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1.就连乔·巴顿，对全球变暖持怀疑态度、来自得克萨斯州的共和党众议员，都谴责BP管理人员“对安全和环境问题表现得漠不关心”。
2.显然，考虑到清理费用和对BP 声誉的影响，高管们真希望可以回到过去，多花些钱让“深水地平线”更安全。
他们没有增加这笔费用就表明他们认为钻机在当时的状态下不会出问题。
3.埃克森公司瓦尔迪兹漏油事件发生后，在1990年的一个法案很少引人注意的一项条款中，美国国会将钻机泄漏清理费用的责任上限定为7500 万美元。
即使对旅游业、渔业等造成的经济损失高达数十亿美元，责任方也仅需要支付7500 万美元。
4.不过，如果认为我们目前仍然低估的只是那些突然间引人注目的风险，那是非常愚蠢的。
Lesson 21 It is a cliché, as it is to talk of apocalypse and nightm are, but when someth ing is beyond our experience, we reach for the points of refere nce we have. 说到世界末日和噩梦又是老生常谈，但是当事情超出我们的经验时，我们总会寻找现有的东西作为参照。
2 Lest you should ever forget the smalln ess of being human, the iconic Mount Fuji, instantly recognisable yet somehow differ ent on every viewin g, is an extinc t volcano. 唯恐你会忘记作为人类的渺小，标志性富士山，一眼即能认出但不知何故每次观看又呈现出不同景象，就是一座死火山。
Lesson 11. Yesterday’s terrorism darkened, marked and forever altered the way Americans live their lives. 昨日发生的恐怖主义活动使美国人的生活暗淡无光，在他们的生活中留下了印迹，并永远地改变了他们的生活。
2. “We are going to have to learn what a lot of other countries have gone through: to manage fear at a cultural and national level,” said Charles Figley, a professor of trauma psychology at Florida State University. “We’re getting a lesson in the way fear works.”佛罗里达州立大学创伤心理学教授查尔斯?费格里说:“我们得学一学其它许多国家曾经经历过的东西，那就是从文化上和在全国范围内来应对恐惧。
”他还说:“我们正在体验恐惧是怎样起作用的。
”3. In a country long proud and even boastful of its openness—a country where an ordinary citizen can stroll through the U.S. Capitol unescorted—the terrorist attacks are likely to force Americans to a lot of that. Metal detectors now mark the front door of many government buildings, and security guards are a fixture in the lobby of most large office buildings.美国是一个一向以开放自豪甚至洋洋得意的国家，在这里，人们可以独自在美国国会大楼中闲庭信步，而现在，恐怖袭击很有可能迫使美国人处处小心，惶惶不可终日。
How We Broke the Murdoc Scandal1.现在，人人都知道默多克的故事是如何结束的：其雇员的所作所为引起人们强烈的反感，议会的投票结果令一个价值数十亿美元的并购行动戛然而止。
这个投票结果是迄今为止人们所知最一边倒的。
2.新闻投诉委员会及时公布了自己的调查结果：没有证据表明，“害群之马”的理论不属实。
在那个时候，就连国际新闻公司也不再坚持自己的论调，但是监管部门却像个小狗一样满地打滚来讨好他们。
3.该委员会的一两位成员曾经说，他们感觉受到了恐吓，因为有人扬言，如果他们坚持这么做，国际新闻公司的记者就可能会对他们做些什么。
因此，他们就没有坚持下去。
4.2009 年11月就业法庭认定《世界新闻报》一位前记者在库尔森手下遭受了欺凌之后判给他超过100万美元的赔偿。
当时我就知道我们所选择的道路将会是多么的孤独。
5.如果舰队街的大多数同仁准备视而不见，我想我最好在别处试试，别让这故事胎死腹中，现在只有尼克还在孜孜不倦地为我们自己的报纸提供更多的故事。
A Beautiful Mind1.小约翰·福布斯·纳什——数学天才、理性行为理论的缔造者、预见思想机器出现的预言家——已经和来访者，也是一位数学家，共坐了将近半个小时。
2.他一直目光呆滞地盯着哈佛教授乔治·麦基左脚前方不远的地方，除了一次次重复着将垂在前额的略长的黑发拨开的动作，他几乎一动不动。
3.在未来十年，在那既以对人类理性抱有无上信念而著称，又以对人类生存怀有无尽忧虑而闻名的十年，纳什，用知名几何学家米克哈尔·格罗莫夫的话说，证明了自己是“20世纪后半叶最杰出的数学家”。
4.数学家保罗·哈莫斯写道，天才“分为两种：一种就像我们大家一样，只是更为出色；另一种则是那些明显具备超凡人类灵感的人。
我们都能跑步，有些人还能在四分钟内跑完一英里；但是我们大多数人所做的一切无论如何也无法与创作出Ｇ小调赋格曲相提并论”。
LESSON 11.因为英语是个杀手,正是英语造成了坎伯兰语,康沃尔语,诺恩语和马恩语等语言的消亡.在这些岛上还有相当多的人使用在英语到来之前就已存在的语言.然而,英语在日常生活中无处不在.所有的人或几乎所有的人都懂英语.英语对现存的凯尔特语:爱尔兰语、苏格兰盖尔语及威尔士语的威胁是如此之大，它们的未来岌岌可危。
2.同时，他认为这些政策和他称之为语言歧视（和种族歧、,性别歧视的情况类似"）的偏见密切相关。
在菲利普森看来，在以白人英语为主导的世界，最重要的机构和个人（有意或无意地）鼓励或者至少是容忍了（肯定没有反对）英语霸权主义式的传播。
这种传播始于三个世纪之前的经济及殖民扩张。
3.总的来说，我们现在或多或少地把这些语言看作有利的语言。
在谈到与之相关的文化及其为世界所做的贡献时，我们常怀有崇敬与赞赏，而且这样做也没有太大的风险，因为这些语言现在已不会构成什么威胁。
4.然而，许多人把英语看成是一件幸事。
在此，我暂且不谈任何世界语言所具有的明显优势，例如广泛的通信网，强大的文化传媒体系，及强有力的文化教育机构。
5.讲英语的南非英国后裔并不强烈反对种族隔离政权，而黑人反对力量，其成员讲多种语言，在初期软弱无力且缺乏组织。
6.这一象征表明这种世界通用语的使用者应充分发掘这一幸事为我们带来的好处，同时尽可能避免招来灾难。
LESSON 21.年初布什总统签署了一项《不让一个孩子落后》的重大法案,誓言要把“困在那些教学质量不佳又不进行改革的学校里的孩子”解救出来.2007 年7月1日美国教育部宣布有8652所学校被列为“长期教学质量低下”的学校,现在这些学校中的学生必须在今后的几天内考虑决定他们是否要转学, 同时各个学区也在忙着为符合转学条件的学生提供帮助和服务以抓住选择的机会。
２.对于那些在教学改革旋涡中挣扎的学校的校长、老师和学生来说，这一法案的直接后果则是迷惑与混乱。
他们认为该法案制订的教学改革标准太高而又没有说明各学区如何达到这些标准。
Unit 3Economicsdeficit n.■［英JfdefisitlJ 美『血fisitLthe difference between the amount of something that you have and the higher amount that you need 赤字■shortfallin deficit■美国的国际收支平衡出现逆差。
■The US balance of payments was in deficiton course to do sth■likely to do sth■我们看可能打进锦标赛。
■We are on course to qualify for the championship.no end in sight■unlikely to end soon■罢工开给至今已六个月了，眼下还看不到结束的迹象。
■Six months from the start of the strike there is still no end in sight finance v.■to provide money to pay for sth 为…提供资金■fund v.■inflation n.■ a continuing increase in prices 物价上涨，通货膨胀■deflation通过紧缩■depreciation (line 3, para. 1)■［英Jldijprij/ifei/enlJ 美］［di’priJTe/onL■decrease in the value of a currency relative to other currencies (货币)贬值■外汇贬值是有关国家经济不景气的结果。
