" refers to "______".A. fitting our actions to those of other people appropriatelyB. identification of other people's statusesC. selecting one's own statusesD. constant mental process5. By saying that "an American is not free to choose the costume of a Chinese peasant or that of a Hindu prince" (Sentence 3, Paragraph 3), the writer means ______.A. different people have different styles of clothesB. ready-made clothes may need alterationsC. **e ready made just like clothesD. our choice of statuses is limitedHumanity uses a little less than half the water available worldwide. Yet occurrences of shortages and droughts are causing famine and distress in some areas, and industrial and agricultural by-products are polluting water supplies. Since the world's population is expected to double in the next 50 years, many experts think we are on the edge of a widespread water crisis.But that doesn't have to be the outcome. Water shortages do not have to trouble the world—if we start valuing water more than we have in the past. Just as we began to appreciate petroleum more after the 1970s oil crises, today we must start looking at water from a fresh economic perspective. We can no longer afford to consider water a virtually free resource of which we can use as much as we like in any way we want.Instead, for all used except the domestic demand of the poor, governments should price water to reflect its actual value. This means charging a fee for the water itself as well as for the supply costs.Governments should also protect this resource by providing water in more economically and environmentally sound ways. For example, often the cheapest way to provide irrigation water in the dry tropics is through small-scale projects, such as gathering rainfall in depressions and pumping it to nearby cropland.No matter what steps governments take to provide water more efficiently, they must change their institutional and legal approaches to water use. Rather than spread control among hundreds or even thousands of local, regional, and national agencies that watch various aspects of water use, countries should set up central authorities to coordinate water policy.6. What is the real cause of the potential water crisis?A. Only half of the world's water can be used.B. The world population is increasing faster and faster.C. Half of the world's water resources have been seriously polluted.D. Humanity has not placed sufficient value on water resources.7. As indicated in the passage, the water problem ______.A. is already serious in certain parts of the worldB. has been exaggerated by some experts in the fieldC. poses a challenge to the technology of building reservoirsD. it underestimated by government organizations at different levels8. According to the author, the water price should ______.A. be reduced to the minimumB. stimulate domestic demandC. correspond to its real valueD. take into account the occurrences of droughts9. The author says that in some hot and dry areas it is advisable to ______.A. build big lakes to store waterB. construct big pumping stationsC. build small and cheap irrigation systemsD. channel water from nearby rivers to cropland10. In order to raise the efficiency of the water supply, measures should be taken to ______.A. guarantee full protection of the environmentB. centralize the management of water resourcesC. increase the sense of responsibility of agencies at all levelsD. encourage local and regional protection of water resourcesEvery night she listened to her father going around the house, locking the doors and windows. She listened, the back door closed; she could hear the fastener of the kitchen window's click, and the restless pad of his feet going back to try the front door. It wasn't only the outside doors he locked; he locked the empty kitchen too. He was looking something out, but obviously it was something capable of entering into his first defenses. He raised his second line all the way up to bed.In fourteen years, she thought unhappily, the house will be his; he had paid twentyfive pounds down and the rest he was paying month by month as rent. "Of course," he was in the habit of saying, "I've improved the property." "Yes," he repeated, "I've improved the property," looking around for a nail to drive in, a weed to uproot. It was more than a sense of property; it was a sense of honesty. Some people who bought their homes through the society let them go to rack and ruin and then cleared out.She stood with her ear against the wall, a small, dark, angry, immature figure. There was no more to be heard from the other room; but in her inner ear she still heard the footsteps of aproperty owner, the tap-tap of a hammer, the scrape of a spade, the whistle of radiator steam, a key turning, a bolt pushed home, the little busy sounds of men building barriers. She stood planning.11. Which of the following is TRUE of the father in the passage?A. He thought a lot about his daughter's future.B. He saved a lot of money for his daughter.C. He thought that he was secure.D. He avoided his neighbors on purpose.12. From the passage we can see that the father is ______.A. kind to his daughter and neighborsB. cruel to his daughter and neighborsC. systematical in his actionsD. careful about his appearance13. According to the passage, the daughter's attitude toward his father is of ______.A. slight dislikeB. great disapprovalC. strong loveD. grateful acceptance14. Which of the following feelings is conveyed in the passage?A. Tenseness.B. Peace.C. Nervousness.D. Happiness.15. All of the following are true EXCEPT that ______.A. the father built his defenses carefullyB. some property owners let their homes go worseC. the daughter was thin and very youngD. the father punished the girl when she was youngSection BDirections: In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 1～5, choose the most suitable one from the list A～E to fit into each of the numbered blank.Where Is the News Leading Us?Not long ago I was asked to join in a public symposium on the role of the American press. Two other speakers were included on the program. The first was a distinguished TV anchorman. The other was the editor of one of the nation's leading papers, a newsman to the core-tough, aggressive, and savvy in the ways and means of solid reporting.The purpose of the symposium, as I understood it, was to scrutinize the obligations of the media and to suggest the best ways to meet those obligations.(1) . Why, he asked, are the newspapers and television news programs so disaster-prone? Why are newsmen and women so attracted to tragedy, violence, failure?The anchorman and editor reacted as though they had been blamed for the existence of bad news. Newsmen and newswomen, they said, are only responsible for reporting the news, not for creating it or modifying it.(2) . The gentleman who had asked it was not blaming them for the distortions in the world. He was just wondering why distortions are most reported. The news media seem to operate on thephilosophy that all news is bad news. Why? Could it be that the emphasis on downside news is largely the result of tradition—the way newsmen and newswomen are accustomed to respond to daily events?(3) . News is supposed to deal with happenings of the past 12 hours—24 hours at most. Anything that happens so suddenly, however, is apt to be eruptive. A sniper kills some pedestrians;a terrorist holds 250 people hostage in a plane; OPEC announces a 25 percent increase in petroleum prices; Great Britain devalues by another 10 percent; a truck conveying radioactive wastes collides with a mobile cement mixer.(4) . Civilization is a lot more than the sum total of its catastrophes. The most important ingredient in any civilization is progress. But progress doesn't happen all at once. It is not eruptive. Generally, it comes in bits and pieces, very little of it clearly visible at any given moment, but all of it involved in the making of historical change for the better.It is this aspect of living history that most news reporting reflects inadequately. The result is that we are under informed about positive developments and over informed about disasters. This, in turn, leads to a public mood of defeatism and despair, which in themselves tend to be inhibitors of progress. An unrelieved diet of eruptive news depletes the essential human energies a free society needs. (5) .I am not suggesting that "positive" news be contrived as an antidote to the disasters on page one. Nor do I define positive news as in-depth reportage of functions of the local YMCA. What I am trying to get across is the notion that the responsibility of the news media is to search out and report on important events—whether or not **e under the heading of conflict, confrontation, or catastrophe. The world is a **bination of heaven and hell, and both sectors call for attention and scrutiny.A. Focusing solely on these details, however, produces a misshapen picture.B. Perhaps it would be useful here to examine the way we define the word news, for this is where the problem begins.C. A mood of hopelessness and cynicism is hardly likely to furnish the energy needed to meet serious challenges.D. During the open-discussion period, a gentleman in the audience addressed a question to my two colleagues.E. It didn't seem to me that the newsmen had answered the question.1.2.3.4.5.Part Ⅲ Short Answer QuestionsDirections: Read the following passage and then give short answers to the five questions. Surveys have shown that most football and basketball injuries involve the knee, either throughtwisting or through application of lateral force. Surgery for such injuries has become much simpler with the invention of a thin device containing a fiber optics light that can be inserted into a thin slit in the knee. Repair can be accomplished through this narrow opening. Long-distance runners also suffer knee injuries, but a **mon problem for runners is stress fracture, which is a weakening of the front of the shinbone caused by overuse, with pain and possible bone cracking as the result. Ligament tears are **mon in gymnastics. Almost all these conditions heal with rest. Prevention of injuries depends primarily on good conditioning. Athletes are also protected by the use of better padding materials and of face masks and eye protectors in rough sports.The improper or illegal use of drugs and substances for the temporary improvement of athletic performance in competitions has been a frequent subject of inquiry since the 1960s, when drug misuse by athletes to gain an unfair advantage began to rise dramatically. Anabolic steroids supposedly improve strength and endurance, but they can also have harmful side effects as liver damage. Tests for drugs such as heroin and other stimulants were introduced at the Olympic Games in 1968. Anabolic steroids were not banned until 1974, when a suitable test was developed. The illegality of some drugs has not been accepted by a number of other international and national amateur athletic federations, for reasons including testing uncertainties, doubts about banning certain medicinal substances or common drugs such as caffeine, and simple