2020年托福阅读长难句100句：水循环圈

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文档下载后可定制修改，请根据实际需要进行调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种类型的经典范文，如演讲稿、总结报告、合同协议、方案大全、工作计划、学习计划、条据书信、致辞讲话、教学资料、作文大全、其他范文等等，想了解不同范文格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by this editor. I hope that after you download it, it can help you solve practical problems. The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you!In addition, this shop provides you with various types of classic sample essays, such as speech drafts, summary reports, contract agreements, project plans, work plans, study plans, letter letters, speeches, teaching materials, essays, other sample essays, etc. Want to know the format and writing of different sample essays, so stay tuned!托福阅读长难句句子分析汇总为了帮助大家备考托福。

谢谢
11、越是没有本领的就越加自命不凡。——邓拓 12、越是无能的人，越喜欢挑剔别人的错儿。——爱尔兰 13、知人者智，自知者明。胜人者有力，自胜者强。——老子 14、意志坚强的人能把世界放在手中像泥块一样任意揉捏。——歌德 15、最具挑战性的挑战莫过于提升自我。——迈克尔·F·斯特利
1、不要轻言放弃，否则对不起自己。
2、要冒一次险!整个生命就是一场冒险。走得最远的人，常是愿意 去做，并愿意去冒险的人。“稳妥”之船，从未能从岸边走远。-戴尔．卡耐基。
梦 境
3、人生就像一杯没有加糖的咖啡，喝起来是苦涩的，回味起来却有 久久不会退去的余香。
托福阅读长难句共34页文档 4、守业的最好办法就是不断的发展。 5、当爱不能完美，我宁愿选择无悔，不管来生多么美丽，我不愿失 去今生对你的记忆，我不求天长地久的美景，我只要生生世世的轮 回里有你。

托福阅读长难句[答案]Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.1.○Functional applied-art objects cannot vary much from the basic patterns determined by the laws of physics.○The function of applied-art objects is determined by basic patterns in the laws of physics.○Since functional applied-art objects vary only within certain limits, arbitrary decisions cannot have determined their general form.○The general form of applied-art objects is limited by some arbitrary decision that is not determined by the laws of physics.2.The structure of the backbone shows, however, that Ambulocetus swam likemodern whales [by moving the rear portion of its body up and down], even though a fluke was missing.○Even though Ambulocetus swam by moving its body up and down, it did not have a backbone.○The backbone of Ambulocetus, which allowed it to swim, provides evidence of its missing fluke.○Although Ambulocetus had no fluke, its backbone structure shows that it swam like modern whales.○By moving the rear parts of their bodies up and down, modern whales swim in a different way from the wayAmbulocetus swam.3.○Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people.○Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth that has spread over large areas of land.○The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort.○Desertification is extre mely hard to reverse unless the population is reduced in the vast areas affected.4.○Edison was more interested in developing a variety of machines than in developing a technology based on only one.○Edison refused to work on projection technology becau se he did not think exhibitors would replace their projectors with newer machines.○Edison did not want to develop projection technology because it limited the number of machines he could sell.○Edison would not develop projection technology unless exhibitors agreed to purchase more than one projector from him.5.For example, people [who believe that aggression is necessary and justified-asduring wartime-]are likely to act aggressively, whereas people [who believe thata particular war or act of aggression is unjust, or who think that aggression isnever justified,] are less likely to behave aggressively.○People who believe that they are fighting a just war act aggressively while those who believe that they are fighting an unjust war do not.○People who be lieve that aggression is necessary and justified are more likely to act aggressively than those who believe differently.○People who normally do not believe that aggression is necessary and justified may act aggressively during wartime.○People who believe that aggression is necessary and justified do not necessarily act aggressively during wartime.6.○Masters demanded moral behavior from apprentices but often treated them irresponsibly.○The responsibilities of the master to the apprentice went beyond the teaching of a trade.○Masters preferred to maintain the trade within the family by supervising and educating the younger family members.○Masters who trained members of their own family as apprentices demanded excellence from them.7.○These fishes often have a problem opening their mouthswhile swimming.○The streamlining of these fishes prevents them from slowing down.○The streamlining of these fishes tends to slow down their breathing.○Opening the mouth to breathe can reduce the sp eed of these fishes.8.Hills and mountains are often regarded as the epitome of permanence,successfully resisting the destructive forces of nature, but in fact they tend to be relatively short-lived in geological terms.○When they are relatively young, hi lls and mountains successfully resist the destructive forces of nature.○Although they seem permanent, hills and mountains exist for a relatively short period of geological time.○Hills and mountains successfully resist the destructive forces of nature, but only for a short time.○Hills and mountains resist the destructive forces of nature better than other types of landforms.9.○Whigs were able to attract support only in the wealthiest parts of the economy because Democrats dominated in other areas.○Wh ig and Democratic areas of influence were naturally split between urban and rural areas, respectively.○The semisubsistence farming areas dominated by Democrats became increasingly isolated by the Whigs' control ofthe market economy.○The Democrats' power was greatest in poorer areas while the Whigs were strongest in those areas where the market was already fully operating.10.The Fore also displayed familiar facial expressions when asked how they wouldrespond if they were the characters in stories 【that called for basic emotional responses.】○The Fore's facial expressions indicated their unwillingness to pretend to be story characters.○The Fore were asked to display familiar facial expressions when they told their stories.○The Fore exhibited the same re lationship of facial expressions and basic emotions 【that is seen in Western culture】when they acted out stories.○The Fore were familiar with the facial expressions and basic emotions of characters in stories.11.【Although her early theatrical career had included stints as an actress,】shewas not primarily interested in storytelling or expressing emotions through dance; the drama of her dancing emanated from her visual effects.○Fuller was more interested in dance’s visual impact than in its narrative or emotional possibilities.○Fuller used visual effects to dramatize the stories and emotions expressed in her work. 强加关系○Fuller believed that the drama of her dancing sprang from her emotional style of storytelling.○Fuller’s focus on the visual effects of dance resulted from her early theatrical training as an actress.12.One explanation for green icebergs attributes their color to an optical illusion【when blue ice is illuminated by a near-horizon red Sun】, but green icebergs一个对于绿色冰山的解释把它们的颜色归因为一个当蓝色的冰被接近地平线的红太阳照亮时产生的光学错觉；但绿色冰山在多种多样的光线条件下都会在白色和蓝色冰山中间凸显出来。

