critique of the women

March 30th, 19121912年年3⽉月30⽇日To the Editor of The Times.致泰晤⼠士报的编辑Sir, After reading Sir Almroth Wright's able and weighty exposition of women as he knows them, the question seems no longer to be "Should women have votes?" but "Ought women not to be abolished altogether?"先⽣生，在读过阿尔姆罗思·怀特对于⼥女女性的重要阐述后，现在的问题似乎不不再是“⼥女女性应该有投票权吗？”，⽽而是“⼥女女性不不应该被完全废除吗？”I have been so much impressed by Sir Almroth Wright's disquisition, backed as it is by so much scientific and personal experience, that I have come to the conclusion that women should be put a stop to.阿尔姆罗思先⽣生的论述由那么多科学依据和个⼈人经验所⽀支持，这让我印象深刻。

我由此得出结论，⼥女女性应该停⽌止繁衍。

We learn from him that in their youth they are unbalanced, that from time to time they suffer from unreasonableness and hypersensitiveness, and that their presence is distracting and irritating to men in their daily lives and pursuits.从他的⽂文字中我们可以学到，⼥女女性在⻘青年年时期就是发展不不平衡的，她们时不不时的会有不不合理理或者神经过敏敏的⾏行行为。

第一章测试1.What is included in Jane Austen’s landscapes?A:IrelandB:ScotlandC:WalesD:England答案:D2.It is in Southern England that the women in Jane Austen’s novels can feelcomfortable.A:错B:对答案:B3.The marriage transactions in Jane Austen’s novels take place in the followingplaces:A:BrightonB:BathC:CambridgeD:London答案:ABD4.The characteristics of the late eighteenth century in England include:答案:ABC5.Literary geography is a perspective on literature that incorporates the studyof geographical space and place.A:对B:错答案:A6.When does the cultural turn of human geographies take place?A:the end of the 1980sB:the early twentieth centuryC:the sixteenth centuryD:the end of the 1950s答案:A7.The scope of literary geography studies includes:A:the plotB:the study of literature in spaceC:geography documentsD:the study of space in literature答案:BD8.Geography is not an inert container, is not a box where cultural historyhappens, but an active force, that pervades the literary field and shapes it in depthA:错B:对答案:B9.The act of writing itself might be considered as a form of mapping orcartographic activity.A:错B:对答案:B10.Great Britain is a country.A:对B:错答案:B第二章测试1.Who is honoured as the father of English literature?A:Ben JohnsonB:John DonneC:Geoffrey ChaucerD:John Milton答案:C2.In the Medieval hierarchical system of England, the church was responsiblefor the spiritual welfare of the body politic.A:错B:对答案:B3.Geoffrey Chaucer’s diplomatic mission to It aly in 1372 brought him intodirect contact with the Italian Renaissance.A:对B:错答案:A4.Scholars conjecture that The Canterbury Tales was probably first conceivedin 1386, when Chaucer was living in Canterbury.A:对B:错答案:B5.When does the pilgrimage take place in The Canterbury Tales?A:AprilB:JuneC:MayD:March答案:A6.Which one is the opening tale after “The General Prologue” in TheCanterbury Tales?答案:D7. A dialectic between ___ is a recurrent feature of The Canterbury Tales.A:stylesB:genresC:classesD:rhetorics答案:ABC8.The persona “I” in The Canterbury Tales is also one of the pilgrims.A:对B:错答案:A9.“The Miller’s Tale” concerned with order, love and fraternity parodies “TheKnight’s tale” that involves deception and body.A:错B:对答案:A10.“The Miller’s Tale” ha s the following characteristics:A:hilariousB:fabliauC:tragicD:aristocratic答案:AB第三章测试1.Shakespeare was a contemporary of ( ).A:King Charles II and Queen VictoriaB:King George IV and Queen Elizabeth IIC:Queen Elizabeth I and King James IID:Queen Elizabeth I and King James I答案:D2.Shakespeare came from a well-educated family in Stratford-upon-Avon.A:对B:错答案:B3.Shakespeare was buried in Westminster Abbey.A:错B:对答案:A4.Geographically speaking, Stratford-upon-Avon is situated in the Southeast ofLondon.A:错B:对答案:A5.In Shakespeare’s life, he had been ( ).A:an actorB:a theatre managerC:a playwrightD:a poet答案:ABCD6.The Globe Theatre is situated on ( ).A:the south bank of River AvonB:the north bank of River AvonC:the south bank of River ThamesRiver ThamesD:the north bank of River Thames答案:C7.Which of the following was once a patron of Shakespeare?A:The 3rd Earl of SouthamptonB:Christopher MarloweC:James VD:Robert Greene答案:A8.Before 1597, many plays were published without the identification of itswriter.A:对B:错答案:A9.Which of the followings statement is NOT true about Shakespreare’s TheFirst Folio?A:It helps modern day scholars to understand Shakespeare.B:It was published after his death.C:It contains all of Shakespeare’s plays.D:It includes comedies, tragedies, and historical dramas.答案:C10.The first actor who played Hamlet was ( )A:David TennantB:Shakespeare himselfC:Richard BurbageD:Benedict Cumberbatch答案:C第四章测试1.Burns Night is traditionally celebrated on？A:January 24thB:January 22ndC:January 23rdD:January 25th答案:D2.Robert Burns’s parents were buried in the graveyard of the same old kirkfeatured in his poem “Tam O’Shanter”.A:错B:对答案:B3.Tam in “Tam O’Shanter” witness ( ) at a stormy night.A:a fight happened at the marketB:witches and warlocks partying with the devilC:a murder that happened in the graveyardD:a debate between God and Satan答案:B4.Scots refers to English spoken in the Scottish accent.A:对B:错答案:B5.The development of the Scots language has been influence by ( ）A:the Scandinavian languagesB:the Germanic languagesC:the Cyrillic languagesD:the Romance languages答案:ABD6.“A wee bairn” in Scots means ( ) in English:A:a small dogB:a big childC:a big dogD:a small child答案:D7.Because “Tam O’Shanter” was written for a historical record of Scottishcastles and churches, the story of it was factual.A:错B:对答案:A8.The 18th century Ayrshire was dominated by ( ).A:none of aboveB:CatholicismC:ProtestantismD:the Orthodox Church答案:C9.Robert Burns’s education include ( )A:school and a private tutorB:the University of EdinburghC:folksongs and tales from his mother and nannyD:his father’s teaching him to read from The Bible答案:ACD第五章测试1.Which one is the largest natural lake in England?A:WindermereB:Loch NessC:DerwentwaterD:Esthwaite Water答案:A2.The Lake District is well known for its connection with Romantic poets, suchas William Blake.A:对B:错答案:B3.Where was William Wordsworth born?A:CumbriaB:LondonC:OxfordD:Sussex答案:A4.Dorothy Wordsworth wrote the Grasmere Journal when she lived in the DoveCottage.A:错B:对答案:B5.In whose work does the following passage appear? “I never saw daffodils sobeautiful they grew among the mossy stones about & about them, somerested their heads upon these stones as on a pillow for weariness & the resttossed & reeled & danced & seemed as if they verily laughed with the windthat blew upon them over the Lake”A:William WordsworthB:Samuel Taylor ColeridgeC:Dorothy WordsworthD:Thomas De Quincey答案:C6.The final version of “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud” published in 1815 is arevision of the original published in 1807.A:错B:对答案:B7.In “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”, what words does the poet use to convey atranquil image?A:wanderB:flutterC:floatD:lonely答案:ACD8.In “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”, the poet compares the daffodils to ___A:starsB:dancersC:wanderersD:flowers答案:AB9.What does “the inward eye” refer to in “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”?A:focused attentionB:remembranceC:imaginationD:absent-mindedness答案:ABC10.William Wordsworth’s life at the Lake District exerts a huge impact on hispoetry.A:对B:错答案:A第六章测试1.Which of the following titles belong to Walter Scott?A:The Wizard of OzB:The Heaven-taught PloughmanC:The Inventor of Scottish HistoryD:The Wizard of the North答案:CD2.Walter Scott decorated his house with the entrance doorway to the OldTalbooth Prison in Edinburgh.A:对B:错答案:A3.How many times did Walter Scott meet Robert Burns?A:4B:2C:1D:3答案:C4.The name of Walter Scott’s castle comes from the route leading to theMelrose Abbey, an abbey important in Scottish history.A:错B:对答案:B5.The aftermath of the Jacobite’s defeat on Culloden Moor includes:A:the dying of the clan systemB:the restriction of foreign travelC:the taboo on wearing tartanD:the decline of the Gaelic language答案:ACD6.In Waverley, the character Fergus MacIvor was a highland chieftain loyal tothe Jacobite leader “Bonnie Prince Charles”.A:错B:对答案:B7.Edward Waverley believed that the Jacobite cause would succeed.A:错B:对答案:A8.Which of the following British monarchs was the first to visit Scotlandwearing a tartan kilt after the Battle of Culloden ?A:Queen VictoriaB:George IIIC:George IVD:Edward I答案:C9.Walter Scott received help from ( ) to collect ballads.A:James HoggB:Robert BurnsC:All the other choices are correctD:Bishop Percy答案:AD10.Walter Scott was against ballad singers or collectors leaving their ownstamps on the ballads.A:错B:对答案:A第七章测试1.The City of Bath is situated in the Southwest of England.A:错B:对答案:B2.The Romans were good at combining their own gods and the local deitiesafter they conquered other lands.A:错B:对答案:B3.Bath started to regain its Roman glory when Richard “Beau” Nash invested inthe city in the ( )A:17th centuryB:19th centuryC:16th centuryD:18th century答案:D4.Which of the followings are likely to be a Regency social event in Bath?A:a ballB:a dinner partyC:a cricket matchD:a concert答案:ABD5.Bath’s influences on Austen’s life and works include ( ）A:a practical experience working with the lower class peopleB:a documentary record of the social mannersC:an ethical perspective of the gentryD:the romantic encounter of her future husband答案:BC6.In the Regency Era, Bath’s social hierarchy could be ref lected by the differentcarriages arriving at ballrooms such as the Pump Room.A:对B:错答案:A7.Catherine Morland in Northanger Abbey was the heir of a rich couple Mr andMrs Allen and thus she attracted much attention from suitors.A:对B:错答案:B8.The estate of Northanger Abbey is owned by ( )A:Mr and Mrs AllenB:Henry TilneyC:General TilneyD:The Morlands答案:C9.Which of the following statements is/are true about Bath’s social geographyin the Regency Era?A:The rich population lived in the north of the city.B:The lower class people lived in the south of the city.C:The poor population lived in the north of the city.D:The upper class people lived in the south of the city.