翻译理论与实践练习

长句的处理Ⅰ. Put the following long sentences into English, paying attention to their structures.1．我厂生产的112升和145升电冰箱，造型美观，质量可靠，噪音小，耗电少，使用方便安全。

2．当前我们迫切需要有一个装备优良、人员齐备、按照安全保护原则、本着一丝不苟的精神建立起来的先进核能实验室。

3．本厂已有35年生产丝绸服装的历史，其产品远销全球50多个国家和地区。

完全真丝，质量上乘，做工精细，款式新颖，光滑柔和，耐洗耐晒，永不褪色，舒适高雅，女士必备。

如欲购买，尽快联系。

4．本厂产品质量稳定可靠，深受用户欢迎。

从1979年以来，获纺织部和省市奖的产品共达84种。

我们将遵循“质量第一”、“用户至上”的原则，热忱地为用户服务。

5．知识分子是工人阶级中掌握科学文化知识较多的一部分，在改革开放和现代化建设中有着特殊重要的作用。

能不能充分发挥广大知识分子的才能，很大程度上决定着我们民族的盛衰和现代化建设的进程。

6．历史业也已证明，人类对资源的认识、开发和利用的，以及制造生产工具利用资源的能力，是社会生产力发展水平的重要标志，也在一定的程度上决定了一定的社会基本结构和发展形态。

7．信息技术是在微电子、计算机和现代通讯技术基础上发展起来的一门高科技，具有信息采集、传输、处理和信息服务等一系列功能。

现今已能在一片8英寸的芯片上集成5亿个电子元件，其宽度仅为0.2503微米；微机的信息处理速度已达每秒近亿次以上；计算机虚拟技术将大大拓宽信息技术应用的范围。

8．提高我国的科技水平，必须坚持独立自主、自力更生的方针。

但是，独立自主不是闭关自守，自力更生不是盲目排外。

科学技术是人类共同创造的财富。

我们不仅因为今天科技落后才需要向外股学习，即使我们的科学技术赶上了世界先进水平，也还要学习人家的长处。

Key: 1.将“造型美观，质量可靠，噪音小，耗电少，使用方便安全”用一个主谓结构译出。

一．英汉翻译理论与实践课程之教案目录第1讲“翻译”溯源第2讲翻译的本质第3讲翻译的标准第4讲翻译面面观第5讲翻译必有“失”/ 失于此而得于彼（两讲合并）第6讲翻译与联想第7讲翻译与语法第8讲翻译与语体第9讲翻译与语篇第10讲英汉十大差异第11讲形合与意合第12讲代词的困惑第13讲Connotation的翻译第14讲翻译与词典第15讲以“模糊”求精确第16讲落笔知轻重译文讲分寸第17讲翻译最难是口吻第18讲翻译与形象思维第19讲翻译与灵感思维第20讲英语修辞的翻译（包括连接三讲）第21讲翻译中的文化冲击第22讲思维是语言的脊梁（两讲合并）第23讲翻译美学之思考（两讲合并）二．汉英翻译理论与实践课程之教案目录第1讲汉译英呼唤文字功力第2讲语篇与翻译第3讲：英汉语美感比读（两讲合并）第4讲：理性概译：翻译之坦途第5讲：英语句式的亮点：非人称主语句（两讲合并）第6讲：汉译英有用的句型（两讲合并）第7讲：类析汉译英常见拙译（三讲合并）第8讲：从“湖光山色”的英译说开去（两讲合并）第9讲：Denotation和Connotation（两讲合并）第10讲：翻译，你的本质是什么？第11讲：归化与异化----汉语习语的英译一．英汉翻译理论与实践课程之练习第1讲“翻译”溯源试将下列文字译成汉语：1/ Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Eugene A. Nida & Charles R. Taber: The Theory and Practice of Translation, 1969)2/ Translation may be defined as follows:The replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL)3/ A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work. The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original. A translation should have all the ease of the original composition. (A. F. Tytler: Essay on the Principles of Translation. 1791)参考译文1/ 所谓翻译，是在译语中用最切近的自然的对等语再现原语的信息，首先是意义，其次是文体。

《翻译理论与实践》练习七Part I Multiple Choice1. They had to give up the program for lack of investment funds.A) 因为缺乏投资资金，他们只好放弃了这次计划。

B) 为了获得发明资金，他们必须放弃此计划。

C) 他们必须放弃这个节目，因为它需要投资资金。

D) 为了减少投资资金，他们只好放弃计划。

2. We should plant more trees in the interests of environment protection.A) 为了保护环境，我们应多种一些树木。

B) 如果对保护环境感兴趣，我们应当多种一些树木。

C) 我们多种一些树木，对环境是有利的。

D) 如果我们爱好环境保护，就多种一些树木。

3. The driver of the bus is responsible for the safety of passengers.A) 一辆公共汽车的驾驶员与乘客的安全有关。

B) 每辆公共汽车的驾驶员要保证乘客暗示到达目的地。

C) 公共汽车的司机对乘客的安全负有责任。

D) 乘客的安全得由这个公共汽车司机负责。

4. This book is divided into sixteen units that deal with topics of everyday conversation.A) 本书分为16个单元，内容涉及日常生活会话。

B) 16个单元的内容解决了日常生活会话的难题。

C) 在16个单元里包括的内容是日常生活会话。

D) 本书由16个单元构成，内容回答的是日常生活会话问题。

5. Textbooks for College English in use today can be quite different from each other.A) 今天使用的各种大学英语教材可能彼此很不同。

B) 今天使用的各种大学英语教材可能相当不同。

I. Translate the following sentences into Chinese and pay attention to the translation of the blackened parts (if any).1.He made sincere apologies to each of the teachers.译文：他向每个老师致以诚挚的歉意。

2.“Impossible” is a word to be found only in the dictionary of fools.译文：只有在傻子的字典里才有“不可能”这个词。

3.We have no more right to consume happiness without producing it than to consume wealth without producingit.译文：我们不创造幸福就无权享受幸福，就像不创造财富就无权享用财富一样。

4.Children begin by loving their parents. After a time they judge them. Rarely, if ever, do they forgive them.译文：孩子们都是开始时爱父母，后来开始评价父母，但几乎不会原谅父母。

ter, Churchill told me that such hesitations were really rare.译文：后来，丘吉尔告诉我，这种犹豫确实是很少见的。

6.Then I thanked my host and walked down the broad lawn, back to the meadow and the sparkling brook,where I lay on the grass and fell into a sweet sleep.译文：接着我向主人道了谢径直走向宽阔的草坪，回到了水波闪闪的小溪边，我躺在溪边的草地上进入了甜美的梦乡。

翻译理论与实践智慧树答案科目: 翻译理论与实践题型: 选择题1. 下列哪项不是译者在翻译时需要考虑的文化因素？A. 信仰B. 礼仪C. 种族D. 特长答案: D2. 下列哪个不是文化障碍的类型？A. 言语障碍B. 交际障碍C. 行为障碍D. 逻辑障碍答案: D3. 翻译中最基本的也是最重要的原则是什么？A. 信达雅B. 传神C. 意译D. 直译答案: A4. 常用的翻译技巧有哪些？A. 微调B. 加译C. 删译D. 全部都对答案: D5. 翻译的风格特点主要有几种？A. 浅显易懂型B. 优美文章型C. 客观精确型D. 全部都对答案: D题型: 填空题1. __________ 翻译是指在目标语种中加入某些适当的元素以进行更全面、更精确的信息传达。

