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Instructions to construct tables and charts

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Commands to count frequencyMethod I:1.In cell C1 type the name of the variable of interest. (rating of Harry Porter 7)2.In cell C2 type the first category for the variable, and in C3 the second category, and so on, to complete thelisting of categories. (Ha ven’t seen it, 1 star, …, 4 stars)3.In cell D1 type the label for cells containing the frequencies of each category. (Frequency)4.In cell E1 type the label for cells containing the percent of each category’s frequency (out of the total numberof values contained in the variable of interest). (Percent)5.Place the cursor on cell A1, then click Data (数据), Filter (筛选), Automatically Filter(自动筛选).6.Click the Down Arrow in cell A1 and choose the first category listed in the summary table. (Haven’t seenit)7.Count the number of cells with the value just chosen in Step 6.8.Click the Down Arrow in cell A1 and choose (All) (全部).9.Input the number counted in Step 7 to cell D2.10.Repeat Step 6 to 9 until complete counting the frequencies for all categories.11.Leave the cursor in cell A1, then click Data (数据), Filter (筛选), Automatically Filter(自动筛选). Thedown arrow in the cell then disappears.Method II:1.Precede steps from 1 to 4 in Method I.2.In cell D2 construct a function to calculate the frequency of the category in Row2. Click once cell D2, thenclick f x button on the toolbar.3.In the pull-down menu of Choose Categories(选择类别), select Statistical (统计). In the below box, selectthe function of COUNTIF, and then press OK.4.In the Range box, input the range of data, including all cells with values below the Variable.5.In the Criteria box, click C2 to input the condition to count the frequency for the category in cell C2. Thenpress OK.6.In cell D2 right click the mouse, select Copy (复制).7.In each cell below D2 that needs to calculate frequency, right click the mouse, select Paste (粘贴).Commands to calculate percent1.Type “=”, click cell D2, type “/”, type the summed-up value, and press Enter.2.Select cells from D2 to the last value in the Column D, then click Σ button on the toolbar. The sum of allfrequencies is now calculated and displayed in a cell at the end of the column.3.In cell E2 construct a function to calculate the percent of the category in Row 2. Type “=”, click cell D2, type“/”, type the summed-up value, and press Enter.4.In cell E2 click the right button of mouse, then in the menu select Format Cells (设置单元格格式).5.In the new dialogue box, select Digit (数字) option, click Percent (百分比), and determine the number ofdecimal digits (小数位数) to be zero or any other if necessary. Click OK.6.In cell E2 right click the mouse, select Copy (复制).7.In each cell below E2 that needs to calculate percent, right click the mouse, select Paste (粘贴).Commands to construct a bar chart1.Prepare a summary table including frequencies for each category, following all steps in Method I or MethodII for constructing a summary table.2.Highlight all cells containing names of categories and the corresponding cells containing the frequencies,click the button (Chart Wizard) (图表向导) on the toolbar.3.In the new dialogue box, choose Histogram (柱形图) or Bar Chart (条形图), and click Next (下一步).Note that histogram and bar chart both produce graphs where length of bars represents data.4.Select Column (列). Click Finish (完成).5.To improve the appearance of the chart, click inside the box containing the chart and click Chart (图表) onthe menu bar and Chart Options (图表选项).Commands to construct a pie chart1.Prepare a summary table including frequencies for each category, following all steps in Method I or MethodII for constructing a summary table.2.Highlight all cells containing names of categories and the corresponding cells containing the frequencies,click the button (Chart Wizard) (图表向导) on the toolbar.3.In the new dialogue box, choose Pie Chart (饼图), and click Next (下一步).4.Select Column (列). Click Finish (完成).5.To improve the appearance of the chart, click inside the box containing the chart and click Chart (图表) onthe menu bar and Chart Options (图表选项).Commands to construct a Pareto diagram1.Prepare a summary table including frequencies for each category, following all steps in Method I or MethodII for constructing a summary table.2.Highlight all cells containing value of frequency for categories, click the button (Sort data indescending order) (降序排序) on the toolbar.3.In the new dialogue box, select Extend the Highlighted Area (扩展选定区域), and click Sort (排序).4.In cell F1 type the label for cells containing cumulative percent of each percent corresponding to the adjacent“Percent” column. (cumulative percent)5.Calculate the