托福TPO44独立写作题目文本+满分范文

3. SeagrassesMany areas of the shallow sea bottom are covered with a lush growth of aquatic flowering plants adapted to live submerged in seawater. These plants are collectively called seagrasses. Seagrass beds are strongly influenced by several physical factors. The most significant is water motion: currents and waves. Since seagrass systems exist in both sheltered and relatively open areas, they are subject to differing amounts of water motion. For any given seagrass system, however, the water motion is relatively constant. Seagrass meadows in relatively turbulent waters tend to form a mosaic of individual mounds, whereas meadows in relatively calm waters tend to form flat, extensive carpets. The seagrass beds, in turn, dampen wave action, particularly if the blades reach the water surface. This damping effect can be significant to the point where just one meter into a seagrass bed the wave motion can be reduced to zero. Currents are also slowed as they move into the bed.The slowing of wave action and currents means that seagrass beds tend to accumulate sediment. However, this is not universal and depends on the currents under which the bed exists. Seagrass beds under the influence of strong currents tend to have many of the lighter particles, including seagrass debris, moved out, whereas beds in weak current areas accumulate lighter detrital material. It is interesting that temperate seagrass beds accumulate sediments from sources outside the beds, whereas tropical seagrass beds derive most of their sediments from within.Since most seagrass systems are depositional environments, they eventually accumulate organic material that leads to the creation of fine-grained sediments with a much higher organic content than that of the surrounding unvegetated areas. This accumulation, in turn, reduces the water movement and the oxygen supply. The high rate of metabolism (the processing of energy for survival) of the microorganisms in the sediments causes sediments to be anaerobic (without oxygen) below the first few millimeters. According to ecologist J. W. Kenworthy, anaerobic processes of the microorganisms in the sediment are an important mechanism for regenerating and recycling nutrients and carbon, ensuring the high rates of productivity—that is, the amount of organic material produced-that are measured in those beds. In contrast to other productivity in the ocean, which is confined to various species of algae and bacteria dependent on nutrient concentrations in the water column, seagrasses are rooted plants that absorb nutrients from the sediment or substrate. They are, therefore, capable of recycling nutrients into the ecosystem thatwould otherwise be trapped in the bottom and rendered unavailable.Other physical factors that have an effect on seagrass beds include light, temperature, and desiccation (drying out). For example, water depth and turbidity (density of particles in the water) together or separately control the amount of light available to the plants and the depth to which the seagrasses may extend. Although marine botanist W. A. Setchell suggested early on that temperature was critical to the growth and reproduction of eelgrass, it has since been shown that this particularly widespread seagrass grows and reproduces at temperatures between 2 and 4 degrees Celsius in the Arctic and at temperatures up to 28 degrees Celsius on the northeastern coast of the United States. Still, extreme temperatures, in combination with other factors, may have dramatic detrimental effects. For example, in areas of the cold North Atlantic, ice may form in winter. Researchers Robertson and Mann note that when the ice begins to break up, the wind and tides may move the ice around, scouring the bottom and uprooting the eelgrass. In contrast, at the southern end of the eelgrass range, on the southeastern coast of the United States, temperatures over 30 degrees Celsius in summer cause excessive mortality. Seagrass beds also decline if they are subjected to too much exposure to the air. The effect of desiccation is often difficult to separate from the effect of temperature. Most seagrass beds seem tolerant of considerable changes in salinity (salt levels) and can be found in brackish (somewhat salty) waters as well as in full- strength seawater.1. According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true about seagrasses in calm ocean waters?A. They will not survive for very long without the nutrients brought In by fast-moving waters.B. They tend to form beds covering large areas along the ocean floor.C. They usually are arranged in separate mounds.D. They grow more slowly than do seagrasses in fast-moving waters.2. According to paragraph 1, which of the following is MOST likely to describe a bed in which seagrasses reach the surface of the water?A. The water is almost completely still.B. The bed often has major damage from strong waves or currents.C. The bed is generally no more than one square meter in size.D. Grasses form a mosaic of individual mounds.3. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. Light particles and debris collect in some seagrass beds, but are washed out of those affected by strong currents.B. Seagrass beds under the influence of strong currents tend to accumulate many of the lighter particles from other bedsC. The strength of the currents determines how quickly accumulated seagrass debris is moved out of the beds.D. Seagrass debris and other light particles are often moved from areas of strong currents to areas of weak currents.4. The word "derive" in the passage is closest in meaning toA. maintainB. expelC. obtainD. enrich5. According to paragraph 3, which of the following does NOT accurately describe the sediments that collect in seagrass beds?A. Fine-grainedB. Only a few millimeters deepC. Low in oxygenD. Rich in organic matter6. The word "confined" in the passage is closest in meaning toA. relatedB. limitedC. relevantD. helpful7. According to paragraph 3，how do seagrasses affect the nutrient supply in the ecosystem?A. Because of their high rate of metabolism, they consume a large percentage of the available nutrients.B. They attract various species of algae and bacteria that produce high nutrient concentrations in the water column.C. They take up carbon and other nutrients trapped on the sea bottom and bring them back into use.D. Through anaerobic processes at their roots, they produce a very nutrient-rich sediment.8. It can be inferred from paragraph 4 that the reason seagrasses do not grow in very deep water is thatA. they cannot handle intense water pressureB. deep water is too coldC. they would not get enough lightD. deep water is too salty9. The w ord “detrimental'’ in the passage is closest in meaning toA. harmfulB. significantC. unexpectedD. distinct10. T he word “detrimental'’ in the passage is closest in meaning toA. harmfulB. significantC. unexpectedD. distinct11. Paragraph 4 suggests that which of the following would be the LEAST likely to cause major damage to eelgrass and other common seagrasses?A. Factors related to extreme temperaturesB. Exposure to airC. Major changes in salinityD. The movement of ice on the seafloor12. The phrase “tolerant of’ in the passage is closest in meaning toA. unused toB. strongly affected byC. protected fromD. able to withstand13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Seagrasses grow together in dense patches, or beds, with as many as 4,000 blades per square meter.Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage14. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the follo wing sentence could be added to the passage.Seagrasses grow together in dense patches, or beds, with as many as 4,000 blades per square meter.Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passageDrag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong. To remove an answer choice, click on it.To review the passage, click VIEW TEXTSeagrasses are aquatic flowering plants that grow in either sheltered or open areas of the seaA. Seagrass beds are influenced by several physical factors, the most significant being the stability of the sea bottom, which must anchor them against the currents.B. Because they slow currents and waves, seagrass beds collect deposits of rich organic sediments, which are home to many anaerobic microorganisms.C. Unlike sea organisms that depend on the water column for their productivity, seagrasses ensure high rates of productivity by taking nutrients from ocean floor sediment.D. Sediments in seagrass beds vary by region, with temperate beds accumulating sediments from within, and tropical beds collecting sediments from without.E. Seagrasses under weak currents tend to have higher rates of metabolism than those under strong currents, perhaps because of differences in oxygen levels.F. Although seagrasses survive in temperatures ranging from 2 to 28 degrees Celsius, more extreme temperatures can damage them, as can desiccation and lack of light.。

为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO44综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