1.Wind velocity also increases with altitude and may cause serious stress for trees, as ismade evident by the deformed shapes at high altitudes.2.For example, some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essentialto their well-being and abandoned them; nevertheless, they retained as parts of their oral tradition the myths that had grown up around the rites and admired them for their artistic qualities rather than for their religious usefulness.3.if the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy forsurface tension to hold, and it will drain away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films, too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place; then the water will be firmly held.4.The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas ofland and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.5.The structure of the backbone shows, however, that Ambulocetus swam likemodern whales by moving the rear portion of its body up and down, even thougha fluke was missing.6.He refused to develop projection technology, reasoning that if he made andsold projectors, then exhibitors would purchase only one machine-a projector-from him instead of several.7.In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary tomeet its purpose, architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered them-even while building materials have changed dramatically.8.Estimates indicate that the aquifer contains enough water to fill Lake Huron,but unfortunately, under the semiarid climatic conditions that presently exist in the region, rates of addition to the aquifer are minimal, amounting to about half a centimeter a year.9.Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is not alwaysassociated with maximum diversity.10.In addition to finding an increase of suitable browse, like huckleberry andvine maple, Arthur Einarsen, longtime game biologist in the Pacific Northwest, found quality of browse in the open areas to be substantially more nutritive.11.Perhaps, like many contemporary peoples, Upper Paleolithic men and womenbelieved that the drawing of a human image could cause death or injury, and if that were indeed their belief, it might explain why human figures are rarely depicted in cave art.12.Continued sedimentation—the process of deposits' settling on the seabottom—buries the organic matter and subjects it to higher temperatures and pressures, which convert the organic matter to oil and gas.13.This scenario begins with the planting of hyper accumulating species in thetarget area such as an abandoned mine or an irrigation pond contaminated by runoff.14.Contrary to the arguments of some that much of the Pacific was settled byPolynesians accidentally marooned after being lost and adrift, it seems reasonable that this feat was accomplished by deliberate colonization expeditions that set out fully stocked with food and domesticated plants and animals15.At one time, the animals present in these fossil beds were assigned to variousmodern animal groups, but most paleontologists now agree that all Tommotian fossils represent unique body forms that arose in the early Cambrian period and disappeared before the end of the period, leaving no descendants in modern animal groups.16.Only the last of these was suited at all to the continuous operating ofmachines, and although waterpower abounded in Lancashire and Scotland and ran grain mills as well as textile mills, it had one great disadvantage: streams flowed where nature intended them to, and water-driven factories had to be located on their banks, whether or not the location was desirablefor other reasons.17.But as more and more accumulations of strata were cataloged in more and moreplaces, it became clear that the sequences of rocks sometimes differed from region to region and that no rock type was ever going to become a reliable time marker throughout the world.18.Physiological immaturity may be part of why infants and toddlers do not formextremely enduring memories, even when they hear stories that promote such remembering in preschoolers.19.As a result of crustal adjustments and faulting, the Strait of Gibraltar,where the Mediterranean now connects to the Atlantic, opened, and water cascaded spectacularly back into the Mediterranean.20.Like the stones of a Roman wall which were held together both by theregularity of the design and by that peculiarly powerful Roman cement, so the various parts of the Roman realm were bonded into a massive, monolithic entity by physical, organizational, and psychological controls.21.Unlike in the Americas, where metallurgy was a very late and limiteddevelopment, Africans had iron from a relatively early date, developing ingenious furnaces to produce the high heat needed for production and to control the amount of air that reached the carbon and iron ore necessary for making iron.22.Many plants and animals disappear abruptly from the fossil record as onemoves from layers of rock documenting the end of the Cretaceous up into rocks representing the beginning of the Cenozoic (the era after the Mesozoic).23.But detractors maintain that the terraces could also have been created bygeological activity, perhaps related to the geologic forces that depressed the Northern Hemisphere far below the level of the south, in which case they have nothing whatever to do with Martian water.24.Fladmark’s hypothesis received additional support for m from the fact thatthe greatest diversity in native American languages occurs along the west coast of the Americas, suggesting that this region has been settled thelongest.25.There appear to be many unexplored matters about the motivation to reflect– for example, the value of externally motivated reflection as opposed to that of teachers who might reflect by habit.26.It is significant that the earliest living thing that built communities onthese islands are examples of symbiosis, a phenomenon that depends upon the close cooperation of two or more forms of life and a principle that is very important in island communities.27.The tradition of religious sculpture extends over most historical periodsbut is less clearly delineated than that of stonewares or porcelains, for it embraces the old custom of earthenware burial ceramics with later religious images and architectural ornament.28.Over long periods of time, substances whose physical and chemical propertieschange with the ambient climate at the time can be deposited in a systematic way to provide a continuous record of changes in those properties overtime, sometimes for hundreds or thousands of years.29.He then set up experiments with caged starlings and found that theirorientation was. in fact, in the proper migratory direction except when the sky was overcast, at which times there was no clear direction to their restless movements.30.Most engravings, for example, are best lit from the left, as befits the workof right-handed artists, who generally prefer to have the light source on the left so that the shadow of their hand does not fall on the tip of the engraving tool or brush.31.Though it may be difficult to imagine from a later perspective, a strainof critical opinion in the 1920 s predicted that sound film would be a technical novelty that would soon fade from sight, just as had many previous attempts, dating well back before the First World War, to link images with recorded sound.32.Certainly, rational appeals in advertising aimed at children are limited,as most advertisements use emotional and indirect appeals to psychological states or associations.33.The explanation is that the Maya excavated depressions, or modified naturaldepressions, and then plugged up leaks in the karst by plastering the bottoms of the depressions in order to create reservoirs, which collected rain from large plastered catchment basins and stored it for use in the dry season.34.Inequalities of gender have also existed in pastoralist societies, but theyseem to have been softened by the absence of steep hierarchies of wealth in most communities, and also by the requirement that women acquire most of the skills of men, including, often, their military skills.35.Glaciers move slowly across the land with tremendous energy, carving intoeven the hardest rock formations and thereby reshaping the landscape as they engulf, push, drag, and finally deposit rock debris in places far from its original location.36.In a countercurrent exchange system, the blood vessels carrying cooled bloodfrom the flippers run close enough to the blood vessels carrying warm blood from the body to pick up some heat from the warmer blood vessels; thus, the heat is transferred from the outgoing to the ingoing vessels before it reaches the flipper itself.37.As among tribespeople, personal relationships and a careful weighing ofcharacter have always been crucial in a mercantile economy with little regulation, where one's word is one's bond and where informal ties of trust cement together an international trade network.38.Ramsay then studied a gas that was present in natural gas deposits anddiscovered that it was helium, an element whose presence in the Sun had been noted earlier in the spectrum of sunlight but that had not previously been known on Earth.39.The sheer scale of the investment it took to begin commercial expansion atsea reflects the immensity of the profits that such East-West trade could create.40.In the green-to-yellow lighting conditions of the lowest levels of the forest,yellow and green would be the brightest colors, but when an animal is signaling, these colors would not be very visible if the animal was sitting in an area with a yellowish or greenish background.41.The key factor in the success of these countries (along with high literacy,which contributed to it) was their ability to adapt to the international division of labor determined by the early industrializers and to stake out areas of specialization in international markets for which they were especially well suited.42.According to conventional theory, yawning takes place when people are boredor sleepy and serves the function of increasing alertness by reversing, through deeper breathing, the drop in blood oxygen levels that are caused by the shallow breathing that accompanies lack of sleep or boredom.43.In the wake of the Roman Empire's conquest of Britain in the first centuryA.D., a large number of troops stayed in the new province, and these troopshad a considerable impact on Britain with their camps, fortifications, and participation in the local economy.44.With "climax," "biome," "super organism," and various other technical termsfor the association of animals and plants at a given locality being criticized, the term "ecosystem" was more and more widely adopted for the whole system of associated organisms together with the physical factors of their environment.45.Meanwhile, the deadliest strains of the virus perished with their hosts asnatural selection favored strains that could infect hosts but not kill them.46.In the second case, pollinators obtain food from the flowering plant, andthe plant has its pollen distributed and seeds dispersed much more efficiently than they would be if they were carried by the wind only. 47.The sheer scale of the investment it took to begin commercial expansion atsea reflects the immensity of the profits that such East-West trade could create.48.The temperature increased dramatically in a short period of time (yearsrather than centuries), allowing for a growth of the hunting-gathering population due to the abundance of resources.49.Higher temperatures lead to the existence of increased to resources, thusenabling the hunting and gathering population to grow.50.Because the medium was so prolific, in the sense that it was possible toproduce a multitude of images very cheaply, it was soon treated as the poor relation of fine art, rather than its destined successor.51.When broken open, Allende stones are revealed to contain an assortment ofsmall, distinctive objects, spherical or irregular in shape and embedded in a dark gray matrix(binding material), which were once constituents of the solar nebula-the interstellar cloud of gas and dust out of which our solar system was formed.。