cumulative percent for the first category. In cell F2 type“=”, click cell E2, and press Enter.6.In cell F3, type “=”, click cell E2, type “+”, click F2, and press Enter.8.In cell F3 right click the mouse, select Copy (复制).7.In each cell below F3 that needs to calculate cumulative percent, right click the mouse, select Paste (粘贴).8.Highlight all cells containing value of frequency, hold Ctrl, highlight all cells containing value ofcumulative percent, and click the Chart Wizard (图表向导) on the toolbar.9.In the new dialogue box, click Self-defined Type (自定义类型), choose Dual Axis Histogram (两轴线柱图), and click Next (下一步).10.Select Column (列). Click Finish (完成).11.To improve the appearance of the chart, click inside the box containing the chart and click Chart (图表) onthe menu bar and Chart Options (图表选项).Commands to sort data in an ordered array1.Highlight all cells containing values for the variable of interest.2.Click the button (Sort data in ascending order) (升序排序) on the toolbar.3.In the new dialogue box, select Extend the Highlighted Area (扩展选定区域), and click Sort (排序).Steps, commands and comments to produce frequency distributionUsing data for Length of Right Hand to show an example.1.Sort raw data in an ascending order.Precede all steps for sorting data in an ascending order.2.Find the range of data.In cell B1, type “Range”. In cell C1 type“=”, click the last cell containing data for the variable (A79), type“-”, click the first cell containing data for the variable (A2), and press Enter.3.Determine the number of classes (usually between 5 and 15).In cell B2 type Number of classes. In cell C2 type the number of classes that we wish to group data into. Alternatively, we can use Sturge’s formula to calculate the recommended number of classes. In cell C2 type“=1+3.3*log(n)”, where n is the number of number of values in the data, and press Enter. Keep in mind that the number of classes should be rounded to an integer.pute width of class interval.In cell B3 type “Width”. In cell C3, type “=”, click C1, type “/”, click C2, and press Enter. Keep in mind that the width of class interval should be rounded to an integer.5.Determine class boundaries.In cell B4 type “Limit”. In cell C4 type the upper limit of the first class. Such limit should be equal to the minimum value of data plus width of class interval (a rounded integer”, or a number close to the sum, if necessary. In cell B5 type the upper limit of the second class, and so on, to complete the listing of Limit. You must know clearly that each class contains values of data equal to or greater than the lower limit, up to but not including the upper limit.6.Click Tools (工具) on the menu bar, Data Analysis (数据分析), Histogram (直方图).7.In the new dialogue box, in the box right to Input Range(输入区域) type the range of data that is requiredto construct frequency distribution (e.g., A2:A79).8.In the box right to“Bins” (接受区域) type the range of limit (e.g., C4:C10).9.Click OK (确定). This will create a table in a new worksheet.10.To remove the More (其它) class, use the left button and click the cell containing More (其它) and the cellcontaining the corresponding frequency. Delete the two cells.Steps, commands and comments to produce frequency distribution1.Precede steps 1 to 8 for constructing a frequency distribution.2.Click Chart Output (图表输出) and OK (确定). This will create a table and a chart, in a new worksheet.3.To remove the gaps between rectangles, place the cursor over one of the rectangles and click the fight buttonof the mouse to produce a menu.4.Click (with the left button) Format Data Series (数据系列格式) to produce a new dialogue box.5.Click Options (选项), move the cursor to Gap Width (分类间距) and change the number from 150 to 0.click OK (确定).6.To remove the More (其它) class, use the left button and click the cell containing More (其它) and the cellcontaining the corresponding frequency. Delete the two cells.7.To improve the appearance of the histogram, click inside the box containing the chart and click Chart (图表)on the menu bar, and then Chart Options (图表选项).8.Note that the numbers along the horizontal axis represent the upper limits of each class although they appearto be placed in the centers.Steps, commands and comments to produce a polygonThis can be based on the tables from producing a frequency distribution1.Precede all steps for constructing a frequency distribution.2.In the new worksheet containing the frequency distribution table, in cell C1 type“P ercent”.3.In cell C2 calculate the percent of frequency in row 2, and C3, and so on to complete calculations of percentfor each frequency. This can be done by preceding relevant steps for constructing a bar chart or for a pie chart.4.Highlight all cells containing percent, click the