答案: 加译2. 在进行情景翻译时，需要将原文中的语境、背景、文化因素等因素与译文的语境、背景、文化因素等进行 __________。

答案: 对等化3. 翻译的信息点是指 __________ 中传达的关键性信息。

答案: 原文4. 交替翻译是指将 __________ 切分成若干小部分，分别进行翻译且所有小部分的翻译结果相连接的翻译方式。

答案: 大段文字5. 翻译中的流畅度主要包括句子的 __________ 和句子之间的衔接。

答案: 语法结构题型: 判断题1. 语言障碍是指由于不同文化语境背景而导致的沟通障碍。

答案: 错误2. 对外汉语翻译中，直译和意译之间没有定性上的区别。

答案: 错误3. 翻译是一项高度受限制的专业，翻译员需对译文的语言、风格、结构、信息点等进行全面的分析和思考。

答案: 正确4. 翻译的最基本原则是信达雅，即要忠实地传达原文的意思，同时保持译文的风格、语言的流畅性。

答案: 正确5. 联想翻译是指根据原文中的某个词或短语的联想意义来对其进行翻译。

答案: 正确题型: 简答题1. 解释直译和意译的区别。

答案: 直译是指把以一种语言写出的原文一字不漏地翻译成目标语言，尽可能贴近译文语言的结构和表达方式。

翻译理论与实践试题一、选择题（在四个选项中选择一个正确答案）：20%1. 中国古代佛经翻译家------提出了“既须求真，又须喻俗”的翻译思想。

A. 鸠摩罗什B. 玄奘C．安世高D。

释道安2. 严复说的“一名之立，旬月踟躇”是指---------------------。

A. 翻译一部书要化一个月时间作准备B 翻译一个术语往往要考虑很久C.只有化苦功才能翻译成一部名著D.书名的翻译颇费思量3..下列四句，----句的表述是不正确的。

A. 鲁迅提出过“宁信而不顺”的翻译观点。

B. 马建忠主张“善译”的翻译标准。

C. 钱钟书认为文学翻译的最高标准是“化”。

D. 傅雷认为文学翻译的最高境界是“形似”。

4.下列四位翻译家中，英译《红楼梦》的是------。

A. 林语堂B. 杨宪益C. 杨必D. 鲁迅5.英国语言学家M.A.K.Halliday提出的构成语境三要素中，fields of discourse指---------------------------。

A. 交际内容B. 交际方式C. 交际风格D. 交际地点6. 多用被动语态是----------的一个比较明显的语法特点。

A. 广告英语B. 科技英语C. 新闻英语D. 法律英语7. “意译”是指译文从意义出发，要求将原文的意义正确表达出来，不必拘泥于------的形式。

A.词句B. 词句和比喻C. 各种修辞手段D. 词、句、以及各种修辞手段8.. ------翻译了莎士比亚的全部戏剧作品。

A. 朱生豪B. 卞之琳C. 梁实秋D. 林语堂9. fast, firm, secure三个同义词中，firm的正规程度介于前后两者之间，由此可以判定，它最有可能源自------。

A. 法语B. 拉丁语C.盎格鲁-撒克逊语D. 德语10. 下列四种“语体”中，--------的语言最为正规。

A. 广告英语B. 法律英语C. 新闻英语D. 科技英语二、问答题：30%1. 为什么严复要在他的翻译标准中加上一个“雅”字？你认为现在我们应该怎样理解这个“雅”字？2、.我们可以通过观察哪几种“语域标志”来区别英语语言的正规程度？请举例说明其中两种。

华中师范大学网络学院《翻译理论与实践》练习测试题（答案及参考译文）一．在下列句中空白处填上合适的词语。

每空1分。

共10分。

1．翻译是跨（语言）、跨（文化）、跨（社会）的交际活动。

2．篇章的粘连分（语义）粘连和（结构）粘连两大类，粘连的目的是实现篇章的（连贯）。

3．社会符号学的翻译标准是（语意）相符、（功能）相似。

4．格赖斯的（合作）原则和利奇的（礼貌）原则是促使语言交际成功的语用原则。

5．社会符号学翻译法以韩礼德所述的语言的社会符号性为根据，以符号学的意义观为核心。

语言符号具备三种意义，它们是（言内）意义、（指称）意义和（语用）意义。

6．语言对比是研究语言在（使用）中产生的意义。

7．泰特勒在《翻译的原则》一书中提出了著名德三原则：A．译文应完整地再现原文的（思想内容）。

B．译文的（风格）、（笔调）应与原文的性质相同。

C．译文应像原文一样（流畅自然）。

8．汉语语法呈（隐含）性，英语语法呈（外显）性。

9．信、达、雅10．忠实通顺11．理解、表达校核12．译出语（或原文）译入语（或译文）13．口译笔译机器翻译14．意美音美形美15．直译16．合句法17．全译摘译编译18．切近自然信息19．口译笔译机器翻译20．易解丰姿21．归化22．神似23. 钱钟书先生提出：“文学翻译的最高标准是‘（化）’。

把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字，既不能因语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全保存原有的风味，那就算得入‘（化境）’”。

24．从涉及到的语言符号来看，翻译可分为（语内）翻译、（语际）翻译、和（符际）翻译。

（答题顺序可以颠倒）25．所谓功能指语言所具有的种种社会功能。

英国翻译理论家彼得·纽马克将其分为6种：（信息）功能、（表情）功能、（祈使）功能、美感功能、酬应功能和元语言功能。

26．将He is armed to the teeth译成“他全副武装”，采用的是（意译）的方法；将其译成“他武装到了牙齿”，采用的是（直译）的方法。

翻译理论与实践I. Improve the following Translations: 25%1. Often at the end of a hard day’s work one realizes with dismay thatthe meager stack of finished work one has accomplished has immeasurably slight impact on the work as a whole.译文：往往一天辛苦工作结束时，一个人会灰心地意识到他所完成的少量的一堆工作对整个工作产生无限小的影响。

2. They left me at the gate, nor easily or lightly; and it was a strangesight to me to see the cart go on, taking Peggoty away, and leaving me under the elus tree looking at the house in which there was no face to look at me with love or likely any more.译文：他们在大门前离开我，这也不容易的，不愉快的；看见车子载着辟果提走了，把我留在那些老榆下看那所房子，房子里再也没有一张怀着爱或欢心来看我的脸了，我觉得这是一种稀有的景象。

3．Any visitor to China is overwhelmed by the contradictions inherent in its helter-skelter (喧嚣混乱的)progress.译文：任何到中国的人，都会被她喧嚣混乱的进步中所固有的矛盾所压倒。