托福TPO44综合写作阅读原文文本： In 1957 a European silver coin dating to the eleventh century was discovered at a Native American archaeological site in the state of Maine in the United States. Many people believed the coin had been originally brought to North America by European explorers known as the Norse, who traveled across the Atlantic Ocean and came into contact with Native Americans almost a thousand years ago. However, some archaeologists believe that the coin is not a genuine piece of historical evidence but a historical fake; they think that the coin was placed at the site recently by someone who wanted to mislead the public. There are three main reasons why some archaeologists believe that the coin is not genuine historical evidence. Great Distance from Norse Settlements First, the Native American site in Maine where the coin was discovered is located very far from other sites documenting a Norse presence in North America. Remains of Norse settlements have been discovered in far eastern Canada. The distance between the Maine site and the Norse settlements in Canada is more than a thousand kilometers, suggesting the coin has no real connection with the settlements. No Other Coins Found A second problem is that no other coins have been found at the Canadian sites that were inhabited by the Norse. This suggests that the Norse did not bring any silver coins with them to their North American settlements. Third, the Norse who traveled to North America would have understood that silver coins would most likely be useless to them. Silver coins may have been in wide use in Europe at the time, but the Norse, as experienced explorers, would have known that native North Americans did not recognize silver coins as money. 托福TPO44综合写作听力原文文本： Professor: Actually many archaeologists believe that the coin discussed in the reading is not a fake. They believe it represents genuine evidence that the Norse came into contact with Native Americans a thousand years ago. First, the great distance of the Maine site from the Norse settlements in Canada. Well, many other objects found at that same Native American site had come from faraway places. Not just the coin. There's a perfectly reasonable historical explanation for these objects. The Native Americans who lived at the Maine site traveled great distances within North America. They were interested in obtaining objects from faraway places. The Native Americans could have reached the Norse settlements during their travels and brought the silver coin back to Maine. Second, does the fact that we found no other coins at Norse settlements mean that the Norse didn't bring any coins with them? Not necessarily. The Norse didn't create permanent settlements in North America. At some point, they went back to Europe. Whenthey packed for their return voyage, they packed up all their valuable possessions. They would have packed up all silver coins they had as well. So it's completely possible that the Norse had originally brought the coins with them to North America, but when they returned to Europe, they took the coins back with them. Third, it's true that Native Americans wouldn't have viewed coins as money in the same way we do today or the way the Norse did in Europe. But the Norse probably knew that the Native Americans valued attractive or unusual objects. Silver coins might have been very appealing because of their beauty. For example, they could have been used in necklaces or other types of jewelry. As long as Native Americans found the coins interesting and beautiful, the Norse could have used the coins to trade with them. 托福TPO44综合写作满分范文： The reading mainly presents that there are three evidences to prove the coin was not brought by Norse to America. However, the listening challenges what are stated in the passage by providing three strong evidences. Firstly, in the reading, it is said that the location of Marine was so far from Norse sites in Canada. They had no relation with each other. In contrast, the listening holds an opposed view that Native Americans travelled over a thousand kilometers to Norse’s settlement and brought back the coin. Secondly, the passage asserts that there are no other kind of coins found in the Norse’s site. That means that Norse has no coins in the Native America. However, the professor also maintains an opposite opinion that Norse didn't stayed at a place forever. When they returned back to Europe, they took away the valuable silver coins. Finally, the author of reading passage believes that the North understand that the coin is not the most widely accepted form of Native American’s currency. On the other hand, the lecturer disagrees it with the point that Native Americans prefer the valuable or unique items. So the Norse can utilize the coin trade with the Native Americans. 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO44综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。

为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO44口语Task2题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

托福TPO44独立口语Task2题目： Some people believe that primary schools should no longer teach children how to write by hand, and instead should spend time teaching them how to type on a computer. Other people believe that it is still important for schools to teach children to have good handwriting. Which point of view do you agree with? Explain why. 托福TPO44独立口语Task2满分范文： It is unquestionable that primary students should learn how to write by hand, as computer continues barriers to people’s communication in the society. Firstly, writing things out by hand may be a critical way we train our brains. What’s more, handwriting helps children learn letters and shapes, improves their composition of ideas, and may also boost fine-motor skills development. 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO44口语Task2题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。

Three arguments in the passage support that the silver coin discovered at a Native American archaeological site is a false historical evidence. However, the professor in the lecture contradicts all of them.First of all, the author argues that the distance between the site where the coin was found and the settlements where the Norse lived is more than 1000 kilometers, which means there is no real relationship. However, the professor refutes this idea by claiming that other objects from far away places have also been found in Maine not just coins. Besides, native Americans living in Maine site would travel long distances around North America and bring back what they were interested in. So it is possible that the Native American has reached the Norse site and bring the silver coin back with them.Second, the author states that no other coins have been discovered at the Canadian sites where the Norse inhabited. However, the professor maintains that it does not mean the Norse did not bring the silver coins with them. Actually the Norse did not have permanent habitats in Canada, and they at some point moved back to Europe. And when they moved back to Europe, they have brought all their valuable possessions including coins back with them. So it is possible that they brought coins with them to North America originally and took them back to Europe later.Third, the passage suggests that the Norse were experienced travelers who knew the Native Americans did not regard the coins as money, so the Norse would not bring the coins with them. On the contrary, the professor claims that experienced travelers like the Norse knew that Native Americans were interested in attractive and unusual things like coins, so the coins might be appealing because of the beauty. For example, they could use the coins to make necklaces or jewelries. Once the Norse found the Native Americans were interested in coins, they would use the coin to trade with the Native Americans.。

