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牛津八年级8A英语知识结构Unit 1 PenfriendsⅠWords:1.笔友2.杂志文学杂志妇女杂志→n. 期刊编辑3.业余爱好4.国际象棋棋子(pl. ) 棋盘5.拥有承认错误所有者物主业主6.good/well—---7. a 建筑师建筑学8.adv. 在附近不远adj. 附近的邻近的9.adj. 热心的渴望的敏锐的灵敏的adv.敏锐地n. 敏锐10.雄心抱负野心勃勃adj. 有雄心的11.附上Ⅱ Phrases1.在………的末端2.热心于做热衷于………= =3.下象棋弹钢琴4.12岁5.一个名叫Tom 的男孩=6.最好的祝愿7.+交通工具= +交通工具乘（交通工具）8.告诉某人关于某事告诉某人做某事告诉某人别做某事9.喜欢做某事=mind /practice/finish/10.说述说说话发言电话来时用speaking 说谈话of/about 告诉讲述Ⅲ Sentence1.+adj.+ . 某人如何干某事2.sth. +be+ 动词不定式做表语3.我希望你尽快给我回信●有可能实现的愿望不大可能实现的愿望●希望做某事希望某人做……..ⅣGrammarⅠquestion words (疑问词)what、who(whom) / whose/which/when/where/how/whyhow many/much/long/far/soon/fast/often/ how many timesⅡ冠词1.不定冠词a/an的用法“不见“原因”（发元音）别施“恩”（an）特殊案例：前需要加a 的：university a usual book Europe 欧洲European欧洲人one-day trip 需要加an 的：unhappy + n. uncle unusual + n.2. 定冠词the的用法特指双方熟悉，上文已经提起。
世上独一无二，方位名词乐器。
某些专有名词，还有复数姓氏。
序数词最高级，习惯用语牢记。
牛津版沪教版英语八年级(上)Unit 8English week 语法讲解+练习+答案XXX about an n or state。
They cannot be used as a predicate alone and must be combined with a verb in its base form to form a XXX modal verbs。
but they have a wide range of uses。
including can。
may。
must。
have/has to。
had better。
ought to。
shall。
will。
need。
and dare。
In affirmative sentences。
they often n as a main verb。
while in negative and interrogative sentences。
they n as modal verbs.The modal verb should is used to XXX。
"XXX."To improve your English。
it is mended that you read English books and magazines。
as well as watch English n programs。
During class。
XXX。
When speaking in English。
Emily should XXX。
XXX。
It is followed by the base form of a verb and its negative form is should not (shouldn’t)。
When used in a n。
should is placed at the beginning of the sentence。
It does not change for person or number。
牛津英语八年级8AUnit 2语法讲解本单元的语法现象主要有二：一、两者进行比较的方式：，这种句型中的more, fewer, less用语比较数量，后面加上名词。
◆more/ fewer/ less…thanmore是many或much的比较级，表示“更多的……”，后面既可接可数名词的复数形式，也可接不可数名词。
如：I have more spare time than you.我的空余时间比你多。
Who picked more apples on the farm yesterday, Jim or Jane?昨天在农场谁摘的苹果更多，是Jack还是Jane？less是little的比较级。
是“更少”的意思，后面只能接不可数名词。
如：He spends less money on clothes than I.他在衣服上花的钱比我少。
fewer是few的比较级，意为“更少”，后面必须接可数名词的复数形式。
如：I got fewer points in the exam than you.在考试中我得的分数比你的更少。
◆两者比较还有两外一种方式：即相似“the same as”和不同“be different from”。
如：His school is quite different from ours.=His school is not the same as ours.他的学校与我们的不一样。
◆如果对三者或三者以上的人或事物进行比较，则用“the +most+可数名词的复数形式或不可数名词”、“the fewest+可数名词的复数形式”句型和“the least+不可数名词”。
如：Who has the fewest friends of the three?三个人中谁的朋友最少？【拓展延伸】在英语中，遇到两个人或两件事物进行比较的情况时，◆要在同一范围内进行比较时，必须把主体排除在被比较的对象之外。
⽜津版沪教版英语⼋年级（上）Unit8Englishweek语法讲解+练习+答案Unit 8 English week语法讲解：情态动词（should和had better）情态动词（Modal verbs）本⾝有⼀定的词义，表⽰语⽓的单词。
但是不能独⽴作谓语，只能和动词原形⼀起构成谓语。
情态动词⽤在⾏为动词前，表⽰说话⼈对这⼀动作或状态的看法或主观设想。
情态动词虽然数量不多，但⽤途⼴泛，主要有下列：⼀、情态动词should的⽤法【教材典句】1. You should communicate in English with your friends whenever you can.2. You should read English books and magazines, and watch English television programmes.3. She told the class that they should study hard for the next exam.4. Emily should pronounce her words more clearly when she speaks in English.以上四个句⼦，主要围绕着情态动词should的⽤法展开，形象鲜明地展现了should的⽤法。