■Foreign currency depreciation is a result of economic depression in the country concerned.■knowledgeable adj.■learned■well-informedunsustainable adj.■unable to continue 难以维持的sustain v.■to make sth continue■maintain■她发现很难维持孩子们的兴趣。
研究生英语阅读教程上册UNIT1-6课后答案及翻译刘朝武主编《21世纪研究生英语教材》阅读教程UNIT1-6课后答案及课文翻译（上册）UNIT ONEThe Belly BurdenAmanda Spake? Key to ExercisesI. Reading Comprehensioni 1. B 2. C 3. C 4. D 5. C 6. D 7. C 8. B 9. B 10. A ii (略)II Vocabulary and Structurei 1.Obesity 2.circulate 3.abdominal 4.break down5.mortality6.variable7.resistance8.modified9.critically 10. inert ii 1. internist 2.supplant. 3. willowy (twiggy) 4.slow down 5.set off 6. nonchalantly 7.accumulate 8. unravel 9.culprit10. affirm III Cloze1. D2. A3. B4. A5. B6. D7. C8. A9. D 10. C11. B 12. B 13. A 14. A 15. D 16. C 17. B 18. A 19. A 20. C IV Translation i1. 几个世纪以来，妇女们始终相信一条朴实的真理：腰越细，生活就越好―医学研究者们如今正开始了解这一简单真理背后的生理机能。
12. 与腹部脂肪是位于腰部无所事事的惰性软组织这一观念相反，腹部脂肪实际上是一些小的内分泌工厂，会制造一些把信息传送给许多器官的激素。
3. 医学解开代谢之谜是脂肪的难题尚需数十年。
医生们说，在此期间采取的主要行动是制止腰部变粗。
萨瓦德说：“我们每个人都需要放慢让自己体形变得更像苹果的过程。
Lesson 1II. TranslationPut the following passages into Chinese.1. For English is a killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric, Cornish, Norn and Manx. There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually all, constituting such a threat to the three remaining Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh... that their long-term future must be considered... very greatly at risk.因为英语是个杀手。
正是英语造成了康瑞克、康尼施、诺恩、曼科斯等语言的消亡。
在其中一部分岛上还有相当多的人使用在英语到来之前就已存在的语言。
然而，英语在日常生活中无处不在。
所有的人或几乎所有的人都懂英语。
英语对现存的凯尔特语——爱尔兰语、苏格兰盖尔语及威尔士语的威胁是如此之大，它们的未来岌岌可危。
2. He also associated such policies with a prejudice which he calls linguisticism (a condition parallel to racism and sexism). As Phillipson sees it, leading institutions and individuals within the predominantly "white" English-speaking world, have (by design or default) encouraged or at least tolerated—and certainly have not opposed—the hegemonic spread of English, a spread which began some three centuries ago as economic and colonial expansion.同时，他认为这些政策和他称之为语言歧视（和种族歧视、性别歧视的情况类似）的偏见密切相关。
Lesson1READING SELECTION AWorld English: A Blessing or a Curse? Universal languageBy Tom McArthur[1] In the year 2000, the language scholar Glanville Price, a Welshman, made the following assertion as editor of the book Languages in Britain and Ireland:For English is a killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric, Cornish, Norn and Manx. There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually all, constituting such a threat to the three remaining Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh... that their long-term future must be considered... very greatly at risk. (p 141)Some years earlier, in 1992, Robert Phillipson, English academic who currently works in Denmark, published with Oxford a book entitled Linguistic Imperialism. In it, he argued that the major English-speaking countries, the worldwide English-language teaching industry, and notably the British Council pursue policies of linguistic aggrandisement. He also associated such policies with a prejudice which he calls linguicism (a condition parallel to(equal to/ similar to) racism and sexism). As Phillipson sees it, leading institutions and individuals within the predominantly "white" English-speaking world, have [by design(=deliberate) or default(=mistake)] encouraged or at least tolerated—and certainly have not opposed—the hegemonic spread of English, a spread which began some three centuries ago as economic and colonial expansion.[2] Phillipson himself worked for some years for the British Council, and he is not alone among Anglophone academics who have sought to point up the dangers of English as a world language. The internationalization of English has in the last few decades been widely discussed in terms of three groups: first, the ENL countries, where English is a native language (this group also being known as the "inner circle"); second, the ESL countries, where English is a second language (the "outer circle"); and third, the EFL countries, where English is a foreign language (the "expanding circle"). Since the 1980s, when such terms became common, this third circle has in fact expanded to take in the entire planet.