2020年托福阅读长难句分析(7)托福阅读长难句Estimates indicate that the aquifer contains enough water to fill Lake Huron, but unfortunately, under the semiarid climatic conditions that presently exist in the region, rates of addition to the aquifer are minimal, amounting to abouthalf a centimeter a year.本句逗号比较多，容易使人看不清主要意思。

本句中的but unfortunately引起前后两句的转折关系，在前半句中，indicatethat引导的宾语从句，表达观点。

在后半句中，核心意思是rates of addition of the aquifer are minimal，而其前面under the semiarid climatic conditions这个介词短语后有that引导的定语从句，修饰前面的conditions，最后amounting to(相当于)是现在分词作状语，对核心意思实行补充说明。

本句有一些地质学的词汇，比如：aquifer 蓄水层，semiarid 半干旱的，rates of addition 补水的速率。

另外，请注意rate除了有“比率”的意思，还能够作动词，表示“评估，评价”，比如：Thisis rated as a five-star hotel. 这家酒店被评为五。

She doesn’t rate herself very highly. 她自视不高。

最后，amount to表示“相当于”，比如：a cargo amounting to 2,000 tons 共计2,000吨货物。

我们能够这样翻译：“据估计，奥加拉拉蓄水层含有充足的水来填满休伦湖。

1. Typical of the grassland dwellers of the continent is the American antelope, or pronghorn.美洲羚羊，或称叉角羚，是该大陆典型的草原动物。

2. Of the millions who saw Haley’s comet in 1986, how many people will live long enough to see it return in the twenty-first century?1986年看见哈雷彗星的千百万人当中，有多少人能够长寿到足以目睹它在二十一世纪的回归呢？3. Anthropologists have discovered that fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise are universally reflected in facial expressions.人类学家们已经发现，恐惧，快乐，悲伤和惊奇都会行之于色，这在全人类是共通的。

4. Because of its irritating effect on humans, the use of phenol as a general antiseptic has been largely discontinued.由于苯酚对人体带有刺激性作用，它基本上已不再被当作常用的防腐剂了。

5. In group to remain in existence, a profit-making organization must, in the long run, produce something consumers consider useful or desirable.任何盈利组织若要生存，最终都必须生产出消费者可用或需要的产品。

6. The greater the population there is in a locality, the greater the need there is for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse.一个地方的人口越多，其对水，交通和垃圾处理的需求就会越大。