【语法全解】Should为情态动词，意为“应该”，后接动词原形，其否定形式为shouldn’t，变为⼀般疑问句时，should提到句⾸。
⽆⼈称和数的变化。
其⽤法如下：1. 否定形式should not(shou ldn’t)意为“不应该；不应当”You shouldn’t sit in the sun all day.你不应该整天坐在太阳底下。
They shouldn’t spend too much money.你不应该花太多钱。
2. 常⽤I should或we should表达“对⾃⼰⽽⾔该做些什么”I should go home. It’s midnight.我该回家了。
上海牛津版英语八年级上8AU1-U7期末复习题二和参考答案1.It's never too old to learn。
My XXX learning to use the computer in her fifties.2.Water is the cheapest drink。
and it is also the XXX.3."Shall we go for a ic in the park tomorrow?" "Yes。
if it doesn't rain heavily."4.I saw Ken in the meeting room。
and he was interviewing Joe for the school magazine.5.You can take either of the two toy cars and leave the other for your brother.6.Although Flight MH370 has been missing for months。
I do believe it will be found someday in the future.7."Can you come with me to the piano concert this evening?" "I'd love to。
but I have to study for my Maths test."8.Mr。
Wang has left for XXX days.9.Why John asked such a XXX something I don't understand.10.Good luck。
I am sure you will win if you take part in China's Got Talent next month.11.Could you tell me what a UFO looks like?12.Ben made quite a few mistakes in the test。
8A Unit 1 - 2 知识要点小结一、重点单词（词性变化）1. Italy (n.) 意大利-Italian(n./adj.)意大利的/人2. invent(v.)发明-invention(n.)发明/inventor(n.)发明家3. music(n.)音乐-musician(n.)音乐家-musical(adj.)音乐的4. science(n.)科学-scientist （n.）科学家5. Intelligent(adj.)智慧的-intelligence(n.)6. artistic(adj.)有艺术天赋的-art(n.)艺术-artist(n.)艺术家7. able(adj.)能够的-ability(n.)能力8. include(v.)包括-including(prep.)包括9. Sudden(adj.)突然的-suddenly(adv.)突然地 10. win(v.)赢-won(过去式）-winner(n.）获胜者11. die(v.)死-died(过去式）-dead(adj.)死的-dying(adj.)垂死的 12. find(v.)发现-found(过去式）13. grow(v.)渐渐变得/生长-grew(过去式） 14. learn(v.)学会-learnt(过去式） 15. wise adj.充满智慧的--- n. wisdom 16. gold n. 金子 --- adj. golden 金色的 17. correctly adv.正确地---adj. correct 正确的 18. copy n.复印本---copies 复数 过去式copied 19. promise n. 承诺--- v.许诺 promise20. India n. 印度 ---- Indian adj./n. 印度的;印度人二、同义词（组）1. nobody = no one/ not .....anybody 没有人2. famous = well-known 出名的3. perhaps = maybe/ possibly 可能4. include = contain/have 包括/包含5. go for a walk = take a walk 去散步6. die out = disappear 灭绝/消失7. however = but 但是8. for example = such as 例如 9. more than = over 多于 （反义词：less than 少于）10.11. countryside = outside the city 乡村 12. suddenly = quickly and surprisingly 突然 13. win = get the first place 赢14. find out = get some information a bout 发现 15. wise = clever; smart 聪明的 16. instead of = in place of 代替17. realize = be aware of; understand 意识到 18. correct = right 正确的 19. a long time = long before 很长时间三、重点短语1.查阅；查找look up2.在乡村in the countryside3. 艺术能力artistic ability4. 出生be born5. 渐渐长大grow older6. 在世界上in the world7. 在地球上on Earth8. 从很小的时候from an early age9. 学习做某事learn to do sth10. 人类human beings11. 