Lecture V2 frontier heritage

Chapter 4 The Frontier HeritageThis ever retreating frontier of free land is the key to American development.Frederick Jackson TurnerBefore You Read1. What is a "frontier"?2. What American movies about the Old West have you seen?3. What are the characteristics of American movie heroes?4. Why do so many Americans own guns?The Impact of the American FrontierAlthough the American civilization took over and replaced the frontier over a century ago, the heritage of the frontier is still evident in the United States today. Many people are still fascinated by the frontier because it has been particularly important in shaping American values. When Ronald Reagan was President in the 1980s, he liked to recall the image of life on the frontier. He was often photographed on his western ranch—chopping wood or riding his horse, and wearing his cowboy hat. For many years, the frontier experience was romanticized in popular movies and television shows that featured cowboy heroes fighting Indian villains. Little attention was given to the tragic story of what really happened to the Native Americans. Today, most Americans are more aware of the darker side of the settling of the continent, when thousands of Native American Indians were killed, their lands were taken, and much of their culture was destroyed.The frontier experience began when the first colonists settled on the east coast of the continent in the 1600s. It ended about 1890 when the last western lands were settled.The American frontier consisted of the relatively unsettled regions of the United States, usually found in the western part of the country. Here, both land and life were more rugged and primitive than in the more settled eastern part. As one frontier area was settled, people began moving farther west into the next unsettled area, sweeping aside the NativeAmericans as they went. By settling one frontier area after another, Americans moved across an entire continent, 2,700 miles wide. They came to believe that it was their destiny to control all the land, and eventually they did. The Native Americans were given small portions of land called reservations to control, but the United States government broke many promises and created much misery for the Indian nations.Recently, Americans have come to a more balanced view of the settling of the West. However, many Americans still see many aspects of the frontier, its people and their beliefs, as good, inspiring examples of traditional American values in their original and purest form. How did the frontier movement, which lasted more than two centuries, help to shape these basic American values?To be sure, the frontier provided many inspiring examples of hard work as forests were turned into towns, and towns into large cities. The competitive race for success was rarely more colorful or adventurous than on the western frontier. The rush for gold in California, for silver in Montana, and for fertile land in all the western territories provided endless stories of high adventure. When it was announced that almost two million acres of good land in Oklahoma would be opened for settlement in April 1889, thousands of settlers gathered on the border waiting for the exact time to be announced. When it was, they literally raced into the territory in wagons and on horseback to claim the best land they could find for themselves.Although daily life on the frontier was usually less dramatic than the frontier adventure stories would lead one to believe, even the ordinary daily life of frontier men and women exemplified national values in a form that seemed purer to many Americans than the life of those living in the more settled, more cultivated eastern United States.Individualism, self-reliance, and equality of opportunity have perhaps been the values most closely associated with the frontier heritage of America. Throughout their history, Americans have tended to view the frontier settler as the model of the free individual. This is probably because there was less control over the individual on the frontier than anywhere else in the United States. There were few laws and few established social or political institutions to confine people living on the frontier. In the United States, where freedom from outside social controls has traditionally been valued, the frontier has been idealized, and it still serves as a basis for a nostalgic view of the early United States, a simpler time that was lost when the country became urbanized and more complex.Self-Reliance and the Rugged IndividualistClosely associated with the frontier ideal of the free individual is the ideal of self-reliance. If the people living on the frontier were free of many of society's rules, they were also denied many of society's comforts and conveniences. They had to be self-reliant. They often constructed their own houses, hunted, tended their own gardens, and made their own clothing and household items.The self-reliant frontiersman has been idealized by Americans, who have made him the model of the classic American male hero with "rugged individualism." This hero is a man who has been made physically tough and rugged by the conditions of frontier life. He is skilled with guns and other weapons. He needs no help from others. He usually has no strong ties or obligations to women and children. He is kind and polite to them, but he prefers "to go his own way" and not be tied down by them. Standing alone, he can meet all the dangers that life on the frontier brings. He is strong enough to extend his protection beyond himself to others.There are two types of "heroic rugged individualists." Each is drawn from a different stage of life on the frontier. In the early frontier, which existed before the Civil War of the 1860s, the main struggle was man against the