新托福长难句精析-名词性从句

考研英语长难句：名词性从句-主语从句名词性从句在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句（Nominal Clauses）。

名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组，它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句又可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同谓语从句。

主语从句作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。

主语从句通常由从属连词that,whether,if和连接代词what,who,which,whatever,whoever以及连接副词how,when,where,why等词引导。

that在句中无词义,只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用,在从句中充当从句的成分。

例如：What he wants to tell us is not clear.他要跟我们说什么,还不清楚.Who will win the match is still unknown.谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知.1. 由that 引导的主语从句可以直接放句首That the seas are being overfished has been known foryears.（2006 text3）海洋正在被人们过度捕捞，许多年以来这已是尽人皆知的事情了。

That such a conjunction of circumstances might occur again soon, especially considering shrinking US defense budgets and diminishing overseas base access,is problematical at best.至于在近期内能否再次出现这种各个情况巧合的局面，即使最乐观的看法也是值得怀疑的，尤其是考虑到美国国防预算缩减和海外基地减少的情况。

2. 有时为避免句子头重脚轻,常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首,而主语从句置于句末.主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式.常用句型如下：【第1句】（1） It + be + 名词 + that从句（2） It + be + 形容词 + that从句（3） It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that从句（4） It + 不及物动词 + that 从句It’s a pity that he didn’t come.很遗憾他没来。

王若平长难句1. We must probably discard the at one time widely accepted view that if once life had come into the universe in any way whatsoever, it would rapidly spread from planet to planet and from one planetary system to another until the whole universe teemed with life.我们或许必须抛弃曾一时广为大家所接受的观点，即一旦生命无论以任何方式在宇宙中出现，它都会从一个行星迅速地扩展到另一行星，从一个行星系蔓延到另一个行星系，直到整个宇宙都充满生命为止。

（if once一旦; teem with充满）2. It is already clear that “the next best thing to bein g there”is going to be a picture phone call.显然，仅次于面谈的办法是打一个视频电话。

3. The European Union is an imperfect creature, with some of its actions based onfine principles of political economy and some on poor ones.欧盟是不完善的机构，它的一些举措是基于正确的政治经济原则之上的，而另一些却远非如此。

（复合结构扩展成句子。

复合结构作状语可以不用with。

cf: Our teacher comes into the classroom, book under arm. 老师进了教室，腋下夹了一本书。

）4. In cyberspace, communities are chosen by the users, not forced on them by accidents of geography.在网络空间，用户自愿参加某个团体，而不是因为地理位置的巧合被迫参加某个团体。

长难句分析的第四篇进⼊了具体的⾮简单句分类讲解部分。

这⼀部分主要分析⾮简单句中的名词性从句的处理⽅法。

由于已经进⼊了⾮简单句的具体解构环节，基础不好的同学们⼀定要仔细阅读，并在学习后⽤TPO阅读⽂章中的句⼦来进⾏印证。

另外，还是那句话，前三篇学过的内容不要忘记复习呦，尤其第三篇教程与本节内容是息息相关的。

第四章⾮简单句之名词性从句处理详解 主从复合句的分类讲解 ⼀、主语从句 1. 结构识别： 1)关系连词+句⼦+动词 2)It + be动词+形容词/名词短语+关系连词+句⼦ 3)It+不及物动词+that 【例1】That the seas are being over fished has been known for years. 【译⽂】很多年以来⼈们都知道，海洋被过度捕捞了。

【解析】that作为关系连词引导⼀个主语从句作主语，在从句结束的时候出现主句动词。

在翻译的时候采取了被动变主动的⽅法。

【例2】That the plates are moving is not beyond dispute. 【译⽂】⼈们并不都认为板块是移动的。

【解析】that作为关系连词引导⼀个主语从句作主语，在从句结束的时候出现主句系动词is，在翻译的时候采取了被动变主动的⽅法。

【例3】What happened on the GuangMing Ding will be forever etched in Zhangwujis memory. 【译⽂】在光明顶发⽣的⼀切被深深的印到了张⽆忌的记忆中。

