浅析英语语言中的外来词汇

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-校园英语 / 语言文化研究浅析英语语言中的外来词汇西南交通大学希望学院/李潇【摘要】作为一种特殊的社会现象，语言并非是僵化的，它会随时代的变化不断发展与完善。从古至今，英语在不断地更新发展，其发展与外来词汇的融入紧密相关。英国在殖民扩张、贸易往来、对外交流过程中引入了大量外来词汇，这些从其他语言的“借”来的词汇成为英语语言中不可或缺的一部分。英语学习者应重视现代英语中的外来词汇。【关键词】英语的发展 外来词汇 现代英语一、概述美国语言学家萨丕尔在《语言论·言语》中说过：“语言同文化一样，很少是自给自足的。” 世界上有数千种语言，很难指出哪一种语言是完全孤立的。从词源学角度来看，英语词汇可分为本土词汇(native words)和外来词汇(borrowed words)。本土词汇约公元5世纪由盎格鲁-撒克逊部落带入，在现代英语中约占词汇总量的20%。外来词，也常被成为借词或舶来词，是在英国与不同民族、国家、地区侵略征服、殖民统治、贸易文化往来的过程中从对方语言中借来的词汇，约占现代英语词汇总量80%。数量庞大的外来词汇对英语影响重大，英语学习者应扩大文化视野，充分认识外来词汇融入英语的历史及其对英语产生的影响。二、英语的发展及外来词汇的融入语言学家普通认为，英语的历史可分为三个阶段：古英语时期(公元450-1100年)，中古英语时期(公元1100-1500年)和现代英语时期(公元1500年至今)。英语的发展史也是外族词汇融入的发展史。在这段历史进程中，语言融入了源自欧洲的拉丁语、法语、希腊语、意大利语、西班牙语，来自亚洲的阿拉伯语、汉语、日语等众多语言的词汇。1.古英语时期(公元450-100年)。公元450-1100年被称为古英语或盎格鲁-撒克逊时期。盎格鲁、撒克逊、朱特本是居住欧洲大陆上的日耳曼部落，在罗马帝国衰落后迁移到大不列颠岛，部落的语言构成了英语本土语言。现在人们一般把盎格鲁-撒克逊语成为古英语。古英语时期有两大历史事件给英语词汇带来了深远的影响。第一件事是公元6世纪牧师圣奥古斯丁来到英国传教，一大批拉丁语词汇随着基督教文化传入英国。如January (一月)，February (二月)等月份名称；Mercury (水星)，Venus (金星)等星球名称；Virgo (处女座)，Capricorn (摩羯座)等星座名称；宗教术语如angel (天使)，church (教堂)，candle (蜡烛)；拉丁缩写词a.m.(上午)，p.m. (下午)，i.e. (也就是说)，etc. (等等)；以vice versa (相反亦然)，status quo (现状)，alma mater (母校)等其他类别词汇。事件二是从公元8世纪开始斯堪的纳维亚人入侵英国，带来了大量本族词汇。如call，take，die，your，skill，wrong，die等简单的日常生活词汇口口相传，最后纳入英语书面用语。此外，以-son结尾的人名也源于斯堪的纳维亚语，如Jackson，Johnson，Stevenson等。2.中古英语时期(公元1100-1500年)。1066年法国诺曼底人入侵英国，英国被征服，英国人被降为下等公民，诺曼底人成为了上等公民。因此，法语成了上等人使用的语言，大量法语词汇由此被引入英语。法语借词深入到各个类别：如法律政治类有country (国家)，court (法庭)，government (政 府)，prison (监狱)，attorney (律师)；宗教类有religion (宗教)，preach (说教)，prayer (祈祷)，saint (圣人)；爵位类有prince (王子)，princess (公主)，duke (公爵)，duchess (公爵夫人)；军事类有captain (队长)，army (军队)，enemy (敌人)；餐饮类有restaurant (餐厅)，cuisine (美食)，café (咖啡店)，chef (厨师)，entrée (前菜)，buffet (自助餐)；时尚类有fashion (时尚)，chic (时髦的)，lace (蕾丝)，couture (高级定制)，unique (独一无二)，design (设计)；还有male (男性)，female (女性)，souvenir (纪念品)，amateur (业余爱好者)，hotel (酒店)，chauffeur (司机)等其他词汇。3.现代英语时期 (公元1500年至今)。在早期现代英语阶段，欧洲掀起了文艺复兴运动，英国人也开始热衷于研究古希腊、罗马文学著作。在把这些著作翻译成英语期间，翻译家直接从拉丁语和希腊语里借用了大量词汇。英语从希腊语里纳入了文学类词汇drama (戏剧)，comedy (喜剧)，tragedy (悲剧)，poet (诗人)，climax (高潮)，critic (批评家)；科技类telephone (电话)，television (电视)，phonograph (留声机)，telegraph (电报)；theory (理论)，physics (物理)，anonymous (匿名的)，Philosophy (哲学)，Linguistics (语言学)等学科专业术语。17世纪以来，英国经过早期的殖民扩张、资产阶级革命及工业革命，成为了新的强国。随着革命的深化，与各国贸易往来、文化交流也日渐频繁。各大语言有特色的词汇也在此时期开始流入英国。荷兰作为曾经的海上霸主，涉及到航运类战争类词汇如cruise (巡航)，dock(码头)，reef(暗礁)，smuggle(走私)，onslaught(突击)等对现代英语影响重大。德国的特色餐饮蔓越莓 (cranberry)，华夫饼 (waffle)，啤酒花 (hops)，松子酒 (gin)，汉堡包 (hamburger)，香肠 (wiener)；俄罗斯的伏特加 (Vodka)，沙皇 (czar/tsar)；中国的丝绸 (silk)，茶 (tea)，功夫 (Kung Fu)，太极 (Tai Chi)，风水(Feng Shui)，阴阳 (Yin Yang)，麻将 (mahjong)，旗袍 (chipao/qipao)，锅 (wok)，粤式点心 (dim sum)，馄饨 (wonton); 日本的卡拉OK (Karaoke)，樱花 (Sakura)，寿司 (sushi)，乌冬面 (udon)，海啸 (tsunami)，相扑 (sumo)等词汇因其饱含各国独特的文化特色，被直接收录到英语里，成为英语借词中不可或缺的一部分。三、外来词汇对英语的影响1.丰富了英语词汇。英语吸收不同来源的词汇的过程，也是其不断自我充实及丰富的过程。一方面，外来词汇的借入能使外来的新事物、新概念在被引入英语语言的过程中保留原汁原味，更精确更直观地被收录在英语里。另一方面，不同来源的外来词给英语带来了很多同义词，极大地丰富了英语词汇。2.促使英语国际化。英语的广泛外来词引发了美国诗人艾- 206