Chart Wizard (图表向导) on the toolbar.5.In the new dialogue box, click Line (折线图), and click Next (下一步).6.Select Column (列). Click Finish (完成).7.To improve the appearance of the chart, click inside the box containing the chart and click Chart (图表) onthe menu bar and Chart Options (图表选项).Steps, commands and comments to produce an ogiveThis can be based on the tables from producing a frequency distribution1.Precede steps 1 to 3 for constructing a polygon.2.In cell D1 type“Cumulative P ercent”.3.Repeat relevant steps for constructing a Pareto diagram to calculate cumulative percent of each frequency.4.Highlight all cells containing cumulative percent, click the Chart Wizard (图表向导) on the toolbar.5.In the new dialogue box, click Line (折线图), and click Next (下一步).6.Select Column (列). Click Finish (完成).7.To improve the appearance of the chart, click inside the box containing the chart and click Chart (图表) onthe menu bar and Chart Options (图表选项).Alternatively, this can be done by:1.Precede steps 1 to 8 for constructing a frequency distribution.2.Click Cumulative Percent (累计百分比) and OK (确定). This will create a table in a new worksheet.3.Follow steps from 4 to 7 above to construct a cumulative percentage polygon, or an ogive.Steps, commands and comments to produce a contingency table (optional)1.Leave enough empty rows in the top of data sheet to display the names of variable and all categories undercorresponding variable.If data has already been imported, insert new empty rows. Place the cursor over any cell in row 1 and right click the mouse to produce a new menu. Click Row (整行) and OK (确定). Repeat this until enough new rows have been inserted.2.Make sure Column A contains data for the variable that you want to display in column in a contingency table,and Column B contains data for the variable displayed in row in the contingency table.If the data are not arranged in such order, exchange sequence of the two column of data. Highlight all data in the second column of data, including the name of variable. Over the highlighted area right click the mouse to produce a new menu. Click Cut (剪切). Place the cursor over the cell containing the name of the first variable and right click the mouse. Click Insert the Cut Cells (插入已剪切单元格).3.In cell A1 type the name of variable for data in Column A. (“Rating of Harry Porter”)4.In cell B1type the name of variable for data in Column B. (“Gender”)5.In cell C1 type “Frequencies”. Leave the below cell to calculate and display the joint frequencies.6.Produce a blank contingency table. In cell D2 and the below cells type all categories in Column A. In cell E1and the right cells type all categories in Column B. Type “Total” at the end of the Row 1 as well as at the end of the Column D.7.In cell A2 type the name of the first category displayed in the first column of the contingency table (D2). Incell B2 type the name of the first category displayed in the first row of the contingency table (E1).8.In cell C2 insert a function of DCOUNTA selected from the function type of Database.9.In the box right to Database, type the range of two data sets, including names of variables. (A7:B85)10.In the box right to Field, type the name of variable in Column B. (“Gender”)11.In the box right to Criteria, type the range of cells as the condition to count joint frequency. (A1:B2). ClickOK (确定).12.In cell E2 type the number which is displayed in cell C2.13.Replace cell A2 with the second category in the first column of the contingency table (D3). Repeat step 12,changing the names of categories down that column, to complete listing all joint frequencies in Column E. 14.In cell A2 type the name of the first category displayed in the first column of the contingency table (D2). Incell B2 type the name of the second category displayed in the first row of the contingency table (F1).15.In cell F2 type the number which is displayed in cell C2.16.Repeat Step 13 to complete listing all joint frequencies in Column F.17.If there are more categories in the first row of the contingency table, operate similarly to Steps 14 to 16.18.In cells below the cell displaying Total (in the first row), calculate the frequencies for corresponding categoryin each row. In cells right to the cell (in the first column), calculate frequencies for corresponding category in each column.Steps, commands and comments to construct a side-by-side bar chart1.Highlight all cells in the contingency table, excluding the row and the column for Total.2.Click the Chart Wizard (图表向导) on the toolbar.3.In the new dialogue box, click Bar Chart (条形图) or Histogram (柱形图), and click Next (下一步).4.Select Column (列). Click Finish (完成).5.To improve the appearance of the chart, click inside the box containing the chart and click