答案:AB10.The Camden Place was a fictional location created by Austen, it did notactually exist in Bath.A:错B:对答案:A第八章测试1.Which one of the following works is written by Anne Bronë?A:Agnes GrayB:Jane EyreC:Wuthering HeightsD:Villette答案:A2.The Brontë sisters’ connection with Yorkshire was through blood.A:对B:错答案:B3.The Brontë sisters were born in Thornton, West Yorkshire, England in theearly 19th century.A:对B:错答案:A4.Emily Brontë incorporates the harsh and unhealthy conditions of the clergyschool she attended in her novel Wuthering Heights.A:错B:对答案:A5.Who is the most private and reclusive one of the three Brontë sisters?A:Charlotte BrontëB:Branwell BrontëC:Anne BrontëD:Emily Brontë答案:D6.Wuthering Heights is similar to Dickens’ novels in terms of its engagementwith social issues.A:错B:对答案:A7.Which one of the following settings is the counterpart of Wuthering Heightsin the eponymous novel?A:Dove CottageB:LowoodC:Keswick HouseD:Thrushcross Grange答案:D8.The following passage is uttered by ____ in Wuthering Heights: “This iscertainly a beautiful country! In all England, I do not believe that I could have fixed on a situation so completely removed from the stir of society.”A:Catherine LintonB:Mr. LockwoodC:Edgar LintonD:Mr. Heathcliff答案:B9.The following passage shows that the moor is a place of ___ in WutheringHeights: “About midnight, while we still sat up, the storm came rattling over the Heights in full fury. There was a violent wind, as well as thunder, andeither one or the other split a tree off at the corner of the building; a hugebough fell across the roof, and knocked down a portion of the east chimney-stack, sending a clatter of stones and soot into the kitchen fire”.A:desolationB:disasterC:happinessD:violence答案:ABD10.The moors witness a kind of U-turn in the story: paradise for youngCatherine and Heathcliff – hell for their adult life – paradise again for theoffspring.A:错B:对答案:B第九章测试1.Dickens, like some of his fictional characters, was forced to serve as a childlabor in a shoe “blacking factory” to eke out a living at a very yo ung ageA:对B:错答案:A2.Dickens’ first novel( ) brought him instant success at the age of twenty-five.A:The Pickwick PapersB:A Tale of Two CitiesC:Oliver TwistD:David Copperfield答案:A3.Dickens harbors a strong sense of localism rooted in the modes of existenceand landscape of the countryside.A:错B:对答案:A4.The image of London offered by Dickens in Oliver Twist is generallycharming and attractive.A:对B:错答案:B5.In order to highlight Oliver’s first encounter with the shockingly filthyLondon underworld, Dickens portrays London with a series of unpleasantnatural elements including ( ).A:rain that falls sluggishly downB:black mistC:stones covered with thick mudD:“everything felt cold and clammy to the touch”答案:ABCD6.The streets in Oliver Twist are marked by ( ).A:narrownessB:muddinessC:cleanessD:darkness答案:ABD7.Dickens’ depiction of those ruinous slums in London can find expression in (),the most notorious gutter alongside The Thames.答案:A8.The fall of those slum houses has been embedded by Dickens with two layersof implications, ( ).A:the fall of the hypocritical capitalist humanismB:the rocketing development of capitalismC:the precarious state of existence of those disenfranchised groupsD:the extremely dire financial conditions答案:AC9.Dickens’depict ion of the slums, those dilapidated houses in particular, pushesto the climax his critique of the government’s indifference towards the poor and, more generally, its non-performance in tackling the problem of poverty.A:对B:错答案:A10.Dickens witnessed the rise of London as one of the largest metropolises inthe European continent because it ( ).A:built intricate sewer and street systemsB:attained great achievements of industrialization and urbanizationC:erected all sorts of facilitiesD:constructed railways答案:ABCD第十章测试1.The following passage appears in the novel ___: “London. Michaelmas Termlatterly over, and the Lord Chancellor sitting in Lincoln’s Inn Hall. Implacable November weather.”A:The Sign of the FourB:Hard TimesC:Bleak HouseD:A Study in Scarlet答案:C2.Much of the 19th-century detective fiction was published in periodicals.A:错B:对答案:B3.It’s generally believed that The Moonstone is the first detective novel inBritain.A:错B:对答案:B4.In which one of the following works does the character Shelock Holmes firstappear?A:A Study in ScarletB:The Hound of BaskervilleC:The MoonstoneD:The Sign of the Four答案:A5.It’s said that Conan Doyle’s inspiration for the character Sherlock Holmescame from Bucket, a Scottish lecturer at the medical school of the University of EdinburghA:错B:对答案:A6.The Sign of the Four gets its name bcause in the story there are four pieces oftreasure stolen.A:对B:错答案:B7.Although Conan Doyle lived only a few months in London before moving tothe suburbs, London exerts a huge impact on his writings.A:对B:错答案:A8.The following quotation describes the city of London in ____: “a dense drizzlyfog lay low upon the great city, mud-coloured clouds drooped sadly over the muddy streets.”A:The Sign of the FourB:The Hound of BaskervilleC:The MoonstoneD:A Study in Scarlet答案:A9.Lyceum Theatre in the East End figures in both Conan Doyle’s real life and hisstories.A:对B:错答案:B第十一章测试1.Which of the following writers had been influenced by Freudian theories?A:Virginia WoolfB:Franz KafkaC:Marcel ProustD:James Joyce答案:ABCD2.For most of Virginia Woolf’s life, she lived in ( )A:the East End of LondonB:the West End of LondonC:the seaside of Southwest EnglandD:Richmond答案:B3.Virginia Woolf was sent to study at the University of Oxford.A:对B:错答案:B4.None of the characters in Mrs. Dalloway met one another during their walkson that day before Clarissa Dalloway’s party.A:对B:错答案:B5.Septimus Warren Smith suffers fromA:a depressing unhappiness in marriageB:post-traumatic stress disorderC:a serious wound he got from fighting in WWID:none of above答案:B6.Modernism is a movement only in literature.A:错B:对答案:A7.European Modernism lasted from the end of 19th century to ( )A:the 1960sB:the breakout of WWIIC:the 1970sD:the breakout of WWI答案:B8.Before Modernism, art converted the unexplainable to a very abstract form.A:错B:对答案:A9.Which of the following theories contributed to Modernism?A:Marxism and DarwinismB:Bergson’s “élan vital”C:Nietzsche’s “Will to Power”D:Einstein’s “theory of relativity”答案:ABCD10.Freud and literature mutually influenced each other.A:错B:对答案:B第十二章测试1.Oxford got its name for being the fording point in Saxon times.A:错B:对答案:B2.Which one is the oldest university in the English-speaking world?A:University of CambridgeB:University of ParisC:Harvard UniversityD:University of Oxford答案:D3.University of Oxford was modeled on the University of Paris.A:对B:错答案:A4.Which one(s) of the following is(are) the initial faculties of the University ofOxford?A:medicineB:theologyC:lawD:liberal arts答案:ABCD5.The various colleges of Oxford were intended primarily for well-off scholars.A:错B:对答案:A6.Oxford is known as the “City of Spires” or the “City of Dreaming Spires”,because of its beautiful skyline of Gothic towers and steeples.A:错B:对答案:B7. C. S. Lewis completed The Chronicles of Narnia series at Oxford.A:对B:错答案:B8.J.R.R. Tolkien taught English language and literature at the University ofOxford.A:错B:对答案:B第十三章测试1.The famous journal Edinburgh Review founded in the 19th centurypromoted the literary trend of ( )A:RealismB:FuturismC:RomanticismD:Symbolism答案:C2.The Edinburgh born writers include ( )A:Robert Louis StevensonB:Conan DoyleC:Walter ScottD:J. M. Barrie答案:ABCD3.Spark was honoured “Dame Muriel Spark” for her contribution in literature.A:错B:对答案:B4.Muriel Spark was raised as a ( ) but later converted to a ( )A:Presbyterian … CatholicB:Catholic … ProtestantC:C atholic … PresbyterianD:Jewish … Catholic答案:A5.The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie is a biographical work of Muriel Spark’s schoolteacher Miss Christina Kay.A:对B:错答案:B6.The “prime” of Miss Jean Brodie, according to herself, referred to ( )A:her past youthB:her current teaching careerC:her coming yearsD:her school years答案:B7.The regular members of “The Brodie Set” includes ( )A:4 girlsB:6 girlsC:7 girlsD:5 girls答案:B8.The most controversial topic Miss Jean Brodie taught the girls whicheventually led to her being expelled from the school wasA:religionB:fascismC:her personal romantic historyD:poetry答案:B9.Miss Jean Brodie eventually found out which girl of the Brodie Set betrayedher.A:对B:错答案:B10.Calvinism is a religious branch of ( )A:JudaismB:PuritanismC:ProtestantismD:Catholicism答案:C第十四章测试1.V. S. Naipaul was born in an impoverished rural area of Trinidad.A:错B:对答案:B2.V. S. Naipaul is a travel writer.A:错B:对答案:A3.The values of the English middle class that Naipaul celebrates basically referto ( ).A:the VictorianismB:the British monarchyC:colonialismD:anarchism答案:A4.( )prompted Naipaul to view Victorian tradition as a lifeline.A:his nostalgia for TrinidadB:his desire to purge himself of his West IndiannessC:his image of writing as a fundamentally British vocationD:his lack of readers答案:BCD5.The protagonist of The Enigma of Arrival is widely accepted to be Naipaul.A:对B:错答案:A6.In Naipaul’s eye, this rur al county in Wiltshire is an embodiment of ( ).A:the imperial pastB:his hometownC:his immigrationD:the pastoral beauty答案:A7.In The Enigma of Arrival, Naipaul gives a meticulous and detailed account ofthis rural county, including ( )A:farm housesB:routesC:tourist attractionsD:clusters of vegetation答案:ABCD8.According to Naipaul, Wiltshire rehearses the process of the destruction of ( ).A:the British colonialism in TrinidadB:the capitalism in BritainC:an illusory conception of EnglandD:the agriculture in England答案:C9.The critical comments received by The Enigma of Arrival are conflicting.A:错B:对答案:B第十五章测试1.《向西行》（Stepping Westward）的主题是（）。

双语阅读：这些关于性别的表达你真的知道么摘要：她一头棕色长卷发，性感动人，令(美国)时尚杂志《名利场》7月的封面变得熠熠夺目;她就是今年65岁的凯特琳•詹纳，原名布鲁斯•詹纳，美国前奥运冠军、电视名人;他还是美国真人秀(《与卡戴珊姐妹同行》)明星金•卡戴珊的继父，不过现在应该称为“继母”。