一些.....；另一些some….others ….12.从....了解learn about from13.重要的事something important14.在报纸上in the newspaper15.使某人做某事make sb. do sth.16.过去常常做某事used to do sth17.各种各样的all kinds of18.寻找look for19.对....有用be useful to 20.记得要去做某事remember to do21.很早以前 a long time ago22.向某人挑战...... challenge sb to23.允许某人去做某事promise sb to do sth24.剩下的部分the rest of25.最后；终于finally = at last = in the end26.命令某人去做某事order sb to do sth27.等等and so on28.足够....去做某事enough ...to do sth29.听从某人的建议follow one’s advice30.只有nothing but31.全年all the year32.从那时起from then on33.抄写；誊写copy down34.交通事故traffic accident35......的数量the amount of36.回答问题reply to the question = answer the question37.赢得比赛win the match。
8A U1-U4语法专项复习Unit 1冠词1、不定冠词的种类2、不定冠词的种类Unit 2一般现在时的构成和用法巧记一般现在时的变化形式口诀：我是am ，你是are ，is跟着他、她、它，复数后面都是are.Unite 3 一般过去时Unit 4 数词二、年份、日期、时刻和编号的表示法期中模拟训练Part 1 Phonetics, Vocabulary and Grammar(第一部分语音，词汇和语法)I. Choose the best answer (选择最恰当的答案): (共20分)1.Which of following match the sound / kwaɪət/.A. quietB. quiteC. quarterD. kite2. He visited the family _______ a cold morning of March.A. inB. onC. toD. at3. The doors in the cliff are _______.A. two storeys highB. two-storey-highC. two-storey highD.two-storeys-high4. Gork looked very _______. He looked at the aliens very _______.A. angry… angryB. angrily… angrilyC. angrily…angryD. angry…angri ly5. Can you see the wet ground ? It _______ just now.A. is going to rainB. will rainC. is rainingD. rained6. You’d better go to sleep early, _______ you?A. wouldB. wouldn’tC. hadn’tD. had7. Lily doesn’t like black. She can accept all colours _______ black.A. exceptB. that exceptC. except thatD. besides8. The cave was so huge _______ they could play _______ tennis in it.A. because, theB. when, /C. that, theD. that, /9. Rose _______ her homework last night.A. had finishedB. finishedC. has finishedD. finishes10. Listen! Somebody _______ outside.A. is shoutingB. are shoutingC. shoutedD. was shouting11. – Who were the first people _______ the Moon?- Americans.A. visitingB. to visitC. visitedD. visit12. John is _______ to go to university.A. enough oldB. old enoughC. not enough oldD. so old13. _______ and listen to the teacher please.A. Stop to talkingB. Stop talkingC. Stopping to talkD. Stop to talk14. Don’t be afraid of _______ other people for help.A. askB. askedC. askingD. asks15. As they listened to my story, they gave a _______ from time to time; I don’t know how my story caused so much _______.A. laugh; laughterB. laugh; laughC. laughter; laughterD. laughter; laugh16. If our plan _______, we will all escape from the cave.A. will workB. worksC. workD. won’t work17. Tom said that he ______ his luggage in the train.A. had leftB. had forgottenC. leftD. forgot18. - The TV show Home with Kids is so wonderful. You shouldn’t miss it.- If I have time, I _______ it.A. seeB. sawC. will seeD. have seen19.-Excuse me, could you please show me the way to Shanghai Museum?-______. You can walk straight ahead and turn left.A. I’m a stranger tooB. It’s a pleasureC. You’re welcomeD. I have no idea20. -I’m sorry, Tony. I couldn’t find your new pen. -______, Mary. I have another one.A. Never mindB. Not at allC. You’re welcomeD. What a shame【答案】1. A 2. B 3. A 4. D 5. D 6. C 7. A 8. D 9. B 10. A 11. B 12. B 13. B 14. C 15. A 16. B 17. A 18. C 19. B 20. AII. Complete the following passage with the words or phrases in the box. Each word can only be used once （将下列单词或词组填入空格中。