Chart (图表) onthe menu bar and Chart Options (图表选项).Steps, commands and comments to construct a scatter plot1.Highlight all cells in the table.2.Click the Chart Wizard (图表向导) on the toolbar.3.In the new dialogue box, click XY Scatter (XY散点图) from chart type, click on the first Chart Sub-type(子图表类型) and click Next (下一步).4.Select Column (列). Click Finish (完成).5.To improve the appearance of the chart, click inside the box containing the chart and click Chart (图表) onthe menu bar and Chart Options (图表选项).Steps, commands and comments to construct a time series plot1.Highlight all cells below Y variable in the table.2.Click the Chart Wizard (图表向导) on the toolbar.3.In the new dialogue box, click Line (折线图) from chart type, click on the first Chart Sub-type (子图表类型) in the second row and click Next (下一步).4.Select Column (列).5.Click Series (系列). In Labels of Categorical Axis (分类(X)轴标志) box, type range of cells containingtime. Click Finish (完成).6.To improve the appearance of the chart, click inside the box containing the chart and click Chart (图表) onthe menu bar and Chart Options (图表选项).Insert a chart into a Word document1.Place the cursor over the chart and right click the mouse.2.Click Copy (复制).3.In a word document, leave the cursor at a particular place where you wish to insert the chart. Right click themouse and click (with left button) Paste (粘贴).4.Adjust the appearance the inserted figure.。

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Sage++ An object-oriented toolkit and class library for building Fortran and C++ restructur

Sage++ An object-oriented toolkit and class library for building Fortran and C++ restructur

Abstract
Sage++ is an object oriented toolkit for building program transformation and preprocessing tools. It contains parsers for Fortran 77 with many Fortran 90 extensions, C, and C++, integrated with a C++ class library. The library provides a means to access and restructure the program tree, symbol and type tables, and source-level programmer annotations. Sage++ provides an underlying infrastructure on which all types of program preprocessors can be built, including parallelizing compilers, performance analysis tools, and source code optimizers.
code. In each case, these systems have been based on a layer of compiler technology that has required years for each research group to develop. Sage++ makes this layer available in a generalized form. By starting from Sage++ rather than starting from scratch, researchers in these elds can potentially cut years o their development time. A second motivation for releasing Sage++ is in response to a frequent request by programmers for access to tools that allow them to go beyond simple macros, and create extensions to C++ or Fortran.
scientific writing

scientific writing


6. Publishing
• Impact factors
Choosing a journal
Deciding where to submit
• Use corporate experience • Match your paper with the personality and scope of the journal • Match you subject with the journal’s target audience • Consider the impact factor and citation index of the journal • Weight up the journal prestige, the likelihood of acceptance and the likely time until publication • Have realistic expectations • Scan the journals for one that matches your content and study design • Be robust and, if rejected, select another journal
Uniform requirements
• “Uniform requirements for manuscripts submitted to biomedical journal” • Vancouver group (1978) → the International Council of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE)
Reasons to publish your research results
CONSTRUCTABILITY PROGRAM

CONSTRUCTABILITY PROGRAM

CONSTRUCTABILITY PROGRAMTABLE OF CONTENTS1.0 SCOPE 32.0 PURPOSE 33.0 DEFINITIONS 34.0 RESPONSIBILITIES 45.0 INSTRUCTIONS 56.0 REFERENCES 67.0 ATTACHMENTS 61. SCOPEThis project specification defines the requirements for Constructability for all process units, offsites and utilities on the CNOOC and Shell Petrochemicals Complex (CSPC) Project. The specification is applicable to the Implementation phase.2. PURPOSEThe purpose of this specification is to describe the extent of Constructability reviews that will be undertaken for the Implementation phase of this project. The specification also advises the involved parties and their responsibility.3. DEFINITIONS3.1 Constructability, as defined by the USA Construction Industry Institut e (Cll), is “the optimum use of construction knowledge and experience in planning, design, procurement and field operations to achieve overall project objectives”.Constructability is the ongoing process of integrating construction knowledge and experience into conceptual design, procurement, detailed engineering and field construction operations which provides the opportunity to reduce