[3] For good or for ill, there has never been a language quite like English. There have been many "world languages", such as Arabic, Chinese, Greek, Latin, and Sanskrit. By and large, we now view them as more or less benign, and often talk with admiration and appreciation about the cultures associated with them and what they have given to the world. And it is fairly safe to do this, because none of them now poses much of a threat.[4] English however is probably too close for us to be able to analyze and judge it as dispassionately, as we may now discuss the influence of Classical Chinese on East Asia or of Classical Latin on Western Europe. The jury is still out in the trial of the English language, and may take several centuries to produce its verdict, but even so we can ask, in this European Year of Languages, whether Price and Phillipson are right to warn us all about the language that I am using at this very moment.[5] It certainly isn't hard to look for situations where people might call English a curse. An example is Australia, which is routinely regarded as a straightforward English-speaking country. The first Europeans who went there often used Latin to describe and discuss the place. The word Australia itself is Latin; evidently no one at the time thought of simply calling it "Southland" (which is what Australia means). In addition, in South Australia there is a wide stretch of land called the Nullarbor Plains, the first word of which sounds Aboriginal, but nullarbor is Latin and means "no trees". And most significantly of all, the early settlers called the continent a terra nullius. According to the Encarta World English Dictionary (1999) the Latin phrase terra nullius means:... the idea and legal concept that when the first Europeans arrived in Australia the land was owned by no one and therefore open to settlement. It has been judged not to be legally valid.But that judgment was made only recently. When the Europeans arrived, Australia was thinly populated—but populated nonetheless—from coast to coast in every direction. There were hundreds of communities and languages. Many of these languages have died out, many more are in the process of dying out, and these dead and dying languages have been largely replaced by either kinds of pidgin English or general Australian English. Depending on your point of view, this is either a tragic loss or the price of progress.[6] At the same time, however, can the blame for the extinction of Aboriginal languages be laid specifically at the door of English? The first Europeans to discover Australia were Dutch, and their language might have become the language of colonization and settlement. Any settler language could have had the same effect. If for example the Mongols had sustained their vast Eurasian empire, Mongolian might have become a world language and gone to Australia. Again, if history had been somewhat different, today's world language might have been Arabic, a powerful language in West Asia and North Africa that currently affects many smaller languages, including Coptic and Berber. Spanish has adversely affected indigenous languages in so-called "Latin" America, and Russian has spread from Europe to the Siberian Pacific. If English is a curse and a killer, it may only be so in the sense that any large language is likely to influence and endanger smaller languages.[7] Yet many people see English as a blessing. Let me leave aside here the obvious advantages possessed by any world language, such as a large communicative network, a strong literary and media complex, and a powerful cultural and educational apparatus. Let us instead look at something rather different: the issue of politics, justice, and equality. My object lesson this time is South Africa. Ten years ago, South Africa ceased to be governed on principles of racial separateness, a system known in Afrikaans (a language derived from Dutch) as apartheid. The system arose because the Afrikaner community—European settlers of mainly Dutch descent—saw themselves as superior to the indigenous people of the land they had colonized.