【解析】what作为关系代词引导⼀个主语从句，在从句结束的时候出现主句动词will be 【例4】It is generally agreed that a person of high intelligence is one who cangrasp ideas readily，make distinctions，reason logically，and make use of verbal and mathematical symbol in solving problems. 【译⽂】⼈们普遍认为，⾼智商的⼈有这样⼀些特点：理解⼒强，辨别⼒强，逻辑推理能⼒强，并且在解决问题的过程中善于利⽤⽂字和数学符号。

英语语法长难句与必背英语句型英语长难句分析之基础语法名词性从句之名词性从句主语从句可以按其引导词的不同分为三类：第一类,用从属连词that 引导的主语从句,例如：That we shall be late is certain.That the driver could not control his car was obvious.这种结构主要是对that 从句的内容进行强调,属正式文体,连词that 不可以省略;但是在一般情况下,往往使用先行it 结构,即用it 作形式主语,而把that 从句放到后面,这时,在口语中,连词that 有时则可以省略.所以上述两句可以改为：It is certain that we shall be late.It was obvious that the driver could not control his car.如果整个句子是疑问形式,就只能用先行it 结构,例如：Is it true that he would take the risk?Is it possible that they will come tomorrow?常使用先行it 结构,用that 从句作主语的句子有下列几个句型：1、It + be + 形容词+ that 从句：It is clear that he was telling the truth.It’s probable that we’ll be a little late.2、It + be + 名词词组+ that 从句：It’s a pity that you can’t go with us.3、It + 及物动词+ 宾语+ that 从句：It worried her a bit that her hair was turning grey.It shocked m e that Peter didn’t tell anybody where he was.4、It + be + 过去分词+ that 从句：It is said that he has been there many times.5、It + seem/happen/appear 等不及物动词+ that 从句：It seems that he has lost something.注意：在上述第1 和第2 两种句型中,that 从句前置与使用先行it,that 从句后置在意义上没有什么差异;但使用先行it 结构较为常见.在第3 种句型中,that 从句前置在语法上是可能的,但实际上并不常见,通常总是使用先行it 结构.第4 种句型实质上是被动结构,由于that 从句不可以位于句首作被动句的主语,所以只能使用先行it 结构.第5 种句型已经形成了固定的搭配关系,that 从句不能前置,只能使用先行it 结构,不过,这种结构可以转换为带有不定式的简单句,例如：It happened that I had no money with me that day.→ I happened to have no money with me that day.第二类,用连接代词who、whose、which、what,连接副词when、where、how、why,以及连词whether(或if)引导的主语从句,例如：Who was responsible for the accident is not yet clear.→ It is not yet c lear who was responsible for the accident.What he did is not yet known.→ It is not yet known what he did.Whether it is true remains a problem.→ It remains a problem whether / if it is true.从以上例句可以看出,这类主语从句可以直接放在句首作主语,也可以使用先行it 结构,把主语从句放在后面,两种结构可以互换,意义上无差异,但用if 引导主语从句时,只能采取先行it 结构,也就是说if 不可以引导置于句首的主语从句.第三类,用what、whatever、where、wherever、whoever、whichever 等代词引导的主语从句,例如：What he said at the meeting encouraged everyone.Whoever fails to see this will make a big blunder.这类从句一般相当于带有定语从句所修饰的名词词组,即在结构上相当于一个名词加上一个定语从句,例如：What he wants to buy is a ten-speed bicycle.→ The thing that he wants to buy is a ten-speed bicycle.Whoever breaks the law is sure to be punished.→ Anyone who breaks the law i s sure to be punished.切记,这类主语从句不可以使用先行it 结构.上述第二类主语从句与第三类主语从句尽管在形式上十分相似,但实际上是不同的.第二类结构中用连接代/副词引导的从句系由特殊疑问句转化而来,以whether/if 引导的从句系由一般疑问句转化而来,自然含有疑问的意味,例如： When they will have the sports meet is still a question.→ When will they have t he sports meet?Who he is doesn’t concern me.→ Who is he?Whether he will join us won’t make too much difference.→ Will he join us?而第三类结构中的主语从句则没有疑问的意味.试比较下列各句：① What caused the accident is a complete mystery.② What caused the accident was a broken bottle.③ What she looks like doesn’t matter.④ What she’d like is a digital watch.上述各句中尽管都有一个以what 引导的主语从句,但其意义不尽相同;第①和③句中的主语从句系由“What causedthe accident?”和“What does she look like?”转化而来,所以可以改成：It is a complete mystery what caused the accident.It doesn’t matter what she looks like.第②④句中的主语从句含义分别为“The thing that caused the accident”和“The thing which she’d like”,所以不含疑问意味,因此不可以说：It was a broken bottle what caused the accident.It is a digital watch what she’d like.但是可以说：It was a broken bottle that caused the accident.It is a digital watch that she’d like.不过,这已不是主语从句,而是强调结构了.学好初中英语的必背句型句型31：keep sb. / sth. +adj/doing/介词短语/advYou must keep your room clean.你们必须保持房间干净。