costs and improve project schedules.The ability to influence project costs and to incorporate construction experience and methods into a project plan and design is greatest during the early stages of the project. Therefore, the greatest benefit of the Constructability process will be derived with the earliest establishment and implementation of a Constructability plan on a project.3.2 Constructability review refers to the process whereby experts from every discipline gather together to consider and question a design in order to explore the possibility that design improvements may allow reduced construction costs or improve convenience for the end user. The Constructability review will be attended by experienced construction and operations personnel, some experienced personnel who were not involved in the original design, together with the design team.The Constructability design review process generally leads to suggestionsfor design improvements which:-will ensure build-abilitywill allow easier and hence lower cost constructionwill improve safety during construction by reducing riskwill improve accessibility during both the construction and operating phase• • • •4. RESPONSIBILITIES4.1 EP or EPC CONTRACTOR shall submit his Constructability Program for PMC approval. This shall address as a minimum all areas identified in this specification.4.2 PMC will nominate a Construction Coordinator who will monitor compliance by the CONTRACTOR to his Constructability Program.4.3 CONTRACTOR shall appoint a Constructability Engineer to lead and co-ordinate all his constructability activities throughout the engineering/procurement phase of the project.4.4 EP or EPC Project Manager4.4.1 Shall ensure a schedule of Constructability reviews is prepared to suit the schedule of design document production.4.4.2 Shall chair the formal Constructability reviews and ensure that, thecorrect expertise participates, and that the findings of the team are properly documented and allocated to actionees and that completion is followed up.4.4.3 Shall review relevant previous experience (e.g. operation alerts) prior to Constructability meetings.4.4.4 Shall prepare an agenda for the Constructability review.4.5 EP or EPC Constructability EngineerThe EP or EPC Constructability Engineer shall provide construction knowledge, experience and engineering input into the project throughout all phases of the project.The Constructability Engineer shall arrange for other construction specialists, as required by the project. His responsibilities include:• Arrange for the production of the Contractor project site HSE plans • Arrange for Hazards to Construction risk assessments/HEMP compliance• Develop the construction execution plan (as applicable).• Arrange for constructability and design reviews.• Input to the construction schedule/construction area breakdown/detailed work breakdown structure (WBS) and construction sequencing.• Arrange transportation and lifting studies (for major equipment).• Arrange and coordinate all specialist construction personnel• Coordinate with material control and shipping.• Ensure site surveys ar e conducted• Provide construction input into pre-qualification of sub contractors. • Develop the temporary facilities (as applicable).• Ensure the appropriate lessons learnt from previous projects are taken into consideration.• Develop and arrange f or the timely production of all construction deliverables.• Carry forward constructability issues identified in Definition Phase (PMC will provide).• Prepare and implement Constructability Awareness Workshops.5 INSTRUCTIONS5.1 ProgrammeCONTRACTOR shall develop a programme of project specific construction deliverables and formal reviews, which will define responsibilities and due dates compatible with the project schedule.5.2 ConstructabilityThe Constructability Engineer will arrange for the Constructability review team, which will be drawn from key members of the project team and other required specialists. These key personnel will conduct formal reviews as determined by the schedule and project requirements. The keypersonnel will normally be drawn from the following:PMC Construction Co-ordinatorCompany RepresentativeFrom ContractorProject ManagerEngineering ManagerChief EngineersConstruction ManagerPlanning EngineerHSE ManagerQuality Assurance ManagerProject Commissioning EngineerMaterials ManagerOther specialists may be required to participate in the constructability reviews depending on the subject being reviewed. It is anticipated that most constructability activities will involve only a small number of the above at any one time.The agenda for each Constructability review will define which personnel are required to attend.5.3 Constructability