首字母专题Ⅰ. 专题知识梳理首字母填空题答题时要求既要使所填的词在语法和语义上正确，又要使其符合短文内容与情景的需要，所给出的词首字母同时起着提示和限定的作用。
它不仅考查学生在词汇、语法等方面的基础知识，还考察理解、推导、分析等综合能力。
考查重点是名词、动词、形容词、副词和连词、代词、介词这几大词类。
一、能力考察1.词汇量与具体运用能力（基础）2.句子结构分析能力（确定词性和词形）3.语义、语境分析能力（确定词义）4.逻辑推断能力（确定词义）5.前后文关键信息提取能力（更为准确确定词义）二、解题思路1.词性的判断（句法结构、词性的句法功能）2.词义的判断（句意理解）3.脑海中搜索符合相关条件的考纲词汇4.复查（名词单复数、动词时态三单、形容词副词形式级别、固定搭配与文意等）Ⅰ. 专题精讲【案例分析】Fill in the blanks with proper words (在短文的空格内填入适当的词，使其内容通顺，每空格限填一词，首字母已给）（14 分）It’s a common school day at Southern Cross School near the famous Kruger National Park inSouth Africa. Teachers and pupils don’t sit in a classroom. I 81 , they go through the forest or sit under the trees.The school teaches students all the same s 82 as the rest of the country’s schools, but the teaching methods are completely different. Southern Cross uses nature as a teaching tool. The teachers and their pupils go out into nature and work with animals and plants. These can be used to study a 83 from maths and social sciences to languages. The school is in an area where animals live wild and can be hunted. To get to class, students travel a road through the forest that wild animals use as well.The classroom for small preschoolers is a little different from the rest of the school. For example, the first lesson of the day is maths, but the teaching method is very s 84 . In this school you won’t hear a teacher saying “Count how many apples Jane has in her basket.” Actually, the children visit a nearby river to count the number of marks left by animals. This way they can see how many different animals come to d 85 during the night.The students are encouraged to take care of the injured and small animals. If they find a dead animal in the area, they study where the animal fits in the foot chain and how and why it d 86 .The headmaster says, “We must make people understand what we are doing to the e 87 . We need to care for our planet.”【解析】Keys:81-87 Instead; subjects; anything; special; drink; died; earth/environment精讲：81.判定空格词性为副词，再根据前文没有坐在教室以及后文的穿过深林或是坐在树下，可知填instead82.判定空格为名词，根据理解可知填学科，注意复数，subjects83.判定空格为名词或代词，根据后文from maths and social sciences to languages可知填anything84.判定空格为形容词，根据but以及后文的表述,填special85.判定空格为动词原形或者名词，动词原形的可能性更大，再结合前文的river,填drink86.判定空格为动词，且为不及物动词、过去式，根据前文a dead animal 可知填died87.判定空格为名词，结合前后文出现的nature、planet，可以填earth或是environment都可以Ⅲ. 学法提炼1.通读全文，了解大意2. 判断空格填何种词性，是名词，是动词，是形容词，还是副词等。
首字母专题Ⅰ. 专题知识梳理首字母填空题答题时要求既要使所填的词在语法和语义上正确，又要使其符合短文内容与情景的需要，所给出的词首字母同时起着提示和限定的作用。
它不仅考查学生在词汇、语法等方面的基础知识，还考察理解、推导、分析等综合能力。
考查重点是名词、动词、形容词、副词和连词、代词、介词这几大词类。