4. 二十岁的时候，随时随地向人透露我的年龄，答得比问得还快。

三十岁之后，最恨别人问年龄，你要是非问不可，你猜啊。

词的选择Ⅰ. Translate the following Chinese words and expressions into English, paying attention to the bold-faced words.1.运动a.运动有益身心b.足球是我喜欢的运动c.他在香港热心推广手球运动d.我国每年纪念五四运动e.人们热烈响应筹款运动f.他们发起了一场戒烟运动g.这属于运动神经疾病h.技术革新运动是成功的关键2. 着a.她着凉了。

b.你猜着了。

c.炉子着得很旺。

d.上不着天，下部着地。

e.老李躺下就着了。

f.他有点着慌。

g.他走错了一着。

h.屋顶上全都覆盖着积雪。

i.这些孩子穿着整齐。

j.再着一把力。

k.我们着眼于未来。

l.他们正在着手制定计划。

3. 馆博物馆、图书馆、旅馆、宾馆、大使馆、领事馆、茶馆、饭馆、理发馆、体育馆、展览馆、文化馆、美术馆、科技馆、天文馆、照相馆4. 学习a. 学习知识b. 学习技术c. 学习外语d. 学习成绩e. 学习别人的长处f. 互相学习g. 学习雷锋的榜样5. 送a. 送某人一本书b. 送礼c. 送信d. 送客e. 送行f. 送雨伞g. 送命h. 送孩子上学i. 送某人回家j. 将卫星送上天k. 送葬l. 送罪犯上法庭审判key: 1.运动a.Exercise is good for health.b.Football is my favorite sport.c.He is a keen promoter of handball in Hong kong.d.The May Fourth Movement is commemorated in our country every year.e.There was great enthusiasm for the donation drive.f.They started a campaign to stop people smoking.g.This belongs to motor nerve disease.h.Technological renovation is a key to the success.2. 着a.She was caught cold.b.You’ve guessed right.c.The fire is burning briskly in the stove.d.Be suspended in mid air.o Li fell asleep as soon as he lay down.f.He got alarmed.g.He has made a false move.h.The roofs are all covered with snow.i.These children are all neatly dressed.j.Make one more effort.k.We have our eyes on the future.l.The are starting drawing up the plan.3. 馆museum, library, hotel, guest house, embassy, consulate, tea house, restaurant, barbar’s shop, gymnasium, exhibition hall, cultural center, art gallery, science and technology center, planetarium, photo studio4. 学习a. acquire knowledgeb. master a skillc. study a foreign languaged. academic recordse. emulate others’ strong pointsf. learn from each otherg. follow the example of Lei Feng这一组中的“学习”，也是一个最常见的词语，需要结合上下文来遣词用字。

第一章翻译概论第一节中外翻译史简介四、课练习1. 东汉至唐宋时期。

2. 玄奘不仅译出了75 部佛经，而且还把老子的局部著作译成梵文，成为第一个向国外介绍汉语著作的中国人。

3. 20 世纪初的“五四〞新文化运动，开创了白话文学和白话翻译的新纪元，语言从文言正宗转为白话本位。

五四运动前后，东西方各国的优秀文学作品，特别是俄国和联的作品开始被介绍进来，《共产党宣言》等一批马克思主义著作的译文就发表在“五四〞时期，为中国后来的革命做了充分的理论和思想准备。

4. 圣经的翻译成为了西方翻译研究的重要源头之一。

5. 中外悠久的翻译历史已为我们积累了一份宝贵的文化遗产。

我们应当认真总结前人的翻译经验，借鉴吸收前人从实践中总结出的理论、方法，以便继续提高我们的翻译水平，为中外文化交流做出自己的贡献。

五、课后练习〔一〕将如下段落译成中文：一百年前的今天：一些海鸥；北卡罗来纳州杀魔山海岸警卫队的三个队员；救生站以与一些本地人，见证了威尔帕·莱特(Wilbur Wright)和奥维尔·莱特(Orville Wright)兄弟的第一次机动飞机飞行。

1903 年12 月17 日，莱特兄弟第一次用比空气重的飞行器进展了有动力的持续飞行。

1932 年，90 英尺高的杀魔山顶立起了一座60 英尺高的花岗岩纪念碑，用以纪念这两个来自俄亥俄州代顿市的梦想家。

莱特兄弟来自于美国中部。

他们有着天空般广阔的眼界，也有着十分务实的作风。

1892 年，他们在俄亥俄州的代顿开创了自己的自行车企业：莱特自行车公司。

虽然在当时世纪之交的美国，有着数不清的自行车公司，但只有一个在造轮子的同时造出了翅膀。

当莱特兄弟在1903 年最终着眼于动力载人飞行器，他们成功地使世界变小了……〔二〕将如下段落译成英文：As Jia baoyu，Xue Baoqin，Xing youyan and Ping’er had birthdays on the same day，the young ladies held a hilarious drinking party in the hall of the peony garden for them. When it was Xiangyun’s turn to pose a verse amid a drinking game，she made fun of the service maids by saying，holding a duck head in hand，“This ya tou 〔referring to the duck head in hand〕is not that ya tou 〔referring to the service maids around，as both are homophones in Chinese〕，for this ya tou has applied no hair oil….〞Everybody roared with laughter. Some service maids protested，laughing，“You made fun of us，so you have to drink another cup. Let’s pour a full cup her….〞As the party went on drinkers’games continued with ceaseless laughter and people suddenly noticed that Xiangyun had disappeared. While they looked this way and that，a service maid rushed in laughing，“Young ladies. Hurry to have a look at the Lady Xiangyun. She’s sleeping on the stone bench over there.〞The group tiptoed over，and sure enough，saw Xiangyun sleeping soundly.Fallen flowers scattered on her body，her hair and her face. Her fan had dropped on the ground aside. Bees danced in the air around her. Under her head was a make-shift pillow of peony flowers wrapped with her handkerchief. Amid laughter service girls gently woke her up and helped her-she was still mumbling something drunkenly-get inside the room.第二节翻译的定义与性质四、课练习〔一〕将如下英文译成中文：1. 海蒂读过阿瑟的信后陷入了绝望之中。