Awareness WorkshopsContractor shall submit his proposals for PMC approval for Constructability Awareness at all levels in his organisation.5.4 Constructability Ideas LogContractor shall include his proposals for operating a Constructability Ideas Log to raise and close out good practices and innovative ideas. • • • • • • • • • • • •5.5 Lessons LearnedPrevious experiences on similar projects and locations including from PMC shall be considered together with applicable items from the “lessons learned” database and corporate alerts.Prior to above referenced Constructability reviews, attendees shall provide references to previous experience/lessons learned to the Constructability Engineer to collate.5.6 Basis of ReviewsThe reviews shall use the checklists provided in section 7 attachments. 5.7 Documentation for ReviewsThe Contractor Engineering Manager shall ensure documents required under section 7 attachment lists are available at the Constructability review.5.8 Maintenance of Constructability RecordsThe Contractor Constructability Engineer shall maintain records of constructability activities/outcomes.5.9 PMC Constructability ForumsPMC will lead a maximum of three one day Constructability Forums to be attended by Contractor Constructability Engineers. Additional attendees will be drawn from Constructability review attendees listed in 5.2. The first will take place within six months of contract award.The purpose of these forums will be to share progress and lessons learnt and agree action plans where appropriate.6 REFERENCES6.1 HSE Plan: Management Systems Overview SP-8560-0000-00036.2 HSE Plan: Site Management SP-8560-0000-00066.3 Construction Environmental Control Plan PR8560-000-15037. ATTACHMENTS7.1 Check List for Constructability reviews.7.2 Engineering documents to be reviewed.ATTACHMENT 7.1CONSTRUCTABILITY CHECK LISTCONTRACTOR shall note that in the Definition Phase Plot Plan and Constructability reviews were carried out. PMC will provide copies of theminutes to CONTRACTOR for Definition Phase status on following items:1. Are there any existing buildings/structures on the site where the new plant is due to be built?2. Is there any contaminated land on the new site? If so have the problems associated with this been quantified?3. Are there any existing overhead or underground services?4. Will construction involve workers coming into contact with lead, asbestos, PCBs or radioactive substances?5. Is the proposed construction site adjacent to any other industrial, commercial, domestic activity or existing operating plant? How will construction be managed to ensure that there will be no adverse interactions or can these be engineered out?6. Are there any very large, heavy, special or complex items of equipment requiring special attention?7. Are items in (6) being designed for transport and lift?8. How will such items get to the site?9. What is the strategy for dressing of vessels and modularisation?10. Are there any special requirements for on-site construction?11. How are the lines to be tested?12. To what extent is chemical cleaning required?13. Are there any special safety requirements?14. What is the design strategy to minimise the level of risk during construction and commissioning?15. Where are the laydown areas and construction offices?16. Are there adequate areas for lifting operations?17. Which are the routes for the movement of large loads on plot?18. Are roads wide enough for cranes to get in and out again?19. Will fired heaters arrive on site in one piece? Will they need to be erected on site?20. Are any vessels or tanks being erected from pieces on site? Is space available?21. Are compressors being erected on site? Is space available?22. Is there a strategy for unit(s) becoming operational whilst other units are being constructed?23. Review drawings for Temporary Facilities, laydown areas and fabrication24. What actions should be taken in response to the Soils Report?25 How will temporary electrical supplies be provided?26 At what depth is the water table?27 What existing underground services are there?28 When will permits be required for excavation?29 Will piling operations impact on adjacent plant and buildings?30 Are there any overhead power cables or pipe racks?31 Where will cranes be located?32 What laydown areas are required?33 Will the installation of some equipment need to be delayed until after major lifting operations are complete?34 Is there any need to lift over live plant?35 Is there risk from transport near live plant.36 What first aid arrangements will be available on the site?37 Is there an emergency plan for evacuation of the site?38 Are there climatic problems due to heat, cold, wind, snow or darkness?39 How will liquid and solid waste