精选400句托福阅读长难句(OG & TPO)第一类1.The same thing happens to this day, though on a smaller scale, wherever a sediment-laden river or stream emerges from a mountain valley onto relatively flat land, dropping its load as the current slows: the water usually spreads out fanwise, depositing the sediment in the form of a smooth, fan-shaped slope.2.In lowland country almost any spot on the ground may overlie what was once the bed of a river that has since become buried by soil; if they are now below the water’s upper surface (the water table), the gravels and sands of the former riverbed, and its sandbars, will be saturated with groundwater.3.But note that porosity is not the same aspermeability, which measures the ease with which water can flow through a material; this depends on the sizes of the individual cavities and the crevices linking them.4.If the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension to hold, and it will drain away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films, too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place; then the water will be firmly held.5.But the myths that have grown up around the rites may continue as part of the group’s oral tradition and may even come to be acted out under conditions divorced from these rites.6.Another, advanced in the twentieth century, suggests that humans have a gift for fantasy, through which they seek to reshape reality into more satisfying forms than those encountered in daily life.7.For example, one sign of this condition is theappearance of the comic vision, since comedy requires sufficient detachment to view some deviations from social norms as ridiculous rather than as serious threats to the welfare of the entire group.8.Timberline trees are normally evergreens, suggesting that these have some advantage over deciduous trees (those that lose their leaves) in the extreme environments of the upper timberline.9.This is particularly true for trees in the middle and upper latitudes, which tend to attain greater heights on ridges, whereas in the tropics the trees reach their greater heights in the valleys.10.As the snow is deeper and lasts longer in the valleys, trees tend to attain greater heights on the ridges, even though they are more exposed to high-velocity winds and poor, thin soils there.11.Wind velocity also increases with altitude and may cause serious stress for trees, as ismade evident by the deformed shapes at high altitudes.12.Some scientists have proposed that the presence of increasing levels of ultraviolet light with elevation may play a role, while browsing and grazing animals like the ibex may be another contributing factor.13.Probably the most important environmental factor is temperature, for if the growing season is too short and temperatures are too low, tree shoots and buds cannot mature sufficiently to survive the winter months.14.Immediately adjacent to the timberline, the tundra consists of a fairly complete cover of low-lying shrubs, herbs, and grasses, while higher up the number and diversity of species decrease until there is much bare ground with occasional mosses and lichens and some prostrate cushion plants.15.In order for the structure to achieve thesize and strength necessary to meet its purpose, architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered them-even while building materials have changed dramatically.16.Some of the world’s finest stone architecture can be seen in the ruins of the ancient Inca city of Machu Picchu high in the eastern Andes Mountains of Peru.17.It works in compression to divert the weight above it out to the sides, where the weight is borne by the vertical elements on either side of the arch.18.The Ogallala aquifer is a sandstone formation that underlies some 583,000 square kilometers of land extending from northwestern Texas to southern South Dakota.19.Unfortunately, the cost of water obtained through any of these schemes wouldincrease pumping costs at least tenfold, making the cost of irrigated agricultural products from the region uncompetitive on the national and international markets. 20.Whatever the final answer to the water crisis may be, it is evident that within the High Plains, irrigation water will never again be the abundant, inexpensive resource it was during the agricultural boom years of the mid-twentieth century.21.To take an extreme example, farmlands dominated by a single crop are so unstable that one year of bad weather or the invasion of a single pest can destroy the entire crop.22.Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human activities.23.The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount St. Helens, in thenorthwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by humans.24.Many ecologists now think that the relative long-term stability of climax communities comes not from diversity but from the ―patchiness‖ of the environment, an environment that varies from place to place supports more kinds of organisms than an environment that is uniform.25.Similarly, a plant or animal cannot squander all its energy on growing a big body if none would be left over for reproduction, for this is the surest way to extinction.26.At the other extreme are ―competitors,‖ almost all of whose resources are invested in building a huge body, with a bare minimum allocated to reproduction.27. A new plant will spring up wherever a seed falls on a suitable soil surface, but because they do not build big bodies, theycannot compete with other plants for space, water, or sunlight.28.These plants are termed opportunists because they rely on their seeds’ falling into settings where competing plants have been removed by natural processes, such as along an eroding riverbank, on landslips, or where a tree falls and creates a gap in the forest canopy.29.Human landscapes of lawns, fields, or flowerbeds provide settings with bare soil and a lack of competitors that are perfect habitats for colonization by opportunists. 30. A massive oak claims its ground for 200 years or more, outcompeting all other would-be canopy trees by casting a dense shade and drawing up any free water in the soil.31.It should be noted, however, that the pure opportunist or pure competitor is rare in nature, as most species fall between the extremes of a continuum, exhibiting a blendof some opportunistic and some competitive characteristics.32.Because some paintings were made directly over others, obliterating them, it is probable that a painting’s value ended with the migration it pictured.33.One Lascaux narrative picture, which shows a man with a birdlike head and a wounded animal, would seem to lend credence to this third opinion, but there is still much that remains unexplained.34.Perhaps so much time has passed that there will never be satisfactory answers to the cave images, but their mystique only adds to their importance.35.In 1994 there were nearly 20,000 wind turbines worldwide, most grouped in clusters called wind farms that collectively produced 3,000 megawatts of electricity. 36.Most were in Denmark (which got 3 percent of its electricity from wind turbines) and California (where 17,000 machinesproduced 1 percent of the state’s electricity, enough to meet the residential needs of a city as large as San Francisco).37.In the long run, electricity from large wind farms in remote areas might be used to make hydrogen gas from water during periods when there is less than peak demand for electricity.rge wind farms might also interfere with the flight patterns of migratory birds in certain areas, and they have killed large birds of prey (especially hawks, falcons, and eagles) that prefer to hunt along the same ridge lines that are ideal for wind turbines.39.David Douglas, Scottish botanical explorer of the 1830s，found a disturbing change in the animal life around the fort during the period between his first visit in 1825 and his final contact with the fort in 1832.40.The researchers Peter Ucko and Andree Rosenfeld identified three principal locationsof paintings in the caves of western Europe: (1) in obviously inhabited rock shelters and cave entrances; (2) in galleries immediately off the inhabited areas of caves; and (3) in the inner reaches of caves, whose difficulty of access has been interpreted by some as a sign that magical-religious activities were performed there.41.Perhaps, like many contemporary peoples, Upper Paleolithic men and women believed that the drawing of a human image could cause death or injury, and if that were indeed their belief, it might explain why human figures are rarely depicted in cave art.42.For example, wild cattle (bovines) and horses are portrayed more often than we would expect by chance, probably because they were larger and heavier (meatier) than other animals in the environment.43.Consistent with this idea, according to the investigators, is the fact that the art of thecultural period that followed the Upper Paleolithic also seems to reflect how people got their food.44.But in that period, when getting food no longer depended on hunting