wilderness. Daniel Boone is probably the best-known hero of this era. Boone explored the wilderness country of Kentucky in the 1760s and 1770s. On one trip, he stayed in the wilderness for two years, successfully matching his strength and skills against the dangers of untamed nature and hostile Native American Indians. In 1778, Boone was captured by Native Americans, who were so impressed with his physical strength and skills that they made him a member of their tribe. Later he succeeded in making a daring escape. Boone's heroic strength is seen primarily in his ability to master the harsh challenges of the wilderness. Although he had to fight against Indians from time to time, he is admired, mainly as a survivor and conqueror of the wilderness, not as a fighter.The second type of heroic rugged individualist is drawn from the last phase of the western frontier, which lasted from the 1860s until the 1890s. By this time, the wilderness was largely conquered. The struggle now was no longer man against nature but man against man. Cattleman and cowboys* fought against farmers, outlaws. Native Americans, and each other for control of the remaining western lands. The traditions of law and order were not yet well established, and physical violence was frequent. The frontier became known as the Wild West.(Cattlemen were men who raised large herds of cattle as a business and needed large areas of land on which their cattle could graze before being sent to market. Cowboys usually worked for the cattlemen. They would spend most of the day on horseback rounding up the cattle or taking them on long drives to market.)It is not surprising, then, that the hero drawn from this period is primarily a fighter. He is admired for his ability to beat other men in fist rights, or to win in a gunfight. The principal source of his heroism is his physical prowess, and he is strong enough to defeat two or three ordinary men at one time. This rugged individualist is typically a defender of good against evil.The hero of the Wild West is based on memories of a number of gunfighters and lawmen of the time, men such as Jesse James and Wyatt Earp. Although none of these men achieved the fame of Daniel Boone, the Wild West hero has had more impact on the American idea of heroism than the hero of the earlier wilderness frontier. It is the Wild West hero who has inspired countless western movies; until the 1960s, 25 percent of all American movies made were westerns.American MachoT hrough movies and television programs, this Wild West hero has helped shape the American idea of macho or male strength. For the most part, almost all American male heroes on radio, television, and in movies have traditionally had the common ability to demonstrate their strength through physical violence. Once the western macho hero had been created, the model for this hero was used in other settings—for soldiers in battle and tough detectives and policemen fighting crime. From John Wayne to Rambo and the Terminator, these heroes can fight with their fists or with their guns, or both. Although there are movie and TV heroes who are respected more for their intelligence and sensitivity than their physical prowess, the classic macho male heroes still dominate much of American entertainment and are popular in video games. Now there are even female heroes who have to be tough and fight or kill their enemies.The image of the rugged individualist has been criticized for overlooking many factors that played a central part in the development of the frontier. The rugged individualist image overstates the importance of complete self-reliance and understates the importance of cooperation in building a new nation out of the wilderness. Second, because the image is entirely masculine, it overlooks the importance of pioneer women: their strength, hard work, and resourcefulness, and their civilizing influence on the untamed frontier.Finally, the rugged individualist image is criticized because of its emphasis on violence and the use of guns to solve problems. On the frontier, men did use guns to hunt and protect themselves and their families, but Western movies romanticized and glorified gunfights in the old West. The good guys and the bad guys shot it out in classic westerns such as High Noon. Gradually, however, the western hero was largely replaced in the movies bythe soldier or the crime fighter, guns still blazing, and the violence in movies, and later on TV, increased. Incidentally, the classic old western movies always featured the "good guys" wearing white hats, while the "bad guys" wore black hats.As Americans watch the level of violence rise in their society, many are questioning the impact of these entertainment heroes on the lives and imaginations of young people. At the very least, many young people have become de-sensitized to the sight of violence and killings. By the mid-1990s, guns had become a severe problem in the lives of many children. It is all too easy for teenagers to get guns, and they are much more at risk of being killed by them than adults are. These problems are particularly bad in the inner cities, where many young gang members carry guns.Americans have a long history of owning guns, and many people strongly believe having a gun in their house is an important right. In fact, the right to bear arms is even guaranteed in the Constitution, although there is debate about what the founding fathers meant by that. Today there are over 200 million guns in the United States, and there is at least one gun in more than half of U.S. households. Worried about rising crime rates, many people continue to believe that owning a gun is the best way to protect their homes and families from being robbed or attacked. After the Los Angeles riots of the early 1990s, the sale of guns rose sharply in