[8] English-speaking South Africans of British descent were not particularly strong in opposing the apartheid regime, and the black opposition, whose members had many languages, was at first weak and disorganized. However, the language through which this opposition gained strength and organization was English, which became for them the key language of freedom and unity, not of oppression. There are today eleven official languages in South Africa—English, Afrikaans, and nine vernacular languages that include Zulu, Ndebele, and Setswana. But which of these nine do black South Africans use (or plan to use) as their national lingua franca? Which do they wish their children to speak and write successfully (in addition to their mother tongues)? The answer is none of the above. They want English, and in particular they want a suitably Africanized English.[9] So, a curse for the indigenous peoples of Australia and something of a blessing for those in South Africa...[10] How then should we think of English in our globalizing world with its endangered diversities? The answer, it seems to me, is crystal clear. Like many things, English is at times a blessing and at times a curse—for individuals, for communities, for nations, and even for unions of nations. The East Asian symbolism of yin and yang might serve well here: There is something of yang in every yin, of yin in every yang. Although they are opposites, they belong together: in this instance within the circle of communication. Such symbolism suggests that the users of the world's lingua franca should seek to benefit as fully as possible from the blessing and as far as possible avoid invoking the curse. (1, 292 words)ABOUT THE AUTHORDr. Tom McArthur is founder editor of the Oxford Companion to the English Language(1992) and the quarterly English Today: The International Review of the English Language (Cambridge, 1985— ). His more than 20 published works include the Longman Lexicon of Contemporary English(1981), Worlds of Reference: Language, Lexicography and Learning from the Clay Tablet to the Computer (1986), and The English Languages (1998). He is currently Deputy Director of the Dictionary Research Center at the University of Exeter.EXERCISESI. Reading ComprehensionAnswer the following questions or complete the, following statements.1. It can be inferred from Glanville Price's statement that he is ______.A. happy that English is everywhere in Britain and IrelandB. worried about the future of the remaining Celtic languagesC. shocked by the diversity of languages in Britain and IrelandD. amazed that many people in the UK still speak their Aboriginal languages2. Cumbric is used as an example of ______.A. a local dialectB. a victim of the English languageC. a language that is on the verge of extinctionD. a language that is used by only a limited number of people3. Which of the following is the major concern of the book Linguistic Imperialism?A. English teaching overseas.B. British government's language policies.C. Dominance of English over other languages.D. The role of English in technology advancement.4. Both Price and Phillipson are ______.A. government officialsB. advocates of linguistic imperialismC. in support of language policies carried out by the British CouncilD. concerned about the negative effect of English on smaller languages5. According to the text, the EFL countries ______.A. are large in numberB. is known as the "outer circle"C. will be endangered by EnglishD. have made English their official language6. According to McArthur, Chinese is different from English in that ______.A. it has made a great contribution to the worldB. it has had positive influence on other languagesC. it may result in the disappearance of other languagesD. it probably will not endanger the existence of other languages7. When he said the jury is out in the trial" (Line 3, Paragraph 4), McArthur meant ______.A. punishment is dueB. the jury is waiting for a trialC. no decision has been made yetD. there is no one to make the decision8. Australia might be used as an example to show that ______.A. languages are changing all the timeB. some English words are derived from LatinC. English has promoted the progress of some nationsD. English should be blamed for the extinction of smaller languages9. Many people see English as a blessing for people in ______.A. AustraliaB. East AsiaC. South AfricaD. ESL countries10. The main theme of this speech is that ______.A. English should be taught worldwideB. English as