large game animals (because they were becoming extinct), the art ceased to focus on portrayals of animals.45.When the well reaches a pool, oil usually rises up the well because of its density difference with water beneath it or because of the pressure of expanding gas trapped above it.46.More than one-quarter of the world’s oil and almost one-fifth of the world’s natural gas come from offshore, even though offshore drilling is six to seven times more expensive than drilling on land.47.While there are a dozen or more mass extinctions in the geological record, the Cretaceous mass extinction has always intrigued paleontologists because it marksthe end of the age of the dinosaurs.48.The explosion lifted about 100 trillion tons of dust into the atmosphere, as can be determined by measuring the thickness of the sediment layer formed when this dust settled to the surface.49.Such a quantity of material would have blocked the sunlight completely from reaching the surface, plunging Earth into a period of cold and darkness that lasted at least several months.50.The explosion is also calculated to have produced vast quantities of nitric acid and melted rock that sprayed out over much of Earth, starting widespread fires that must have consumed most terrestrial forests and grassland.51.Following each mass extinction, there is a sudden evolutionary burst as new species develop to fill the ecological niches opened by the event.52.Earth is a target in a cosmic shootinggallery, subject to random violent events that were unsuspected a few decades ago.53.Early in the century, a pump had come into use in which expanding steam raised a piston in a cylinder，and atmospheric pressure brought it down again when the steam condensed inside the cylinder to forma vacuum．54.The final step came when steam was introduced into the cylinder to drive the piston backward as well as forward thereby increasing the speed of the engine and cutting its fuel consumption.55.Iron manufacturers which had starved for fuel while depending on charcoal also benefited from ever-increasing supplies of coal; blast furnaces with steam- powered bellows turned out more iron and steel for the new machinery.56.He received rudimentary village schooling but mostly he roamed his uncle's farm collecting the fossils that were so abundantin the rocks of the Cotswold hills．57.The companies building the canals to transport coal needed surveyors to help them find the coal deposits worth mining as well as to determine the best courses for the canals.58.In 1831 when Smith was finally recognized by the Geological Society of London a s the ―father of English geology‖, it was not only for his maps but also for something even more important．59.Maturation of the frontal lobes of the brain continues throughout early childhood, and this part of the brain may be critical for remembering particular episodes in ways that can be retrieved later.60.Demonstrations of infants’ and toddlers' long-term memory have involved their repeating motor activities that they had seen or done earlier，such as reaching in the dark for objects, putting a bottle in a d oll’s mouth, or pulling apart two pieces of a toy.61.Through hearing stories with a clear beginning，middle, and ending children may learn to extract the gist of events in ways that they will be able to describe many years later.62.The world looks very different to a person whose head is only two or three feet above the ground than to one whose head is five or six feet above it, 0lder children and adults often try to retrieve the names of things they saw, but infants would not have encoded the information verbally．63.General knowledge of categories of events such as a birthday party or a visit to the doctor's office helps older individuals encode their experiences, but again, infants and toddlers are unlikely to encode many experiences within such knowledge structures．64.Physiological immaturity may be part of why infants and toddlers do not form extremely enduring memories, even whenthey hear stories that promote such remembering in preschoolers.65.In 1947 Norwegian adventurer Thor Heyerdahl drifted on a balsa-log raft westward with the winds and currents across the Pacific from South America to prove his theory that Pacific islanders were Native Americans (also called American Indians).66.Contrary to the arguments of some that much of the pacific was settled by Polynesians accidentally marooned after being lost and adrift, it seems reasonable that this feat was accomplished by deliberate colonization expeditions that set out fully stocked with food and domesticated plants and animals.67.The undisputed pre-Columbian presence in Oceania of the sweet potato, which is a New World domesticate, has sometimes been used to support Heyerdahl’s ―American Indians in the Pacific‖ theories.68.As Patrick Kirch, an American anthropologist, points out, rather than being brought by rafting South Americans, sweet potatoes might just have easily been brought back by returning Polynesian navigators who could have reached the west coast of South America.69.Conditions that promote fossilization of soft-bodied animals include very rapid covering by sediments that create an environment that discourages decomposition.70.This 700-million-year-old formation gives few clues to the origins of modern animals, however, because paleontologists believe it represents an evolutionary experiment that failed.71.At one time, the animals present in these fossil beds were assigned to various modern animal groups, but most paleontologists now agree that all Tommotian fossils represent unique body forms that arose inthe early Cambrian period and disappeared before the end of the period, leaving no descendants in modern animal groups. 72.These fossil beds provide evidence of about 32 modern animal groups, plus about 20 other animal body forms that are so different from any modern animals that they cannot be assigned to any one of the modern groups.73.With question such as these clearly before them, the scientists aboard the Glomar Challenger processed to the Mediterranean to search for the answers.74.In all probability it was the fertile plain of Latium, where the Latins who founded Rome originated, that created the habits and skills of landed settlement, landed property, landed economy, landed administration, and a land-based society.75.Agriculture seems to have reached these people from the Near East, since the first domesticated crops were millets andsorghums whose origins are not African but west Asian.76.Most of Africa presents a curious case in which societies moved directly from a technology of stone to iron without passing through the intermediate stage of copper or bronze metallurgy, although some early copper-working sites have been found in West Africa.77.They spoke a language, prior-Bantu (―Bantu‖ means ―the people‖), which is the parent tongue of a language of a large number of Bantu languages still spoken throughout sub-Sahara Africa.78.Why and how these people spread out into central and southern Africa remains a mystery, but archaeologists believe that their iron weapons allowed them to conquer their hunting-gathering opponents, who still used stone implements.79.With Cuicuilco eliminated as a potential rival, any one of a number of relativelymodest towns might have emerged as a leading economic and political power in Central Mexico.80.The hard volcanic stone was a resource that had been in great demand for many years, at least since the rise of the Olmecs (a people who flourished between 1200 and 400 B.C.), and it apparently had a secure market.81.Moreover, recent research on obsidian tools found at Olmecs sites has shown that some of the obsidian obtained by the Olmecs originated near Teotihuacán.82.The growing power of the elite, who controlled the economy, would give them the means to physically coerce people to move to Teotihuacán and serve as additions to the labor force.83.By measuring how many of these meteorites fall to Earth over a given period of time, scientists can estimate how long it might have taken to deposit the observedamount of lr in the boundary clay.84.They bear a strong resemblance to river systems on Earth, and geologists think that they are dried-up beds of long-gone rivers that once carried rainfall on Mars from the mountains down into the valleys.85.Runoff channels on Mars speak of a time 4 billion years ago (the age of the Martian highlands), when the atmosphere was thicker, the surface warmer, and liquid water widespread.86.The onrushing water arising from these flash floods likely also formed the odd teardrop-shaped ―islands‖ (resembling the miniature versions seen in the wet sand of our beaches at low tide) that have been found on the plains close to the ends of the outflow channels.87.Judging from the width and depth of the channels, the flow rates must have been truly enormous―perhaps as much as a hundred times greater than the 105 tonsper second carried by the great Amazon river.88. A computer-generated view of the Martian north polar region shows the extent of what may have been an ancient ocean covering much of the northern lowlands. 