lack of concern. Controversy has also arisen over the legality of the practice of "blood doping," in which an athlete receives a blood transfusion just before an event. The resulting increase in red blood cells apparently increases the athlete's aerobic power.1. In addition to knee injuries, what will also heal with rest?2. What does the word "slit" in Pars. 1 most probably mean?3. When were the tests for drugs used at the Olympic Games?4. According to the passage, drug misuse by athletes is considered as ______.5. Controversy arises over the illegality of **mon drugs due to ______.Part Ⅳ English-Chinese TranslationDirections: Read the passage carefully and translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.Doing a PhD is certainly not for everybody, and I do not recommend it for most people. However, I am really glad I got my PhD rather than just getting a job after finishing my Bachelor's. The number one reason is that I learned a hell of a lot doing the PhD, and most of the things I learned I would never get exposed to in a typical software engineering job. (1) The process of doing a PhD trains you to do research, to read research papers, to run experiments, to write papers, to give talks. It also teaches you how to figure out what problem needs to be solved. You gain a very sophisticated technical background doing the PhD, and having your work subject to the intense scrutiny of the academic peer-review process—not to mention your **mittee.I think of the PhD a little like the Grand Tour, a tradition in the 16th and 17th centuries where youths would travel around Europe, getting a rich exposure to high society in France, Italy, and Germany, learning about art, architecture, language, literature, fencing, riding—all of the essential liberal arts that a gentleman was expected to have experience with to be an influential member ofsociety. Doing a PhD is similar. You get an intense exposure to every subfield of Computer Science, and have to become the leading world's expert in the area of your dissertation work. (2) The top PhD programs set an incredibly high bar. a lot of coursework, teaching experience, qualifying exams, a thesis defense, and of course making a groundbreaking research contribution in your area. Having to go through this process gives you a tremendous amount of technical breadth and depth.Some important stuff I learned doing a PhD.How to read and critique research papers. As a grad student you have to read thousands of research papers, extract their main ideas, critique the methods and presentation, and synthesize their contributions with your own research. As a result you are exposed to a wide range of CS topics, approaches for solving problems, sophisticated algorithms, and system designs. This is not just about gaining the knowledge in those papers (which is pretty important), but also about becoming conversant in the scientific literature.How to write papers and give talks. Being fluent in **munications is a really important skill for engineers. I've noticed a big gap between the software engineers I've worked with who have PhDs and those who don't in this regard. (3) PhD-trained folks tend to give clear, well-organized talks and know how to write up their work and visualize the result of experiments. As a result they can be much more influential.How to run experiments and interpret the results: I can't overstate how important this is. A systems-oriented PhD requires that you run a zillion measurements and present the results in a way that is both bullet-proof to peer-review criticism (in order to publish) and **pelling. Every aspect of your methodology will be critiqued (by your advisor, your co-authors, your paper reviewers) and you will quickly learn how to run the right experiments, and do it right.(4) How to figure out what problem to work on. This is probably the most important aspect of PhD training. Doing a PhD will force you to cast away from shore and explore the boundary of human knowledge. (Matt Might's cartoon on this is a great visualization of this. ) I think that at least 80% of making a scientific contribution is figuring out what problem to tackle, a problem that is at once interesting, open, and going to have impact if you solve it. There are lots of open problems that the **munity is not interested in (c.f., writing an operating system kernel in Haskell) . There are many interesting problems that have been solved over and over and over (c.f. , file system block layout optimization; wireless multi hop routing) . There's a real trick to picking good problems, and developing a taste for it is a key skill if you want to become a technical leader.(5) So I think it's worth having a PhD, especially if you want to work on the hardest and most interesting problems. This is true whether you want a career in academia, a research lab, or a more traditional engineering role. But as my PhD advisor was fond of saying, "doing a PhD costs you a house. " (In terms of the lost salary during the PhD years—these days it's probably more like several houses. )1.2.3.4.5.Part Ⅴ WritingDirections: You are asked to write an essay on the following topic:1. Many universities and colleges offer qualification: through some sort of distance learning using the Internet, rather than by face-to-face contact in a classroom.In your opinion, do the advantages of this development outweigh the disadvantages of learning in this way?You should write at least 250 words.You should use your own ideas, knowledge and experience and support your arguments with examples and relevant evidence.。