a world language does more harm than goodC. we should be objective to the internationalization of EnglishD. we should be aware of (realize) the danger of English as a world languageB. Questions on global understanding and logical structures1. Why does McArthur introduce Glanville Price and Robert Phillipson's points of view on the spread of English? What is his? Intention?McArthur quotes Price’s assertion and cites Pillipson’s viewpoint on the spread of English as sort of cons to initiate his argument. Cons are usually popularly believed arguments or opinions that are against the author’s point of view. Cons are commonly used writing techniques and are often employed in order to appeal the audience and highlight the author’sviewpoint.2. Does McArthur agree with what Price and Phillipson argued? From as early as which section does McArthur show his attitude? Toward the dominance of English as a world English?No. McArthur’s opinion is different from Price and Pillipson’s arguments. He doesn’t believe that English is a killer and should be blamed for the extinction of smaller languages. He sees English as both a blessing and a curse, maybe as a blessing more than a curse. After introducing Price and Pillipson’s viewpoints, McArthur writes about his own ideas on the iss ue of English as a world language. From the sentence “For good or for ill, there has never been a language quite like English”, we can learn that McArthur does not curse English like Price and Pillipson and he has a different point of view.3. By reading "It certainly isn't hard to look for situations where people might call English a curse", could we conclude that McArthur believes English is a curse?No. This sentence is a kind of justification. Although McArthur literally justifies the fact that there are situations where people might call English a curse, he doesn’t believe that English is virtually a curse. By adding the word “certainly” McArthur shows his intent.4. Could you pick up some words and expressions that signal change or continuation in McArthur's thought?“For good or for ill”(paragraph 3) /“however” (paragraph 4) /“But”(paragraph 5) / “At the same time,however”(paragraph 6) /“Yet”(paragraph 7)5. How many parts can this speech be divided? How are the parts organized?Part One: paragraphs 1 and 2. These two paragraphs introduce the situation that many academics argue against English as a world language.Part Two: paragraphs 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. Paragraph three is a transitional paragraph that initiates McArthur’s own argument. In these paragraphs McArthur argues that English is not only a curse as many people have believed, but a blessing as well.Part Three: paragraph 10. McArthur concludes in the last paragraph that English may be a curse or a blessing depends on different situations and we should make advantages of world languages and avoid their disadvantages.II. VocabularyA. Choose the best word from the four choices to complete each of the following sentences.1. There has been much opposition from some social groups, ______ from the farming community.A. straightforwardlyB. notablyC. virtuallyD. exceptionally2. The ______ view in Britain and other Western countries associates aging with decline, dependency, isolation, and often poverty.A. predominantB. credulousC. inclusiveD. sustainable3. But gifts such as these cannot be awarded to everybody, either by judges or by the most ___ of governments./ reward rewardingA. toughB. demandingC. diverseD. benign4. The foreman read the ______ of guilty fourteen times, one for each defendant.A. prejudiceB. verificationC. verdictD. punishment5. They fear it could have a(n) ______ effect on global financial markets.A. sizeableB. adverse(negative)C. beneficialD. consequential6. The UN threatened to ______ economic sanctions if the talks were broken off.A. engageB. pursueC. abandon/ abundantD. invoke7. There are at least four crucial differences between the new ______ and the old government.A. regimeB. hegemonyC. complexD. federation/ fedal<->federal, confederate)8. These questions ______ a challenge to established attitude of superiority toward the outside world.A. evolveB. constituteC. tolerateD. aroused9. Because of this, a strong