89.Proponents point to features such as the terraced ―beaches‖ shown in one image, which could conceivably have been left behind as a lake or ocean evaporated and the shoreline receded.90.But detractors maintain that the terraces could also have been created by geological activity, perhaps related to the geologic forces that depressed the Northern Hemisphere far below the level of the south, in which case they have nothing whatever to do with Martian water.91.It has long been accepted that the Americas were colonized by a migration of peoples from Asia, slowly traveling across a land bridge called Beringia (now the BeringStrait between northeastern Asia and Alaska) during the last Ice Age.92.The first water craft theory about the migration was that around 11,000-12,000 years ago there was an ice-free corridor stretching from eastern Beringia to the areas of North America south of the great northern glaciers.93.But belief in this ice-free corridor began to crumble when paleoecologist Glen MacDonald demonstrated that some of the most important radiocarbon dates used to support the existence of an ice-free corridor were incorrect.94.He theorized that with the use of watercraft, people gradually colonized unglaciated refuges and areas along the continental shelf exposed by the lower sea level.95.Fladmark's hypothesis received additional support from the fact that the greatest diversity in Native Americanlanguages occurs along the west coast of the Americans, suggesting that this region has been settled the longest.96.Vast areas along the coast may have been deglaciated beginning around 16,000 years ago, possibly providing a coastal corridor for the movement of plants, animals, and humans sometime between 13,000 and 14,000 years ago.97.The coastal hypothesis has gained increasing support in recent years because the remains of large land animals, such as caribou and brown bears, have been found in southeastern Alaska dating between 10,000 and 12,500 years ago.98.Fladmark and others believe that the first human colonization of America occurred by boat along the Northwest Coast during the very late Ice Age, possibly as early as 14,000 years ago.99.The most recent geologic evidence indicates that it may have been possible forpeople to colonize ice-free regions along the continental shelf that were still exposed by the lower sea level between 13,000 and 14,000 ago.100.T hey were concerned that many would be drawn to these new, refreshing conceptions of teaching only to find that the void between the abstractions and the realities of teacher reflection is too great to bridge. 101.F urther observation revealed the tendency of teachers to evaluate events rather than review the contributory factors in a considered manner by, in effect, standing outside the situation.102.T he researchers estimate that the initial training of the same teachers to view events objectively took between 20 and 30 hours, with the same number of hours again being required to practice the skills of reflection. 103.T he teachers in the program described how they found it difficult to put aside the immediate demands of others in order togive themselves the time they needed to develop their reflective skills.104.S upport and encouragement were also required to help teachers in the program cope with aspects of their professional life with which they were not comfortable. 105.T he fungi absorb moisture and mineral salts from the rocks, passing these on in waste products that nourish algae.106.L ichens helped to speed the decomposition of the hard rock surfaces, preparing a soft bed of soil that was abundantly supplied with minerals that had been carried in the molten rock from the bowels of Earth.107.By means of these seeds, plants spread more widely to new locations, even to isolated islands like the Hawaiian archipelago, which lies more than 2,000 miles west of California and 3,500 miles east of Japan.108.A lthough we now tend to refer to thevarious crafts according to the materials used to construct them-clay, glass, wood, fiber, and metal-it was once common to think of crafts in terms of function, which led to their being known as the "applied arts." 109.Since the laws of physics, not some arbitrary decision, have determined the general form of applied-art objects, they follow basic patterns, so much so that functional forms can vary only within certain limits.110.T hat this device was a necessary structural compromise is clear from the fact that the cannonball quickly disappeared when sculptors learned how to strengthen the internal structure of a statue with iron braces (iron being much stronger than bronze).111.E ven though the fine arts in the twentieth century often treat materials in new ways, the basic difference in attitude of artists in relation to their materials in the fine artsand the applied arts remains relatively constant.112.P akicetus was found embedded in rocks formed from river deposits that were 52 million years old.113.T he structure of the backbone shows, however, that Ambulocetus swam like modern whales by moving the rear portion of its body up and down, even though a fluke was missing.114.T he impact of raindrops on the loose soil tends to transfer fine clay particles into the tiniest soil spaces, sealing them and producing a surface that allows very little water penetration.115.T he gradual drying of the soil caused by its diminished ability to absorb water results in the further loss of vegetation, so that a cycle of progressive surface deterioration is established.116.D uring the dry periods that are common phenomena along the desert margins,though, the pressure on the land is often far in excess of its diminished capacity, and desertification results.117.T he increased pressures of expanding populations have led to the removal of woody plants so that many cities and towns are surrounded by large areas completely lacking in trees and shrubs.118.T he increasing use of dried animal waste as a substitute fuel has also hurt the soil because this valuable soil conditioner and source of plant nutrients is no longer being returned to the land.119.I n areas where considerable soil still remains, though, a rigorously enforced program of land protection and cover-crop planting may make it possible to reverse the present deterioration of the surface.120.T he cinema did not emerge as a form of mass consumption until its technology evolved from the initial "peepshow" format to the point where images were projectedon a screen in a darkened theater.121.I t was designed for use in Kinetoscope parlors, or arcades, which contained only a few individual machines and permitted only one customer to view a short, 50-foot film at any one time.122.I n the phonograph parlors, customers listened to recordings through individual ear tubes, moving from one machine to the next to hear different recorded speeches or pieces of music.123.H e refused to develop projection technology, reasoning that if he made and sold projectors, then exhibitors would purchase only one machine-a projector-from him instead of several. 124.B ut the movies differed significantly from these other forms of entertainment, which depended on either live performance or (in the case of the slide-and-lantern shows) the active involvement of a master of ceremonies who assembled the finalprogram.125.A lthough early exhibitors regularly accompanied movies with live acts, the substance of the movies themselves is mass-produced, prerecorded material that can easily be reproduced by theaters with little or no active participation by the exhibitor.126.E ven though early exhibitors shaped their film programs by mixing films and other entertainments together in whichever way they thought would be most attractive to audiences or by accompanying them with lectures, their creative control remained limited.127.W ith the advent of projection, the viewer's relationship with the image was no longer private, as it had been with earlier peepshow devices such as the Kinetoscope and the Mutoscope, which was a similar machine that reproduced motion by means of successive images on individualphotographic cards instead of on strips of celluloid.128.A t the same time, the image that the spectator looked at expanded from the minuscule peepshow dimensions of 1 or 2 inches (in height) to the life-size proportions of 6 or 9 feet.129.T hose individuals who possess characteristics that provide them with an advantage in the struggle for existence are more likely to survive and contribute their genes to the next generation.130.B ecause aggressive individuals are more likely to survive and reproduce, whatever genes are linked to aggressive behavior are more likely to be transmitted to subsequent generations.131.C hildren normally desire to vent aggressive impulses on other people, including their parents, because even the most attentive parents cannot gratify all of their demands immediately.。