that area. Statistically, however, families with guns in their homes are 13 times more likely to be shot by another family memberIt should be pointed out that most Americans favor stricter government controls on the sale of guns, but there are already so many guns on the streets that the problem is enormous. The millions who oppose gun controls feel strongly enough about the issue that they have created powerful political pressure groups, such as the National Rifle Association (NRA), which has worked to prevent most gun control legislation from passing. They argue that limiting gun sales will keep law-abiding citizens from owning guns, not criminals. In 1994, the Brady Bill banned the sale of many automatic assault weapons, and a new crime bill was passed in an effort to stop the violence. However, an effort to repeal the ban on assault weapons was launched almost immediately.Inventiveness and the Can-Do SpiritWhile the frontier idealized the rugged individual as the great American hero, it also respected the inventive individual. The need for self-reliance on the frontier encouraged a spirit of inventiveness. Frontier men and women not only had to provide most of their daily life essentials, but they were also constantly facing new problems and situations that demanded new solutions. Under these circumstances, they soon learned to experiment with new ways of doing things.Observers from other countries were very impressed by the frontiersman's ability to invent useful new farm tools. They were equally impressed by the pioneer woman's ability to make clothing, candles, soap, and many other items needed for the daily life of her family. Lord Bryce, a famous English observer of American life, believed that the inventive skills of American pioneers enabled them to succeed at tasks beyond the abilities of most ordinary men and women in other countries. Although Americans in the more settled eastern regions of the United States created many of the most important inventions in the new nation, the western frontier had the effect of spreading the spirit of inventiveness throughout the population and helping it to become a national character trait.The willingness to experiment and invent led to another American trait, a can-do spirit, a sense of optimism that every problem has a solution. Americans like to believe that a difficult problem can be solved immediately—an impossible one may take a little longer. They take pride in meeting challenges and overcoming difficult obstacles.This can-do spirit has traditionally given Americans a sense of optimism about themselves and their country. Many like to say that if the United States can land a man on the moon, no problem on earth is impossible. In the 1830s, de Tocqueville said that no other country in the world "more confidently seizes the future" than the United States. Traditionally, when times are hard, political leaders remind Americans of their frontier heritage and the tough determination of their pioneer ancestors; the can-do spirit has become a source of pride and inspiration.Equality of OpportunityThe frontier is an expression of individual freedom and self-reliance in its purest (and most extreme) form, and it is also a pure expression of the ideal of equality of opportunity. On the western frontier, there was more of a tendency for people to treat each other as social equals than in the more settled eastern regions of the country. On the frontier, the highest importance was placed on what people could do in their own lifetime. Hardly any notice was taken of their ancestors. Frontier people were fond of saying, "What's above the ground is more important than what's beneath the ground."Because so little attention was paid to a person's family background, the frontier offered a new beginning for many Americans who were seeking opportunities to advance themselves. One English visitor to the United States in the early 1800s observed that if Americans experienced disappointment or failure in business, in politics, or even in love, they moved west to make a new beginning. The frontier offered millions of Americans a source of hope for a fresh start in the competitive race for success and for a better life. On the frontier, there was a continuing need for new farmers, skilled laborers, merchants, lawyers, and political leaders.There were fewer differences in wealth between rich and poor on the frontier than in the more settled regions of the nation. People lived, dressed, and acted more alike on the frontier than in other parts of the United States. The feeling of equality was shared by hired helpers who refused to be called "servants" or to be treated as such. One European visitor observed: "The clumsy gait and bent body of our peasant is hardly ever seen here... Everyone walks erect and easy." Wealthy travelers to the frontier were warned not to show off their wealth or to act superior to others if they wished to be treated politely.The American frontier may not be "the key" to American development, as Frederick Jackson Turner said, but it is certainly one major factor. The frontier provided the space and conditions that helped to strengthen the American ideals of individual freedom, self-reliance, and equality of opportunity. On the frontier, these ideals were enlarged and made workable. Frontier ideas and customs were continuously passed along to the more settled parts of the United States as newer frontier regions took the place of older ones during a westward march of settlers that lasted more than two centuries. In this way, many of the frontier values became national values.New Wordsfascinate to interest greatlyromanticize to make something sound better-than it really isrugged rough; toughliterally exactlyexemplify to be an example ofnostalgic fond of something in the pastharsh