administrative ______ was needed to plan the use of scarce resources, organize production and regulate distribution.A. apparatusB. constitutionC. insistenceD. promotion10. I learnt that there are no genuinely ______ animals in this area, all the animals were brought here from other places.A. endangeredB. domesticatedC. indigenousD. extinctB. Choose the hest word or expression from the list given for each Honk Use each word or expression only once and make proper changes where necessary.point up by and large take in descent for good or illleave aside crystal clear die out endanger lay... at the door of1. The book concludes with a review of the possible impact (influence) of more intimate computers for good or ill, in various areas of human life.2. Moreover, it had become clear from the opinion polls that the unpopularity of the new tax was being laid at the door of the government which had introduced it, rather than the local authorities who were responsible for levying and collecting it.3. This case gave the example of breaking someone's arm: that is a really serious injury, but one which is unlikely to endanger the victim's life.4. Many of those who hold it live in poor areas and some are Colored, that is (i.e./ namely), of mixed European and African descent.5. This debate is important because it points up (stress/ emphasize) that "the facts" are not necessarily as simple and straightforward as they might at first sight seem.6. In the beginning, the meaning of life might be debated, but once past the first period, many of the conversations follow a well-worn route from one topic to the next and back again, taking in most of human life.7. But since agriculture forms the basis (base) of our industry, it was, by and large (on the whole), also an intensification of the crisis in the national economy in general.8. Let us leave aside other relevant factors such as education, career structure, pay and conditions of service and concentrate on (focus on) manpower management.(relate A to B)9. It is true that the exact nature of this issue is uncertain. However, one thing is crystal clear: it will not endanger the planet and its inhabitants.10. But if animal populations are too small, then they simply die out.III. ClozeThere are ten blanks in the following passage. Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer from the four choices given for each blank. [criteria: (1)semantic/ (2)grammatic]A simplified form of the English language based on 850 key words was developed in the late 1920s by the English psychologist Charles Kay Ogden and 1 by the English educator I. A. Richards. Known as Basic English, it was used mainly to teach English to non-English-speaking persons and 2 as an international language. The complexities of English spelling and grammar, however, were major 3 to the adoption of Basic English as a second language.The fundamental principle of Basic English was that any idea, 4 complex, may be reduced to simple units of thought and expressed clearly by a limited number of everyday words. The 850-word primary vocabulary was 5 600 nouns (representing things or events), 150 adjectives (for qualities and _ 6 ), and 100 general "operational" words, mainly verbs and prepositions. Almost all the words were in 7 use in English-speaking countries. More than 60 percent of them were one-syllable words. The basic vocabulary was created 8 by eliminating 9 the use of 18 "basic" verbs, such as make, get, do, have, and be.Numerous words which have the same or similar meanings and by verbs, such as make, get, do, have, and be. These verbs were generally combined with prepositions, such as up, among, under, in, and forward. For example,a Basic English student would use the expression “go up”10 "ascend". (Semantic / grammatical criterion)1. A. created B. publicized C. invented D. operated2. A. proved B. provided C. projected D. promoted3. A. advantages B. objections C. obstacles D. facileties4. A. however B. whatever C. wherever D. whenever5. A. comprised of B. made of C. composed of D. constituted of6. A. personalities B. properties C. preferences D. perceptions/ perceive)7. A. common B. ordinary C. average D. nonprofessional8. A. in all B. at times C. for good D. in part/ partially)9. A. experiencing B. exchanging C. excluding D. extending10. A. in spite of =despite B. in favor of C. instead of D. in case ofII. TranslationPut the following passages into Chinese.1. For English is a killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric, Cornish, Norn and Manx. There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually all, constituting such a threat to the three remaining Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh... that their long-term future must be considered... very greatly at risk.因为英语是个杀手。