自今年4月完成变性手术后，这是她首次以女性的身份参与拍摄工作。

A gorgeous woman with long wavy brown hair gracesthe cover of the forthcoming July issue of glossymagazine Vanity Fair. Meet Caitlyn Jenner, 65, a USOlympic athlete and TV personality formerly knownas Bruce Jenner. Jenner, US reality television starKim Kar dashian’s stepmother and former stepfather,is one of the stars in reality TV show Keeping UpWith the Kardashians. But this was the first time shehas been photographed as a woman since she cameout as transgender in April.Jenner’s coming-out is a big moment in US pop culture history. As Western countries like theUS have become more socially liberal, transgender people have become less marginalized. Sohow can you talk about transgender people and related issues without being offensive?GLAAD, a US organization aiming to improve representation of those who identify as LGBT(lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender) in the media, offers guidelines.她一头棕色长卷发，性感动人，令(美国)时尚杂志《名利场》7月的封面变得熠熠夺目;她就是今年65岁的凯特琳•詹纳，原名布鲁斯•詹纳，美国前奥运冠军、电视名人;他还是美国真人秀(《与卡戴珊姐妹同行》)明星金•卡戴珊的继父，不过现在应该称为“继母”。

[作者简介]赵茜,陕西西安人,西安邮电学院外语系助教。

An I nterpret ati on of A Rose for Em ilyFrom a Fem in ist Perspecti ve○Zhao Q ian(X i ’an U niversity of Posts &Teleco mm unica tions,X i ’an,Shanxi,710121)　[Abstract]　This paper analyses the st ory ARose for Em ily fr om a fe m inist pers pective,exp l ores the s ocial r oots thatlead t o the tragedy of E m ily,and points out that E m ily is victi m ized by the patriarchal opp ressi on and her arist ocratic sta 2tus .　[Key words]　fe m inist;　patriarchal opp ressi on;　arist ocratic status　[中图分类号]I 106.4 [文献标识码]A [文章编号]167228610(2010)022******* The short st ory A Rose for Em ily is written by the well -known American novelistW illia m Faulkner .The st ory f ocuses on E m ily,“an eccentric s p inster who refuses t o accep t the passage of ti m e,or the inevitable change and l oss that accompaniesit ”.[1]617Because of its unique Faulkner ’s style,this st ory has been studied by many researchers fr om vari ous pers pectives —sy mbolis m,moral or phil os ophical value and stylistics .Howev 2er,fe wer researchers study the st ory fr om a fem inist pers pective .This paper will give a fe m inist inter p retati on of the s ocial r oots that lead t o the tragedy of the fe male p r otagonist,E m ily,who lives a m iserable,l onely and e mp ty life .According t o Guerin,“Fem inist literary critics try t oexp lain how power i m balances due t o gender in a given cultureare reflected in or challenged by literary texts ”.[2]196Faulkner is a male American author who was born int o a Southern fa m ily with a fairly l ong traditi on .He created different female characters who resist against or surrender t o the cruel reality resulted fr om s ocial changes or econom ic devel opments in his works,which reflect the s ocial reality in the South during the peri od of American Civil W ar and the WW Ι.A s t o Faulkner ’s attitude t owards fe male,researchers hold different op ini ons .Some researchers such as L inda W agner and CleanthB r ooks believe that Faulkner sy mpathizes the women characters he shaped .O thers like Leslie Fiedler,A lbert Guerard and Irving Howe hold the op ini on that Faulkner shows r ooted re 2sent m ents against women in his novels .This paper will f ocus on the fe m inis m in the short st ory A R ose for Em ily ,and will als o discuss Faulkner ’s attitude t owards fe m inis m.The main character of this st ory,E m ily lives a m iserable life without l ove,understanding,and communicati on with oth 2ers .E m ily is born in a declined arist ocratic fam ily .I n her youth 2hood,her father drives a way all the young men pursuing her .Af 2ter her father ’s death,she falls in l ove with a Northerner na medHomer Barr on .W hen they are believed t o get married,HommerBarr on disappeared .Since then,E m ily seldom went out till her death .W hen peop le open a r oom of her house,they f ound Hom 2mer ’s dead body lying in the bed .W hat result in E m ily ’s tragedy?One is the American South male -dom inated s ociety,under which women are treated ill and opp ressed .The other is arist ocracy traditi on .Peop le including arist ocrats think that the arist ocracy is the sy mbol,the traditi on and the idol of the s outh .The arist ocrats cannot live their life in the sa me way as the common peop le .They cannot l ove or marry a common pers on,es pecially a Yankee .Having the dual status of a common woman and an arist ocratic woman,E m ily suffers s o much that she eventually has t o murder her l over in order t o secure the fe male -subject positi on .Ι.Pa tr i a rcha l O ppressi onFe m inistic critics “investigate how s ociety shapes a woman ’s understanding of herself,her s ociety,and her world ”.[3]191A s a woman,E m ily is contr olled,opp ressed,and deserted by her father and her l over successively .She lives in the South of Amer 2ican during the CivilW ar .The s ociety in the South is patriarchy,just like the O ld China,under which women are required t o stay in the house,giving birth t o babies,taking care of her husband and dealing with daily chores .Women should obey the puritan virtues .They should be obedient t o their fathers before marriage and t o their husbands after marriage .Women are passive,weak,and unable t o choose the way of lives in such a male -dom inated s ociety .Men contr ol women physically,p sychol ogically,and e moti onally .Women depend on men t otally .Women who obey the traditi onal cust om s and moral standards are considered as good women;other wise,they are believed t o be wicked,guilty,and dirty .E m ily ’s father is such a typ ical S outhern man,who is self 2—72—语文学刊・外语教育教学 2010年第2期ish,p ride,and e moti onless .He confines E m ily in the big house compani oning hi m .He drives away all the young men pursuing E m ily and makes her an old s p inster without her own l ove .He dom inates E m ily ’s life and affects her even after his death .A s described in the st ory “W e had l ong thought of the m as a tab 2leau,M iss E m ily a slender figure in white in the backgr ound,her father a s p raddled silhouette in the f oregr ound,his back t o her and clutching a horse whi p,the t w o of them framed by the back -flung fr ont door ”,E m ily ’s “slender figure ”rep resents her inability;“W hite ”rep resents her virginhood and innocence .Her father,however,“s p raddled ”shows his peremp t oriness;“silhouette ”i m p lies E m ily lives in the shadow of her father all her life;“back ”rep resents his ignorance of E m ily ’s res ponses;“clutching a horsewhi p ”sy mbolizes the abs olute patriarchal pow 2er .E m ily ’s father leaves E m ily nothing but l oneliness and pov 2erty after his death .E m ily decides t o start her own life after her father ’s death as menti oned in the st ory “W hen we sa w her again,her hair was cut short,making her l ook like a girl,with a vague rese mblance t o those angels in col ored church windows —s ort of tragic and serene ”.Then she falls in l ove with Homer .The sa me tragedy restarts:she begins t o depend on this man as she did on his fa 2ther p revi ously;she is contr olled,opp ressed,and deserted by another man .Homer is open -hearted,just the opposite of E m ily .E m ily ’s l ove for such a “day laborer ”shows her deter 2m inati on t o start a new life,t o go out of her house,and t o get rid of her arist ocratic status .However,Homer doesn ’t l ove E m ily,“because Homer hi m self had re marked —he liked men,and it was known that he drank with the younger men in the Elks ’Club —that he was not a marrying man ”.He stays with E m ily just for fun .He thinks it is p rideful t o go out with such a s outhern lady as menti oned in the st ory “Homer Barr on with his hat cocked and a cigar in his teeth,reins and whi p in a yell ow gl ove ”.Homer ’s “hat cocked and a cigar in his teeth ”shows he pays no atten 2ti on t o E m ily ’s l ove,and “reins and whi p s ”rep resents the ab 2s olute patriarchal power just as E m ily ’s father ’s “horse whi p ”.Struck by her father ’s death and her l over ’s departure,E m ily is in des pair .She starts t o defend herself and revolt by an extre me way:pois oning Homer t o death and making hi m unable t o leave her f orever .Ⅱ.Ar istocra ti c St a tusE m ily ’s tragedy is not only led by the Patriarchal s ociety she lives in,but als o by her arist ocratic status .One of the rea 2s ons her father drives all the young men is that he thinks no one is good enough t o match this arist ocratic lady .Peop le in the t own consider E m ily as “a traditi on,a duty,and a care;a s ort of he 2reditary obligati on upon the t own ”.Peop le ad m ire and res pect E m ily who,f or the m,is a monu ment bearing their l onging for the O ld S outh life .I n their op ini on,E m ily should stay in the house,and live an is olated life .Theref ore,the fact that she falls in l ove with a Northerner hurts the e moti ons of the citizens as menti oned in the st ory “then s ome of the ladies began t o say that it was adisgrace t o the t own and a bad exa mp le t o the young peop le ”.W hen the citizens hear her buying pois on,they assu me “She will kill herself ”and even think that “would be the best thing ”.They believe that if such an arist ocratic lady marries a “day labo 2rer ”,that would be a sha me f or their t own,or even f or the South .They would like E m ily t o die rather than hu m iliate the South virtues .Ⅲ.E m ily ’s RevoltW hen E m ily notices Homer is going t o leave her,she is afraid of the l oneliness and the comments by citizens .I n order t o keep her p ride,es pecially her arist ocratic p ride,she chooses the extre me way t o retain Homer —killing hi m and keep ing his body in the bed,which makes hi m be with her f orever .By murder,E m ily finally dom inates Homer ’s life and s wifts fr om the passive one t o the active one .Her brave revolt against the male -dom i 2nated s ociety,although t oo extreme,should be res pected .W hat ’s worth noting here is that killing Homer see m s E m ily ’s vict ory because she challenges the male -dom inated s ociety .Ho wever,actually,it is a failure .Murder is an extreme way t o keep Homer .E m ily gets nothing but a cold body for the rest of her life .Therefore,we dare t o say that E m ily doesn ’t de 2feat male -dom inance and is only another victi m of the Patriar 2chal s ociety .A s t o the author ’s attitude t owards E m ily,I believe he shows his sy mpathy and res pect f or her —sy mpathizes her m isera 2ble life without l ove and marriage;res pects her courage and deter m inati on t o revolt against the male -dom inated s ociety,which we could notice fr om the title of this st ory —A Rose for Em ily .Roses rep resent l ove and happ iness that E m ily ’s life is lack of .Because of sy mpathy and res pect,the author would like t o offer E m ily a r ose t o wish her a happy and peaceful life with l ove in the heaven .【References 】[1]Zhang,B.X .Selected Readings in English and AmericanL iterature [M ].Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,1998.[2]Guerin,W.L.,Labor E .,Morgan L.,Rees man J.C .,W illingha m J.R.A Handbook of Critical App r oaches t o L iterature[M ].Oxf ord:Oxford University Press,1999.[3]B ressler,C .E .An I ntr oducti on t o Theory and Practice[M ].New Jersey:Prentice Hall,1998.[4]L i,J.P .The Real Essence of the Pr otesque —A Rose forEm ily :an I nter p retati on fr om a Fe m inist Pers pective [J ].Journal of Q iqihar University,2003(1).[5]Huang,Y .An I nsight int o Cause for Fe m inine Tragedy —aComparative Study of The Tale of the Golden Chain and A Rose for Em ily [J ].Journal of N ingbo University of Tech 2nol ogy,2008,20(3). (下转第35页)—82—L I TERAT URE Zhao Q ian /An I nter p retati on of A R ose for Em ily fr om a Fe m inist Pers pective与小说塑造的英雄鲁滨孙对话恐怕是难!我们受文本的局限,即便在今天看来显而易见的话语霸权,在联系英国当时拓殖背景,解读关于鲁滨孙这一殖民者原型的殖民神话之外,我们很难在小说原有的意义范围内,重塑另一个英雄———星期五。