be disposed of during the construction phase?40 Is there a problem with either noise or vibration during construction phase?41 How will Control of Substances Hazardous to Health <COSHH> be handled during construction? Is there a list of substances for which COSHH Assessments are required?42 How will access to the site be controlled43 Are there any innovative design opportunities to aid Construction?44 Has any disinvestment been adequately designed and planned?45 Are dimensional survey provisions sufficient to provide adequate dimensional information for design and for accuracy of construction?46 Is there a need to develop special Method Statements for any activities in the Definition Phase or to highlight as required to be developed in the Implementation Phase.ATTACHMENT 7.2REVIEW OF ENGINEERING DOCUMENTSThe following is a typical list of checks to be reviewed against engineering documents.DOCUMENTS TOBE REVIEWED PROPOSED CHECKS1. Plot Plan 1.1 Plant Layout1.2 Access for construction activities1.3 Alternative recommendations1.4 Access for sequential construction1.5 Area for temporary facilities, warehouse etc.1.6 Future maintenance1.7 Heavy lift involvement/available space1.8 Cranage Access1.9 Laydown areas and on plot2. Disinvestment 2.1 Access2.2 Size and weights2.3 Safe sequence, procedures2.4 Any safety hazards, COSHH, etc.2.5 Disposal laydown areas2.6 Soil, personnel and equipment decontamination arrangements3. Underground 3.1 Sufficient depth cable ducts atdrawings road crossings3.2 Firemain details are clear3.3 U/G piping to be checked for access, installation, method and testing sequence.3.4 Earthing review for access, installation method and testing sequence.3.5 Cable trench routing3.6 Ensure u/g piping connection to piping layout is constructible, consider flanges rather than difficult field welds3.7 Consider use of blockwork and proprietarypre cast items3.8 Review schedule for design of U/Gfacilities and structures to ensure it is early enough to allow installation prior to adjacent foundations3.9 Ensure final grades are establishedprior to installing U/G utilities.4. Groundworks 4.1 Excavation levels4.2 Muck out routes4.3 Backfill access4.4 Ground bearing pressuresDOCUMENTS TOBE REVIEWED PROPOSED CHECKS5. Piling drawings 5.1 Access5.2 Underground obstructions5.3 Working sequence6. Civil/Structural/ 6.1 Interface with other disciplines to avoidBuilding/Building clashes Services 6.2 Constructability of reinforcing in major concrete structures6.3 Cost saving by considering use of proprietary pre-cast units6.4 Interface platform drawings for inst/elect supports6.5 Removable structures for major lift access6.6 Ensure foundation bolts are in correctly (template from vessel fabricators – design check for rigidity)6.7 Mass concrete rather than many small plinths6.8 Buildings; ensure cable entries and other penetrations do not foul building steelwork6.9 Use blockwork where possible in trenches6.10 Consider pre-fireproofing structures6.11 Ensure ducts banks are not too deep6.12 Ensure building internal finish is to specifications6.13 Ensure HV AC is thoroughly clash detected6.14 Check interfaces of Services electrical and instrument equipment and cable entries penetrations6.15 Service ducts in buildings adequate for installation.6.16 Pouring concrete in extreme climates6.17 Large concrete pours in preference to multiple small pours6.18 Permanent access to reducescaffolding.6.19 Provision, location and capacity of permanent lifting beams6.20 HV AC specification for materials and testing.6.21 HV AC Plant room layout6.22 Ensure structure erection contracts contain provisions to reduce requirements for fall protection, ie flooring, handrail and stairways proceed at the same rate as structure erection.6.23 Minimize structural steel field welded connections.DOCUMENTS TOBE REVIEWED PROPOSED CHECKS7. Vessels, PAU's 7.1 Lifting arrangements, frames, spreaders andvessel/stack lifting lugsand VPU’s 7.2 Maintenance access7.3 Calculated weights and centres of gravity7.4 Setting out, placing and tolerances7.5 Dressed - check erection access7.6 Trial fit of platforms etc, if vessel is erected before dressing.7.7 Physical weight checks, dimensional checks7.8 Insulation, fireproofing - piping clashes7.9 Provide at least two anchor bolts slightly higher than the remainder to act as guides during setting of the vessels (slight tapering of the tops to aid location.)7.10 Check that supports furnished by “others does not interfere with maintenance, nameplates, connections, etc.8. Piping 8.1 Pipe supports - detail and location availability8.2 Allowance for insulation and fireproofing - clashes8.3 Shop/Field fabrication split8.4 Sequence detailing consistent with construction