difficult; severefist the hand with the fingers closed in tightlyprowess unusual ability or skill; great braveryde-sensitized lacking sensitivity; unable to feel any emotionobstacle something that stands in the way and prevents action,movement, or successclumsy gait awkward way of walking erectstanding up straightA. Vocabulary CheckComplete the sentences using words or phrases from the New Words list.1. In many "action" movies, the heroes are expected to be able to fight with their______.2. Many heroes are known for their physical _______.3. Soldiers guarding the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier are expected to stand4. Some people prefer to ______ life on the frontier; they do not want tolook at its negative aspects.5. Someone who drops things, trips, and bumps into furniture probably has a6. I saw a lady laugh so hard she _______ fell off her chair.7. The pioneers who lived on the frontier had a hard life, so they had to be8. If you are reading a book that is so interesting that you can't put it down,you are _______ by the book.9. Frontier people displayed examples of the American national values; these people_______ these values.10. People living on the frontier had to overcome many difficulties and _______,such as clearing the land, in order to succeed.11. Americans like to remember the days on the frontier; they feel _______about the old West.12. Conditions on the frontier were often _______, and the people had towork hard just to survive.13. Some Americans worry that their children are becoming _______ to theviolence and killing on television. It doesn't seem to bother them to see someoneget hurt or even killed.B. Comprehension CheckWrite T if the statement is true and F if it is false according to the information in the chapter.——1. The frontier experience began about 1890 and is still continuing in the American West today.____ 2. One reason why many Americans are still fascinated by the frontier is that, formany, this period represents a time when the traditional basic American valueswere expressed in their purest form.____ 3. The settling of the frontier did little to affect the lives of the Native American Indians.—— 4. There are two types of the "rugged individual" hero: The first is aman who fights against the wilderness, and the second is a man whofights against man.—— 5. The primary qualities of the American macho hero are intelligence, sensitivity, and caring for others.—— 6. It is difficult for the average American to' buy a gun, so very few people own them.____ 7. Members of the NRA (and many gun owners) believe that the right to own a gun is guaranteed in the United States Constitution.____ 8. The can-do spirit came from the willingness of the pioneers to work together on a cooperative project for the good of all.—— 9. On the frontier, family name and ancestry were more important than what a person could do.____ 10. There was a great distance between the rich and the poor on the frontier, and social class was more important than in the more settled regions.C. Questions for Discussion1. Do children in your country play with toy guns or swords? What effect does seeingviolence on TV or in movies have on children? What happens when children become de-sensitized to violence?2. Why is there nostalgia for the American frontier days? What evidence of this trend do yousee today? Is there anything similar to the frontier experience in the history of your country? Is there a historical period that has been romanticized?3. What is the American concept of macho? How does this compare with your own conceptof manliness? What qualities does a "man's man" have? Whatexperiences help a boy become a man in your country? How do women in your country respond to a macho man? Is there such a thing as a macho woman?4. What qualities should a true hero have? What qualities do heroes in movies and TV showsin your country have? Who are some of your own personal heroes? Why do you admire and respect these people?5. Do many people in your country own guns? What kinds of gun control laws are there?How does one buy a gun? What kinds of guns are most popular:handguns or rifles? Would you have a gun in your own home? Why? How do you feel about guns?6. Do you agree or disagree with this saying: "What's above the ground is more importantthan what's beneath the ground"? In your country, how much emphasis is placed on whata person can do? Which do you think is more important: a person's family background orwhat that person can do?D. Cloze Summary ParagraphThis paragraph summarizes the chapter. Fill in each blank with any word that makes sense.The American frontier has had a strong influence on _______values, particularly individualism, self-reliance, ______ equality of opportunity. Individuals ______ great freedom on the ______, but they had to _______ very self-reliant. These qualities _______ idealized in the concept ________ rugged individualism. There are __________ types of American heroes _______ are rugged individualists. The ______ comes out of the _______ before 1860 when the _______ was man against nature, _________ second comes from the ________ West era, 1860 to ________ when the struggle was ______ against man. The Wild _______ hero is the basis _______ the American macho hero ___________ western movies and TV _________. He is a fighter _________ solves his problems by his fists or his __________. Guns are still popular _________ America today, and many ________ own them. The frontier __________ encouraged inventiveness and a _________ spirit. There was great _________ of opportunity on the ________, and there were few ________ in wealth or social ______. People moved west to _________ frontier to get a ________ start in life. Although _______ frontier disappeared more than _______ hundred years ago, it _______ fascinates