一、能力考察1.词汇量与具体运用能力（基础）2.句子结构分析能力（确定词性和词形）3.语义、语境分析能力（确定词义）4.逻辑推断能力（确定词义）5.前后文关键信息提取能力（更为准确确定词义）二、解题思路1.词性的判断（句法结构、词性的句法功能）2.词义的判断（句意理解）3.脑海中搜索符合相关条件的考纲词汇4.复查（名词单复数、动词时态三单、形容词副词形式级别、固定搭配与文意等）Ⅰ. 专题精讲【案例分析】Fill in the blanks with proper words (在短文的空格内填入适当的词，使其内容通顺，每空格限填一词，首字母已给）（14 分）It’s a common school day at Southern Cross School near the famous Kruger National Park inSouth Africa. Teachers and pupils don’t sit in a classroom. I 81 , they go through the forest or sit under the trees.The school teaches students all the same s 82 as the rest of the country’s schools, but the teaching methods are completely different. Southern Cross uses nature as a teaching tool. The teachers and their pupils go out into nature and work with animals and plants. These can be used to study a 83 from maths and social sciences to languages. The school is in an area where animals live wild and can be hunted. To get to class, students travel a road through the forest that wild animals use as well.The classroom for small preschoolers is a little different from the rest of the school. For example, the first lesson of the day is maths, but the teaching method is very s 84 . In this school you won’t hear a teacher saying “Count how many apples Jane has in her basket.” Actually, the children visit a nearby river to count the number of marks left by animals. This way they can see how many different animals come to d 85 during the night.The students are encouraged to take care of the injured and small animals. If they find a dead animal in the area, they study where the animal fits in the foot chain and how and why it d 86 .The headmaster says, “We must make people understand what we are doing to the e 87 . We need to care for our planet.”【解析】Keys:81-87 Instead; subjects; anything; special; drink; died; earth/environment精讲：81.判定空格词性为副词，再根据前文没有坐在教室以及后文的穿过深林或是坐在树下，可知填instead82.判定空格为名词，根据理解可知填学科，注意复数，subjects83.判定空格为名词或代词，根据后文from maths and social sciences to languages可知填anything84.判定空格为形容词，根据but以及后文的表述,填special85.判定空格为动词原形或者名词，动词原形的可能性更大，再结合前文的river,填drink86.判定空格为动词，且为不及物动词、过去式，根据前文a dead animal 可知填died87.判定空格为名词，结合前后文出现的nature、planet，可以填earth或是environment都可以Ⅲ. 学法提炼1.通读全文，了解大意2. 判断空格填何种词性，是名词，是动词，是形容词，还是副词等。
首字母填空特点及中考趋势：1) 首字母填空题答题时要求既要使所填的词在语法和语义上正确，又要使其符合短文内容与情景的需要，所给出的词首字母同时起着提示和限定的作用。
它不仅考查学生在词汇、语法等方面的基础知识，还考察理解、推导、分析等综合能力。
2) 从近几年的考题来看，短文填空题所考查的单词涉及的词性范围较广，几乎涉及到了十大词类；文中所涉及的语言知识面较宽，学生需运用已学过的词法、句法及常用词组、短语、惯用法等知识进行具体分析后再答题，有一定的难度。
文章短小、精致，字数通常在100～150之间。
短文的体裁不一，有记叙文、说明文、议论文等。
短文题材丰富，内容通俗易懂，与现代生活紧密相关，如：英国人分期付款购房；度假回来的路上买家具的小故事；食物对不同年龄段的人的不同影响；被驯化的动物可以为人们做事情等，可读性、趣味性强，符合初中生的认知特点。
王乐叶唱歌、打乒乓球、旅游、看书阅读 首字母填空 培养学生较强的语感，扩大语言的知识储备，增加词汇量。
✧首字母填空的解题方法和技巧：短文填空题失分率较高，其原因也是较多的。
有些同学或急于求成，或过于自信，或为节省时间，在未通读完全文时便匆匆答题。
殊不知这样做会适得其反，达不到良好的效果。
因此，了解和掌握正确的解题方法和技巧是十分必要的。
◆通读全文，了解大意短文中虽有一些词未知，但不影响对文章主要内容的理解。
在初步阅读中，可以跳过空格，尽量捕捉文章所提供的内容信息，以及语法结构方面的提示，有助于下一步的分析与判断。
◆再读全文，理清脉络通读全文、掌握大意后，还应逐字逐句地仔细阅读，从文意中找出句与文、句与句、词与句、词与词之间的关系，尤其是一些不易察觉的、隐含的微妙关系，用已知信息去获取未知信息，以便初步确定答案。