构建女性中心的文学批评话语_伊莱恩_肖瓦尔特的_女性批评学_研究_詹俊峰（1）妇女研究论丛Collection of Women ’s Studies一、导言伊莱恩·伊莱恩·肖瓦尔特（Elaine Showalter ）是美国著名女性主义理论家和文学评论家。

从20世纪70年代至今，她发表了大量女性文学批评著作，其影响力横跨第二波和第三波女性主义，对英美女性主义文学批评的形成和发展起到关键作用。

“女性批评学”是伊莱恩·肖瓦尔特最重要的理论贡献，对于确立女性中心的文学批评话语、建构英美女性文学史和塑造女性主体身份具有重要的指导意义。

本文主要考察“女性批评学”的理论内涵和述评国内外对该理论的批评研究，试图在当代语境下对“女性批评学”作出较为全面客观的评价。

二、伊莱恩·肖瓦尔特的学术成就伊莱恩·肖瓦尔特于1941年1月21日出生于美国马萨诸塞州剑桥市（Cambridge,Massachusetts ）。

1962年和1964年她先后获得布林莫尔学院（Bryn M awr College ）和布兰德斯大学（Brandeis University ）的本科和硕士学位。

1969年她进入美国唯一的公立作者简介：詹俊峰（1979-），男，华南师范大学讲师、文学博士。

研究方向：英美文学。

*本文是广东省“211工程”三期重点学科建设项目（GDUFS211-1-005）之一———“女性主义视角下的20世纪英美女作家研究”的中期成果，获得广东外语外贸大学“211工程”项目资助。

构建女性中心的文学批评话语*———伊莱恩·肖瓦尔特的“女性批评学”研究詹俊峰（华南师范大学外国语言文化学院，广东广州510631）关键词：伊莱恩·肖瓦尔特（Elaine Showalter ）；女性批评学；话语；文学批评摘要：伊莱恩·肖瓦尔特（Elaine Showalter ）于20世纪70年代提出的“女性批评学”是英美女性文学批评的核心理念，对于确立女性中心的文学批评话语、构建英美女性文学史和塑造女性主体身份具有重要的指导意义。

从目的论的角度对《使女的故事》英译汉的分析Analysis of the Translation of The Handmaid 's Tale Season From the Perspective of Skopos Theory摘要：加拿大知名女作家玛格丽特·阿特伍德是个典型的后现代知识分子作家，她的作品不仅生发于自己的经历和感性认识，更是来源于后现代理论、书本知识以及大量的案头调研。