《翻译理论与实践》第一学期课外翻译练习1 Car crashes are so frequent that they don’t rate a mention in the newspaper unless a lot of people are killed.2 Success can be won through skill, intelligence, sometimes sheer perseverance, regardless of birth, which has normally been accompanied by increased financial rewards in the American scene.3 Present –day concern with music is shown by the existence of over 100 summer schools in music in England which cater for all grades of musicians from the mere beginner to the skilled performer.4 Memory, as time goes by, is a selective thing.5 Today’s Japan is totally different from the Japan of five decades ago, particularly in social attitudes, which have strayed from traditional Asian values.6 Somebody lied, if he said my life is a happy little tale, or he told you I’m just an ordinary guy in the world.7 Self-esteem is feeling worthy and able to meet life’s challenges. It is as essential as the air we breathe, and just as intangible. It comes from the depths of our core, yet it is reflected in every single outward action we take, grand or small. It is the essence from which we measure our worth and the most important building block in the foundation of our intangible..8 Functioning like a magnet, Hollywood draws ambitious young people from all over the world.9 Acceptance or rejection of your body only carries weight in your mind; it has no bearings on how you actually look, so why not choose the ease of acceptance rather than the pain of rejection? The choice is yours.10 Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.11 Illegal immigrants are flooding into the United States, fuelling international disputes12 Many new industries which do not need to be close to their markets have been built up in the south and west, partly with the idea that well-qualified northern workers, alreadysatisfied by their high living standard, will think that better surroundings and warmer winters will make their living standards still higher.13 Many men have recognized the similarity of plants to the behavior of animals, and have dreamed wistfully, but forlornly, upon some method or source of rejuvenation such as Ponce de Leon sought in the Fountain of Youth several centuries ago.14 The automobile has brought many changes in American life---for example, the remarkable growth of the suburbs in the past 25 years as many people who work in the cities now enjoy country living because of good roads and the ease of commuting by automobile. Heavy use of the nation’s highways has created a demand for roadside businesses of various kinds, including outdoor movie theaters, where audiences watch films from th eir automobiles and convenient roadside hotels known as ―motels‖.15 His writings are devoured by Arabs from the castles of Morocco to the oil derricks of the Persian Gulf, by diplomats from Foggy Bottom to Peking.16 Every Englishman has some knowledge, however slight, of the works of our greatest writer.17Most of us use about five thousand words in our normal employment of English.18 He wondered if he ought to write a swansong, but laughed the thought away. There was no time. He was too impatient to be gone.19 Boxing has a reputation for being a brutal and dangerous game. This reputation is not really deserved.20 In fact the Lexicographer’s name was always on the lips of this majestic woman, and a visit he had paid to her was the cause of her reputation and her fortune.21The growing concentration of wealth in the hands of a few people raised social and political issues.22Sometimes, indeed, it seems that the poetry of Shakespeare will disappear beneath the great mass of comment that has been written upon it.23The popularity of television and the serious problem of piracy have contributed to the decline of movie industry.24. Being a major concern now, the problem of cyber security calls for government measures for improvement.25. Sweeping across Asia, an information technology revolution is causing an acute shortage of high-tech labor.26. In an effort to reach more readers, many publications have gone on-line, making their materials available to people with personal computers.27. Attracted by reports of great economic opportunities and religious and political freedom, immigrants from many other countries flocked to the Untied States in increasing numbers, reaching a peak in the years 1880-1914.28. Electronic music has begun to bridge the gap between diverse groups, breaking through all of society’s barriers: race, gender, age, and culture.29. Humans, the biggest ―killer‖ rather than natural disasters, are forcing more and more animals to join the dinosaurs in the museum.30. During the wartime, years like these would have meant certain death for many people. Many would have become beggars and others would have been compelled to sell their children.31. Hollywood’s fame and fortune reached its peak in the 1930s and 1940s, the golden days of the black and white movies.32. The image of a sudden wall of dark water carrying the man and his car away in an instant is still imprinted on my mind.33. A recent survey revealed that the divorce rate has rocketed as women’s financial dependence on men has plummeted.34. The music industry is getting raided by the internet because it is so easy to make unauthorized copies of songs.35. The increase in DINK families has shattered the traditional idea of Chinese family.36. Just as all nations can benefit from the promise of this new world, no nation is immune to its perils.37. When I try to understand what it is that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect, it seems to me that there are two causes, of which one goes deeper than the other.38There is probably no better way for a foreigner (or an Englishman) to appreciate the richness and variety of English language than by studying the various ways in which Shakespeare used it.39At first, I was poor. Then I became needy. Later I was underprivileged. Now I’m disadvantaged. I still don’t have a cent to my name, but I sure have a great vocabulary.(* euphemistic words used by the government to mean ―poor‖—added by xiao mi)40No transport system in the world carries so many passengers by night or by day as the Greyhound buses which go almost anywhere in the United States.41To save embarrassment to people still living I have given to the persons who play a part in this story names of my own contriving, and I have in other ways taken pains to make sure that no one should recognize them.42Public officials may be removed from office for failing to perform their duties properly as well as for serious violations of law.43I had unforgivably, in a stealthy manner, peeped at her correspondence.44The conveniences that Americans desire reflect not so much a leisurely lifestyle as busy lifestyle in which even minutes of time is too valuable to be wasted.45The greatness of a people is no more determined by their number than the greatness of a man is determined by his height.46. Emphasizing the English language’s impact by its commercial activities across the globe, the United States has brought facets of its culture to almost every country.47. Since the last travel and work restriction were abolished in the European Union, the young have pursued their ambitions freely, helping to make Europe’s economy even more vibrant.48. In British it is necessary to prepare food rapidly in large quantities, and the taste of the food inevitably suffers, though its quality, from the point of view of nourishment, is quite satisfactory.49. E-mail has challenged the fax machine which was the preferred method of transmitting printed matter in the early 1990s.50. He was a clever man; a pleasant companion; a careless student; with a great propensity for running into debt, and a partiality for the tavern.51. It is not only in affluent societies that people are obsessed with the idea of making more money. Consumer goods are desirable everywhere and modern industry deliberately sets out to create new markets. Gone are the days when industrial goods were made to last forever. The wheels of industry must be kept turning. ―Built-in obsolescence‖ provides the means: goods are made to be discarded. Cars get thinner and thinner. You no sooner acquire this year’s model than you are thinking about its replacement.52. This materialistic outlook has seriously influenced education. Fewer and fewer young people these days acquire knowledge only for its own sake. Every course of studies mustlead somewhere: i.e. to a bigger wage pocket. The demand for skilled personnel far exceeds the supply and big companies compete with each other to recruit students before they have completed their studies. Tempting salaries and ―fringe benefits‖ are offered to the m. Recruiting tactics of this kind of have led to the ―brain drain‖, the process by which highly skilled people offer their services to the higher bidder. The wealthier nations deprive their poorer neighbors of their most able citizens. While Mammon is worshipped as never before, the rich get richer and the poor, poorer.53. The big cities must cope with inner-city poverty which spawns crime and drug abuse, and racism which arises from their multiracial populations.54. The agricultural revolution in the 19th century involved the invention of laborsaving machinery and the development of scientific agriculture.55. The economic differences between the North and the South and their different views of the relationship between the federal government and the states led to the Civil War in 1861.56. The best friend a man has in this world may turn against him and become his enemy. His son or daughter whom he has reared with loving care may prove ungrateful. Those who are nearest and dearest to us, those whom we trust with our happiness and our good name, may become traitors to their faith.57. Subjection of nature’s forces to man, machinery, application of chemistry to industry and agriculture, steam-navigation, railways, electric telegraphs, clearing of whole continents for cultivation, canalization of rivers, whole populations conjured out of the ground--- what earlier century had even a presentiment that such productive forces slumbered in the lap of social labour? (Manifesto of the Communist Party).58. Almost from the beginning of his term in office, President Clinton was dogged by rumors of his marital infidelity and financial corruption.59. The isolation of the rural world because of distance and the lack of transport facilities is compounded by the paucity of the information media.60. There is a mounting awareness on the part of the public of the gravity of corruption.61. Along with the realization that her superior was a venal official came understanding that the department under his thumb was not only oppressive but also rotten through and through.62. The thought that she would be separated from her husband during his long and dangerous journey saddened Mrs. Brown.63. Music whose meaning is slightly different with each hearing has a greater chance of remaining alive.64. American presidents tend to be judged less by the good deeds they set in motion than by how well they respond to crises.65. The line of demarcation between the adult and the child world is drawn in many ways. For instance, many American parents may be totally divorced from the church, or entertain grave doubt about the existence of God, but they send their children to Sunday school and help them, to pray. American parents struggle in a competitive world where sheer cunning and falsehood are often rewarded and respected, but they feed their children with nursery tales in which the morally good is pitted against the bad, and in the end the good inevitably is successful and the bad inevitably punished.66. Having children---especially the first child---puts a bigger strain on a couple’s relationship than anything else they ever do; some who stay together emerge stronger and richer, but a heck of a lot never recover.67. So a future of smaller families and more people choosing not to have children at all could well leave couple closer than they are today; for many, the purpose of being together would be solely to pleasure and support each other---an interesting prospect.68. Problems arise because too much water or too little water occurs at a certain place at a certain time, and these problems are increasing in number and magnitude each year.69. After all, eighty was a special birthday, another decade lived or endured just as you chose to look at it.70. One-room schools are part of the heritage of the United States, and the mention of them makes people feel a vague longing for ―the way things were.‖71. He always sits on the very edge of his chair when he is working, as though about to take off.72. The difference that distinguished them were obviously associated with the different social lives they had led.73. The main objection to vegetarianism on a long-term basis is the difficulty of getting enough protein, the body-building element in food.74. The combination of this Oriental city’s geography and the absence of import taxes has long made Hong Kong the ideal storehouse for transit goods to and from Asia.75. One attractive feature of the two-year college in the United States is that the faculty’s primary professional responsibility is to teach. At many four-year colleges and universities, research is, to put it mildly, at least as important as how an instructor performs in the classroom. The tension between research and teaching so common at comprehensive universities is not a factor at two-year institutions, where the good of the student is without doubt the instructor’s number-one concern.76 It is simple enough to say that since books have classes---fiction, biography, poetry---we should separate them and take from each what it is right that each should give us.77. Yet few people ask from books what books can give us. Most commonly we come to books with blurred and divided minds, asking of fiction that it shall be true, of poetry that it shall be false, of biography that it shall be flattering, of history that it shall enforce our own prejudices.78. If we could banish all such preconceptions when we read, that would be an admirable beginning. Do not dictate to your author: try to become him. Be his fellow-worker and accomplice.79. If you hang back, and reserve and criticize at first, you are preventing yourself from getting the fullest possible value from what you read. But if you open your mind as widely as possible, then signs and hints of almost imperceptible fineness, from the twist and turn of the first sentences, will bring you into the presence of a human being unlike any other.80. Steep yourself in this, acquaint yourself with this, and soon you will find that your author is giving you, or attempting to give you, something far more definite. The thirty –two chapters of a novel---if we consider how to read a novel first---are an attempt to make something as formed and controlled as a building: But words are more impalpable than bricks; reading is a longer and more complicated process than seeing.81. Locked up with my reading, I am completely alone. It’s just my book and me. What a delight! No one can read this text, on this page, in my place. Moreover, no one knowswhat I’m reading. It’s a purely selfish pleasure. In the morning, I’m happier and fresher. I feel renewed. Like an athlete, I’m better at some moments than at others. This morning I’m the best at reading.82. Throughout his life, Benjamin Franklin continued his education, learning from human contacts as well as from books.83. Books of voyages and travels became my passion, and in devouring their contents, I neglected the regular exercises of the school.84. What makes community colleges unique within the spectrum of American higher education is their policy of open enrollment.85. When you first glimpse Macau on the ferry form Hong Kong, it looks less than impressive. The skyline is dull compared to the imposing glass skyscrapers of Hong Kong, and most people do not take the time to revise this first impression, devoting on more than a day trip to it. But this does not do justice to this city of two cultures, which hides plenty of interesting secrets.86. We know more about the moon 240,000 miles away than we know about the three-fourth of the earth covered with water.87. As this century unfolds and people look back on this day, they will conclude that in admitting China to the WTO we took a decisive step in strengthening the global economic trading system.88. He was puzzled that I did not want what was obviously a ―step up‖ toward what all Americans are taught to want when they grow up: money and power.89. Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world; they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.90. And he knew how ashamed he would have been if she had known his mother and the kind of place in which he was born and the kind of people among whom he was born.91. If she did not speak with Rebecca on the tender subject, she compensated herself with long and intimate conversation with Mrs. Blenkinsop, the house keeper, who droppedsome hints to the lady’s maid, who may have cursorily mentioned the matter to the cook, who carries the news, I have no doubt, to all the tradesmen.92. A notion has taken hold in the United States to the effect that the only people who should be encouraged to bring children into the world are those who can afford them.93. I visited the neighboring villages, and added greatly to my stock of knowledge, by noting their habits and customs, and conversing with their sages and great men.94. From the standpoint of the developing countries, the next decade should see a greatly accelerated program for scientific and technological co-operation, aimed at wide-spread dissemination of technology for meeting the basic needs of man, such as nutrition, shelter, communications, health and sanitation.95. There is, of course, no single pattern of American characters any more than there is a single English or Turkish or Chinese character.96. There is much to be desired for the government to crack down bribery and corruption.97. Examinations test your knowledge and your ability to apply your knowledge, but not very much more. What is o often forgotten is that there are many valuable qualities which cannot be tested by examinations. Can you imagine, for instance, an examination in tact or good manners, in kindness or in honesty?98 Not only do Englishmen get several different sorts of weather in one day, but they may very well get a spell of winter in summer and vice versa.99. The 21st century executive must be a global strategist, working as deftly in Tokyo as in New York. He sees ---then seizes---markets worldwide.100. Someone once remarked that the British and the Americans are two peoples separated by the same language. Most epigrams exaggerate for effect, and this one is no exception. But it is, nevertheless, undeniably true that some commonly used words mean different things in these two cultures.Consider the seemingly single term-"the government." To parliamentarians trained in British terminology, "the government" means "the cabinet: a group of the legislature's own members, chosen by it to devise public policies, to manage the legislature's major activities, and to exercise executive powers.。