托福备考之独立写作满分范文5篇精选下面给大家带来5篇托福优秀范文，欢迎阅读参考。

祝你们考高分。

篇一Which one do you prefer, to solve problems on your own experience and knowledge, or to ask others for advice?As knowledge and experience serve as twim towers in problem-solving, one is often presented with two major paths that pave the way for final fulfillment, eitther to wrack his brain, just like what happened to Neuton, siiting for many years under an apple tree and eventually figuring out ond of the greatest universal rules that govern the whole globe, or to seek for others’ widsom through their advice, just as in the case of Benjinin Franklin, gathering great minds under one roof and then establishing a most world-renown libray. Both ways work. When a practical goal is involved, however, Benjimin Franklin may best be regareded as a role model in this respect and asking people for advice often turn out to be the prime alternative.Experience and knowledge borrowed or learned f rom others’ advice contribute greatly to effectiveness and effeciency for a goal-accomplishment. Not all experience and knowledge related to problem-solving can be obtained by personal effort alone due to limitations of mind and capabilities of each individual. A single thought in someone’s mind is, more often than not, far less shining compared with group’s wisdom. That explains the famous old saying that one sees further when standing upon the shoulders’ of past great giants; that explains why a great lea der is always with greater minds; that also explains why teamwork in corperation is highly emphasized in the 21st century. Brainstormand exchange of ideas between different thoughts never fail to enhance capabilities of each individula involved, a team, a company, an institution, a country, or even the entire global village.Asking others’ advice instead of getting everything done on one’s own promotes democracy and communication too. In terms of democracy, it is necessary to give others rights and chances to speak since the problem may concern them in different ways, and their saying in turn reflects our respect toward freedom of speech as well as their wisdom. In terms of communication, idea exchange sometimes focuses more than solutions, and hereby better mutual understanding about perspectives, principles, praticalities and personalities of each other.Admittely turning to others for help and suggestion by no means refers to absolute and irresponsible dependence. Consideration upon different thoughts and ideas broadens our mind, enlarges our vision, furthers understanding, enhances more effective and efficient brainstorm, and stresses mutual respect in groups and communities, which undoubtedly gives rise to better, if not the best solutions. As is paraphrased from John F Kenedy, brainstormed, there is little we cannot do while divided, there is little we can do.篇二Case of Benjinin Franklin, gathering great minds under one roof and then establishing a most world-renown libray. Both ways work. When a practical goal is involved, however, Benjimin Franklin may best be regareded as a role model in this respect and asking people for advice often turn out to be the prime alternative.Experience and knowledge borrowed or learned from others' advice contribute greatly to effectiveness and effeciency for a goal-accomplishment. Not all experience and knowledge related to problem-solving can be obtained by personal effort alone due to limitations of mind and capabilities of each individual. A single thought in someone's mind is, more often than not, far less shining compared with group's wisdom. That explains the famous old saying that one sees further when standing upon the shoulders' of past great giants; that explains why a great leader is always with greater minds; that also explains why teamwork in corperation is highly emphasized in the 21st century. Brainstorm and exchange of ideas between different thoughts never fail to enhance capabilities of each individula involved, a team, a company, an institution, a country, or even the entire global village.Asking others' advice instead of getting everything done on one's own promotes democracy and communication too. In terms of democracy, it is necessary to give others rights and chances to speak since the problem may concern them in different ways, and their saying in turn reflects our respect toward freedom of speech as well as their wisdom. In terms of communication, idea exchange sometimes focuses more than solutions, and hereby better mutual understanding about perspectives, principles, praticalities and personalities of each other.Admittely turning to others for help and suggestion by no means refers to absolute and irresponsible dependence. Consideration upon different thoughts and ideas broadens our mind, enlarges our vision, furthers understanding, enhances more effective and efficient brainstorm, and stresses mutualrespect in groups and communities, which undoubtedly gives rise to better, if not the best solutions. As is paraphrased from John F Kenedy, brainstormed, there is little we cannot do while divided, there is little we can do.篇三After they complete their university studies, some students live in their hometowns. Others live in different towns and cities. Which do you think is beterr? Give reasons for your answer.After they complete their univerrsity studies, some students preferr to live in their hometowns while others choose to live in different towns or cities. Everybody has his own reasons for his preference. After my graduation, I will go back and live in my home city. I have made this decision because of the following reasons.Firstly, my home city is a big city that can offer a lot. There are plenty of opportunities for work, many big libraries for studies, several differrent musiums for visit, and numerous cinemas, theaters and centers for entertainment. When I go back there, I will have no difficulty in finding a job suitable for me and I can make use of all the facilities available there.Secondly, if I go back to my home city, I can look after my parents. I take this into consideration because I am their only child and they are now weak and getting on in age. If I live in the same city with them, I can visit them very often and help them whenever it is necessary.Thirdly, if I live in my home city, I will have a lot of friends, schoolmates and relatives to visit and to turn to for help when I need. Of course, I could get acquainted with many people and make many friends if I were to go to live in a strange place, but that takes time. If I go back to my home city, everybody will bewaiting for me and I will be able to settle down comfortably without any trouble and waste of time.In short, my choise is based on a careful consideration of my home city and my family. I think it is a better or sensible choice; in a certain sense, it is a must.Neighbors are the people who live near us. In your opinion, what are the qualities of a good neighbor? Use specific details and examples in your answer.篇四If you have a good neighbor, you are a lucky person. You have someone who cares about your needs and your property, who is helpful in the little day-to-day situations that come up, and who is supportive in times of crisis.A good neighbor is someone who, for instance, understands that your children may occasionally run across his lawn,- even though you tell them not to. He'll realize that children can be careless about things like that, and he won't make a big fuss about it unless it becomes a regular thing. In the same vein, he knows that you'll understand if some of the trash from his trash cans blows across into your yard. In other words, he is sensitive to the unintentional things that can happen. He doesn't make a big deal about them.A good neighbor is also respectful of your property. For example, she asks your permission before doing anything that interferes with what's yours. This means she wouldn't plant a huge tree in between your houses without asking how you felt about it. If she wanted to put up a fence, she would let you know first. She might work with you to decide where it should be placed. Maybe the two of you would even split the cost.A good neighbor would lend you some milk if you ran out.She'd give you a ride to work if your car was broken, and let your children stay at her house in the evening if you got stuck working overtime. You would do the same for her. Both of you would help make the other's life easier.When something really awful happens to you, like a death in the family, a good neighbor will volunteer to help in any way he can. This could mean something small, like making some casseroles to put in your freezer to feed visiting relatives. Or it could mean something big, like helping you get through the sadness of the funeral. I think only someone who has experienced a bad neighbor can really appreciate a good one! A good neighbor can be a good friend. He or she can make all the difference in the world to your life.篇五Some people prefer to eat at food stands or restaurants. Other people prefer to prepare and eat food at home. Which do you prefer? Use specific reasons and esamples to support your answer.Some people like to eat out at food stands and restaurants, while others like to prepare food at home. Often it depends on the kind of lifestyle people have. Those with very busy jobs ou tside the house don’t always have time to cook. They like the convenience of eating out. Overall, though, it is cheaper and healthier to eat at home.While eating in restaurants is fast, the money you spend can add up. When I have dinner at a restaurant with a friend, the bill is usually over twenty dollars. I can buy a lot of groceries with that much money. Even lunch at a fast-food stand usually costs five or six dollars for one person. That’s enough to feed the whole family at home. Eating at home is better for you, too. Mealsat restaurants are often high in fat and calories, and they serve big plates of food-much more food-than you need to eat at one meal. If you cook food at home, you have more control over the ingredients. You can use margarine instead of butter on your potatoes, or not put so much cheese on top of your pizza. At home, you can control your portion size. You can serve yourself as little as you want. In a restaurant, you may eat a full plate of food "because you paid for it."It’s true that eating out is convenient. You don’t have to shop, or cook, or clean up. But real home cooking doesn’t have to take up a lot of time. There are lots of simple meals that don’t take long to make. In fact, they’re faster than eating out, especially if you think of the time you spend driving to a restaurant, parking, waiting for a table,, waiting for service, and driving home.Both eating at restaurants and cooking at home can be satisfying. Both can taste good and be enjoyed with family and friends. I prefer cooking at home because of the money and health issues, but people will make the choice that fits their lifestyle best.。

托福TPO44口语Task2题目+满分范文为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO44口语T ask2题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

托福TPO44独立口语Task2题目：Some people believe that primary schools should no longer teach children how to write by hand, and instead should spend time teaching them how to type on a computer. Other people believe that it is still important for schools to teach children to have good handwriting. Which point of view do you agree with? Explain why.托福TPO44独立口语Task2满分范文：It is unquestionable that primary students should learn how to write by hand, as computer continues barriers to people’s communication in the society. Firstly, writing things out by hand may be a critical way we train our brains. What’s more, handwriting helps children learn letters and shapes, improves their composition of ideas, and may also boost fine-motor skills development.以上是给大家整理的托福TPO44口语T ask2题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。

为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO44口语Task6听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

托福TPO44口语Task6听力文本： Listen to part of a lecture in a biology class. So we've been talking about forest fires. And usually when a forest fire occurs, the animals in the area will of course run away, flee as fast as they can so as not to get hurt by the flames. Some animals, though, actually benefit from forest fires and so will seek them out because forest fires can be helpful, can help them fulfill certain survival needs. Let's discuss two benefits forest fires could have for these animals. One benefit is that they can make it easier for predators to find food. A forest fire will force animals out of their hiding places and out into the open, which predators take advantage of because fleeing animals are much easier to catch than they normally are when they are hiding. For example, scientists have observed wild turkeys doing this. These birds will go to the edge of a forest fire and wait there in order to catch all the insects running out of the burning forest, which is a much easier way to catch insects than the normal way of pecking for them on the ground. Another benefit forest fires could have is to help provide a good place for the development of young animals. Forest fires can make an otherwise harmful environment more suitable for their development. For example, some trees in the forest are poisonous to beetles. They have a special chemical that keeps beetles away. But after a fire, beetles will seek out these trees because the trees are dead and beetles are able to lay their eggs in the trees without being hurt by the chemical. The young beetles use the trees' nourishment until they mature into adult beetles. 托福TPO44口语Task6题目： Using the examples of wild turkeys and beetles, explain two benefits of forest fires for animals. 托福TPO44口语Task6满分范文： According to the lecture, the professor talked about two benefits forest fires for certain animals. The first is that the hiding animals are forced to run away. The predators can easily find their food in open area compared to wait for their food. For example, wild turkeys can chase the insects at the edge of a forest fire and catch them easily on the ground. The other benefit is young animals can get a suitable place to grow. For example, toxic chemical is included in some trees, which can threatenbeetles. But the forest fires turn the dead trees to be the beetle’s homeland. The beetles can lay eggs in the trees without harmful chemical and young beetles can utilize the nutrition to grow into mature ones. 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO44口语Task6听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。