其代表作《使女的故事》就是这样一部埋藏了丰富的后现代元素，寄寓着作者深刻的政治观的反乌托邦题材作品，权力意味鲜明。

本文重点通过目的论的视角来分析《使女的故事》的英译本，从而了解其翻译方法和态度。

关键词：《使女的故事》；目的论；英译本；格丽特·阿特伍德Abstract:Canadian famous female writer Margaret Atwood is a typical post-modern intellectual writer, her works not only originated in her own experience and perceptual knowledge, but also from the post-modern theory, books, and a large number of desk research. His masterpiece "The Handmaid’s Tale Season" is such a rich post-modern element, Jiyu the author's deep political view of the anti-utopian theme works, power means bright. This article focuses on the analysis of the English version of the story of the servant girl through the perspective of teleology to understand its translation methods and attitudes.Key words:"The Handmaid’s Tale Season"; a translation; Greet Atte wood .目录1.Introduction (4)1.1 Research Background (4)1.2 Research Significance (4)1.3 Structure of the Paper (5)2. Literature Review (5)2.1 An Overview of Translation (5)2.2 Studies on Translation (6)2.3 Studies on The Handmaid’s Tale Season (6)3. Theoretical Background: Skopos Theory (7)3.1 The Development of Skopos Theory (7)3.2 Three Key Rules of Skopos Theory (8)3.2.1 Purpose principle (8)3.2.2 Coherence principle and fidelity principle (8)3.2.3 Principle of loyalty (9)3.3 Feasibility of Skopos Theory to Translation (9)4. An Exemplification of Translations from the Perspective of Skopos Theory: A Case Study of The Handmaid’s Tale Season (10)4.1 A Brief Introduction to The Handmaid’s Tale Season (10)4.2 Common Strategies for Translation in The Handmaid’s Tale Season (10)4.3 Suggested Translation in Terms of Skopos Theory (11)4.4 Major Methods in the Translation (11)5. Conclusion (12)Reference (13)Thanks (13)1.Introduction1.1 Research BackgroundMargaret Atwood's excellent writing skills and strong national awareness, political awareness, environmental protection ( ecology ) consciousness is embodied in his masterpiece, The Handmaid’s Tale Season. "The Handmaid’s Tale Season" in 1985 into print without, won the Canadian literary Governor of the Year and the Los Angeles Times Best Novel Award, and was shortlisted for the English World Nobel Prize in the Booker Prize final,1987 year again to get Arthur C • Clark sci-Fi literature award 4 It is also a Canadian winner of the Commonwealth Literature Prize[1]."The Handmaid’s Tale Season" in the language widely use puns and other rhetorical devices, narrative structure, the text is rich in potential meaning, and contains a large number of religious and cultural vocabulary and sporogenous words, the text itself and power discourse has a deep intertwined relationship, in translation has a great difficulty. This article mainly studies its English translation, through the angle of teleology to the "Maid of the Story" of the translation method analysis, so that readers better feel the theme and deep connotation.1.2 Research SignificanceThe Handmaid’s Tale Season is set in Massachusetts, where democratic government is replaced by the theocratic base, where women's social status has fallen sharply, women who have fertility are transformed into national resources, and are assigned to high-ranking senior officials to breed, to become fertility tools, The women who had lost their fertility were either served by the ruling class, were sisters and Horses ( Maids ),or had been classified as non-women, and had been rushed to the quarantine camp, where nuclear waste was contaminated, Even the archbishop's wives were not able to participate in social and cultural life unless they had the power to manage housework. The author's imagination is bold and frightening, but even more frightening is that the future of the authors ' predictions is now based on reality, so the story of the servant girl has a high social warning value. This paper analyses the English translation of the Servant girl's story from the perspective of teleology, which has a certaintheoretical and practical significance in understanding its translation methods and translation versions and feeling the warning value of the works[2].1.3 Structure of the PaperOn the basis of clarifying the research background, significance and research status of this topic, this paper focuses on the main contents of the English translation of the Servant Girl's story and the common methods of translation from the angle of teleology, thus making a little effort for the better translation of the works. English translation embodies the core idea of Functionalist Skopos Theory - "translation purpose determines translation strategy". It follows the principle of faithfulness and subordinates to the principle of coherence. The degree of coherence and faithfulness is ultimately determined by "purpose". From the perspective of faithfulness and betrayal, this paper explores the purpose and role of translators in selecting suitable translation strategies.2. Literature Review2.1 An Overview of English versionMargaret Atwood is an evergreen figure in the study of foreign literature, the first edition of The Handmaid’s Tale Season of the New York Times bestseller list. at a month, . Amazon as the world's best-selling book, it can be seen in the English world popularity. Margaret Atwood's work is also a must for many foreign college English Literature class contents, even a professor combined with years of students studying Margaret Atwood Wood works of the situation assembled a book, as a reader's guide into print without published. I refer to 3 studies of Margaret Atwood's English research monographs, the accompanying research paper is hundreds, the study covers its poetry, prose, fiction, literary theory, interviews and other literary forms. The research direction includes the national character, the biography research, the Power consciousness, the feminism, the Ecology doctrine, the historical text, the language characteristic, "The Blind" and "the existence" and so on the specific topic and so on, but generally is the feminist research as the mainstream, contains other criticism direction[3].2.2 Studies on English versionGina Wisker (in) in the title Margaret Atwood ' s The Handmaid's Tale:reader ' s Guide The research monographs in five chapters guide the reader to understand The Handmaid’s Tale Season, the first chapter introduces the background of the book of the maid's story . ; The second chapter introduces the reader to the four common themes of the study of the maid's story, namely, female and feminism, the form and style of language, anti-utopia and similar novel, power control and religious fundamentalism. ; Chapter Three leads the reader to read the story of the Servant Girl by chapter, summarizes the main idea and analyzes its role in promoting the development of the whole story plot . ; The fourth chapter, on the basis of the first three chapters, gives the reader a general introduction to the study of The Handmaid’s Tale Seasonservant, covering the first book review to the latest criticism . ; The fifth chapter lists the references of each chapter and selects a series of criticism and commentary articles for readers with further reading needs[4].2.3 Studies on The Handmaid’s Tale SeasonCongqingli (2011) It is pointed out that "The Handmaid’s Tale Season" "uses unique narrative strategy to show readers the unique theme of the novel", such as "time-space overlapping" narrative method is full of critical, through the criticism of history to arouse the reader's reflection ; repeated narrative techniques remind the reader that the tragedy is constantly on the way, and must reflect on.Feminism and female ecology have always been the main direction of the study of the story of the Handmaid, Zhangdongmei, Hirotoshi (2013) , Shengli (2014) , Lian (2014) all coincide with the situation that women and nature are oppressed in the patriarchal society, pointing out the natural closeness of women and nature, as well as natural retaliation and women's resistance.Huang (2016) from Foucault's body theory, the female's body is divided into the natural body ( Basic physiological needs are limited ) , economic body ( deprivation of economic rights such as the right to work and property ) , social body ( deprivation of basic social rights such as personal freedom, freedom of expression and communicationwith the outside world ) The analysis, in-depth interpretation of the tragic situation in which the women's bodies were subjected to strict discipline as state-owned resources, and pointed out that the writer, Atwood, wanted to alert the woman and provide inspiration for the struggle of the female compatriots to find their own identity[5]. 3. Theoretical Background: Skopos Theory3.1 The Development of Skopos TheorySkopos theory was first put forward by Katerina Rice in the late 1970s and early 80s. In 1971, she published the book "possibilities and limitations of translation criticism" and published relevant proposals. Although Rice is still based on the theory of equivalence, she is also aware that it is sometimes impossible to achieve equivalence between the source text and the target text in the real context, and sometimes even does not want to establish equivalence, because some translations are intended to achieve a purpose or function different from the original text. In this case, translation should first consider the function of the translated text rather than equivalence, which forms the origin of Skopos theory[6].Later, Rice's student, Hans Vermeer, broke through the limitations of equivalence theory and developed Skopostheorie on the basis of behavioral theory. He first proposed the basic principles of Skopostheorie in his 1978 essay The Framework of General Translation Theory. In 1984, he collaborated with Rice on the Theoretic Basis of General Translation, in which Vermeer regarded translation (including interpretation) as an act of translation based on the original text, and any act was purposeful, so translation was purposeful and could have an impact on the culture of the target language. In addition, two other German translators, Jasta Hertz Mantali and Christian Nord, further developed the theory. Mantari defines translation as "a complex act intended to achieve a specific purpose" on the basis of behavioral theory. In particular, she emphasizes the behavioral aspects of the translation process, focusing on the roles of the participants in the translation activities (the initiator, the translator, the user of the text, the recipient of the information) and the contextual conditions in which the participants occur. As a new generation of German school, Nord put forward the"loyalty principle" and applied Skopos Theory to interpreter training, interpretation, literary translation and other fields. Therefore, if Rice provides a specific basis for the emergence of Skopostheorie, Vermeer becomes the founder of Skopostheorie because he puts forward the main principles of Skopostheorie. Mantali's contribution lies in her emphasis on the behavior of the translation process, the role of the participants and the environment in which the translation takes place, while Nord perfects the theory and expands its application[7].3.2 Three Key Rules of Skopos Theory3.2.1Purpose principleSkopostheorie holds that the primary principle followed by all translation activities is the Skopos Principle, which means that translation should be able to function in the context and culture of the target language in the manner expected by the target language recipient. The purpose of translation behavior determines the whole process of translation, that is, the result determines the method. However, translation activities can be further divided into three categories: (1) the basic purpose of the translator (e.g. making a living); (2) the communicative purpose of the translation (e.g. enlightening the reader); (3) the purpose of using a particular means of translation (e.g. adopting structural straightness in order to illustrate the peculiarities of the grammatical structure of a language). The way of translation. Usually, however, the term "purpose" refers to the communicative purpose of the translated text, i.e. the communicative function of the translated text in the socio-cultural context of the target language. (Venuti: 2001) Therefore, the translator should specify his specific purpose in a given translation context and decide which translation method to adopt - literal translation, free translation or in between[8].3.2.2Coherence principle and fidelity principleCoherence refers to the fact that a translation must conform to the criteria of intralingual coherence, that is, the readability and acceptability of the translation, which enables the recipient to understand and make sense in the translator's culture and in the communicative context in which the translation is used. The principle of faithfulnessmeans that there should be coherence between the original and the target text. This is equivalent to what other translation theories call faithfulness to the original, but the degree and form of faithfulness to the original depends on the purpose of the translation and the translator's understanding of the original[9].3.2.3Principle of loyaltyThe principle of loyalty was put forward by Nord. She finds two flaws in Skopostheorie: first, people in different cultural backgrounds have different views on good translation because of different cultural patterns; and if the communicative purpose of the translation required by the Skopostheorie is just the opposite of the original author's intention, then we will abide by the Skopostheorie and violate the principle of fidelity. . Therefore, Nord puts forward the principle of loyalty to solve the cultural differences and the relationship between the participants in translation. Nord holds that the translator has a moral obligation to the recipient of the translation and must explain to them what he has done and why he has done so. This is part of the principle of loyalty. On the other hand, the principle requires the translator to be faithful to the original author. The translator should respect the original author and coordinate the target language and the author's intention. (Nord: 2001) Therefore, the principle of loyalty focuses on the relationship between the translator and the original author, the client, the recipient and other participants in the translation process. Nord suggested that the translator should follow the guiding principle of "function plus loyalty", thus improving the theory[10].3.3 Feasibility of Skopos Theory to English versionThe target criterion is naturally the primary criterion for evaluating different translations of the same text. This criterion requires translation behavior to be determined by the purpose of the translation. The purpose of several English versions of The Servant's Story is to tell the readers what the Servant's Story is and what it mainly discusses. In other words, the purpose of several selected translations is to convey the original information to the target cultural readers accurately and comprehensively. In this sense, informativeness should be the core criterion for evaluating severaltranslations. In view of the close relationship between the purpose of the translation and the type of the original text, it is reasonable to analyze the translation from the angle of text type[11].4. An Exemplification of English version from the Perspective of Skopos Theory: A Case Study of The Handmaid’s Tale Season4.1 A Brief Introduction to The Handmaid’s Tale SeasonThe Handmaid’s Tale Season is a futuristic novel. Future fiction is also called speculative "suspense fiction" in Western critics. It describes the future, but not the usual sense of science fiction. Although future fiction contains science fiction elements, it has strong cultural content. It tells the historical future and makes it possible. With the discovery of several historians, The Handmaid’s Tale Season, which was written more than 200 years ago, allows a woman who unfortunately degenerated into a maid in Gillette and escaped by chance to tell the reader the story that happened before that time through the voice recorded on tape, that is, the protagonist will be in the next 21 generations. In the beginning of his life, there were a lot of characters' memories and Reflections on their life in 1980s[12].4.2 Common Strategies for English version in The Handmaid’s Tale SeasonIn order to reproduce accurately and completely the information presented in the text of the target language, the translator adopts the method of free translation and annotation in the text. In many examples, the comments in parentheses provide a proper explanation of the textual information, which can help Western readers to better understand the whole theory. Based on the content of the translator, the reader can understand the relationship between the entire time frame of the maid's story and the main events, which is beneficial to their entire reading process. Considering the type of text and the type of translation itself, the information of the passage is well balanced by the translator's adoption of appropriate translation methods and techniques[13].4.3 Suggested English version in Terms of Skopos TheoryIn response to The Handmaid’s Tale Season of the same source, the two translations adopted different translation methods and more specific translation techniques to achieve the ultimate goal of information transmission. In Wu's translation, free translation runs through all the Times. It is obvious that translators use interpretive and interpretive translation in order to make the information they want to convey clear. Subject to the differences between the translator's own culture and the target language culture, the translator must make the necessary adjustments in order to achieve the consistency of the original text and the translation in the content. In addition, this feature, which is presented in the form of a Chinese-English version, can be regarded as a supplement to the implicit information for the reader's consideration. Given the absolute distance between The Handmaid’s Tale Season and the western Reader in time and space, the free translation they have taken is highly justified[14].4.4 Major Methods in the English versionBecause teleology is to determine the success of the translation with the intended purpose, the intended purpose reflects the requirements of the target readers, and the requirements of the readers are different, so "teleology" advocates the diversification of translation standards. Equivalence is only a form suitable for the purpose of translation and is the principle adopted in a particular case. Equivalence should be subject to the relevance of the translation ( adequacy),Therefore, the standard for translating teleology to evaluate the quality of the translation is appropriate (adequacy)ratherthan equivalent translation (equivalence), suitability refers to whether the translation conforms to the requirements stipulated in the requirements of the translator, that is to say, the translated text should fulfill its communicative function in the context and culture of the target language. This is also evident in the different versions of the English version of The Handmaid’s Tale Season. Teleology believes that "text is a source of information that provides information, and the reader chooses the information that is of interest or importance." Thus, the original text is no longer the first or foremost criterion of translator's translation, it is only one of many factorsin the translator's choice of information. "and the important basis of information choice is that" the coherence of the language is subordinate to the coherence of the language, and they all belong to the principle of purpose. "5. ConclusionIn a word, Skopostheorie provides a new perspective for translation studies, which is conducive to the comprehensive study of various translation variants and the development of translation theories. However, exaggerating the guiding role of Skopostheorie ignores the diversity of translation studies and is not conducive to the development of translation studies. Therefore, translation circles should still advocate the coexistence of various translation studies and seek further development from their strengths and weaknesses. This paper, taking The Handmaid’s Tale Season as an example, explores the translation strategies of her English versions and compares the translation status of different English versions from the perspective of Skopostheorie, hoping to enrich the Skopos Theory and the relevant studies of The Maid's Story[15].Reference1.Atwood,Margaret. The Handmaid's Tale and Oryx and Crake‘In Context.’PMLA, 2004. 513–517.2.Burack,Cynthia. Bringing Women's Studies to Political Science: TheHandmaid in the Classroom. NWSA Journal, 1988. 274–283.3.Bergmann,Harriet F. Teaching Them to Read：A Fishing Expedition in theHandmaid's Tale. College English, 1989. 847–854.4.Coral Ann Howells. The Cambridge Companion to Margaret Atwood.Cambridge University Press, 2006.5.Dominick M.Grace. The Handmaid's Tale '：Historical Notes's andDocumentary Subversion. Science Fiction Studies, 1998. 481–494.6.蔡云琴. 有没有第三条出路——论《使女的故事》的悖论策略. 大连海事大学学报（社会科学版）, 2013. 92-95.7.陈小慰. 一部反映现实的未来小说——玛格丽特·阿特伍德《使女的故事》评析. 当代外国文学, 2003. 162-167.8.丁林棚.《使女的故事》中的话语政治. 外国文学研究，2015.9.丁林棚. 阿特伍德《使女的故事》中的身体政治. 外国文学，2017.10.高宣扬. 当代法国哲学导论. 同济大学出版社, 2004.11.刘辉. 基列国使女的主体建构——《使女的故事》精神—政治解读. 外语研究, 2017. 104-107.12.玛格丽特·艾特伍德著.秦明利译. 生存——加拿大文学主题指南. 中国文联出版公司, 1991.13.米歇尔·福柯著,佘碧平译. 性经验史. 上海人民出版社, 2005.14.米歇尔·福柯著,刘北成,杨远婴译. 规训与惩罚:监狱的诞生, 2003.15.欧翔英. 厨房里的革命及反革命——读阿特伍德的恶托邦小说《使女的故事》[J].当代文坛, 2008. 163-165.ThanksThis paper is completed under the instruction and guidance of XXX teacher. The topic, conception and finalization of the paper are permeated with the mentor's effort and sweat. Professor's profound knowledge and rigorous style of study have benefited me for a lifetime, and I express my deep respect and gratitude.I would also like to thank my parents for their kindness in bringing me up, who have worked hard, let me complain, hope for a successful child, and do not want to repay me. They have given me love and support to complete my studies smoothly.Finally, because of my limited level, there are unavoidable shortcomings in the text, and I urge your teachers to criticize and correct them.。