and influences Americans _________.E. Observing the Media1. The American cowboy has long been a symbol of the American belief in ruggedindividualism and the frontier spirit. What is there about cowboys that exemplifies the values discussed in this chapter: individualism, self-reliance, inventiveness, the can-do spirit, and equality of opportunity? Describe cowboys as you have seen them in American movies and on TV shows.2. Cowboys and the Old West are frequently used in advertisements for cigarettes, bluejeans, trucks, cars, and other American products. What image do they have? Why does this image help sell this or that product? Collect examples of ads in magazines and newspapers that use cowboys or western themes. (If possible, observe and report on TV ads also.) For each, explain what the message is to the people who may buy this product.3. Watch American TV shows that have male heroes. How do they compare with thedescription of American macho presented in this chapter? What personality traits do they have? Compare the heroes of several shows. Would you describe them as...• having sex appeal?• being admired by bea utiful women?• having no involvement in long-term relationships with a woman (not married; no children; no family)?• being a loner (few friends, mysterious)?• having an ideal or a goal in life?• fighting against injustice?• being a man's man?• moving from place to place?• being good with his fists?• being good with a gun?F. Proverbs and SayingsAsk Americans to explain these proverbs and sayings. Then ask them for other examples of sayings about succeeding on your own or being tough.1. Pull yourself up by the bootstraps.2. If at first you don't succeed, try, try again.3. Actions speak louder than words.4. Life is what you make it.5. Every problem has a solution.G. Ask YourselfDo you agree or disagree with each of the statements below? Put a check under the number that indicates how you feel.+2 = Strongly agree+1 = Agree0 = No opinion-1 = Disagree-2 = Strongly disagree1. I really love action movies that have a lot ofgunfights.2. A real man should be able to defend himself well andeven win in a fist fight.3. Intelligence and sensitivity in a man are moreimportant than physical strength.4. Watching fights in movies and on TV showsprobably doesn't hurt children.5. Using physical violence is not the best way to solve aproblem.6. Women really like macho men.7. Having a gun in your home is a good way to protectyourself against robbers.8. I believe people should not own guns and thereshould be strict laws controlling the sale of them.9. Every problem has a solution.10. What you do is more important than who you are.J. Suggestions for Writing or Making an Oral Report1. American rugged individualism, the can-do spirit, and an optimistic belief in the future were exemplified on July 20, 1969, when man first walked on the moon. That was the day when the Apollo XI Mission landed. As Neil Armstrong climbed down the ladder from the spacecraft to the surface of the moon, he declared, "One small step for man. One giant leapfor mankind." What did he mean? In what way was it a "giant leap" for mankind? The plaque on the lunar lander left on the moon reads, "We came in peace for all mankind." (Would Armstrong use the word mankind today?) Why did the astronauts plant a flag on the moon? How does this relate to staking a claim for land on the frontier? What values do you see reflected in the pride Americans feel about the moon landing? Write an essay discussing these values and how they relate to the frontier experience. Or write an essay (or have a debate) about who should "own" or "control" space, the moon and planets.2. Americans have strong opinions about the gun control issue. What do you think? Write an essay (or have a debate) summarizing the arguments for and against gun control laws. Or imagine that you are living in a city where guns are a problem. Write a letter to a hunter who lives out in the country urging him to support gun control laws. Explain how his right to own an automatic weapon is interfering with your right to live in peace and safety in the city3. Americans believe in the importance of teaching their children to beindependent and self-reliant, and in preparing them to leave home and live on their own, usually at age 18, when most young people go off to college or get a full-time job. Perhaps this philosophy has something to do with Americans' ancestors and how the frontier was settled. Ellen Goodman, a popular columnist, observes:The whole country was settled by one generation of leavers after the next—people who moved to a new frontier or a new neighborhood or a new job, who continually left relationships for opportunities. It was considered unreasonable, almost unpatriotic, for parents to "cling." And it still is.The result of this is an emphasis on raising children to be independent and separate from their parents. The goal of parenting in America is to make children competent and confident enough to leave "the nest." What do you think of this philosophy? Is this the goal of parenting in your country? Compare and contrast this philosophy of child raising with that of your country.K. People WatchingAmericans are very conscious of space and have a strong sense of territory— that is, the idea that a particular space belongs to them. Children usually have their own room; the kitchen may belong to Mom; Dad may have a special chair in the living room or den, or he may have a workshop. Observe Americans at home, in a public place, or in a social situation to see how they use space. (Watch TV shows, if you are not in the United States.) If someone has been sitting in a particular chair and gets up, does the person tend to come back to the same chair? When someone asks, "Is that seat taken?" what does that person mean?。