参考译文1. 美洲羚羊，或称叉角羚，是该大陆典型的草原动物。

2. 1986年看见哈雷慧星的千百万人当中，有多少人能够长寿到足以目睹它在二十一世纪的回归呢？3. 人类学家们已经发现，恐惧，快乐，悲伤和惊奇都会行之于色，这在全人类是共通的。

4. 由于苯酚对人体带有刺激性作用，它基本上已不再被当作常用的防腐剂了。

5. 任何盈利组织若要生存，最终都必须生产出消费者可用或需要的产品。

6. 一个地方的人口越多，其对水，交通和垃圾处理的需求就会越大。

7. 简明，直接，有力的写作难于花哨，含混而意义模糊的表达。

8. 随着现代办公室的日益自动化，设计师们正试图利用较为温暖而不太严肃的内部装饰来使其具有亲切感。

9. 诽谤和流言的区别在于前者是书面的，而后者是口头的。

10. 膝盖是大腿骨和小腿胫的连接处。

11. 酸是一种化合物，它在溶于水时具有强烈的气味和对金属的腐蚀性，并且能够使某些蓝色植物染料变红。

12. Billie Holiday’s 作为一个爵士布鲁斯乐杰出歌手的名声建立在能够赋予歌曲感情深度的能力。

13. 理论在本质上是对认识了的现实的一种抽象和符号化的表达。

14. 儿童在能说或能听懂语言之前，很久就会通过面部表情和靠发出噪声来与人交流了。

15. 受当代灌溉（技术设施）之赐，农作物在原来只有仙人掌和荞属科植物才能生存的地方旺盛的生长。

16. 机械计时器的发展促使人们寻求更精确的日晷，以便校准机械计时器。

17. 人类学是一门科学，因为人类学家采用一整套强有力的方法和技术来记录观测结果，而这样记录下来的观测结果是供他人核查的。

18. 真菌在腐化过程中十分重要，而腐化过程将化学物质回馈于土壤，提高其肥力，并分解动物粪便。

19. 音叉被敲击时，产生几乎纯质的音调，其音量经久不衰。

20. 虽然美洲山河桃树最集中于美国的东南部但是在北至俄亥俄州及伊利诺州也能看见它们。

21. 用怪罪别人的办法来解决问题通常被称为寻找替罪羊。

2020托福阅读长难句分析(5)托福阅读长难句The West had plenty of attractions： the alluvial river bottoms, the fecund soils of the rolling forest lands, the black loams of the prairies were tempting to New England farmers working their rocky, sterile land and to southeastern farmers plagued with soil depletion and erosion.这句话对于很多同学来说看起来有点晕，主要困惑有两个：第一就是找不清楚句子的谓语动词，第二则是冒号后的主语怎么这么长?其实这句话由冒号引起了两个分句，后一句是前一句的补充，前一句的谓语动词是had，而后一句的谓语动词部分是were tempting to表示对……有吸引力。

冒号后出现了多个并列主语使得这句话的主语很长，面对这样长的主语，大家只要抓住关键名词就好，分别是river bottom，soils和loams，它们对新英格兰农民和东南部农民有吸引力。

当然，本句最后对这两类农民又加以了修饰，分别是working... (在……耕作的新英格兰农民)和plagued with...(受到……困扰的东南部农民)。

这句话从词汇上看，难度在于出现了一些同学可能不理解的与地质相关的单词，比如：alluvial表示冲积的，fecund表示肥沃的，和后面的sterile(贫瘠的)正好是一对反义词，prairies指的是大草原，而soil depletion则说的是土地耗损，erosion指的是土地侵蚀。

最后提下be plagued with这个词组表示“受到……的困扰(折磨)”，能够用在写作中，比如：He was plagued with ill health throughout his short life. 在短暂一生中，他遭受着疾病的折磨。