厌女的英文名著English:The classic English novel "Pride and Prejudice" by Jane Austen is often considered a depiction of a society where women are viewed as commodities, and the protagonist, Elizabeth Bennet, faces the challenges of navigating a world that constantly devalues and undermines women. The novel explores the consequences of social expectations and the pressure on women to marry for financial security rather than love, and the limitations placed upon women in terms of education, employment, and personal autonomy. Through the character of Elizabeth, Austen critiques the societal norms that perpetuate the disdain for women and highlights the need for women to assert their independence and agency in a patriarchal society.中文翻译:经典的英国小说《傲慢与偏见》是简·奥斯丁描绘的一个女性被视为商品的社会，女主角伊丽莎白·班纳特面临着在一个不断贬低和削弱女性的世界中航行的挑战。

克里斯蒂娃：女性无法被定义翻译说明：这篇访谈最早发表于《泰凯尔》第59期，采访者是「精神分析与政治」这一女权组织。

原题为La Femme, ce n'est jamais ça。

有多个英译本，Elaine Marks 译作 Woman Can Never Be Defined，Ross Guberman 译作 Woman is Never What We Say。

译者从门槛出版社1979年出版的《复语术》一书译出。

本文仅代表作者观点，不代表译者及哲学社立场。

翻译 / 何啸风排版 / fei在《诗性语言的革命》中，您根据洛特雷阿蒙、马拉美、巴塔耶这些作家，来分析文本的内部逻辑和历史功能。

我们可以把这些文本描述为「主导文本」，尤其是阿尔托的文本。

另一方面，您又让传统的批评形式进入不可逆的过程，重新解读旧的概念，创造新的概念。

在您看来，这些分散的主导文本，新的分析形式的动态生产，如何能够结合起来？您说的文本，是所谓的「先锋派」文本。

19世纪末，伴随着国家、家庭、宗教的危机，它在西方文化中突然兴起。

在我看来，这都是西方社会巨变的征兆。

其中也包括女性的斗争。

这一巨变可以和文艺复兴相提并论。

只不过，16世纪的危机涉及的是上帝，而不是统一性的原则（你喜欢的话，可以说是社会、家族、语言的一致性）。

在拉伯雷和米开朗琪罗的时代，人们还有东西可以相信——人、国家、家庭、美、杰作。

虽然这种相信至多是世俗主义的，但它至少还存在。

自从资产阶级掌权，就发生了新的情况：商品开始自由流通；资本的膨胀渗入生产和再生产关系，并且掌控了它们；在古罗马崩溃、由基督教重建的父权家庭，又面临危机。

确实，资本主义有一种非凡的力量，把它赖以生存的碎片重组起来：它巩固了国家家庭，创造了意识形态机器，来掌控最凶猛的力量。

不过，还有一个关键的地方，对它进行永久的修补（replâtrage）十分困难，几乎是不可能的。

我指的是说话主体，还有它和限制它的社会整体的关系，和它所依赖的享乐（jouissance）的关系。

杰出女性可可·香奈儿香奈儿The House of Chanel:20世纪最著名的时尚品牌the most famous fashion name of the 20th century.奢华和风格的典范The epitome of luxury and style.然而这个标志性品牌背后的女人Yet the woman behind the iconic brand却并非生于富贵或权贵之家was not born into wealth or influence.可可·香奈儿的故事堪称灰姑娘式的传奇Coco Chanel‟s is a story of absolute rags to lavish riches.拥有多个有钱情人使她摆脱了贫穷Plucked from poverty by a string of wealthy lovers,她在救济院里长大she rose from the poorhouse她创造了自由风格的服饰to create a style of liberating clothing彻底改变了女性时尚的风貌that quite simply changed the face of women‟s fashion.“穿着衣衫褴褛人们记住的是衣衫”…Dress shabbily and they remember the dress;“穿着一丝不苟人们记住的是穿衣的人”dress impeccably and they remember the woman‟但是在精心呵护的公众形象背后Yet behind the ruthlessly manicured public image却隐藏着二战时期与纳粹通敌协作的故事lies a tale of wartime collaboration with the Nazis隐藏着她绯闻不断的人生故事and a lifetime of disastrous affairs.她一直是情妇从未有过妻子的名分Always a mistress,never a wife,对爱情的渴望几乎让她付出了一切Coco‟s longing for love nearly cost her everything.不过在一个男性社会里Yet her determination saw her triumph她用自己的方式和决心赢得了胜利in a man‟s world on her own terms.最终In the end,香奈儿公司成为她的全部the House of Chanel became all she had,但她却留下了流传至今的魅力遗产but she left a legacy of glamour that lasts to this day.可可·香奈儿Coco Chanel,这位改变了20世纪时尚的女性the woman who was to transform 20th century fashion,出生在一个与奢华毫不沾边的家庭was born into a life far from luxury.她于1883年8月19日She was named Gabrielle Bonheur Chanel,出生在法国卢瓦尔河谷索米尔小镇born on the 19th August 1883 in Saumur,取名加布丽叶·波纳·香奈儿in France‟s Loire Valley.加布丽叶是个私生女在救济院里来到世间Gabrielle was delivered to her scandalously unmarried parents in a poorhouse.她的父亲是一名商贩Her father was a market trader.她和四个兄弟姐妹在其父亲赖以养家糊口的She and her 4 brothers and sisters spent much of their childhoods法国西部的公共集市in the public markets of western France,度过了童年的大部分时光where her father made a ba sic living.对于工人阶层的妇女来说日子很艰难These were tough times for working class women.她们是二等公民They were second-class citizens –没有选举权在丈夫面前卑躬屈膝they could not vote and were expected to be subservient to their men,她们通常没有选择often having no option只能去当收入微薄的佣人或是苦力but to work as poorly-paid domestic servants or labourers.她的未来似乎也只能如此This was the future Gabrielle would have expected for herself.但是在她12岁那年一切都变了But when she was just 12 years old, all that changed.1895年的冬天她的母亲突然去世In the winter of 1895, Gabrielle‟s mother died suddenly.父亲把全家迁到奥巴辛附近的小镇Her father travelled to the nearby town of Aubazine并在那里把家人分开and split the family.儿子们被送到农场与工人同住He sent his sons to live with farm labourers女儿们则被送到孤儿院and his daughters to an orphanage.从那以后她再没见过父亲Gabrielle never saw her father again.奥巴辛孤儿院是当地最大的一家孤儿院The Aubazine orphanage was the largest in the region;负责管理的修女们严苛古板run by disciplinarian nuns那里有成百上千的孤儿and home to hundreds of children –很多是被父母遗弃在此的many abandoned by their parents.父亲的遗弃母亲的过世让她悲痛欲绝Gabrielle, left by her father and grieving the loss of her mother,她在这家管理严格的孤儿院里spent her impressionable teenage years度过了她的少年时代within this strict institute.偶尔的假期她倒是可以喘口气Respite came in the form of occasional holidays,去拜访她的姨妈艾德丽安和露易丝when she was allowed to visit her aunts – Adrienne and Louise.她和露易丝姨妈Gabrielle and her Aunt Louise可以整日待在一起缝制衣裳would spend their days making clothes.她在孤儿院里已经学会针线活She had been taught how to sew at the orphanage,但是露易丝教她如何缝得更加有新意but Louise taught her how to sew creatively,比如给简单的帽子加上荷叶边和褶皱装饰adding frills and pleats to embellish a simple bonnet.不过暑期结束后But at the end of the summer,她不得不回到管理严格的孤儿院Gabrielle had to return to the strict regime at the orphanage.在孤儿院里一待就是七年After 7 years there,18岁的时候她面临一个抉择at the age of 18, she was given a choice.成为修女亦或离开Become a nun, or leave.她并不打算一辈子都过着一成不变的生活Gabriel le wasn‟t about to spend her life in a habit.于是她前往穆兰去拜访露易丝姨妈She arranged to visit her Aunt Louise in the town of Moulins.在那里她进入了巴黎圣母院女子精修学校From there she enrolled at the Notre Dame finishing school for young ladies.她交不起学费As Gabrielle had no way of paying the fees,于是成为了一名”补助生”she was one of the …Charity Pupils‟ there –即校方免费招入given a free place,但与有钱人家的小姐待遇迥异but treated very differently to the wealthier girls.两年过后年满20的她After 2 years, aged 20,已经具备独自在社会上生存的能力she was considered ready to face the world on her own.1903年In 1903,她得到了一份工作Gabrielle was offered a job在一家裁缝店里当缝纫工as a seamstress in a tailor‟s.店主很喜欢她The owner liked her因为她的针线活技术非常娴熟because she was especially skillful with a needle and thread.对于像她这样谦卑的身份来说It was a good job for这可是一份不错的工作a young lady of Gabrielle‟s modest standing.但是她觉得当一名缝纫工没有前途But she didn‟t see any future in being a seamstress.穆兰是一个有官兵驻守的小镇Moulins was a garrison town士兵们不当值的时候and off-duty soldiers就会尽情消遣娱乐had to amuse themselves as best they could.几位年轻军官到店里裁制衣服的时候Gabrielle began to catch the eye of several young officers,注意到了她who came to the shop to have their clothing tailored.他们开始邀请她和艾德丽安姨妈They began to invite her, with her aunt Adrienne,到当地的音乐厅to the local music halls.至此Here,她预见到自己将拥有更为美好的未来Gabrielle could see a much more glamorous future.当时的音乐厅是一个声色场所The music halls were a bawdy scene.在节目的空档业余演员也可以登台Amateurs could take to the stage between performances,很快and very quickly,她不再只是一名观众而是开始登台表演Gabrielle was no longer in the audience, but up on stage.但是她可表演的节目非常有限Her repertoire was limited来来回回就只唱两首歌曲《公鸡喔喔叫》–just two songs: “Ko Ko Ri Ko”和《谁看见了可可》and “Qui qu‟a vu Coco” –观众很快就称她为小可可so the audience soon thought of her as la petite Coco.在舞台灯光的照耀下Under the stage lights,这位缝纫女工变成了另外一个人seamstress Gabrielle could be someone else.她变成了可可·香奈儿She could become Coco Chanel!她的艺名可可And as Coco, her on-stage presence让她的知名度变得更高was getting her noticed.艾提安·巴勒松是一名年轻的步兵军官Etienne Balsan was a young infantry officer –热衷体育运动还是一位an enthusiastic sportsman with a taste for the high-life –讲究高品质生活的百万富翁and a millionaire.他是音乐厅的常客He was a frequent visitor to the music halls可可引起了他的注意in Moulins and Coco caught his eye.那年她21岁She was just 21.但巴勒松当时已经有了一位同居的情妇But Balsan already had one …live-in‟ mistress,他也无意安定下来and no intention of settling down.然而可可并不在意Yet Coco didn‟t care –她也没把巴勒松当成是未来的丈夫she didn‟t think of him as a potential husband.她知道作为私生的孤儿她不可能嫁入豪门She knew that as an illegitimate orphan – she stood no chance whatsoever.但她意识到他能帮助自己摆脱贫穷But she realised he could be her meal ticket out of poverty.这也不是她最后一次利用自身魅力It wouldn‟t be the last time she‟d use her sexual allure换取自己想要的东西to get what she wanted.