• The maxim was that when a married couple saw red lawyers saw green. ( Rage of Angels)
• 俗话说，夫妇吵得脸红耳赤时，便是律师 招财进宝之日。
• Alice’s girl friends were green with envy when they saw her new dress.
• Be sure to visit our underground gift and
Better Later Than the Late
• 晚了总比完了好 • 宁迟一时, 不辞一世
老 弱 病 残专座
• Courtesy Seats
老年迪斯科舞厅
• Elderly Disco Hall • Old Disco Hall • Senile Disco Hall
– 姓名：王甘地
年龄： 28
– 性别Gender/ Sex： 男 婚姻状况： 未婚
– 学历： 本科
籍贯： 四川
– 学历背景 – 1990-94： 香港中文大学英语系学习 – 1986-90： 香港汤普森中学 学习
工作经验
– 1994．11-1995，12： 香港泰安银行湾仔分行 行政助理
•
耐克
• 耐克是当今商界最有影响的销售公司之一， 但它起步时却是薇不足道的。这家全球巨 人公司在20世纪60年代靠推销廉价日本运 动鞋起家。 公司的创始人将运动鞋放在自 己的小汽车里，带到美国高中田径运动会 上向运动员兜售。
• We are proud of our US Pavilion, where 70 US exhibitors are displaying the latest world class machine tool technology and related manufacturing