-校园英语 / 语言文化研究

莫生的感慨：“英语是汇集天下各方支流的海洋。” 英语中的外来词汇是各民族语言和文化的精华，英语这片海洋汇集的不仅是语言，更汇集了外来的文化。英语反映了不同文化的联系，在各民族语言词汇的融合过程中起主导作用。作为兼容并包的集大成者，英语自然而然也成了世界通用语言。四、结语英语的发展史和时代历史背景紧密相连，不同时期不同语系外来词的融入对英语的形成和发展影响重大。同时也正是英语这种“海纳百川”的精神，促使了其成为世界通用语。了解英语的形成和发展过程，尤其重视外来词的学习，不仅有利于学习者更深入地了解词汇背后丰富的文化内涵，更开阔了国际视野，增加了其学习英语的兴趣。参考文献：[1]Dennis Freeborn.英语史:从古代英语到标准英语[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2000.[2]陆国强.现代英语词汇学[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社, 1983.[3]孙韬.浅析英语里外来词的借用过程及形态特征[J].教育现代化,2016.作者简介：李潇(1989.8-)，女，广东肇庆人，助教，硕

士研究生，研究方向：外国语言文学。The Report on Intercultural Communication：A Reader宁夏大学外国语学院/刘玉巧 巨静Now we are in an era of globalization, the connection between different people with various cultural backgrounds becomes closer and closer, so it is the high time that we should have an awareness to admit the diversity of cultures and respect the difference of cultures. In this book, we can have a general understanding of the intercultural communication. To be exactly, it shows some theories to help us to achieve effective communication. Also it points out some barriers preventing the effective communication and lastly gives us some suggestions on how to communicative smoothly and effectively when we are in different contexts as well as how to improve our intercultural communication competence. In this report, I will try to write down what I have learned in each chapter and then talk about my personal view.1. The knowledge I learn from Intercultural Communication From Chapter 1, we firstly know that communication is in a global village, so we must learn how to make an interpersonal encounter and also make an intercultural communication effectively. From Chapter 2, this chapter mainly shows us to understand Foreign Cultures. From Chapter 3, I learn American Nondominant Cultures, the articles in this chapter will examine some of the cultural experiences inherent in a few of the subcultures and subgroups in the United States. From Chapter 4, this chapter begins with a general look at the study of language and culture. Chapter 5 deals with nonverbal interaction. Successful participation in intercultural communication requires that we recognize and understand culture’s influence not only on verbal interaction but on nonverbal interaction as well. Nonverbal symbols are body movements, postures, facial expressions, gestures, eye movements, physical appearance, and so on, these symbolic behaviors often vary from culture to culture. The last part mainly deals with that “doing”. In a sense, this entire volume has been concerned with the practice of intercultural communication. The main purpose is to improve our behavior during intercultural communication and make communication become as effective as possible. 2. My own view on intercultural communication1) The importance of intercultural communicationBefore I read this book, I have thought the culture conflicts exist between different countries with different culture background, but I realized that intercultural communication exists everywhere. People can not live without intercultural communication. Human communication is the ability to use language, the ability to exchange ideas with people around us in different cultures. Communication with others is inevitable to human beings. Now intercultural communication is becoming pervasive because of the development of transportation and technology. The intercultural communication is applied into many fields, such as economic, politic, education, technology, health care and so on. And today, the benefits of the intercultural communication become more and more obvious. Firstly, communicating and establishing relationships with different cultural people can lead to a whole host of benefits, including healthier communities; increased international, national and local commerce; reduced conflict. Secondly, due to through open and honest intercultural communication, people can work together to achieve goals that benefit everyone. Thirdly, because of the intercultural exchange, we can learn about the other countries’ way of life, also we can understand their industry structure. Thus we can do commercial exchanges and academic communication with them.2) The ways to improve intercultural communication skillsFirstly, educate ourselves about different cultures. Be open to learning about culture and have an interest in learning other cultures. Secondly, be attention to our tone and our body languages in speech. Understand that many cultures give specific meaning to tone and body language. What may be a simple reaction to us could be seen as disrespectful. Be aware of when and how we laugh during interactions.In a word, in order to be a good and efficient communicator, it is essential for us to realize and learn these theories I talk above, show respect to the culture differences and accept the cultural diversity.