在可可和巴勒松交往仅一年后Just 12 months after Coco and Balsan‟s meeting,他的老情人就被扫地出门his old mistress had packed her bags.可可搬进了巴勒松豪华的霍亚里越庄园Coco moved in at Balsan‟s grand Royallieu estate.她成为了他的同居情妇一名“二奶”She was now his live-in mistress, a …kept woman‟.当时情妇在法国的角色The role of the mistress in France有点像在某个机构里上班was something of an institution,她也没必要留在裁缝店工作and there‟d be no more need for work in the tailor shop.霍亚里越庄园是她通往另外一个世界的一扇窗Royallieu was a window into another world.受邀来到庄园的人Those invited to this grand estate came,都不带家属他们只是过来行乐unaccompanied by their spouses, to have fun.她花时间驯马并学会了骑马She passed her time learning to train and ride Balsan‟s horses.很快她就成为了一名技艺高超的女骑手And she very quickly became an accomplished horsewoman.离开学校的一年时间里Within just a year of leaving school,可可·香奈儿这个小孤儿小裁缝Coco Chanel, the little orphaned seamstress,已经和法国最富有的一群人进行交际活动was socialising with some of the wealthiest people in France.她因此拥有自信行事与众不同受人瞩目She was gaining confidence too – doing things differently and getting noticed.20世纪初In the 1900s,服饰作为一种时尚与性别政治紧密相联fashion was much about sexual politics as it was about clothes.顶级设计师都是男性The top designers were all men,女性的裙子只有观赏性不具实用性and women‟s dresses wer e ornamental, and not practical.他们的设计迫使女人沦为花瓶依附他人Their creations forced women to be decorative, helpless creatures.及地大摆裙和令人呼吸困难的紧身胸衣Floor-length billowing skirts and breathtakingly tight corsets让即使是最简单的日常活动都成了考验made even the simplest practical tasks a trial.可可认为这非常荒谬But Coco thought this ridiculous –她的自信和实用主义精神her confidence and sense of practicality不允许她成为时代的奴隶would not allow her to be a slave to her era.“时尚已沦为笑柄”‘Fashion has become a joke.“设计师已然忘记女装是穿在女人身上的”The designers have forgotten that there are women inside these dresses’1909年时年26岁的可可与巴勒松In the summer of 1909, aged 26,参加了一次赛马会并引起了不小的轰动she attended a racing event with Balsan, and caused quite a stir.因为她根本没有穿女装Because she wasn’t wearing women’s clothing at all.那天可可戴了一条巴勒松的领带That day, Coco wore one of Balsan’s ties并身着他朋友的一件外套and a coat belonging to one of his friends.那造型实用兼运动It was a practical and sporty look,很明显是男性的着装风格and definitely considered male attire.除此之外她还戴上了一顶自制的硬草帽She topped it off with a boater she’d made herself.她的胆大妄为让贵妇们难以置信Society women couldn’t believe her audacity.但她们仍然心怀钦佩But they had to admire it.她开始意识到自己的做法可行She began to think she was on to something.巴勒松让她自由地诠释自己的时尚品味Balsan indulged Coco’s forays into fashion.他在公寓内腾出一块地方He gave her space in his apartment让可可为她的朋友们设计制作帽子to design and make hats for her friends,就像她儿时和露易丝姨妈一起做缝纫一样just as she had as a child with her Aunt Louise.但可可并不单单把制作时装当成业余爱好But Coco didn’t just want a hobby.她想要把它变成一门职业一项事业She wanted a profession –a business.但财力不足的她无法独立创业But as a woman without money, she would never be able to launch a business by herself.此时有人闯进了她的生活Then someone entered her life一个理解她想要取得成功的渴望- someone who understood her desire to make something of herself,并想要帮助她实现这一目标的人and who wanted to help her achieve it.阿瑟·卡伯朋友们都管他叫“金童”Arthur Capel was known to his friends as ‘Boy’.和巴勒松一样他很有钱He was wealthy,是个马球手也是个花花公子a polo player and playboy like Balsan.但相似之处也仅限于此But that’s where the similarities ended.卡伯是英国人Boy was British并是他们圈子里唯一自食其力的人and the only one in the group who worked for a living.到1909年可可同时是巴勒松And by 1909, Coco was not just Balsan’s mistress,和卡伯两个人的情妇but Boy’s as well.她与卡伯首次见面的真实情形依旧成谜The true circumstances of Coco’s first meeting with Boy Capel remain a mystery.后来Later in life可可就他俩的初次相识给出了多种说法Coco would give a variety of elaborate accounts最浪漫的要数他们在积雪覆顶的- the most romantic being they found themselves比利牛斯山脚下的草地上策马奔腾riding alone through meadows beneath the snow-capped Pyrenees.尽管他们的邂逅非常梦幻But however starry-eyed their first meeting,白手起家的卡伯很快认识到了the self-made Capel quickly recognized可可的个人能力和商业野心Coco’s personal drive and business ambitions.而可可也把卡伯当作是那个And she recognised he could be the perfect person能够帮助和鼓励她开启事业的完美男人to help and encourage her to forge a career.但事实证明远远不止如此But there was much more to it than that.1909年的夏天In the summer of 1909,可可决定离开艾提安·巴勒松Coco decided she no longer needed Etienne Balsan.她留给他一张手写的字条She left him a scribbled note.“亲爱的艾提安感谢你的温柔和体贴”“My dear Etienne, I shall never be able to“但我无法回报你了”repay the kindness & comfort you’ve given me while I’ve been with you.“我要和卡伯离开这了”I am leaving with Boy Capel.“原谅我我爱他”Forgive me, but I love him”.那天她跟随卡伯去了巴黎She followed Capel to Paris that day.20世纪初的巴黎与可可所出生的穷乡僻壤Paris in the 1900s was in stark contrast是截然不同的两个世界to the rundown markets and town squares of Coco’s poor upbringing.这是所谓的“美好时代”This was the ‘Belle Epoque’是艺术自由和个人放纵的黄金年代–a golden age of artistic freedom and personal indulgence.巴黎就是这么个地方And Paris was the place to be它是富人名人和美人们的天堂- home to the rich, the famous and the beautiful!可可与城中的达官显贵们往来频繁Coco was socialising with the most sophisticated and well-connected in the city凭借卡伯的资助她可以实现她的梦想–and with Boy Capel’s money she could fulfil her dreams.但可可并没有完全抛弃她的前男友巴勒松Yet Coco had not abandoned her old boyfriend Balsan entirely.在她来到巴黎不到一年的时间So, within a year of her arrival in Paris,卡伯和巴勒松出资给可可投了一个项目Capel and Balsan struck a deal jointly to fund Coco’s very first venture一家位于康朋街21号的礼帽店–a hat shop at 21 Rue Cambon.“他们决定给我一个做帽子的地方”‘They had decided to give me a place where I could make my hats,“就像他们给我一个玩具一样”the way they would have given me a toy.’礼帽店引发了轰动The hatshop caused a stir因为可可的设计是如此的新颖because Coco’s creations were so very different,跟平常复杂累赘的果盘风格完全不同and not at all in the usual elaborate and cumbersome ‘fruitbowl’style.可可崇尚朴素和现代性的设计Coco’s passions were simplicity and modernity,让女性时装兼具时尚性和实用性allowing women to be stylish and practical at the same time.“没有什么比身着名贵华丽”‘Nothing makes a woman look older“又复杂服饰的女人更显老气的了”than obvious expensiveness, ornateness, complication.’礼帽店获得了巨大的成功The shop was a huge success.但对于可可来说制帽仅仅只是开始But for Coco, the hats were just the beginning.诺曼底南部的海滨小镇多维尔The seaside town of Deauville, in southern Normandy,与巴黎相距六小时的火车车程was six hours by train from Paris.因坐拥远近闻名数一数二的海滩With one of the best beaches for miles around,多维尔是热门的度假胜地Deauville was a fashionable holiday resort.它是皇室和君主们的最爱非常国际化A favourite of royalty and emperors, it was cosmopolitan,也是富人和名人展示自己的舞台and the place for the rich and famous to be seen.而可可正是想要吸引那些人的关注And these were just the sort of people Coco wanted to attract.就在此地可可开始了她的下一步行动So it was here that Coco chose to take her next step.1913年在卡伯再一次赞助下In 1913, and once again with Boy Capel’s financial backing,可可开了一家新的香奈儿店面the doors opened on a new Chanel store.但这一次开张的不仅是一家礼帽店But this time, it was not just a hat shop,而是可可的首家时尚精品店but Coco’s first fashion boutique.可可的精品店是第一家Coco’s was the first couture collection for women,由女性专门设计高级女式时装的店铺designed exclusively by a woman.她的设计没有褶边和紧身胸衣There were no frills, no ruffles or corsets.简单时尚但首先是实用It was simple, it was stylish –but above all, it was practical.“我想让妇女尽可能地放声大笑和大快朵颐”“I want to give women the possibility to laugh and eat,“不再因为太紧或太饿而晕倒”without necessarily having to faint".没有人见过类似的东西No-one had seen anything quite like it.整个系列取得了巨大的成功The collection was a triumph一时间可可声名鹊起and Coco’s reputation was sealed.但在那之后世界局势巨变But then the whole world changed.1914年夏天In the summer of 1914,欧洲陷入战乱Europe was plunged into a devastating conflict.第一次世界大战中6500万士兵奔赴前线World War 1 saw 65 million men on the frontlines.有超过800万人丧生2100万人受伤Over 8 million were killed and 21 million wounded.法国乡村的大片土地被挖成了战壕Swathes of the French countryside were数英里长的战壕里满是血腥泥泞churned into miles of bloody, muddy trenches.到处都面临着物品短缺和艰难困苦Everywhere, there was scarcity and hardship.高级时装没有了市场This was no time for high fashion.然而在一片悲惨和绝望之中Yet amid the misery and despair,战争却给可可带来了商机the war revealed an opportunity for Coco.法国的社会在战时发生着变化French society was changing.原本赋闲在家的妇女With most of the men away at war扮演起了她们离家打仗的男人们的角色it was left to women to pick up their men’s working roles比如送邮件驾驶公交车与有轨电车–delivering mail, driving buses以及制造军火and trams, and making munitions.妇女们让整个法国团结在了一起Women were holding France together.