翻译理论与实践1（英译汉）实战练习15篇1．The Policy of Mass Media1) Life is indeed full of problems on which we have to make decisions as citizens or as private individual.2) But neither the real difficulty of these decisions nor their true and disturbing challenge to each individual can often be communicated through the mass media.3) The disinclination to suggest real choice which is to be found in the mass media is not simply the product of a commercial desire to keep the customers happy.4) The organs of the Establishment however well—intentioned they may be have a vested interest in ensuring that the public boat is not violently rocked and will so affect those who work within the mass media that they will be led insensibly towards forms of production which though they go through the motions of dispute and inquiry do not break through the skin to where such inquires might really hurt.5) They will tend to move when exposing problems well within the accepted cliché—assumptions of democratic society and will tend neither radically to question these clichés nor to make a disturbing application of them to features of contemporary life2. The American and the English1) Of the intrinsic differences that separate American from English the chief have their roots inthe obvious disparity between the environment and traditions of the American people since the seventeenth century and those of the English.2) The latter have lived under a relatively stable social order and it has impressed upon their souls their characteristic respect for what is customary and of good report.3) Until the World War brought chaos to most of their institutions their whole lives were regulated perhaps more than those of any other people save the Spaniards by a regard for precedent.4) The Americans though partly of the same blood have felt no such restrain and acquired no such habit of conformity.5) On the contrary they have plunged to the other extreme for the conditions of life in their country have put a high value upon the precisely opposite qualities of curiosity and daring and so they acquired that character of restlessness that impatience of forms that disdain of the dead hand which now broadly marks them.3. The Education of Humanists1)The education of humanists cannot be regarded as complete or even adequate without exposure in some depth to where things stand in the various branches of science particularly in the areas of our ignorance.2)Physics professors most of them look with revulsion on assignments to teach their subjects to poets.3) The liberal arts faculties for their parts will continue to view the scientists with suspicion and apprehension. 4) But maybe a new set of courses dealing systematically with ignorance in science will take hold.5) The scientists might discover in it a new and subversive technique for catching the attention of students driven by curiosity delighted and surprised to learn that science is exactly as some scientists described it: an “endless frontier.”6) The humanists for their part might take considerable satisfaction in watching their scientific colleagues confess openly to not knowing everything about everyone.7) And the poets on whose shoulders the future rests might late nights thinking things over begin to see some meanings that elude the rest of us.4. . American Study1) The scientific interest of American history centered in national character and in the workings of a society destined to become bast in which individuals were imp0rtant chiefly as types.2) Although this kind of interest was different from that of European history it was at least as important to the world.3) Should history ever become a true science it must expect to establish its laws not from the complicated story of rival European nationalities but from the economical evolution of a great democracy.4) North America was the most favorable field on the globe for the spread of a society so large uniform and isolated as to answer the purposes of science.5) There a single homogeneous society could easily attain proportions of three or four hundred million persons under conditions of undisturbed growth.6) In Europe or Asia undisturbed social evolution had been unknown.7) Without disturbance evolution seemed to cease.8) Wherever disturbance occurred permanence was impossible.9) Every people in turn adapted itself to the law of necessity.5. Jack London1) Life itself led London to reject this approach in his writing.2) He knew what it meant to be one of the disinheritedto be chained to the deadening routine of the machine and to soul-destroying labor for an insufficient reward.3) Consequently he swept aside not only the literature that pretended that ours is a society of sweetness and light but also that which contended that the inculcation of the spirit of Christian fellowship would put an end to class controversy.4) He did not oppose labor organization nor balk at the strike as a weapon of labor; rather he took his heroes and heroines from the labor movement and wove his plots within their struggles.5) He poured into his writings all the pain of his life the fierce hatred of the bourgeoisie that it had produced in him and the conviction it had brought to him that world could be made a better place to live in if the exploited would rise up and take the management of society out of the hands of the exploiters.6. President Carter1) President Carter has been calling his closest advisers together for what is called as a hard reappraisal of his administration’s troubles but who will tell him the truth? 2) You can almost put it down as a general rule in this town that presidents often invite “honest criticism” from their aides but seldom get it and usually don’t follow it when they do.3) The reasons for this are not obscure.4) The Oval Office is the most frightening room inAmerica.5) It imposes a kind of respect on most visitors and even those legislative lions who roar against the president on Capital Hill tend to usually lower their voices and follow their prepared speeches when they walk through the White House door.6) Few While House aides dare to say anything against the president without betraying their fears.7) Even Henry Kissinger who is not an excessively modest or silent man hesitated to face President Nixon with the disaster he knew lay ahead.7.On “Mein Kampf”1) Mein Kampf’s the me song recurring again and again is race race purity race supremacy though nowhere did Hitler attempt to define race.2) It was never intended by Nature Hitler claims that all races should be equal any more than individuals are equal.3) Some are created superior to others.4) The Germans as the world’s strongest race should rule over the inferior through having the habitat of the highest race extended and scattered Germanic peoples united under one rule.6) The vast expansion visualized by Hitler would take place principally at the expense of other races.7) To attain the objectives set by his soaring ambition Hitler proposes three methods: propaganda diplomacy and force. 8) Nowhere in Mein Kampf is the author more revealing of himself and his tactics than in his discussionof propaganda techniques—correctly believed by him to be one of the Nazis’ most effective and formidable weapons.8. How to Write Clearly1) I have never had much patience with the writers who claim from the reader an effort to understand their meaning.2) You have only to go to great philosophers to see that it is possible to express with lucidity the most subtle reflections.3) One cause of obscurity is that many writers think not before but as they write.4) The pen originates the thought.5) The disadvantages of this and indeed it is a danger against which the author must be always on his guard is that there is a sort of magic in the written word.6) The idea acquires substance by taking on a visible nature and then stands in the way of its own clarification.7) But this sort of obscurity merges very easily into the willful.8) Some writers who do not think clearly are inclined to suppose that their thoughts have a significance greater than at first sight appears.9) It is flattering to believe that they are too profound to be expressed so clearly that all who run may read and very naturally it does not occur to such writers that the fault is with their own minds which have not the faculty of precise reis with their own minds which have not the faculty of precise reflection.9. 1) Of course there is a strong element of luck in both success and failure but it is my belief that there are no “secrets” to success.2) One thing I have discovered is that attitudes and values that I acquired in China long before came to the United States have had a great bearing on the success in my business.3) These values have much in common with some of the virtues of Confucianism the Chinese philosophy that stresses moderation.4) However although I respect the spirit of Confucianism I have not tried to adapt this ancient Chinese philosophy to modern society.5) For besides moderation other things I have found to be essential to success are patience adaptability decisiveness confidence unconventional thinking social responsibility and last luck.6) The importance of these attributes is in their interaction.7) Some of them are antithetical to others—patience will often collide with decisiveness for instance—and yet it is hard to think of any of my decisions in which they did not play a role.10. Tragedy1) Our tragedy today is a general and universal physical fearso long sustained by now that we can even bear it.2) There are no longer problems of the spirit.3) There is only the question:4) When will I be blown up? 5) Because of this the young man or woman writing today has forgotten the problems of the human heart in conflict with itself which alone can make good writing because only that is worth writing about worth the agony and the sweat.6) He must learn them again.7) He must teach himself that the basest of all things is to be afraid; and teaching himself that forget it forever leaving no room in his workshop for anything but the old verities and truths of the heart the universal truths lacking which any story is ephemeral and doomed—love and honor and pity and pride and compassion and sacrifice.8) Until he does so he labors under a curse.9) He writes not of love but of lust of defeats in which nobody loses anything of value of victories without hope and worst of all without pity or compassion.11. The Choice of Life1) The lives of most men are determined by their environment.2) They accept the circumstances amid which fate has thrown them not only with resignation but even with goodwill.3) They are like streetcars running contentedly on their rails and they despise the motorcycle that dashes in and out of the traffic and speeds so jauntily across the open country.4) I respect them; they are good citizens good husbands and good fathers and of course somebody has to pay the taxes; but I don’t find them exciting.5) I am fascinated by the men few enough in all conscience who take life in their own hands and seem to mould it to their own liking.6) It may be that we have no such thing as free will but at all events we gave the illusion of it.7) At a cross-road it does seem to us that we might go either to the right or the left and the choice once made it is difficult to see that whole course of the world’s history obliged us to take the turning we did.12. Science Fiction1) Moreover if SF is the laboratory of the imagination its experiments are often of the kind that may significantly alter the subject matter even as they are being carried out.2) That is SF has always had a certain feedback effect on society as its visions emotionally engage the future consciousness of the mass public regarding especially desirable and undesirable possibilities.3) The shape a society takes in the present is in part influenced byits image of the future.4) For that matter some individuals in recent years have even shaped their own life-style after appealing models provided by SF stories.5) The diffusion of SF futuristic images of alternative societies through the media of movies and television may have speeded up and augmented SF’s social feed back effects.6) Thus SF is not only change speculator but change agent sending an echo from the future that is becoming into the present that is sculpting it.7) This fact alone makes imperative in any education system the study of the kinds of works discussed here.13. 1) Since the 1970s the Chinese community in the USA has undergone tremendous changes among which is its rapid increase in population as many Chinese have kept flooding into America’s shore.3) As the population of the American citize ns of Chinese descent has increased and their qualities have evidently improved so their economic conditions have prospered.4) It is said that since 1986 the US citizens of Chinese descent have leapt to a good lead over other racial minorities Japanese and Koreans for instance.5) The average Chinese family’s yearly income has now come to exceed that of the average American family.6) At present there is a number ofenterprisers of Chinese descent in the economic circles in the US who enjoy considerable fame.7) An even more cheerful phenomenon is that in recent years there have sprung up in the US prominent scientific and technical talents of Chinese descent.8) Their achievements have come to command the notice and admiration of scientists and technical experts in the world.9) Meanwhile Chinese-descent citizens have roles to play in American political circles as they have risen evidently in political status.14. Attitudes towards retirement vary from person to person.2) Some people think that they will enjoy their time in retirement, 3) but when it comes they may feel a little disappointed.4) Unwilling to resign themselves to the prospect of being put on the scrap heap they try to seek alternative outlets for their energies and alternative sources of income that employment can provede.5) Others have already prepared themselves for the significant change in their lives.6) Tired out after all exhausting life revolving around work they are anxious to relax in retirement with all the strains relieved.7) As there is no more need to rush to catch a morning bus and no more anxiety about promotion they now have enough time to fulfill an old dreamsuch as writing painting growing flowers and traveling around.8) On the whole female workers tend to have a more favorable attitude towards retirement than male workers.9) Withdrawal from employment to complete domesticity is a far less threatening experience for a woman than for a man.15. Mr. Zhang a retired miner bought four chicks early this yeae.2) One day he found one of them missing.2) He got so angry that he kept blaming his wife for it all the time.3) Towards evening into his yard came a chick followed by his neighbor Wang who ran to catch the chick.4) Naturally Zhang’s wife wouldn’t let him go with the chick.5) and so a quarrel ensued.6) It turned out that Wang had also lost one of his two chicks recently which he bought nearly the same time as Mr Zhang did.7) Their quarrel drew another neighbor Lee to the yard to see what was happening.8) Having heard the story he put the chick somewhere between their homes and let it off.9) The chick went straight to join Zhang’s flock and kept returning whenever it was driven to Wang’s home.10) And at Zhang’s call “Chick chick” all the chicks including the one in question recede in response to him.11) Wang had no more to say but made an immediate apologize. Thus ended the quarrel over a chick.。