TOEFL托福阅读长难句分析汇总为了让大家更好的预备托福考试，我给大家整理托福阅读长难句，下面我就和大家共享，来观赏一下吧。

托福阅读长难句1As relative newcomers to the Southwest, a place where their climate, neighbors,and rulers could be equally inhospitable, the Navajo created these art forms to affect the world around them, not just through the recounting of the actions symbolized, but through the beauty and harmony of the artworks themselves. (TPO41, 49)大家自己先读，不回读，看一遍是否能理解(As relative newcomers to the Southwest), (a place) (where their climate, neighbors, and rulers could be equally inhospitable), the Navajo created these art forms to affect the world around them, (not just through the recounting of the actions symbolized, but through the beauty and harmony of the artworks themselves. ) (TPO41, 49)托福阅读长难句100句分析：这个句子的主干局部：the Navajo created these art forms to affect the world around them修饰一：(As relative newcomers to the Southwest)，介词短语中文：作为西南部相对较新的人修饰二：(a place) ，同位语中文：一个地方修饰三：(where their climate, neighbors,and rulers could be equally inhospitable) ，从句中文：在那里气候恶劣、邻居冷漠以及统治者暴政修饰四：(not just through the recounting of the actions symbolized, but through the beauty and harmony of the artworks themselves. )，介词短语留意这里有一个搭配：not just … but …不仅…而且中文：不仅是通过详述这些象征性的行为，而且还通过艺术品本身的美和和谐托福阅读长难句100句参考翻译：作为西南部(在那里气候恶劣、邻居冷漠以及统治者暴政)相对较新的人，纳瓦霍人不仅是通过详述这些象征性的行为，而且还通过艺术品本身的美和和谐，制造了这些艺术形式来影响他们四周的世界。

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托福长难句120句解析1. 英语中的长难句往往给学习者带来困惑和挑战。

2. 本文将为大家解析120个托福长难句，帮助大家更好地理解和应对这些句子结构复杂的句子。

3. 第一句：Although he had studied hard, he still failed the test.4. 这个句子是一个典型的虽然...但是...的结构，虽然他努力学习，但仍然没有通过考试。

5. 这种结构在托福阅读和听力中经常出现，所以我们要注意理解和运用这种句子结构。

6. 第二句：Not only did he win the competition, but he also broke the record.7. 这个句子是一个典型的不仅...而且...的结构，他不仅赢得了比赛，而且还打破了纪录。

8. 在托福写作和口语中，我们也可以使用这种结构来增强句子的表达能力。

9. 第三句：It was not until midnight that he finished his work.10. 这个句子是一个典型的直到...才...的结构，直到午夜他才完成了工作。

11. 这种结构在托福考试中经常出现，所以我们要熟悉并运用这种句子结构。

12. 第四句：The more books you read, the more knowledge you will gain.13. 这个句子是一个典型的越...越...的结构，你读的书越多，你就会获得越多的知识。

14. 在托福阅读和写作中，我们可以使用这种结构来增强句子的比较和对比效果。

15. 第五句：Despite the rain, they still went hiking in the mountains.16. 这个句子是一个典型的尽管...但是...的结构，尽管下雨，他们仍然去爬山。

17. 这种结构在托福听力和口语中经常出现，所以我们要注意理解和运用这种句子结构。

18. 第六句：As the saying goes, "Practice makes perfect."19. 这个句子是一个典型的正如谚语所说，"熟能生巧"。

托福阅读高难度文章长难句实例解析汇总想要攻略托福阅读，需要积累大量的实际分析和应对长难句的阅历，下面我就和大家共享，来观赏一下吧。

托福阅读高难度文章长难句实例解析：农业在世界不同地区消失原句案例：Many prehistorians believe that farming may have emerged dependently in several different areas of the world when small communities, driven by increasing population and a decline in available food resources, began to plant seeds in the ground in an effort to guarantee their survival.结构划分：Many prehistorians believe that farming may have emerged dependently (in several different areas of the world) (when small communities, (driven by increasing population and a decline in available food resources), began to plant seeds in the ground in an effort to guarantee their survival).深度分析：这个句子的主干是：Many prehistorians believe that从句从句中的主干是：farming may have emerged dependently修饰一：(in several different areas of the world)，介词短语中文：在世界几个不同地区修饰二：(driven by increasing population and a decline inavailable food resources)，非谓语动词，相当于形容词修饰small communities中文：迫于人口不断增长和可用食物资源削减修饰三：(when small communities began to plant seeds in the ground in an effort to guarantee their survival)，从句请大家留意此处的断句问题。

备考托福阅读题之长难句分析学习是要持之以恒的一件事，以下的关于托福阅读题之长难句分析，希望对大家有所帮助，更多信息请关注!Theypossessdrought-resistingadaptations:lossofwaterthrought heleavesisreducedbymeansofdensehairscoveringwaxyleafsurface s,bytheclosureofporesduringthehottesttimestoreducewaterloss ,andbytherollinguporsheddingofleavesatthebeginningofthedrys eason.(TPO26,50)waxy/'w?ks?/adj.蜡色的，蜡状的pore/p??/n.气孔，毛孔shed/?ed/vt.使(某物)脱落剥落;使(某物)流出大家自己先读，不回读，看一遍是否能理解Theypossessdrought-resistingadaptations:lossofwater(through theleaves)isreduced(bymeansofdensehairs)(coveringwaxyleafsu rfaces),(bytheclosureofpores)(duringthehottesttimes)(toredu cewaterloss),and(bytherollinguporsheddingofleaves)(atthebeg inningofthedryseason).(TPO26,50)托福阅读长难句100句分析：这个句子的主干部分就是：Theypossessdrought-resistingadaptations:lossofwaterisreduced注意后面并列了3个介词结构：bymeansof…,bytheclosureof..,andbytherollingup…修饰一：(throughtheleaves)，介词，修饰lossofwater中文：经过叶子修饰二：(bymeansofdensehairs)，介词中文：通过的浓密的绒毛修饰三：(coveringwaxyleafsurfaces)，非谓语动词，修饰haris 中文：覆盖在蜡质叶子表面修饰四：(bytheclosureofpores)，介词短语中文：关闭气孔修饰五：(duringthehottesttimes)，介词短语中文：在最热的时间修饰六：(toreducewaterloss)，非谓语动词中文：减低水分散失修饰七：(bytherollinguporsheddingofleaves)，介词短语中文：通过卷起或脱落叶子修饰八：(atthebeginningofthedryseason)，介词短语中文：在干旱季初期托福阅读长难句100句参考翻译：他们拥有抵抗干旱的适应性：覆盖在蜡质叶子表面的浓密的绒毛、在温度最高时关闭气孔以减少水分流失以及在干旱季初期通过卷起或脱落叶子，都可以减少经过叶片的水分的流失。