托福TPO44独立写作题目文本+满分范文为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO44独立写作题目文本+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

托福TPO44独立写作题目原文：Some people believe that when busy parents do not have a lot of time to spend with their children, the best use of that time is to have fun playing games or sports. Others believe that it is best to use that time doing things together that are related to schoolwork. Which of the two approaches do you prefer? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.托福TPO44独立写作满分范文1：In recent years, there has been a trend among busy parents toward utilizing spare time to have fun such as arts and sports, because these entertainment activities do not have a direct relation with children’s school work. It lies in the fact that education is valuable by people only when it improves students’ academic record. Although playing games and sport are not directly related to academic record, these entertainment activities have countless benefits to students’ success in their future careers. The idea that sport is important to children’s development has been widely accepted. First of all, sport can enhance intelligence. Playing games enables children to know how to coordinate different parts of their bodies. The advantage is that children who can use sport instruments proficiently cab juggle different task in their adulthood. Playing games can foster the culture of cooperation among teenagers as they are required to collaborate with each other in a basketball team or a football team. Playing games is also considered as a healthy way of relieving stress, because it can lighten one’s mood and reduceanxiety. Playing games also has a beneficial effect on children’s physical and mental health. Children who engage in physical activity can constantly maintain a healthy weight and have stamina to handle their schoolwork. This is particularly important, considering that young people are increasingly addicted to the sedentary activity, such as watching TV. Furthermore, children who exercise habitually normally have a positive attitude to life, which enables them to cope with stress easily. Therefore, we can see how important some non-academic activities can be to students’ future career success. Sports and playing games c an develop students’ intellectual skills and social skills, while they are able to improve students’ physical health and self-esteem.托福TPO44独立写作满分范文2：It is common that parents now are suffering great pressures from their work and are left with less time to be with their children. So, the problem comes: how to utilize this precious parent-child time? From my perspective, I prefer to spend this time having fun with my kids. First of all, under the advanced and comprehensive educational mechanism, children are able to perform schoolwork without the help fromtheir parents. So, there is no need for parents to spend too much time with their children doing something related to schoolwork. For example, each student is assigned with an advisor. And no matter what questions a student encounter in his/her study,he/she can ask for help from the advisor. Also, many schools now are offering students with multi-functional platform to have discussion and conduct QA session with teachers online. It is obvious that there is no need for parents to get involved in children’s schoolwork. In addition, students are now facing withgreat stressesand many of them have to take various extra-curricular courses. So, having fun with parents plays a more important role in their life. Activities such as playing basketball or guessing game can significantly release their pressures and have good refreshment. For example, every night after I finish my homework, my father wouldlike to play chess with me. This kind of father-daughter time can always help me getrid of all my annoyance and troubles. It is clearly that having fun with parents matters a lot to children. Furthermore, having fun of playing sports can enable students to strengthen their bodies and build their muscles. Only with healthy body can students pursue their goals and achieve success. For example, it is often reportedthat some students fail to start their career due to their poor health condition. So, parents are supposed to spend more time with kids to participate in more sports. In a nutshell, engaging in some non-academic activities plays an important role in students’ life. Playing sports and games can help students relieve their pressuresand strengthen their bodies.以上是给大家整理的托福TPO44独立写作题目文本+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。

2. The Use of the Camera ObscuraThe precursor of the modern camera, the camera obscura is a darkened enclosure into which light is admitted through a lens in a small hole. The image of the illuminated area outside the enclosure is thrown upside down as if by magic onto a surface in the darkened enclosure. This technique was known as long ago as the fifth century B.C. in China. Aristotle also experimented with it in the fourth century B.C., and Leonardo da Vinci described it in his notebooks in 1490. In 1558 Giovanni Battista Della Porta wrote in his twenty-volume work Magia naturalis(meaning "natural magic") instructions for adding a convex lens to improve the quality of the image thrown against a canvas or panel in the darkened area where its outlines could be traced. Later, portable camera obscuras were developed, with interior mirrors and drawing tables on which the artist could trace the image. For the artist, this technique allows forms and linear perspective to be drawn precisely as they would be seen from a single viewpoint. Mirrors were also used to reverse the projected images to their original positions.Did some of the great masters of painting, then, trace their images using a camera obscura? Some ait historians are now looking for clues of artists' use of such devices. One of the artists whose paintings are being analyzed from this point of view is the great Dutch master, Jan Vermeer, who lived from 1632 to 1675 during the flowering of art and science in the Netherlands, including the science of optics. Vermeer produced only about 30 known paintings, including his famous The Art of Painting. The room shown in it closely resembles the room in other V ermeer paintings, with lighting coming from a window on the left, the same roof beams, and similar floor tiles, suggesting that the room was fitted with a camera obscura on the side in the foreground. The map hung on the opposite wall was a real map in Vermeers possession, reproduced in such faithful detail that some kind of tracery is suspected. Wh en one of Vermeer’s paintings was X-rayed, it did not have any preliminary sketches on the canvas beneath the paint, but rather the complete image drawn in black and white without any trial sketches. Vermeer did not have any students, did not keep any records, and did not encourage anyone to visit his studio, facts that can be interpreted as protecting his secret use of a camera obscura.In recent times the British artist David Hockney has published his investigations into the secret use of the camera obsc ura, claiming that for up to 400 years, many of Western art’s great masters probably used the device to produce almost photographically realistic details in their paintings. He includes in this group Caravaggio, Hans Holbein, Leonardo da Vinci, Diego Velazquez,Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, Agnolo Bronzino, and Jan van Eyck. From an artist’s point of view, Hockney observed that a camera obscura compresses the complicated forms of a three-dimensional scene into two-dimensional shapes that can easily be traced and also increases the contrast between light and dark, leading to the chiaroscuro effect seen in many of these paintings. In Jan van Eyck’s The Marriage of Giovanni Arnolfini and Giovanna Cenami,the complicated foreshortening in the chandelier and the intricate detail in the bride’s garments are among the clues that Hockney thinks point to the use of the camera obscura.So what are we to conclude? If these artists did use a camera obscura, does that diminish their stature? Hockney argues that the camera obscura does not replace artistic skill in drawing and painting. In experimenting with it, he found that it is actually quite difficult to use for drawing, and he speculates that the artists probably combined their observations from life with tracing of shapes.1. What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about Giovanni Battista Della Porta's contribution to the camera obscura?A. He translated a Chinese description of the use of the camera obscura and made the technique available to artists.B. His convex lens made the projected image easier to trace.C. His version of the camera obscura allowed for the later addition of a mirror.D. His improvements relied heavily on design changes proposed earlier by Leonardo da Vinci.2. The word “portable” in the passa ge is closest in meaning toA. valuableB. practicalC. moveableD. popular3. The word "projected" in the passage is closest in meaning toA. wholeB. correctedC. enlargedD. shown4. Paragraph 2 answers which of the following questions about paintings by Vermeer?A. What characteristics of Vermeer’s paintings suggest that he may have used a camera obscura?B. Why did Vermeer produce only about 30 paintings?C. Do Vermeer's paintings in general suggest that he was unable to paint accurately without using a camera obscura?D. Why did Vermeer need to draw an image on the canvas of the painting that was X-rayed if he was using a camera obscura?5. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave outessential information.A. One artist with a particularly interesting point of view about the use of the camera obscura in painting was Jan Vermeer, who lived in the Netherlands from 1632 to 1675.B. Historical analyses suggest that Dutch masters were interested in the science of optics, so they may have used the camera obscura to trace images.C. The use of the camera obscura is being analyzed in the paintings of Jan Vermeer, who lived in the Netherlands when art and science were flourishing there.D. One view held by historians is that most Dutch masters were as interested in art as they were in science, and that provides clues about the techniques used in their paintings.6. What does paragraph 2 indicate about Vermeer’s The Art of Painting ?A. It is the first in a series of about 30 paintings that he created.B. It may have been painted by one of his students.C. it was in his possession until his death in 1675.D. It has the same setting as several other works of his.7. The word "faithful" in the passage is closest in meaning toA. unusualB. extensiveC. exactD. historical8. Why does the author provide the information that 'When one of Vermeer's paintings was X-rayed, it did not have any preliminary sketches on the canvas beneath the paint, but rather the complete image drawn in black and white without any trial sketches"?A. To provide an example of a way to learn about the practices of artists who did not keep good recordsB. To emphasize Vermeer’s confidence and skill as an artistC. To provide evidence that Vermeer may have traced the image using a camera obscuraD. To argue that Vermeer did his preliminary sketching on paper, rather than on canvas9. According to paragraph 3, Hockney believes that all of the following indicate use of a camera obscura EXCEPTA. very detailed, realistic workB. increased contrast between light and darkC. oversimplification of forms when the image is tracedD. complicated foreshortening of objects10. The word "ntricate” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. surprisingB. complexC. beautifulD. clear11. The word “diminish" in the passage is closest in meaning toA. reduceB. affectC. reflectD. determine12. According to paragraph 4，what does Hockney argue about the use of the camera obscura in producing art?A. Works produced using a camera obscura do not deserve as much respect as those produced without it.B. The camera obscura was probably used primarily as a training device, rather than used in producing finished works.C. Use of the camera obscura by Western art’s great masters was probably relatively rare.D. While the use of the camera obscura may have helped artists, they still needed to have significant artistic ability.13.Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.All these developments helped artists to create accurate images of objects, people, and scenes.Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong. To remove an answer choice, click on it.To review the passage, click VIEW TEXTThe camera obscura is a darkened enclosure into which light is admitted through a lens in a small holeA. Evidence that the use of the camera obscura has long been known is provided by its description in many sources, including works dating back to Chinese writers from the fifth centuryB.C.B. Some historians who have studied paintings by Western masters have found clues indicating that the masters may have secretly used the camera obscura in their works.C. It is now widely believed that the use of the camera obscura led to the development of a style of photographic realism in Western art.D. The camera obscura was most widely used by artists in Seventeenth-century Netherlands, a period when art and science thrivedE. The unique features of Vermeer’s The Art of Painting make it unlikely that it was made with a camera obscura, as opposed to his other works.F. The artist David Hockney has speculated that artists probably combined the use of the camera A with their own original observations from life.。