在答题过程中，同学们可以把有把握的词先填好，逐步减少空格对阅读造成的障碍，然后再仔细推敲剩下的难题。
◆仔细推敲，确保准确词义判断正确了不等于答题正确，同学们还应从词法、句法、惯用法等方面考虑答案的准确性。
八年级上首字母解题技巧
首字母填空解题技巧：
1. 跳过空格，通读短文，了解大意。
2. 复读短文，确定语义，判断词形。
A.) 利用上下文的语境，结合所学过的知识，先确定空格处所需词语的意义. 首字母和汉语既是提示又是限制。
必须注意词形的变化，包括名词的单复数、动词的时态、形容词和副词的比较级（最高级）等。
B.)再根据空格在句子中的位置，判断其在句中充当的成分，从而确定所填词的词性，再依据词语搭配和语法规则，判断所填的词的正确形式。
3.通读短文，检查答案。
具体做题方法：
（一）从词性考查角度分析：
1. 名词：单复数形式, 所有格的用法
1. September 10th is Teachers’Day.
2.In autumn after a strong wind, the ground is often covered with fallen leaves.
2. 动词：时态语态的变化
3.We could not run faster than cheetahs , so we _invented__(发明)cars and now we can move the fastest
4.When you laugh ,you will open___ your mouth and your teeth.
3. 形容词、副词：比较等级的用法
5. Last Sunday，we played h_appily_____ in the park, though we were very tired.
6.Summer is the hottest season of the year.
4. 代词：单复数人称代词反身代词指示代词关系代词不定代词等的用法
7. Help yourself to some fish，Jim.
8. Mrs Green said to the twins .“Help yourselves to some fish please. ”
9.This book belongs to Mary. It is hers.
5. 连词：并列与从属连词的用法
10.For years, we played other people’s songs, but now we play mostly our own songs.
11. She didn’t go to school yesterday ，because she was ill.
（二）从句子成分角度分析
句子是按照一定的语法规律组成的，表达一个完整的意义。
一个句子一般由两部分构成，
即主语部分和谓语部分，这两部分也叫做句子的主要成分。
句子的次要成分包括宾语，定语，
状语，表语、同位语等。
(1)对主语的判断
1. T _______ are helpful to students. They always try their best to help their students.
2. Tom is of great importance for Amy. So h______ is more important to Amy than money.
3. Some famous s_______ are going to give lectures in our university in August. We are glad to know more about science.
4. F _______ is my favorite sport. It shows the spirit of team work.
5. C_______ stamps is my hobby.
分析：主语是动作的发出者，词性主要为名词与代词；动词不能直接用作主语，必须转化成其对应的名词或动名词。
此外，形容词前加the也可作主语。
eg: The rich are not always happy. 句中the rich 指“有钱人”，因此可以作主语。
(2) 对谓语的判断
John was standing on the step of a house. An old woman c________ over to him. “My boy,”she a_____ , “Is your father at home?”“Yes,”a_______ John. The woman b________ ringing the bell. She rang and rang, but there was no answer. At last she t_____ back to John and s______ angrily, “Didn’t you s______ that your father was at home?”“I did”, answered John, “but this i_______ my house.”
分析：语篇中的所缺词均为谓语动词。
谓语是句子所表示的动作，词性只能是动词，而且在句子中不能缺。
当一个主谓结构中同时出现两个或两个以上动词时，还要判断他们之间的相互关系，对谓语动词或非谓语动词的判断只有在熟练掌握相关知识的基础上，才能作出正确的判断。
谓语动词要考虑时态与语态。
时态:
1. 一般现在时：要考虑动词的三单形式
2.一般过去时：要考虑动词的过去式
3. 现在进行时,考虑动词的现在分词形式
4. 现在完成时：要考虑动词的过去分词的形式（与动词的过去式的规则变化相同，不规则的要单独记忆）
(3) 对宾语的判断
1. Mr. Chen was surprised to see the fast d________ in Shanghai after his long absence from the city.
2. The front is in great need of medical w_____.because there are so many injured soldiers.
3. Thank you for your k_______. Without your help,I will not work out the problem.
4. At last he sold his i______. He has invented it for a long time.
分析：宾语是动作的承受者，分动词宾语与介词宾语两种。
宾语的词性和主语的词性一样，主要为名词或代词，但是如果代词作宾语时就必须用其宾格。
(4) 对表语的判断
1. It is i______ for an ordinary plane to fly to the moon.
2.The sick man is getting w______.Maybe he will die soon.
3. Patrick is going to be a(n) mechanical e______ when he grows up. He thinks mechine is full of charming
4. Such cold weather is quite u_____ in May and people have to wear warm clothes again.
5. It’s a p______ to have a picnic with all the members.。