Lecture note 21、直译（literal translation）VS意译（free translation）直译：是既保持原文内容、又保持原文形式的翻译方法或翻译文字。

直译不等于硬译或死译，也叫逐字翻译——就是以词为单位进行考虑的，力求目的语的每个词都能与原语的每个词对等。

直译不仅能保持原作的特点,而且还可使读者逐步接受原作的文学风格，促进语言多样性，丰富目的语的语言形式，以利跨文化沟通与交流。

Eg:1.dark horse（黑马）brandy（白兰地）rifle（来福枪）carnation（康乃馨）litchi（荔枝）salon（沙龙）engine（引擎）gentlemen’s agreement（君子协议）one country，two systems（一国两制）2.to show one’s cards摊牌3.Soon got, soon gone.来得容易，去得快。

4.Speech is silver, silence is golden.雄辩是银，沉默是金。

5.There is no smoke without fire.无火不生烟6.The worst wheel of a cart creaks most.最坏的车轮最会嘎嘎响。

7.Out of sight, out of mind.眼不见，心不念。

8.来得易，去得疾。

Easy come, easy go.9.同一个世界，同一个梦想。

One world, one dream.10.She has many hot potatoes to handle every day.她每天都要处理很多棘手的问题。

11.Partly as a result of the recently increasing demand, whole sale tea prices havealmost doubled.部分由于日益增长的需求，批发茶的价格几乎翻了一番。

Honorable judges, distinguished guests, ladies and gentlemen:It is great honor and pleasure to be here on this beautiful Sunday to share with you my sentiments about the Belt and Road: China and the world.More than two millennia ago the diligent and courageous people of Eurasia explored and opened up several routes of trade and cultural exchanges that linked the major civilizations of Asia, Europe and Africa, collectively called the Silk Road by later generations. For thousands of years, the Silk Road Spirit - "peace and cooperation, openness and inclusiveness, mutual learning and mutual benefit"-has been passed from generation to generation, promoted the progress of human civilization, and co-ntributed greatly to the prosperity and development of the countries along the Silk Road. Symbolizing communication and cooperation between the East and the West,the Silk Road Spirit is a historic and cultural heritage shared by all countries around the world.In the 21st century, a new era marked by the theme of peace, development, cooperation and mutual benefit, it is all the more important for us to carry on the Silk Road Spirit in face of the weak recovery of the global economy, and complex international and regional situations.When Chinese President Xi Jinping visited Central Asia and Southeast Asia in September and October of 2013, he raised the initiative of jointly building the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road (hereinafter referred to as the Belt and Road), which have attracted close attention from all over the world.It is a great undertaking that will benefit people around the world.The Belt and Road is a wide friend circle to link Asia, Europe and Africa, which anyone interested in it can join in; the Belt and Road is a way to seek benefits for everybody, which let a hundred flowers blossom; the Belt and Road is a way to support the joint development of all countries, instead of only pursuing outshining others.From Opium War to the Revolution of 1911, from the Communist Party of China being found to New China being found, from reform and open at the end of 70sto now, we are striving for the great renewal of the Chinese nation –this is what countless patriots and revolutionary martyrs yearned for. Through protracted and arduous struggle, we have, making the utmost sacrifice, made epic accomplishments. We brought an end to, once and for all, the misery of old China, a poor and weak country that had suffered from both domestic turmoil and foreign aggression in modern times, and launched the Chinese nation's irreversible historic march to development and great renewal. It has thus enabled the Chinese nation, which has a civilization of over 5,000 years, to stand rock-firm with a completely new image in the family of nations.China′s economy is closely connected with the world economy now. In other words, China has integrated into the world and the world needs China. The Belt and Road Initiative supported by countries around the world since raised indicate that we have more discourse power in the word.The Belt and Road cooperation features mutual respect and trust, mutual benefit and win-win cooperation, and mutual learning between civilizations. As long as all co untries along the Belt and Road make concerted efforts to pursue our common goal, th ere will be bright prospects for the Belt and Road, and the people of countries along the Belt and Road can all benefit from this Initiative . As a postgraduate student in China, we must strive to do our work well in order to meet new challenges. The world is changing, China is changing, we youth should also change to keep pace with it, to fight for our country.。