tpo44口语task4范文In task 4 of TPO44, the speaker discusses the concept of "work-life balance" and presents two different viewpoints on this matter. One perspective argues that work and personal life should be kept separate, while the other perspective emphasizes the importance of integrating work and personal life. In my opinion, achieving a healthy work-life balance is crucial for overall well-being and happiness.From the perspective that work and personal life should be kept separate, individuals argue that maintaining a clear boundary between these two aspects allows for better focus and productivity in the workplace. They believe that dedicating specific hours to work and leaving it behind after office hours enables individuals to recharge and engage in personal activities that bring them joy and fulfillment. By compartmentalizing work and personal life, individuals can maintain a sense of control and avoid burnout.On the other hand, proponents of integrating work and personal life argue that this approach allows for a more holistic lifestyle. They believe that when work andpersonal life intertwine, individuals can find greater satisfaction and fulfillment in their careers. By incorporating personal interests and values into their work, individuals can feel a sense of purpose and meaning. This perspective suggests that work should not be seen as a separate entity but rather as an integral part of an individual's identity and self-expression.Personally, I believe that finding a balance between work and personal life is essential for overall well-being. While it is important to dedicate time and energy to one's career, it should not come at the expense of personal relationships, hobbies, and self-care. Neglecting these aspects can lead to a sense of emptiness anddissatisfaction, ultimately affecting one's mental and physical health.Achieving a healthy work-life balance requires settingboundaries and prioritizing self-care. It is crucial to establish clear working hours and avoid bringing work-related stress into personal life. Taking breaks, engagingin physical activity, spending quality time with loved ones, and pursuing hobbies are all important aspects of maintaining this balance.Moreover, employers also play a significant role in promoting work-life balance. Companies should encourage and support flexible working hours, remote work options, and provide resources for employees to manage stress and maintain a healthy lifestyle. By fostering a culture that values work-life balance, employers can create a more productive and satisfied workforce.In conclusion, the concept of work-life balance is subjective and varies from person to person. However,finding a balance that allows for personal fulfillment, career growth, and overall well-being is crucial. Bysetting boundaries, prioritizing self-care, and promoting a supportive work environment, individuals can strive towardsa healthier work-life balance and ultimately lead more fulfilling lives.。

托福听力tpo44lecture1、2、3、4原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (2)原文 (2)题目 (4)答案 (6)译文 (6)Lecture2 (7)原文 (8)题目 (10)答案 (12)译文 (12)Lecture3 (14)原文 (14)题目 (16)答案 (19)译文 (19)Lecture4 (20)原文 (21)题目 (23)答案 (25)译文 (25)Lecture1原文NARRATOR:Listen to part of a lecture in a materials science class.MALE PROFESSOR st time we finished going over some of the fundamental concepts of nanotechnology—the multidisciplinary science of manipulating—or controlling—extremely small units of matter,on the scale of molecules or even atoms.So,I want to talk about how nanotechnology is being used today,and,just to give you an idea,we'll look at one particular application.A team of materials scientists in Massachusetts has been working on a new,ultrathin coating,a nanocoating that might be applied to objects like bathroom mirrors,car windows,and eyeglasses to prevent fogging.And the coating has the potential to be a permanent solution,unlike the kinds of anti-fogging,spray-on liquids that are on the market today...Now,fogging often occurs when a cold surface comes into contact with warm,moist air,such as when a glass shower door or mirror fogs up during a warm shower.…Now,what's actually happening is,uh,what the fog is,is thousands of tiny spherical water droplets condensing on the surface of the glass.Light hits the water droplets and is scattered in random directions,causing the fogging effect.Now,the kind of spray-on treatments I mentioned,well,they wear off.What happens is they cause the tiny water droplets to flatten when they condense on the surface of the shower door,or bathroom mirror,or whatever object it is that it's been applied to.Because the droplets are flattened,when light hits them,the light doesn't scatter. But as I said,those kinds of treatments don't last very long.The new coating has two important components.One:negatively charged silicananoparticles—these are basically tiny particles of glass.And two:a positively charged polymer—which,you already know,a polymer is a chemical compound. These're layered over each other…the polymer,then the silica nanoparticles,the polymer,then the silica nanoparticles,you see.They're layered in such a way that the silica nanoparticles don't pack together tightly.In other words,the structure has pores,or holes,little tiny pockets,throughout it.The coating prevents fog from developing because it loves water.It attracts the water droplets—sucking them into the tiny pores.And that alters the shape of the droplets; the droplets are forced to flatten and to join together into a single sheet of water, rather than remaining as single droplets—each of which is a sphere that scatters light in different directions.OK,so instead of being scattered,the light passes through the thin sheet of water.So there's no fogging effect.The ultrathin coating can be made more durable by heating it—and of course the object it's applied to—to an extremely hot temperature—500degrees Celsius.What that does is burn the polymer away and fuse the silica nanoparticles together—while maintaining the structure of pores.But that's possible only on materials that can withstand high heat.Glass,yes.Plastics, no.But they're working on solving that problem;trying to come up with a way to coat plastics and other materials durably and effectively.Interestingly,it was a plant—the lotus plant—that inspired this work,I guess you could say inspired it in an indirect sort of way.The leaves of this plant are what we call“superhydrophobic.”Lotus leaves,being superhydrophobic,don’t attract water—they repel it—in a big way.When raindrops fall on lotus leaves,they remain spherical.They roll right off.So for a long time the Massachusetts scientists tried to create a coating that acted like these lotus leaves—a coating that was superhydrophobic.But then they began to think about the opposite extreme.Uh,could they accomplish their goal by making acoating that,instead of repelling water,actually attracted water?Well,they seem to have gotten quite far with this approach.It’s really strong work with a range of interesting consumer applications.It's not costly to manufacture the coating.Some car makers are interested in applying it to their windshields.Looks like we'll probably see it on the markets in everyday products in the next few years.题目1.What is the main purpose of the lecture?A.To provide an example of a practical use of nanotechnology.B.To show the origins of the field of nanotechnology.C.To give a brief outline of the main concepts of nanotechnology.D.To explain the growing interest in nanotechnology research.2.How does the professor organize the information he presents to the class?A.He describes the inspiration behind the nanocoating,then how the coating works.B.He describes how the nanocoating is currently marketed,then the inspiration behind it.C.He explains how fogging occurs,then the basic concepts of nanotechnology.D.He explains how fogging occurs,then how the nanocoating prevents it.3.According to the professor,how does the new nanocoating work?A.By forcing light to bounce off a glass-coated polymer.B.By forcing water droplets to roll off an ultrathin surface.C.By causing water droplets to merge into a single sheet of water.D.By causing light to scatter randomly in many directions.4.According to the information in the lecture,why does the new nanocoating not last as long on plastic as it does on glass?A.Plastic cannot withstand extremely high temperatures.B.The internal structure of plastic repels a positively charged polymer.C.The coating solution scatters when it comes into contact with plastic.D.Plastic surfaces scratch more easily than glass surfaces do.5.What inspired the team of scientists in developing the new coating?A.A problem the team frequently encountered in everyday life.B.The ineffectiveness of spray solutions in flattening water droplets.C.The leaves of a plant that the team had been investigating.D.Interactions observed between silica nanoparticles and polymers.6.What is the professor's opinion about the approach inventors took to the development of the new nanocoating?A.He thinks other inventors should use a similar approach.B.He is impressed by the flexibility of their approach.C.He is surprised the research process took so long.D.He thinks they should have spent more time testing a superhydrophobic coating.答案A D C A C B译文旁白：请听一段材料科学的讲座。