programme8.5 Module hook up, optimum fit, hook up butt locations8.6 Field fit welds - optimum positions8.7 Clashes; - check8.8 Vessel branch connections - same specification, tolerance and orientation8.9 Line lists include pressure test data8.10 Isos show orientation of vents and drains8.11 Expansion loop locations - possible better use of bellows8.12 Ensure basket strainers are supplied to pipe fabricator for trial fitting 8.13 Consider clamp supports adjacent to pumps for 4" lines and below - to assist in pump alignment8.14 Location of spading points8.15 Chemically cleaned lines. Possible offsite cleaning and protection 8.16 Ensure pre-commissioning sequences are established early to allow proper scheduling of piping erection.8.17 Ensure that Lists agrees with th e P&ID’s.8.18 Ensure vents and drains are engineered for hydrotesting, flushing and start up requirements.9. Electrical 9.1 Switchboards - access and maintenance9.2 Earthing - sufficiently detailed philosophy9.3 Use of standard core multi cables (PMC will establish standards)9.4 Definition of trench cross sections9.5 Lighting standards attachment brackets suit handrailing9.6 Lighting standards Re: capable of being installed without having touse major cranage9.7 Cable runs are not underestimated9.8 Early cable pulling of underground cables. Allowance for spare cables 9.9 Cable tray interfacesDOCUMENTS TOBE REVIEWED PROPOSED CHECKS9.10 Cable entry into buildings is detailed in conjunction with civil drawings9.11 Supplier package drawings checked and motors tagged correctly9.12 Lighting and small power for installationaccess and method.9.13 Check that schedule for lighting design is early enough to allow use during construction andfor the dressing out of vessels on the ground9.14 Size cable trays for additions due to design development during construction10. Instruments 10.1 Cables - check not too many in confined entry space 10.2 Consider stainless steel piping from inst. air manifolds to instruments - possible cost saving10.3 Interface CCMS panels10.4 Full information on loop drawings10.5 Above ground cable runs not underestimated10.6 Early cable pulling of underground cables. Allowance for spare cores or cables10.7 Location of instrument stands and support steel10.8 Check vendor skid drawings for all aspects of instrumentation. Ensure instruments on skids are in overall instrument list for inspection, precalibration etc.10.9 Panels - access for maintenances and operation10.10 Traywork into equipment rooms10.11 Inter discipline clashes10.12 Environmental storage conditions to be advised to site10.13 Cable tray interfaces10.14 Cable entry into buildings is detailed in conjunction with civil drawings10.15 Check for correct dimensions of control valves10.16 Check that drawings show instrument locations and orientations (This should be reviewed by Operations)10.17 Establish standardized stand details for mass production10.18 Check routing of “no low point lines”; such as analyser samples, for interferences11. Suppliers Quality 11.1 Sufficient 'Hold' points to ensure noPlans clashes that would affect hook up11.2 Ensure erection documentation is issued to site prior to receipt of the vendor package11.3 Ensure all Q.C. documentation sent to site on completion of the package12. Suppliers 12.1 Lifting/handling attachments for Purchase Orders packages are suitable12.2 Delivery methods compatible with site facilities for receiving12.3 Weight and dimensional control in place12.4 Works testing/commissioning optimised12.5 Delivery dates to match construction schedule.12.6 Ensure that orders require that anchorage details,template, etc are scheduled to support foundationplacement .12.7 Maximize use of driiled in anchors.。

计算机组成与体系结构英文版课后练习题含答案

计算机组成与体系结构英文版课后练习题含答案

Computer Organization and Architecture Exercise Questions with Answers
Chapter 1 - Introduction
Exercise 1.1
What are the three mn functions of a computer?
What is the purpose of the control unit?
Answer:The purpose of the control unit is to control the flow of data and instructions within the CPU.
Exercise 4.2
Chapter 5 - Memory Organization
Exercise 5.1
What is the difference between RAM and ROM?
Answer:RAM (Random Access Memory) is volatile memory that can be read from and written to. ROM (Read-Only Memory) is non-volatile memory that can only be read.
What is the difference between a RISC and a CISC processor?
Answer:A RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) processor has a simplified instruction set with fewer instructions that are executed more quickly. A CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer) processor has a more complex instruction set with more instructions that can perform complex operations in a single instruction.