托福听力tpo57section2对话讲座原文+题目+答案+译文Conversation2 (1)原文 (1)题目 (3)答案 (4)译文 (4)Lecture3 (6)原文 (6)题目 (8)答案 (10)译文 (10)Conversation2原文NARRATOR:Listen to a conversation between a student and a librarian.FEMALE LIBRARIAN:Hi,can I help you?MALE STUDENT:I hope so.FEMALE LIBRARIAN:OK…MALE STUDENT:I need to find an article in a journal called Contemporary Research in Linguistics,and I’ve looked all over the stacks for it,but I can’t find it anywhere. Could you look to see if it’s been checked out?FEMALE LIBRARIAN:OK,that may not be the problem.MALE STUDENT:But I just checked the computer catalog over there,and it’s listed there,and it says it’s available.FEMALE LIBRARIAN:When you looked up the book locator number,did you see the letters L-A-N?MALE STUDENT:Oh,OK,yeah I saw that,but I didn’t know what it meant.FEMALE LIBRARIAN:Oh that means it’s in the language department library.We don’t have it here.MALE STUDENT:Oh…FEMALE LIBRARIAN:Yes,the university actually has nine libraries,so you always have to check the library code when you’re looking for a book.MALE STUDENT:Oh,OK.…But it is available,but not in this library?FEMALE LIBRARIAN:Right.But we do have a number of other linguistics journals here.MALE STUDENT:No,I need this one specifically;this article’s mentioned in a bunch of other articles I’ve already read,and I wanted to have a look at the original—this one—you know,in case there’s more stuff I could use in my paper.FEMALE LIBRARIAN:OK,well you know all the university libraries share their resources,so if you like I could call the language department library and ask them to send it over,and we’d have it for you here oh day after tomorrow around noon.MALE STUDENT:Oh I appreciate that,but I can’t wait that long.I need this article for a paper I’m writing that’s due the day after tomorrow.Uh,could you tell me where the language department library is?FEMALE LIBRARIAN:Sure.It’s on the other campus,in the basement of Pearson Hall, across from the listening lab.But I doubt you’d be able to make it over there in time today.MALE STUDENT:No,especially since I don’t have a car.But my sister does,and I’m pretty sure she’d let me borrow it…If I go over there first thing tomorrow morning,will I be able to check it out right away?FEMALE LIBRARIAN:I don’t see why not.Just make sure you have your student ID with you.MALE STUDENT:OK.That’s what I’ll do then.Thank you very much.FEMALE LIBRARIAN:Sure.题目1.Why does the man go to talk to the librarian?A.To get directions to another library branchB.To find out if his request for a journal has been processedC.To get help locating a source for his research paperD.To obtain a list of the linguistics journals the library carries2.What does the man learn about the library’s computer catalog?A.It shows listings from several libraries.B.Its information is updated every other day.C.It requires that the user enter a special code.D.It lists only a few of the journals carried by the university library system.3.What does the librarian offer to do to help the man?A.Print out a list of other linguistics journalsB.Request the journal from another libraryC.Find out which library carries linguistics journalsD.Find out the hours of the language department library4.Why does the man need to talk to his sister?A.To ask her if he can borrow her carB.To ask her for a ride to Pearson HallC.To ask her to bring his student ID card from homeD.To ask her to check out a journal from the language department library5.What does the librarian imply when she says this?A.She doubts that the man can finish his paper on time.B.She thinks it may be difficult for the man to find the listening lab.C.The language department library will be closing soon.D.The man can get the linguistics journal later today.答案C A B A C译文旁白：听学生和图书管理员之间的对话。

新视野大学英语第3版第4册Unit2课后习题答案新视野大学英语第3版第4册Unit2课后习题答案导语：《新视野大学英语》选材充分考虑新一代大学生的知识结构和思维特点，体现时代特色，注重趣味性、思辨性。

下面为同学们整理了新视野大学英语第3版第4册Unit2课后习题答案，第2版同样适用，供大家参考!新视野大学英语(第3版)第三册Unit 2答案【Section A】Charlie Chaplin《读写教程IV》: Ex. II, p. 371. He lived a poor and miserable life during his childhood.2. Possibly because he left Britain when he was young and never came back;most figures he created were not of a gentleman-like British style.3. His dress and behavior were not English.4. It was the first movie in which Chaplin used voice for the characters.5. Using his physical senses to invent his art as he went along without prepared script.6. We can find that from the characters he created, such as the flower girl and the French wife killer.7. She brought stable happiness to him and became the center of rest in his life.8. Comic《读写教程IV》: Ex. III, p. 371. coarse2. corresponded3. doubtful4. roused/sparked5. execute6. relief7. applause8. immense《读写教程IV》: Ex. IV, p. 381. for2. against3. up4. with5. up6. to7. down8. between《读写教程IV》: Ex. V, p. 381. temptation2. change3. urge4. policies5. pressures6. arrest7. demand8. attempts《读写教程IV》: Ex. VI, p. 391. artist2. terrorist3. novelist4. activists5. biologist6. idealist7. capitalists8. tourist《读写教程IV》: Ex. VII, p. 391. Terrorism2. industrialism3. ageism4. idealism5. criticism6. heroism7. racism8. Modernism《读写教程IV》: Ex. VIII, p. 401. If I had known that you were coming, I would have met you at theairport.2. If he had tried to leave the country, he would have been stopped at thefrontier.3. If we had found him earlier, we could have saved his life.4. If I had caught that plane, I would have been killed in the air crash.5. If he had been in better health, he could have written more books.《读写教程IV》: Ex. IX, p. 401. With so much going on at the office, it is a wonder to find that Mr.Lawrencehas much time left for anything else.2. It is a surprise to us to find that television enjoys its greatestcompetitive advantage on information.3. It is a possibility for us to expect that the students will getthe newfacts in the lecture confused with their existing knowledge.4. It is a fact to know that we have run out of water and food.5. It is a relief to learn that the driver controlled the car during thestormy weather.《读写教程IV》: Ex. X, p. 411. Other writers might have written stories about London. But only hecould have created the character David, who gave his creator permanent fame.2. China has provided more applause, more honor and, of course, moreprofit where this scientist is concerned than any other countries.3. He had an urge to execute this skill perfectly.4. This physical transformation, plus the skill with which he executed itagain and again, are surely the secrets of Chaplin’s great comedy.5. But that shock roused his imagination. Chaplin didn’t have his jokeswritten into a script in advance; he was the kind of comic who used his physicalsenses to invent his art as he went along.6. He also had a deep need to be loved—and a corresponding fear of beingbetrayed. The two were hard to combine and sometimes—as in his earlymarriages—the collision between them resulted in disaster.7. It’s doubtful whet her she can find her way into perfect acting, thoughshe never loses her faith in her own ability.8. It was a relief to know that he finally finished the book before hisdeath, which was regarded as a fitting memorial to his life as a writer.《读写教程IV》: Ex. XI, p. 411. 但只有查理?卓别林才能塑造出了不起的喜剧角色“流浪者”，这个使其创作者声名永驻的衣衫褴褛的小人物。