为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO44口语Task3阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

托福TPO44口语Task3阅读文本： Create Student Committee to Decide Funding for Student Organizations I think students should be in charge of deciding which student organizations (for example, the jazz band or the hiking club) receive money from the university. Students should also be in charge of how much money each organization receives. A special committee made up of students could be created to make these decisions. Currently, these funding decisions are made by university administrators, but a student committee would know better than the administrators which organizations are most important to students and most deserving of the university's financial support. I’m sure a lot of students would be interested in serving on the committee, and those who do serve will gain valuable leadership experience. 托福TPO44口语Task3听力文本： Now listen to two students discussing the letter. Woman：So what do you think of the proposal? Man：I don't like it. Woman：Why not? Man：Actually, I don't think students are the right people to be making these decisions. They are too close to the situation. Woman：What do you mean? Man：Well, because students are directly involved in the groups, they can't be as objective, as fair as administrators. I mean, what will prevent students on the committee from just giving money to their friends' groups or favoring the groups they're in themselves. I think having the university administrators make the decisions is more fair. Woman：Well, at least it would be good experience for the students who serve on the committee. Man：Well, that's another thing. I think they'd have a hard time finding students to serve on it. I mean, there are already a number of leadership positions open in various campus groups, but most students just aren't interested in them. Woman：That's true. The Student Council doesn't even have a vice president. Man：Right. Most students are just too busy. There's no way you are gonna find enough students who are willing to volunteer their time for this committee. It's too big of a time commitment. 托福TPO44口语Task3题目： The man expresses his opinion of the letter writer's proposal. State his opinion and explain the reasons he gives for holding that opinion. 托福TPO44口语Task3满分范文： According to the reading, Bill proposes to set a student committee to decide funding for student organizations. The man disagrees with the decision. His first reason is, students aren’t as fair as university administrators to make decisions. Students in the special committee have the chance to provide financial support to their friends or themselves. Also he argues that most students aren’t interested in the leadership positions. A number of students are too busy to do volunteer work on the serving organization. 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO44口语Task3阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。

1.In 1957 a European silver coin dating to the eleventh century was discovered at a Native American archaeological site in the state of Maine in the United States. Many people believed the coin had been originally brought to North America by European explorers known as the Norse, who traveled across the Atlantic Ocean and came into contact with Native Americans almost a thousand years ago.However, some archaeologists believe that the coin is not a genuine piece of historical evidence but a historical fake; they think that the coin was placed at the site recently by someone who wanted to mislead the public. There are three main reasons why some archaeologists believe that the coin is not genuine historical evidence.Great Distance from Norse SettlementsFirst, the Native American site in Maine where the coin was discovered is located very far from other sites documenting a Norse presence in North America. Remains of Norse settlements have been discovered in far eastern Canada. The distance between the Maine site and the Norse settlements in Canada is more than a thousand kilometers, suggesting the coin has no real connection with the settlements.No Other Coins FoundA second problem is that no other coins have been found at the Canadian sites that were inhabited by the Norse. This suggests that the Norse did not bring any silver coins with them to their North American settlements.Third, the Norse who traveled to North America would have understood that silver coins would most likely be useless to them. Sitver coins may have been in wide use in Europe at the time, but the Norse, as experienced explorers, would have known that native North Americans did not recognize silver coins as money.1.Directions: You have 20 minutes to plan and write your response. Your response will bejudged on the basis of the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the points in the lecture and their relations to the reading passage.Questions: Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they challenge the specific theories presented in the reading passage.2. Directions: Read the question below. You have 30 minutes to plan, write, and revise your essay. Typically, an effective response will contain a minimum of 300 words.Question:Some people believe that when busy parents do not have a lot of time to spend with their children, the best use of that time is to have fun playing games or sports. Others believe that it is best to use that time doing things together that are related to schoolwork. Which of the two approaches do you prefer?Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.。