研究生英语阅读教程（基础级）第三版课后习题答案Lesson1Unit OneWorld English: A Blessing or a Curse (p7)1. There has been much opposition from social groups, B from the farmingcommunity.A. straightforwardly(直接地)B. notably（显著地，尤其）C. virtually（事实上）D. exceptionally（例外地）译文：社会团体，尤其是农业团体，对此有许多反对意见。
2. The A view in Britain and other Western countries associates aging with decline, dependency, isolation, and often poverty.A. predominant（占支配地位的）B. credulous（轻信的）C. inclusive（包含的）D. sustainable（可持续的）译文：英国和其他西方国家的主流观点认为，老龄化意味着衰落、依赖、孤立，而且往往是贫穷。
3. But gifts such as these cannot be awarded to everybody, either by judges or by the most D of governments.A. tough（困难的）B. demanding（苛求的）C. diverse（不同的）D. benign（有利的；善良的）译文：但是，这样的礼物不可能由法官或最仁慈的政府颁发给所有人。
4. The foreman read the C of guilty fourteen times, one foreach defendant.A. prejudice（偏见）B. verification（政审）C. verdict（判断；裁决）D. punishment（惩罚）译文：陪审团念了十四遍有罪判决，为每位被告都念了一遍。
Lesson Two Profiting from Friendships at Work参考译文工作友谊出效率[1] 研究表明，工作中的友谊可以提高员工对公司的责任感。
在美国进行的一次最新的研究系盖勒普组织的Q12工作场所评估。
[2] 对美国人的一次随机抽样调查发现，干活时有个最好的朋友会使一般性投入工作的人（“投入”在这里作“充分涉入”解）成为高度地投入工作的人。
[3] 在被调查的18岁以上的美国员工中，认同“干活时我有个最好的朋友”这一说法的人中有51%对工作很投入，而不认同的人中只有10%的人如此。
当然，对工作很投入的人，其工作成果要远远大于后一类。
[4] 此外，干活时有最好的朋友的人中，有75% 计划仍要在公司至少再干一年，相对没有最好朋友的人中，比例是51%。
[5] 友谊当然不是提高对公司责任感的唯一动力，但在工作时，它的作用胜过一些可能被视为更显而易见的刺激因素——工资和福利。
盖勒普资深研究主任詹姆斯·哈特纳说，纵观各个公司，盈利和忠于顾客是与工作单位中挚友的高出现率相关的。
[6] 别的调查也反映出这一规律。
（宾州大学）沃顿商学院的卡轮·耶恩教授1997年对《哈佛商业评论》杂志说，虽然一起干活的朋友们聊些和工作无关的事，但“他们的相互影响会更好地促进与工作有关的相互交流”。
[7] 为了证明这一点，耶恩和明尼阿波利斯德卡尔森管理学院的普瑞·普拉汉·沙阿助理教授设计了一项实验：设26个三人朋友小组和27个三人相识者小组，要求他们按具体指令建造模型。
结果，朋友小组平均完成9个模型，而相识者小组为2.45个。
耶恩说，朋友间能相互以一种建设性的方式对对方的想法提出异议。
但是相识者小组里，人们几乎都太客气了。
[8] 英国职业顾问萨莉·戴维斯指出，在我们快节奏的人生工作阶段，我们在越来越多地建立持久的友谊，甚至在办公室交上终生的朋友。
她的同伴彭纳、桑德斯和悉尼所作的研究表明，因为双职工家庭成为一种定式，传统的社会关系网瓦解，我们采取的是一种更以自我为中心的城市生活方式，所以，建立工作场所友谊关系的潜力在人才争夺战中是一件新式武器。
第十课 A我和松鼠妈妈谈条件玛尔格特戴弗林（1）我和我的丈夫最近从郊区搬到了城里。
（2）两周前我正在书房读书的时候，听到了一阵骚乱声。
为了保护我们新婚的家不受入侵者的骚扰，我拿起了致命的防卫武器——一把扫帚，小心地下了楼。
（3）我走到外面想看看入侵者是从什么地方来的。
正当我四处寻找的时候，看见了这个坏家伙从门廊的屋顶上出现了。
根据它弄出的声音我原以为是一只 50 磅重的浣熊，但是我错了，它只是一只半磅重的灰色的毛茸茸的松鼠。
我拿起扫把嘘声将它赶走，但是第二天我听见它又来了。
（4）我上网搜索了有关松鼠的信息，我发现因为松鼠是啮齿类动物，它们的牙齿会不断地长长，因此它们就必须经常啃食东西来把牙齿磨短。
我了解到它们经常会啃电线，这样房子就有失火的危险。
这倒是挺烦人的。
因此我让我们家的副总裁——也就是我的丈夫——打电话给野生动物管理人员。
星期六的时候，他给第一家公司打电话，他们安排下星期四来处理。
然后他又给另一家公司打电话，他们说可以在星期一上午派人来看看。
（5）星期一上午来了两个抽烟的人。
他们抽完了烟，就大摇大摆地走进了前门廊。
“喂，小夫人！”他们其中的一位摆着一付约翰威恩式样子问到：“捣蛋鬼在什么地方？”（6）我很不自然地指了指门廊的顶部，现在那儿放了一小块写着“欢迎来访”的脚垫。
我看见了洞里的育儿室，而这两个家伙把小松鼠掏出来扔到了雪地上。
我再一次强调让他们不要伤害她。
（7）他们怒气冲冲地说：“我们是慈善学会推荐的”，但是我注意到了他们把电棍放回了卡车，取而代之，拿出了一种有春天香味的除臭剂，在松鼠的窝里喷了几下。
他们告诉我松鼠不喜欢这种味道，因此会逃走。
对此我有点怀疑，因为这种味道挺好闻的。
（8）没有看到松鼠妈妈，所以他们就把洞给堵上了，然后跟我要了一张 250美元的支票，一溜烟地跑了。
他们还给了我一张保修卡。
我是比较容易受骗的那种人，因此我想跟我打交道的这家公司还算是挺有诚信的。
（9）他们走了不一会儿松鼠妈妈大老远的购物回来了。
Lesson Two Profiting from Friendships at Work参考译文工作友谊出效率[1] 研究表明，工作中的友谊可以提高员工对公司的责任感。
在美国进行的一次最新的研究系盖勒普组织的Q12工作场所评估。
[2] 对美国人的一次随机抽样调查发现，干活时有个最好的朋友会使一般性投入工作的人（“投入”在这里作“充分涉入”解）成为高度地投入工作的人。
[3] 在被调查的18岁以上的美国员工中，认同“干活时我有个最好的朋友”这一说法的人中有51%对工作很投入，而不认同的人中只有10%的人如此。
当然，对工作很投入的人，其工作成果要远远大于后一类。
[4] 此外，干活时有最好的朋友的人中，有75% 计划仍要在公司至少再干一年，相对没有最好朋友的人中，比例是51%。
[5] 友谊当然不是提高对公司责任感的唯一动力，但在工作时，它的作用胜过一些可能被视为更显而易见的刺激因素——工资和福利。
盖勒普资深研究主任詹姆斯·哈特纳说，纵观各个公司，盈利和忠于顾客是与工作单位中挚友的高出现率相关的。
[6] 别的调查也反映出这一规律。
（宾州大学）沃顿商学院的卡轮·耶恩教授1997年对《哈佛商业评论》杂志说，虽然一起干活的朋友们聊些和工作无关的事，但“他们的相互影响会更好地促进与工作有关的相互交流”。
[7] 为了证明这一点，耶恩和明尼阿波利斯德卡尔森管理学院的普瑞·普拉汉·沙阿助理教授设计了一项实验：设26个三人朋友小组和27个三人相识者小组，要求他们按具体指令建造模型。
结果，朋友小组平均完成9个模型，而相识者小组为2.45个。
耶恩说，朋友间能相互以一种建设性的方式对对方的想法提出异议。
但是相识者小组里，人们几乎都太客气了。
[8] 英国职业顾问萨莉·戴维斯指出，在我们快节奏的人生工作阶段，我们在越来越多地建立持久的友谊，甚至在办公室交上终生的朋友。
她的同伴彭纳、桑德斯和悉尼所作的研究表明，因为双职工家庭成为一种定式，传统的社会关系网瓦解，我们采取的是一种更以自我为中心的城市生活方式，所以，建立工作场所友谊关系的潜力在人才争夺战中是一件新式武器。