考研英语长难句：名词性从句-宾语从句用来作宾语的句子叫做宾语从句。

宾语从句的结构：主语 + 谓语 + 从属连词、宾语（陈述句语序）。

宾语从句可以分为三类:动词的宾语从句【第1句】介词的宾语从句【第2句】形容词的宾语从句【第3句】宾语从句的引导词对应的句子类型从句中的成分连词that 陈述句在从句中不作成分连词whether, if 一般疑问句在从句中不作成分连接副词when, where, why，how；连接代词who, whom, what, which, whose 特殊疑问句when, where, why, how 在从句中作状语；who, whom, what在从句中作主语、宾语或表语；which, whose在从句中作定语, 后面接名词连用。

常用来引导宾语从句的形容词有: sure, certain, glad, please, happy, sorry, afraid, satisfied, surprised等。

I am sure I will pass the exam.我确信我会通过考试.I am sorry that I have troubled you so long.很抱歉我这么长时间在打扰你.He is glad that Li Ming went to see him when he was ill.他很高兴在他生病的时候李明能去看望他.1. The supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest. (2015 Text 2)【念念有词】I) supreme a.（权力，机构，掌权人）最高的；最强大的；最重要的；很大程度的；极度的；（处罚，牺牲）涉及死的；（因某一活动）著名的（人，物）；高超的。

阅读理解长难句分析一、复杂的并列句如果句子包含两个或更多互不依从的主谓结构，就是并列句。

并列句中的分句通常用一个并列连词来连接，最常见的是and 和but。

有时，一个并列句中的一个（或更多）分句，可能包含有一个（或更多）从句，这种句子称为并列复合句。

并列连词：表并列：and or either….or neither…nor not only…but also both…and as well as表转折：but however yet nevertheless表因果关系：for so hence thereforeEg1: One of the women ,for instance,on leaving her house for work one morning threw her dog her earrings and tried to fix a dog biscuit in her ear.Eg2:A second language isn’t generally required to get a job in business,but having language skills gives a candidate the edge when other qualifications appear to be equal.Eg3:In order to grow,to travel new roads,people need to have a willingness to take risks, to confront the unknown ,and to accept the possibility that they may “fail”at first.Eg4: What the speaker was really saying is that he is no longer young; he has been teaching for sixteen years,and he is able to think and speak like a mature adult.Eg5:Shrinking landfill space, and rising costs for burying and burning rubbish are forcing local governments to look more closely at recycling.二、从句1、名词性从句I think English is very easy.That’s why I choose the Yale school.How the book will sell depends on its author。

经典长难句必背汇总1、主从复合句 When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. [参考译文] 当艺术上的一项新运动达到一定流行程度时，最好先弄清该运动倡导者的目的，因为，无论他们的创作原则在今天看来多么牵强、多么荒谬，在未来这些理论有可能会被视为正常的东西。

[结构分析] 本句的主干是it is advisable to find out... for... it is possible that...，句首的When引导一个时间状语从句，句中的for... it is possible... (至句末)是一个并列分句，表示原因，其中for后面的however +形容词farfetched and unreasonable引导状语从句，表示让步。

在主干it is advisable to find out... 中，it是形式主语，后面的不定式结构to find out what its advocates are aiming at是真正的主语。

2、并列句 While talking to you, your could-be employer is deciding whether your education, your experience, and other qualifications will pay him to employ you and your "wares" and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner. [参考译文] 与你谈话时，可能成为你未来老板的人会考虑你所受的教育、你的经历和你的其他资历是否在雇佣你以后会给他带来好处。