3. SeagrassesMany areas of the shallow sea bottom are covered with a lush growth of aquatic flowering plants adapted to live submerged in seawater. These plants are collectively called seagrasses. Seagrass beds are strongly influenced by several physical factors. The most significant is water motion: currents and waves. Since seagrass systems exist in both sheltered and relatively open areas, they are subject to differing amounts of water motion. For any given seagrass system, however, the water motion is relatively constant. Seagrass meadows in relatively turbulent waters tend to form a mosaic of individual mounds, whereas meadows in relatively calm waters tend to form flat, extensive carpets. The seagrass beds, in turn, dampen wave action, particularly if the blades reach the water surface. This damping effect can be significant to the point where just one meter into a seagrass bed the wave motion can be reduced to zero. Currents are also slowed as they move into the bed.The slowing of wave action and currents means that seagrass beds tend to accumulate sediment. However, this is not universal and depends on the currents under which the bed exists. Seagrass beds under the influence of strong currents tend to have many of the lighter particles, including seagrass debris, moved out, whereas beds in weak current areas accumulate lighter detrital material. It is interesting that temperate seagrass beds accumulate sediments from sources outside the beds, whereas tropical seagrass beds derive most of their sediments from within.Since most seagrass systems are depositional environments, they eventually accumulate organic material that leads to the creation of fine-grained sediments with a much higher organic content than that of the surrounding unvegetated areas. This accumulation, in turn, reduces the water movement and the oxygen supply. The high rate of metabolism (the processing of energy for survival) of the microorganisms in the sediments causes sediments to be anaerobic (without oxygen) below the first few millimeters. According to ecologist J. W. Kenworthy, anaerobic processes of the microorganisms in the sediment are an important mechanism for regenerating and recycling nutrients and carbon, ensuring the high rates of productivity—that is, the amount of organic material produced-that are measured in those beds. In contrast to other productivity in the ocean, which is confined to various species of algae and bacteria dependent on nutrient concentrations in the water column, seagrasses are rooted plants that absorb nutrients from the sediment or substrate. They are, therefore, capable of recycling nutrients into the ecosystem thatwould otherwise be trapped in the bottom and rendered unavailable.Other physical factors that have an effect on seagrass beds include light, temperature, and desiccation (drying out). For example, water depth and turbidity (density of particles in the water) together or separately control the amount of light available to the plants and the depth to which the seagrasses may extend. Although marine botanist W. A. Setchell suggested early on that temperature was critical to the growth and reproduction of eelgrass, it has since been shown that this particularly widespread seagrass grows and reproduces at temperatures between 2 and 4 degrees Celsius in the Arctic and at temperatures up to 28 degrees Celsius on the northeastern coast of the United States. Still, extreme temperatures, in combination with other factors, may have dramatic detrimental effects. For example, in areas of the cold North Atlantic, ice may form in winter. Researchers Robertson and Mann note that when the ice begins to break up, the wind and tides may move the ice around, scouring the bottom and uprooting the eelgrass. In contrast, at the southern end of the eelgrass range, on the southeastern coast of the United States, temperatures over 30 degrees Celsius in summer cause excessive mortality. Seagrass beds also decline if they are subjected to too much exposure to the air. The effect of desiccation is often difficult to separate from the effect of temperature. Most seagrass beds seem tolerant of considerable changes in salinity (salt levels) and can be found in brackish (somewhat salty) waters as well as in full- strength seawater.1. According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true about seagrasses in calm ocean waters?A. They will not survive for very long without the nutrients brought In by fast-moving waters.B. They tend to form beds covering large areas along the ocean floor.C. They usually are arranged in separate mounds.D. They grow more slowly than do seagrasses in fast-moving waters.2. According to paragraph 1, which of the following is MOST likely to describe a bed in which seagrasses reach the surface of the water?A. The water is almost completely still.B. The bed often has major damage from strong waves or currents.C. The bed is generally no more than one square meter in size.D. Grasses form a mosaic of individual mounds.3. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. Light particles and debris collect in some seagrass beds, but are washed out of those affected by strong currents.B. Seagrass beds under the influence of strong currents tend to accumulate many of the lighter particles from other bedsC. The strength of the currents determines how quickly accumulated seagrass debris is moved out of the beds.D. Seagrass debris and other light particles are often moved from areas of strong currents to areas of weak currents.4. The word "derive" in the passage is closest in meaning toA. maintainB. expelC. obtainD. enrich5. According to paragraph 3, which of the following does NOT accurately describe the sediments that collect in seagrass beds?A. Fine-grainedB. Only a few millimeters deepC. Low in oxygenD. Rich in organic matter6. The word "confined" in the passage is closest in meaning toA. relatedB. limitedC. relevantD. helpful7. According to paragraph 3，how do seagrasses affect the nutrient supply in the ecosystem?A. Because of their high rate of metabolism, they consume a large percentage of the available nutrients.B. They attract various species of algae and bacteria that produce high nutrient concentrations in the water column.C. They take up carbon and other nutrients trapped on the sea bottom and bring them back into use.D. Through anaerobic processes at their roots, they produce a very nutrient-rich sediment.8. It can be inferred from paragraph 4 that the reason seagrasses do not grow in very deep water is thatA. they cannot handle intense water pressureB. deep water is too coldC. they would not get enough lightD. deep water is too salty9. The w ord “detrimental'’ in the passage is closest in meaning toA. harmfulB. significantC. unexpectedD. distinct10. T he word “detrimental'’ in the passage is closest in meaning toA. harmfulB. significantC. unexpectedD. distinct11. Paragraph 4 suggests that which of the following would be the LEAST likely to cause major damage to eelgrass and other common seagrasses?A. Factors related to extreme temperaturesB. Exposure to airC. Major changes in salinityD. The movement of ice on the seafloor12. The phrase “tolerant of’ in the passage is closest in meaning toA. unused toB. strongly affected byC. protected fromD. able to withstand13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Seagrasses grow together in dense patches, or beds, with as many as 4,000 blades per square meter.Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage14. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the follo wing sentence could be added to the passage.Seagrasses grow together in dense patches, or beds, with as many as 4,000 blades per square meter.Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passageDrag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong. To remove an answer choice, click on it.To review the passage, click VIEW TEXTSeagrasses are aquatic flowering plants that grow in either sheltered or open areas of the seaA. Seagrass beds are influenced by several physical factors, the most significant being the stability of the sea bottom, which must anchor them against the currents.B. Because they slow currents and waves, seagrass beds collect deposits of rich organic sediments, which are home to many anaerobic microorganisms.C. Unlike sea organisms that depend on the water column for their productivity, seagrasses ensure high rates of productivity by taking nutrients from ocean floor sediment.D. Sediments in seagrass beds vary by region, with temperate beds accumulating sediments from within, and tropical beds collecting sediments from without.E. Seagrasses under weak currents tend to have higher rates of metabolism than those under strong currents, perhaps because of differences in oxygen levels.F. Although seagrasses survive in temperatures ranging from 2 to 28 degrees Celsius, more extreme temperatures can damage them, as can desiccation and lack of light.。

为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO44口语Task5听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

托福TPO44口语Task5听力文本： Listen to a conversation between two students. Man：Hey. Didn't you get a new roommate recently? Linda's her name, right? How's that working out? Woman：Oh. Linda's nice, but...well, there's sort of a problem. Man：Oh? Woman：Yeah. Our schedules totally conflict. I like to do my studying late at night in our room, but she likes to go to sleep early. So unfortunately, my studying, my typing on the computer, is keeping her awake. Man：What are you gonna do? Woman：Well, we've talked about it. Linda has to get up early every morning for class, so there's nothing she can do. So as I see it, I've got two options. Man：What are they? Woman：Well, I could adjust my schedule, start going to bed earlier and doing my studying either in the morning or sometime during the day, the way Linda does. Man：So you change your daily schedule so it's more like your roommate's? Woman：Yeah. That way I wouldn't be keeping her up at night. Man：Sure. Woman：The thing is I'm not really a morning person when it comes to studying, so I'm not sure how much work I'd get done in the morning or at other times of the day since I tend to be busy then doing other things. Man：What's your other option? Woman：Well, I could go to the library at night, do my studying there. Man：Why not do that? Use the library. Woman：Well, the thing is I prefer the convenience of my own room. The library is okay, but you know, I've got a really comfortable desk chair in my room and all my other stuffs there too, my books, my notes, the stuff I really need to help me study. 托福TPO44口语Task5题目： Briefly summarize the problem the speaker are discussing. Then state which solution you would recommend. Explain the reasons for your recommendation. 托福TPO44口语Task5满分范文： The woman has a problem with her roommate Linda: they have completely different schedules. She prefers to study late at night, but Linda likes to sleep early. Then the woman comes up with two solutions. This first option is that she could adjust her schedule, to make it more like her roommate’s. But she is not sure how much work she gets done since she is not a very morning person. Another option is that she can go to library at night, but the library is not as convenient as her own room. Personally speaking, I prefer the second solution. Although she can try to adjust her schedule, there is no guarantee that she can adapt to this new lifestyle. Studying in library can not only provide her with a good studying environment, but also eliminating the conflicts between her and her roommate. 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO44口语Task5听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。