叶子南《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》（第3版）-翻译练习（上）【圣才出品】第二部分翻译实践篇详解一、非文学类文本（社会人文）1. Van GoghAlthough art historians have spent decades demystifying Van Gogh’s legend ①, they have done little to diminish his vast popularity. Auction prices still soar, visitors still overpopulate Van Gogh exhibitions, and The Starry Night remains ubiquitous on dormitory and kitchen walls②. So complete is Van Gogh’s global apotheosis that③Japanese tourists now make pilgrimages to Auvers to sprinkle their relatives’ ashes on his grave. What accounts for the endless appeal of the Van Gogh myth? It has at least two deep and powerful sources④. At the most primitive level, it provides a satisfying and nearly universal revenge fantasy disguised as the story of heroic sacrifice to art⑤. Anyone who has ever felt isolated and unappreciated can identify with Van Gogh and hope not only for a spectacular redemption⑥but also to put critics and doubting relatives to shame. At the same time, the myth offers an alluringly simplistic conception of great art as the product, not of particular historical circumstances and the artist’s painstaking calculations, but of the naive and spontaneous outpourings of a mad, holy fool⑦. The gaping d iscrepancy between Van Gogh’s long-suffering life and his remarkable posthumous fame remains a great and undeniable historical irony. But the notion that he was an artistic idiot savant⑧is quickly dispelled by even the most glancingexamination of the arti st’s letters. It also must be dropped after acquaintingoneself with the rudimentary facts of Van Gogh’s family background, upbringing, and early adulthood.The image of Van Gogh as a disturbed and forsaken artist is so strong that one easily reads it ba ck into⑨his childhood and adolescence. But if Van Gogh had died at age twenty, no one would have connected him with failure or mental illness. Instead he would have been remembered⑩by those close to him as a competent and dutiful son with a promising career in the family art-dealing business. He was, in fact, poised to surpass his father and to come closer to living up to the much-esteemed Van Gogh name?.The Van Goghs were an old and distinguished Dutch family who could trace their lineage in Holland back to the sixteenth century. Among Vincent’s five uncles, one reached the highest rank of vice-admiral in the Navy and three others prospered as successful art dealers. Van Gogh’s grandfather, also named Vincent, had attained an equally illustrious status as an intellectually accomplished Protestant minister. The comparatively modest achievements of the artist’s father, Theodorus, proved the exception, not the rule?. Although Theodorus was the only one of grandfather Vincent’s six sons to follow him into the ministry, he faltered as a preacher? and could obtain only modest positions in provincial churches. It was for this reason that Theodorus and his new wife, Anna, found themselves in Groot Zundert, a small town near the Belgian border. Vincent was born a few years after their arrival.Van Gogh enjoyed a relatively uneventful childhood save for the birth of fivesiblings (three by the time he was six and two more by his fourteenth year)? and his attendance at two different boarding schools. In rural Zundert he took long walks in the Brabant countryside and developed a naturalist’s love of animals and plants. At his two boarding schools, he excelled at his studies and laid down the foundation for his lifelong facility in French and English. The family’s decisi on to apprentice him at sixteen to Uncle Vincent’s art gallery in The Hague was far from a nepotistic last resort. Uncle Vincent, called “Cent,” had transforme d an art supply store into a prestigious art gallery and had become a senior partner in Goupil et Cie., one of the largest art-dealing firms in Europe. Vincent had not better opportunity for advancement than working at The Hague branch of Goupil’s. And it was a testament to Vincent’s abilities that the childless “Uncle Cent” took a paternal interest in him and arranged for his position as Goupil’s youngest employee?.Vincent’s duties progressed from record keeping and correspondence chores in the back office to dealing, if only in a subordinate way?, with clients. This confronts us with the nearly unt hinkable image of the “socially competent” Vincent?. But such was the case at this stage in his life. The same man whose eccentricity would one day make young girls scream in fright dressed appropriately and charmed customers with his enthusiasm for art?. Vincent also ingratiated himself with the local artists of The Hague School and earned his colleagues’respect. Although his status as Uncle Cent’snephew and protege must have smoothed his way, Vincent appears to have been genuinely dedicated and effectiveat Goupil’s. His boss, Tersteeg, sent home glowing reports? and after four years at The Hague he was promoted to the London branch.From Van Gogh and Gauguin, by Bradley Collins 【参考译文】梵高尽管艺术史家们数十年来一直在淡化梵高传奇的神秘色彩①，但梵高受欢迎的程度几乎丝毫未减。

翻译理论与实践考试题库一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 翻译理论中的“信、达、雅”是由哪位翻译家提出的？A. 严复B. 林语堂C. 王力D. 钱钟书2. 在翻译过程中，哪种方法强调原文的忠实度？A. 直译B. 意译C. 音译D. 形译3. 翻译理论中，“功能主义”是由哪位学者提出的？A. 奈达B. 霍姆斯C. 斯奈尔-霍恩比D. 费舍尔4. 下列哪个选项不是翻译过程中可能遇到的问题？A. 文化差异B. 语言障碍C. 翻译技巧D. 语言风格5. 翻译理论中的“交际翻译”是指什么？A. 翻译者与原文作者的交流B. 翻译者与目标语言读者的交流C. 原文与译文的交流D. 原文与目标语言的交流6. 翻译理论中的“动态对等”是由哪位学者提出的？A. 奈达B. 霍姆斯C. 斯奈尔-霍恩比D. 费舍尔7. 在翻译实践中，哪种翻译策略更注重原文的文化内涵？A. 直译B. 意译C. 音译D. 形译8. 翻译理论中的“交际翻译”主要强调的是什么？A. 原文的忠实度B. 译文的流畅性C. 译文的可读性D. 译文的交际功能9. 翻译理论中的“翻译单位”通常指的是什么？A. 词汇B. 句子C. 段落D. 文章10. 在翻译实践中，哪种翻译方法更注重译文的可读性？A. 直译B. 意译C. 音译D. 形译二、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. 简述翻译理论中的“交际翻译”与“语义翻译”的区别。