1. Eg.“专卖店”的译法女装专卖店– Boutique 海尔专卖店– Haier Outlet福特汽车专卖店– Ford Car Exclusive Agency三坊七巷的“美人靠”– beauty couchThere were two girls working there. One a tall tennis-anyone type, the other a bespectacled mouse type. I opted for Minnie Four-Eyes. (Love Story, 1970:1)值班的有两位姑娘。

一位高个儿，像是个爱打网球的；另一个戴眼镜，大似依人小鸟。

我挑了那个四眼小妞儿。

《爱情故事》，1997：22. 在‘肯定’与‘否定’的表达方式上英国人是针对对方提问的“事实”是否肯定来回答的。

中国人则是根据自己是否同意对方提问出的问题来回答的。

You don’t like it, do you? 你不喜欢，是吗？No, I don’t like it. 是的，我不喜欢。

Yes, I like it very much. 不，我很喜欢。

“You haven’t finished your home work, have you?”The student shook his head and said, “No. I have not.”“你还没有完成作业吧，是吗”学生点点头说，“是的，还没有。

”3. 因中西方习惯的不同，有时对同一概念英语用肯定的说法，汉语用否定的说法，有时则相反请勿受潮Keep dry！油漆未干Wet paint！反饥饿游戏hunger march 反恐怖活动的战争terror warWon’t you come over and give me a hand? 你过来帮我一下号码？Who would have thought of that! 谁也没有想到！Make yourself at home! 不要客气You look pale, aren’t you sick? 你的脸色苍白，病了吗？Many thanks for the dinner yesterday, which my wife and I enjoyed very much.我和我的妻子对昨天的晚宴感到极其愉快，深表感谢。

一、教育1、教育的目的和作用传承文化Transmit culture maintain culture identity in the process of globalization Protect language, tradition and customs价值观教育Teach value (morality)Value classificationIn the 1970's, so-called "values classification" programs turned up in school of America. Traditional morals and values were put aside, and students had freedom to "classify" their own values, and schools and parents had no right to criticize. But in the end this movement didn't classify values, it confused right and wrong, and encouraged personal desires. If education does not lead the way, most of us will lose in the human natures and wants. （教育不能过于个人化）二、艺术1、艺术家unique experience and understanding of life abundant spiritual nurture transmit permanent beauty and magnificent of natureengineer and gardener of our spiritual world2、艺术的作用Literature: mirror of history 历史视角，时代精神Painting: 发现生活与自然之美Music: 扩展想象，有益健康Mozart & Beethoven3、格尔尼卡与毕加索Guernica &PicassoPicasso painted Guernica shortly after the German planes bombarded the town of Guernica. The painting does not portray the event; instead (rather), Picasso expressed his outrage by employing such imagery as a bull, a dying horse, a mother and a dead child, a woman running on the street, etc. Despite the complexity of its symbolism, and the impossibility of definitive interpretation, Guernica makes an overwhelming impact in its portrayal of the horrors of war.4、艾米莉·勃朗特与《呼啸山庄》Emily Bronte & Wuthering HeightConsider the complete repulsion of Emily Bronte, the famous English authoress, and her only novel Wuthering Heights. When this book was published in the 1870s, it shocked and puzzled the critics of her time. They regarded this book as an unmoral, ill-minded and horrible thing; even her sister Charlotte could not understand and accept her ideas. Not until the beginning of the 20’s century was the value of Emily and her book emphasized and acknowledged. However, her 30 years short life could not enjoy this late honor.5、卡夫卡Franz Kafka一生几乎没有离开he spent most of his life in Prague.生前默默无闻。