但她们传统的束胸女装并不实用But their traditional corseted dresses weren’t just impractical,在工厂里操作机器的时候they were dangerous穿着这类衣服是非常危险的to wear in factories with machinery.战时妇女需要实用的工作服Wartime women needed functional working clothes.而这正是可可女装的自然风格所倡导的This was Coco’s natural style through and through.她抓住机会开始进行新款战时服装的设计She grabbed her chance and began to create new wartime designs.不久便取得了突破And then came the breakthrough.妇女们喜爱的面料很难找到Women’s fancy fabrics were hard to find.但针织布料的数量很充足But there was plenty of jersey这种毛料弹性足以前常用来制作男性内衣–the stretchy woollen fabric used to make men’s undergarments.可可决定把日常工作服做得更时尚Coco decided to transform necessity into style –她创作了一小系列针织面料的日间女装and create a small collection of jersey daywear for women.这个系列很成功The collection was a success.她找到了能发挥自己特长的合适职业She had found a niche, tapped into her natural talents and并找到了成功的诀窍come out with a winning formula.“旧的世界消逝新的世界诞生”“A world was dying, while another was being born.“我就在那儿当机会来临时我抓住了它”I was there, an opportunity came forward, and I took it”.战争期间可可和“金童”卡伯的感情Through the war years Coco and Boy Capel’s romance grew –如同她的事业一样持续升温as did Coco’s business opportunities.1915年夏天In the summer of 1915,卡伯安排了一次度假he arranged a holiday for them both.他带可可去海滨温泉城比亚里茨He whisked Coco off to the seaside spa town of Biarritz,那里临近法国和中立国西班牙的国界near the border with neutral Spain.比亚里茨是阔佬们的避难所Biarritz was a haven for the wealthy,阔佬们来到这里躲避战乱的烦恼and those able to travel would flock to the town to forget their war worries.但可可却没有完全放松But Coco didn’t relax entirely.她很快认识到这里可以成为第二个多维尔She soon realised that Biarritz could offer the same possibilities as Deauville.尽管身边的一切都在战争中崩溃While all around her was collapsing under the pressures of war,可可却努力扩张她的时尚帝国Coco was preparing to expand her empire.1915年比亚里茨的香奈儿精品店开业In 1915, Coco opened another Chanel couture boutique in Biarritz.同时展示了她独立自主的精神And with it came a sense of independence.“我为自己做主我只倚靠我自己”‘I was my own Master, and I depended on myself alone.’“金童卡伯也意识到他无法控制我”‘Boy Capel was well aware he didn’t control me.“我以为给你的只是一件玩物却给了你自由”‘I thought I’d given you a plaything, I gave you freedom’“他有次忧郁地这么跟我说”he once said to me in a melancholy voice.’香奈儿公司此时已正式成立The House of Chanel was well and truly established.1918年11月11日停战协议签署战争结束On November 11th 1918, an armistice was signed - the war was over.这对可可来说是件值得庆祝的事It should have been a time of jubilation for Coco.她把战时必需品变成了致胜的商业法宝She had turned wartime necessities into a winning formula for her business,虽然她和金童卡伯都安然无恙地度过了战争期and both she and Boy Capel had come though the war unscathed.但几周后卡伯背叛了她But within weeks, Capel betrayed her.1918年他宣布将和一位英国贵族女子结婚In 1918, he announced his intention to marry an aristocratic English beauty,她出身显赫是一位勋爵的女儿and daughter of a Lord.可可心烦意乱Coco was distraught.她说他是她一生中唯一的真爱She admitted she had only ever truly loved once.“我们是天造地设的一对”‘We were made for each other.“知道我们彼此相爱彼此心意相通就够了”That he was there and that he loved me, and that he knew I loved him was all that mattered’.婚礼后卡伯和可可的恋情还在继续After his wedding, Coco and Capel continued their affair.对可可来说最痛苦的是But for Coco, the worst of it was that she was now not Capel’s sole partner,她只能做卡伯的情人而不是法定妻子but merely his part-time mistress.1919年情况变得更糟Then in 1919, things got even worse.1919年12月21日深夜“金童”卡伯死于车祸Late on the evening of the 21st December 1919, ‘Boy’Capel was killed in a car crash如果卡伯的婚姻是让她心烦意乱If she was crushed by the news of his marriage,那么他的离世则是让她痛不欲生then she was utterly broken by his death.“失去卡伯我就失去了一切”“I lost everything when I lost Capel”尽管她出身寒微卡伯却爱护她支持她Boy had supported and loved her despite the social stigma of her modest background.而如今她形单影只Now she was alone.可可把卡伯的离世算在贵族阶级头上Coco blamed the social elite for Boy’s loss.她想要复仇And she wanted revenge.“我要让看轻我的贵族们臣服在我脚下”‘All those bluebloods, they turned their noses up at me, but I’ll have them grovelling at my feet”可可打算展现出她冷酷的一面Coco was going to show just how ruthless she could be –她要踏入上流社会并让上流社会为她倾倒she would join high society and make it worship her.她的第一步就是刻意改写自己的历史Her first step was, very deliberately, to re-write her own history...她美化重塑了她的童年经历romanticizing and reinventing her childhood.可可编织了多个关于她来历的故事Coco told so many different stories about who she was and where she came from以至于人们觉得无从得知她真实的过往that many felt it was no longer possible to know the real Coco.第二步她把自己的巴黎服装店Her next step was to move her Paris couture shop搬到更奢华的康朋街31号to larger more luxurious premises at 31 rue Cambon.她的自我包装收到了成效The polished image and move worked.她的时尚帝国再次大放光彩机会就此降临With her fashion empire once again booming, doors were open to her.上流社会精英纷纷效仿她的时髦风格The rich, famous, and royalty alike all wanted to be associated with her chic, stylish image.1919年按照自己的意愿她搬进了In 1919, as a mark of her intentions, she took an apartment at the renowned Ritz Hotel –世界最奢华的巴黎丽兹酒店的一个套间one of the most luxurious and prestigious in the world.在那儿她毫不羞耻的用性提升她的地位There, she shamelessly used sex to enhance her status.男人对她来说仅仅是战利品Men became mere trophies to her.“我养成了一个前所未有的习惯”“I developed the habit, then unprecedented,“身边围绕着的人一定要是达官贵人”of surrounding myself with people of quality“以此来建立起我与上流社会的联系”so as to establish a link between myself and society”.20世纪20年代早期她称为“斯拉夫时代”In the early 1920s –her self-styled ‘Slavic period’-她与俄国作曲家斯特拉文斯基交往she had an affair with Russian composer Igor Stravinsky.她的入幕之宾甚至包括英国首富She even had an affair with the richest man in England,西敏公爵the Duke of Westminster.人称“班德尔”的格罗夫纳和可可在1923年圣诞节‘Bendor’Grosvenor met Coco in Monte Carlo结识于蒙特卡洛in the Christmas of 1923.据说他狂热地迷恋可可He was said to be enchanted by her and sent her love letters,为她写情书给她送花送水果flowers and baskets of fruit.并且这些礼物都大张旗鼓的And made the hugely extravagant gesture of flying them从伦敦空运到她法国的家里from all the way from London to her home in France.可可与公爵共度了夏天She spent her summers with the Duke;往返于他伦敦的别墅与柴郡的家中dividing her time between his townhouses in London and country home in Cheshire.她与公爵的好友们交好She socialised with his friends,把公爵穿着的粗花呢引入她的设计incorporated his tweeds into her fashion designs她甚至被引荐给公爵的朋友and even met his friend Winston Churchill,当时的英国财政大臣温斯顿·丘吉尔the then British Chancellor of the Exchequer随着时间推移甚至传闻公爵将会迎娶她As time went by, there were rumours of marriage但传闻最终没有成真but this never materialised.“他身不由己我也一样”‘He wasn’t free, and nor was I.“我不想离开香奈儿公司”I didn’t want to leave the House of Chanel,“我一手创办了它并且不断重塑它”which I had built all by myself and continuously reshaped”这当然不是实话This of course wasn’t true.“班德尔”格罗夫纳绝不可能娶她Bendor Grosvenor could never have married her.但与此同时她的时尚帝国进一步扩张But meanwhile her Empire was expanding.法国成为第一次世界大战的战胜国France had rebounded from World War I with jubilation.20世纪20年代人们不再穿着紧身胸衣By the 1920s, the era of corsets was well and truly over.新时代的女性更加时髦Modern girls were flappers.她们开始走出家门追求快乐And they were out to have fun!时尚界被可可的风格迷住了It was as if the world of fashion had caught up with Coco’s style ideas –她的设计依旧源于她本人的着装风格her designs, as always, were based upon how she liked to dress.“穿着衣衫褴褛人们记住的是衣衫”‘Dress shabbily and they remember the dress;“穿着一丝不苟人们记住的是穿衣的人”dress impeccably and they remember the woman’由她掌控的香奈儿公司创新不断With Coco at the helm of the House of Chanel, innovation followed innovation.1923年可可大胆地开发了一款香水In 1923, Coco made a daring move and launched a perfume.她以自己的幸运数字给香水命名Named after her lucky number,香奈儿五号是世界上最贵的香水Chanel no 5 was the world’s most expensive.1926年她推出了她的标志性设计小黑裙In 1926, she introduced her signature little black dress.美国版《时尚》杂志预测American Vogue predicted它将成为有品味的女性的必备服饰it would become a uniform for all women of taste.她也是为女性设计时尚裤装的先锋之一And she was one of the first to put women into chic, stylish trousers!在20年代与30年代初期推出的每个系列中Time and again, with every collection through the 20s and early 30s,她都在挑战传统并重新定义女性服饰she was defying convention and redefining how women dressed.在这个过去以男性为主导的产业中She was now an industry leader她已然成为了引领产业发展的佼佼者in a previously male dominated world.她开创了自己的事业享受着自由的感情生活And by having a career and enjoying a liberated love life,她成为了战后新一代she symbolised the post-war aspirations of不受传统束缚的女性的楷模a generation of newly emancipated women.29’10。