Understanding IELTS Grammar---Solution to Long & Complicated Sentences●长难句成因：“树形结构”：•修饰成分纷繁复杂•主从句交织•特殊句式●Strategies for Long & Complicated Sentences:一、主从复合句解析1.名词性从句2.定语从句3.状语从句4.多重复合句二、特殊结构句式解析1. 分隔结构2. 倒装结构3. 强调结构4. 双重或者多重否定5. 比较结构一、主从复合句解析1.名词性从句1.1 主语从句•Looking at the picture makes him experience a severe attack of nostalgia.•For her, a woman, to defy her husband’s order would be considered audacious at her time.•What bothers me about this point of view is that it implies that human beings, in somedeep sense, are not part of nature.•That he is in love with her is no longer a secret.主语从句解读方法：●●主语从句引导词：Practice:（1）That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all. （2）Whether we will go for an outing tomorrow remains unknown.（3）Who will be our monitor hasn't been decided yet.（4）Who the watch belongs to is unknown.（5）Whom we must study for is a question of great importance.（6）What caused the accident remains unknown.（7）What we need is time.（8）What we need are good doctors.（9）Whatever you did is right.Example 1：That the nineteenth– century French novelist Balzac could be financially wise in his fiction while losing all his money in his life was an irony which was duplicated in other matters.Example 2:That such radical adaptations can occur demands a view of the brain as dynamic and active rather than programmed and static.Example 3:However, it can not be denied that it was Smith who introduced such a target for later novelists.Further Practice:1. It is common knowledge that the full moon brings fair weather.2. It is a surprise that you gave such an answer to the question.3. It is certain that free medical care will be given to most people in our city.4. It is probable that he has known everything.5. It appeared that he had a taste for music.6. It made us very happy that she was saved7. It remains unknown when they are going to get married.8. It is said that Li Hao has been to Europe.9. It was amusing that a rabbit ran out of the empty box on the desk.1.2. 宾语从句（object clause）引导词：Example 1：A survey of new stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.Example 2：Yet new findings in neuroscience suggest that the brain retains its ability to reorganize itself in response to experience or injury throughout life: after the loss of sensory input from an amputated limb, for example, adults are able to learn new motor skills effectively.Example 3：Art historian Kenneth Clarke, for example, writing in 1973, could not accept that the Mona Lisa was famous for reasons other than its inner qualities.Example 4:The study on rats, kittens, and mice may, for instance, provide a physiological explanation for why infant animals employ in their play the same kinds of behavior that they will later use as adults.1.3 表语从句引导词：who, how, when, as, whetherExample：The key issue in judging overpopulation is not how many people can fit into any given space but whether Earth can supply the population’s long-term requirement for food, water, and other resources.Practice:The miracle is how they all cooperate, and are integrated together, in the creation ofa self.1.4 同位语从句Example:He was surprised at the fact that he had passed the IELTS examination.先行词：破解关键：Example 1：There was still the faith that ordinary men are greater than the powers of nature or the mechanisms of man’s hands and will master them all in the end.Example 2:The belief that it is harmful to the black community for authors to explore the humanity of our leaders can have troubling effects.Example 3:【剑3】In recent times, scientific research has been providing evidence that years of cigarette smoking vastly increases the risk of developing fatal medical conditions.Example 4:【剑3】This attitude altered with the realization that marginal communities can survive and adapt in spite of partial integration in to a notoriously fickle worldeconomy.Practices：I take further comfort in the fact that human species managed to produce pretty decent creative work during the 5000 years that preceded 1710, when the Statue of Anne, the world’s first modern copyright law, passed the British parliament.According to James, a child’s first step on the road to self-understanding can be seen as the recognition that he or she exists. [剑9]2.定语从句引导词：Which:Like the slaves, women took literally the preamble of the Declaration of Independence, which states that all men are created equal.Libraries made education possible，and education in its turn added to libraries；the growth of knowledge followed a kind of compound-interest law，which was greatly enhanced by the invention of printing.That:With the introduction of the electronic computer, there is no complicated problem that cannot be solved in a few hours.O ften, the children’s disagreements involved a struggle over a toy that none of them had played with before or after the tug-of-war: the children seemed to be disputing ownership rather than wanting to play with it. [剑9]There is something, they argue, inside the painting that speaks to us all, that unleashes feelings, emotion, and recognition.