TPO 44综合写作：阅读：coin a fake听力：真的阅读1：发现的地方-----norse settlement 像个比较远听力1：many other objects come from faraway places. 推断：可能喜欢远出来的东西，长途跋涉带回阅读2：no other coin found听力2：not permanent settlement back to eu packed up all their valuable possessions阅读3：不当作钱听力3：value attractive or unusual objects 交换，漂亮in necklace or other jewelry独立写作：Question: Some people believe that when busy parents do not have a lot of time spend with their children, the best use of that time is to have fun playing games or sports. Other believe that it’s best to use that time doing things together that are related to schoolwork.Which of the two approaches do you prefer? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.主语，限定人群和范畴，归题点1. 学校任务不需要家长的帮助：在学校在家都可以得到很好的知道，有问题可以问老师，而且老师更加专业2. play games：有助于孩子的智力开发乐高3. play sports: 有助于身体健康/ 久坐看电视有助于学习Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Sometimes we are assigned to work in a group on a project. The group will be helped more by a person who will be willing to do what other group members want than by person who often strongly insists that things should be done in a way that is different from what the group wants to do.观点：理由1：中心句：解释（为什么/原因）：举例/对比：理由2：中心句：解释（为什么/原因）：举例/对比：让步：It is important to read or watch the news presented by people whose views are different from your own or presented by people whose views are similar to your own?观点：听取跟自己观点不同的新闻理由1：中心句：了解信息更全面解释（为什么/原因）：每个人看问题的角度不同，得出的结论也是不同举例/对比：理由2：中心句：可以激发探索新知识的兴趣解释（为什么/原因）：寻找正确答案，查找耕种资料，学习到相关领域的新知识举例/对比：让步：相似的观点带来认同感自信心，但是不能进步，不能意识到自己的错误。

tpo44综合写作文章综合写作之前就听到很多大牛们说综合写作只要把听力的内容写得越多越详细，分数就越高，所以对综合写作的听力总怀有畏惧心理。

现在想想，练过听力和口语之后，这里的听力也没那么可怕。

我只练过2篇综合写作，一篇是在新东方的课上，而且只练了做笔记没有实际去写，第二篇就是TPO里的。

考场上我听得也不是很好，只是把分论点以及一些细节听到了，有几个例子的都没怎么记下来，最后两句还没听清…不过那个好像对分论点没太大影响，是个扩展的内容…总之就是听得不是特别好，但开头段按自己琢磨好的句式那样写，接下来的几段也是不停地敲啊敲，敲了好多字上去，总算在1分钟前写完了。

最后的结果竟然是Good(4-5分)，看来综合写作对听力的要求真的不是大家想象的那么高，其实无非就是把教授如何反驳文章中三个分论点挺清楚，例子都是阅读文章里的所以不用记，听力里主要是在讲阅读文章中的例子有哪些缺陷或不严谨的地方，从而无法成为有效的论据，甚至成为别的观点的论据……这一思路其实很想GRE写作里的Argument，所以我在考场上用了很多当初准备argument时候的句式和表达，都可以通用的。

这一类的写作模式很固定，我觉得看几篇范文自己练几篇找到适合自己的写作套路（尤其开头段，自己事先想好，因为综合写作模式都很固定，所以可以用同一个开头模板写任何内容，开头精彩的话会给考官好印象的，尽管他自己可能不承认被外表的美吸引了~）我自己没练过太多所以更多的经验也没法写了，只能说GRE的基础让我的作文有所受益，但每个人只要认真写几篇肯定也会熟能生巧。

“听力重点单词演绎法”顾名思义，就是根据学员听到的个别单词和理解对应阅读段落的基础上，推敲出听力段落的大意并演绎在答题界面的方法。

以TPO14的一道综合写作为例，为大家具体讲解。

（建议各位学员在做过TPO14套综合写作之后再看本篇文章，更有助于理解） TPO14套题目主要论述salvage logging（抢救性砍伐和搬运）这种处理森林火灾过后被烧毁的树种问题。

托福TPO44口语Task6听力文本+题目+满分范文为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO44口语T ask6听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

托福TPO44口语Task6听力文本：Listen to part of a lecture in a biology class.So we've been talking about forest fires. And usually when a forest fire occurs, the animals in the area will of course run away, flee as fast as they can so as not to get hurt by the flames. Some animals, though, actually benefit from forest fires and so will seek them out because forest fires can be helpful, can help them fulfill certain survival needs.Let's discuss two benefits forest fires could have for these animals.One benefit is that they can make it easier for predators to find food. A forest fire will force animals out of their hiding places and out into the open, which predators take advantage of because fleeing animals are much easier to catch than they normally are when they are hiding. For example, scientists have observed wild turkeys doing this. These birds will go to the edge of a forest fire and wait there in order to catch all the insects running out of the burning forest, which is a much easier way to catch insects than the normal way of pecking for them on the ground.Another benefit forest fires could have is to help provide a good place for the development of young animals. Forest fires can make an otherwise harmful environment more suitable for their development. For example, some trees in the forest are poisonous to beetles. They have a special chemical that keeps beetles away. But after a fire, beetles will seek out these treesbecause the trees are dead and beetles are able to lay their eggs in the trees without being hurt by the chemical. The young beetles use the trees' nourishment until they mature into adult beetles.托福TPO44口语Task6题目：Using the examples of wild turkeys and beetles, explain two benefits of forest fires for animals.托福TPO44口语Task6满分范文：According to the lecture, the professor talked about two benefits forest fires for certain animals. The first is that the hiding animals are forced to run away. The predators can easily find their food in open area compared to wait for their food. For example, wild turkeys can chase the insects at the edge of a forest fire and catch them easily on the ground. The other benefit is young animals can get a suitable place to grow. For example, toxic chemical is included in some trees, which can threaten beetles. But the forest fires turn the dead trees to be the beetle’s homeland. The beet les can lay eggs in the trees without harmful chemical and young beetles can utilize the nutrition to grow into mature ones.以上是给大家整理的托福TPO44口语T ask6听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。

Create Student Committee to Decide Funding for Student OrganizationsI think students should be in charge of deciding which student organizations (for example, the jazz band or the hiking club) receive money from the university. Students should also be in charge of how much money each organization receives. A special committee made up of students could be created to make these decisions. Currently, these funding decisions are made by university administrators, but a student committee would know better than the administrators which organizations are most important to students and most deserving of the university's financial support. I'm sure a lot of students would be interested in serving on the committee, and those who do serve will gain valuable leadership experience.Sincerely,Bill Jones<-NARRATOR:-> Now listen to two students discussing the letter.<-FEMALE STUDENT:-> So what do you think of the proposal?<-MALE STUDENT:-> I don't like it.<-FEMALE STUDENT:-> Why not?<-MALE STUDENT:-> Actually, I don't think students are the right people to be making these decisions. They're too close to the situation.<-FEMALE STUDENT:-> What do you mean?<-MALE STUDENT:-> Well, because students are directly involved in thegroups, they can't be as objective, as fair, as administrators. I mean, what will prevent students on the committee from just giving money to their friends' groups...or or favoring the groups they're in themselves? I think having the university administrators make the decisions is more fair.<-FEMALE STUDENT:-> Well, at least, it would be good experience for the students who serve on the committee.<-MALE STUDENT:-> Well, that's another thing. I think they'd have a hard time finding students to serve on it. I mean, there are already a number of leadership positions open in various campus groups, but most students just aren't interested in them.<-FEMALE STUDENT:-> That's true—the student council doesn't even have a vice president.<-MALE STUDENT:-> Right. Most students are just too busy. There's no way you're gonna find enough students who are willing to volunteer their time for this committee. It's too big of a time commitment.。