2. 描述翻译过程中如何处理文化差异，并举例说明。

3. 阐述翻译理论中的“功能主义”对翻译实践的影响。

三、论述题（每题25分，共50分）1. 论述翻译理论中的“动态对等”理论，并结合实际翻译案例进行分析。

2. 论述翻译实践中如何处理语言风格的差异，并给出具体的翻译策略。

四、翻译实践题（共30分）请将以下中文段落翻译成英文，并注意保持原文的语义、风格和文化内涵。

原文：随着全球化的不断深入，跨文化交流变得越来越重要。

翻译作为跨文化交流的重要工具，不仅要忠实于原文，还要考虑到目标语言的文化背景和读者的接受能力。

1.彼の師は諸方洪庵というのは、医道を解くことのやかましかった人で、常々、医者というのは人を救うために生きている者で、自分のために生きているものではない。

译一：译二：2.その少年は、何かを訴えている。

単なる悲しみを超えた何かのようだ。

今年の世界報道写真大賞の「チェチェン少年」である。

译一：译二：二、删除处理法3. アメリカの軍隊がベトナムから引き上げてからもう10年経つが、まだ相当数の兵隊が行方不明として登録されたままになっている。

生きている希望はほとんどないと思われるが、その家族としては思い切れない気持ちだろう。

译一：译二：4.この子はお返ししますけど、そのお金は私に親心をわからせてくださったお礼に差し上げます。

北海道で働く元手にでもしてください。

译一：译二：5.彼は妻をもらうまでの四五年にわたる彼女の家庭との長い争闘を考えた。

それから妻と結婚してから、母と妻との間に挟まれた二年間の苦痛な時間を考えた。

彼は母が死に、妻と二人になると、急に妻が胸の病気で寝てしまったこの一年間の艱難を思い出した。

译一：译二：6.それは、あたかも人間のかたまりの真ん中を貫通して、巨大なモグラが動いている様な感じなのだ。

译一：译二：四、分译处理法7.「規模の大中小を問わず、会社経営の根幹は｢人間理解｣にあるということを欧米の企業は忠実に守り抜いている」译一：译二：8.それが単なる口実にすぎなかったことは宿屋に着くとすぐ彼が元気になったことでも明らかだった。

译一：译二：9.花を美しいと思う心の底には、お互いに生命を慈しみ、地上での短い存在の間にめぐり合った喜びが、無意識のうちにも感じられている違いない。

译一：译二：六、综合练习10. 日常用いているありふれた言葉が、ちょっと組み合わせをかえたりしたでけで、突然すごい力を持った言葉に変貌する。

そこにこそ言葉というものを用いることの不思議さ、恐ろしさえある。

なぜそいうこたが生じるのだろうか。

翻译理论与实践智慧树知到课后章节答案2023年下湖南师范大学湖南师范大学第一章测试1.下列不属于翻译的是（）。

A:古代汉语与现代汉语之间的转换 B:用文字解释一副图画 C:甲用同一种语言转述乙的话 D:湘方言与赣方言之间的转换答案:用文字解释一副图画2.将“翻译”比作“仆人”意在强调（）。

A:翻译的地位之高 B:翻译的难度之大 C:翻译的责任之大 D:翻译的价值之高答案:翻译的难度之大3.下列不属于非文学翻译的类型是（）。

A:社科作品的翻译 B:产品说明书的翻译 C:旅游景点介绍的翻译 D:科幻作品的翻译答案:产品说明书的翻译4.易之本在于（）。

A:变 B:变化 C:化 D:易答案:易5.人类智慧是人工智慧的（）。

A:创造产品 B:延伸 C:创造者 D:合作者答案:创造产品第二章测试1.从语言运用考察传播，传播分为同语传播与异语传播。

（）A:对 B:错答案:对2.翻译传播过程的系统模式用以解释整个过程中子系统、各要素及相关因素的互动关系，又可分为：（）。

A:叠加系统模式 B:单一系统模式 C:交叉系统模式 D:复合系统模式答案:单一系统模式;复合系统模式3.根据传播的媒介方式，翻译传播现象划分不正确的选项包括：（）A:个体翻译传播 B:纸媒介翻译传播 C:公共标识翻译传播 D:人际翻译传播答案:个体翻译传播4.媒介作为翻译传播过程要素之一，不包括（）。

A:讯息传递的渠道、中介物和工具B:讯息传递的技术手段C:从事讯息采集、加工制作和传播的社会组织 D:出版社答案:出版社5.国际上四大主流通讯社包括：美联社、合众国际社、路透社和（）。

A:新华社 B:CNN C:BBC D:法新社答案:法新社第三章测试1.Chinese industrial output growth rebounded in August after months ofdecline, challenging hopes that the government is successfully engineering a smooth economic “soft landing” and fuelling speculation that Beijing willsoon order an interest rate rise. 以下断句更为恰当的是（）A:Chinese industrial output growth rebounded in August after months ofdecline, // challenging hopes that the government is successfully engineeringa smooth economic “soft landing” //and fuelling speculation that Beijing willsoon order an interest rate rise. B:Chinese industrial output growthrebounded in August after months of decline, // challenging hopes that thegovernment is successfully engineering a smooth economic “soft landing”and fuelling speculation //that Beijing will soon order an interest rate rise.答案:Chinese industrial output growth rebounded in August aftermonths of decline, // challenging hopes that the government issuccessfully engineering a smooth economic “soft landing” //andfuelling speculation that Beijing will soon order an interest rate rise.2.Despite this backwardness (in the communications) -or perhaps because ofit-China hopes to leapfrog into the digital era by bypassing many of the costly transitional technologies that industrial nations are now seeking to replacewith more advanced digital systems. 以下断句更为恰当的是（）A:Despite this backwardness (in the communications) -or perhaps because of it-//China hopes to leapfrog into the digital era //by bypassing many of thecostly transitional technologies //that industrial nations are now seeking toreplace with more advanced digital systems. B:Despite this backwardness (in the communications) -or perhaps because of it-China hopes to leapfrog intothe digital era// by bypassing many of the costly transitional technologiesthat industrial nations are now seeking to replace with more advanced digital systems.答案:Despite this backwardness (in the communications) -or perhapsbecause of it-//China hopes to leapfrog into the digital era //bybypassing many of the costly transitional technologies //that industrial nations are now seeking to replace with more advanced digital systems.3.China has joined the multilateral group controlling the export of nuclearmaterials and technology in an important step to bring its policies onproliferation in line with those of Western powers. 以下断句更为恰当的是（）A:China has joined the multilateral group controlling the export of nuclearmaterials and technology // in an important step to bring its policies onproliferation in line with those of Western powers. B:China has joined themultilateral group controlling the export of nuclear materials and technology in an important step// to bring its policies on proliferation in line with those of Western powers.答案:China has joined the multilateral group controlling the export ofnuclear materials and technology // in an important step to bring itspolicies on proliferation in line with those of Western powers.第四章测试1.在许多情况下，“引申词意”和“化解词意”实际上是相似的。