关系代词that的省略：Because the potential talent John has is obvious, he is going to be elected as the president.Another powerful source of information for infants about the effects they can have on the world around them is provided when others mimic them.Who:The student who is answering the question is John.The person who was here yesterday is a musician.Whom:In Berlin, he first met the woman whom he would one day marry.Whose:Children with parents whose guidance is firm, consistent, and rational are inclined to possess high levels of self-confidence.关系副词:When:She will never forget the day when she got married.Where:One of the wildest and most inaccessible parts of the United States is the Everglades where wildlife is abundant and largely protected.Why:Give me one reason why we should help you.复杂定语从句：介词/介词短语+引导词This is the desk on which I found my book.The pigmentation of a pearl is influenced by the type of oyster in which it develops and by the depth, temperature, and the salt content of the water in which the oyster lives.The beaver chews down trees to get food and material with which to build its home. His book vividly illustrates the intensity with which nineteenth-century America protested the intrusion the forces of industrialization and urbanization.We are not conscious of the extent to which work provide the psychological satisfaction that can make the difference between a full and an empty life.【剑5】This, in essence, is the problem of modern sociobiology—to discover the degree to which hard-wired genetic programming dictates, or at least strongly biases, the interaction of animals and humans with their environment, that is, their behavior.【剑8】Perhaps for us today, two of the most significant aspects of most of these studies of genius are the frequency with which early encouragement and teaching by parents and tutors had beneficial effects on the intellectual, artistic or musical development of the children but caused great difficulties of adjustment later in their lives, and the frequency with which abilities went unrecognized by teachers and schools.【剑8】The ease with which truly great ideas are accepted and taken for granted fails to lessen their significance.3.状语从句关联词：破解关键：When it is struck, a tuning fork produces an almost pure tone, retaining its pitch over a long period of time.Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world; they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.Even though the precise qualities of hero in literary words may vary over time, the basic exemplary function of the hero seems to remain constant.Since the consumer considers the best fruit to be that which is the most attractive, the grower must provide products that satisfy the discerning eye.I’m not living where I was.Everywhere I go, I find the same thing.I hired a boat so that I could go fishing.Take your coat in case it rains.He studied hard in order that he could pass the exam.He shut the window with such force that the glass broke.Most substance contract when they freeze so that the density of a substance’s solid is higher than the density of its liquid.4.多重复合句However, Lewis and Brooks-Gunn (1979) suggest that infants’ developing understanding that movements they see in the mirror are contingent on their own, leads to a growing awareness that they are distinct from other people. [剑9]Since both rapid and light rail have electric engines, pollution is measured not from the motor exhaust but from the power plant generating electricity, which is usually located outside the city, where air quality problems are less serious.二、特殊结构句式1.分隔结构处理原则：Example:In relationships of mutual dependence, such as between labour and management or within an organization or a family, the question (of who is more powerful) turns on who is less dependent on the other.In developing countries, where at least 10 cities are expected to have more than 12 million people by the end of this decade, failing to give priority to public transport would be disastrous.It will take years for whites—including those who think of themselves as liberals—to discover and eliminate the racist attitudes they all actually have.Thirdly, the waste radioactive material, including not only the uranium but also water and even the clothes used by power station personnel, must be disposed of.A cousin of the tenacious Asian longhorned beetle—which since its initial discovery in 1996 in New York City has caused tens of millions of dollars in damage annually – ,the citrus longhorned beetle, was discovered on a juniper bush in August 2001 in Tukwila, Washington.Generations of teachers have assigned Thoreau’s book Walden (1854), which recounts his experiment in living in solitary harmony with nature, as an illustration of the intensity with which nineteenth-century America protested the intrusion into pastoral harmony of the forces of industrialization and urbanization.Practices:Yet Linnaeus himself would probably have been the first to admit that classification is only a tool, and not the ultimate purpose, of biological inquiry.Like Douglass, who invoked the rhetoric of male individualism to encourage identification with his narrative, she had to make her readers take the oppression of slave women personally, to see it as a threat to their own sense of themselves as women.2. 倒装结构(1). Only+状语位于句首Although numerous books have been written about American mothers, only recently has literature focused on the role of a mother.(2). 以never, little, often, not only, not until, hardly, scarcely等词引导的句子。