Lesson 1II. TranslationPut the following passages into Chinese.1. For English is a killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric, Cornish, Norn and Manx. There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually all, constituting such a threat to the three remaining Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh... that their long-term future must be considered... very greatly at risk.因为英语是个杀手。
正是英语造成了康瑞克、康尼施、诺恩、曼科斯等语言的消亡。
在其中一部分岛上还有相当多的人使用在英语到来之前就已存在的语言。
然而，英语在日常生活中无处不在。
所有的人或几乎所有的人都懂英语。
英语对现存的凯尔特语——爱尔兰语、苏格兰盖尔语及威尔士语的威胁是如此之大，它们的未来岌岌可危。
2. He also associated such policies with a prejudice which he calls linguisticism (a condition parallel to racism and sexism). As Phillipson sees it, leading institutions and individuals within the predominantly "white" English-speaking world, have (by design or default) encouraged or at least tolerated—and certainly have not opposed—the hegemonic spread of English, a spread which began some three centuries ago as economic and colonial expansion.同时，他认为这些政策和他称之为语言歧视（和种族歧视、性别歧视的情况类似）的偏见密切相关。
1. The company began aggressive advertising campaigns, increased its variety of beers, and further expanded its markets. By 1991 Coors beer was available in all50 states. It also worked to improve its image and quell ongoing boycotts.A. investigate（调查，研究）B. condemn（谴责；定罪；声讨）C. crush（镇压；压碎）D. forbid（禁止）译文：该公司开始了积极的广告活动，增加了啤酒的种类，并进一步扩大了市场。
到1991年，柯尔斯啤酒在全美50个州都有售。
它还努力改善自己的形象，平息持续不断的抵制。
2. With his strong right-wing views, and close affiliation to the military, he'd long been regarded as a sworn enemy of the people.A. emotion（感情，情绪）B. association（协会，联盟）C. communication（交流）D. reaction（反应）译文：他有着强烈的右翼观点，与军方关系密切，长期以来一直被视为人民的死敌。
3. Adams supported what became known as the Boston tea party, and thereafter he firmly supported the patriotic measures that led step by step to American independence.A. passionate（热情的）B. moderate（稳健的；温和的）C. radical（激进的）D. nationalistic（国家主义的）译文：亚当斯支持后来被称为波士顿茶党(Boston tea party)的组织，此后他坚定地支持爱国主义措施，这些措施一步一步地导致美国独立。
LESSON 11.因为英语是个杀手,正是英语造成了坎伯兰语,康沃尔语,诺恩语和马恩语等语言的消亡.在这些岛上还有相当多的人使用在英语到来之前就已存在的语言.然而,英语在日常生活中无处不在.所有的人或几乎所有的人都懂英语.英语对现存的凯尔特语:爱尔兰语、苏格兰盖尔语及威尔士语的威胁是如此之大，它们的未来岌岌可危。
2.同时，他认为这些政策和他称之为语言歧视（和种族歧、,性别歧视的情况类似"）的偏见密切相关。
在菲利普森看来，在以白人英语为主导的世界，最重要的机构和个人（有意或无意地）鼓励或者至少是容忍了（肯定没有反对）英语霸权主义式的传播。
这种传播始于三个世纪之前的经济及殖民扩张。
3.总的来说，我们现在或多或少地把这些语言看作有利的语言。
在谈到与之相关的文化及其为世界所做的贡献时，我们常怀有崇敬与赞赏，而且这样做也没有太大的风险，因为这些语言现在已不会构成什么威胁。
4.然而，许多人把英语看成是一件幸事。
在此，我暂且不谈任何世界语言所具有的明显优势，例如广泛的通信网，强大的文化传媒体系，及强有力的文化教育机构。
5.讲英语的南非英国后裔并不强烈反对种族隔离政权，而黑人反对力量，其成员讲多种语言，在初期软弱无力且缺乏组织。
6.这一象征表明这种世界通用语的使用者应充分发掘这一幸事为我们带来的好处，同时尽可能避免招来灾难。
LESSON 21.年初布什总统签署了一项《不让一个孩子落后》的重大法案,誓言要把“困在那些教学质量不佳又不进行改革的学校里的孩子”解救出来.2007 年7月1日美国教育部宣布有8652所学校被列为“长期教学质量低下”的学校,现在这些学校中的学生必须在今后的几天内考虑决定他们是否要转学, 同时各个学区也在忙着为符合转学条件的学生提供帮助和服务以抓住选择的机会。
２.对于那些在教学改革旋涡中挣扎的学校的校长、老师和学生来说，这一法案的直接后果则是迷惑与混乱。
他们认为该法案制订的教学改革标准太高而又没有说明各学区如何达到这些标准。
３.我们必须对公众负责，不过我们必须研究所有衡量指标。
４.一所学校连续两年在州水平考试中没有表现出“足够的年度改进”就会被认为是不合格的学校，但是联邦教育部并没有提供一个具有权威性的不合格学校的名单让学生家长作为参考，而是要求各州各自确定不合格学校的名单，并且要求他们把学生的考试成绩按照学生的种族和家庭收入进行分类。
新法案还规定各州要公布便于学生和家长查找的不合格学校的名单，但是没有几个州能很快拿出来。
５.教育部次长，前宾夕法尼亚州学校总监Eugene Hickok 也承认“该法案的实施可能会引起一些混乱”，但是他又说各州也不应为此而大惊小怪。
教育部长Rod Paige 已经向各学区主管人士就有关改革事宜做了扼要指示并通报了全国。
他说，即使在如纽约和芝加哥这样的大城市“接收择校生比较困难”，但“法律就是法律”。
６.Wooten 说，“人很容易放弃自我，而去赶别人的潮流，但正如其他的美国人一样，我们都有成功的机会。
我们为什么不开创自己的潮流呢？”LESSON ４１.无论作为法定婚姻的前奏还是其替代品，同居现象的频繁出现都进一步弱化了婚姻区别于其他结合形式的独立特征。
不管怎样，所有这些打破传统的结合方式一直以来都是建立在亚当一夏娃模式的异性恋基础之上的。
２.有报告说曾发生过外星人为了做繁衍后代实验而绑架地球人的事件，但不论这些报道是否只是人们的幻觉，地球人探索宇宙寻找外星人却是事实。
３.证据是，有人为宠物修建墓地，埋藏他们忠实的、亲爱的宠物的遗骨，这些宠物就和人的亲友们一样获得尊严和敬意。
４.有人或许要问了，为什么一个人不应选择写下正式的书面誓约以声明他/她对宠物的依恋呢？５.尽管忠实于主人的宠物不能用言语表达愿意结成这种关系，但它们的誓言可以从见证宠物与主人间关爱和亲密联系的旁观者那里获得。
６.提出异种间婚姻的可能性实际上意味着只要双方因明确的关爱之情和一生不渝的忠诚而休戚相关，那么婚姻作为从社会角度和心理角度被认可的关系就不一定仅仅限于人与人之间。
７.毕竟，这种结合不会给无生命物体带来多少法律收益。
无论它能给我们增加任何收益，我们都已经拥有了这些物质财产。
８.实际上，有朝一日，婚姻原本的概念也可能会成为失落的世界中语义学上的一个古董而已。
LESSON ６１.米哈里奇凯岑特米哈伊认为这种区分是错误的。
他发明了“强感受”这个说法，信奉正面心理学的人常用此词来描述由工作而引发的兴奋状态。
在《称心如意的工作》一书中他写道：“只要存在强感受因素，任何事情都能给我们带来愉悦。
根据这一观点，从事一份表面看上去枯燥的工作却会给人们带来想象不到的更大的成就感。
”２.但是２０世纪９０年代后期的经济繁荣和随之而来的经济萧条都没有对员工的两种工作态度产生多大影响，这表明工人在工作中是否能获得快乐感有比经济形势更深层的原因。
３.４１岁的马丁娜雷迪克斯原是一家公司的经理助理，虽然工作压力大，但她和同事相处都很好；６年前她换了工作，到一家律师事务所成了一名职位相对清闲的办事员。
如今她时间多了，自由度也大了，但她感觉和这里的同事共事太压抑，也得不到老板的赏识。
她说：“我不适应这个部门。
不管你个人生活多惬意，如果工作单位氛围不好，个人生活就会大受影响。
”4.事实上，对工作的投入与其说是人的个性使然，不如说是源于人们在工作中总体上感到的快乐。
哈特认为，对工作高度投入与并不投入的员工之间之所以存在差异，员工的个性只起30% 的作用，其他的取决于员工每天与同事,主管以及客户的频繁交往。
5.内华达大学里诺分校的组织行为学教授托马斯赖特说，直到不久前，企业家们还不愿考虑员工是否工作心情舒畅的问题，认为这“不属于他们关心的范围，和他们的职责范围相去甚远”。
6.但后来对工作满意度的许多研究结果却前后矛盾。
现在看来，用更广泛的衡量标准来评估快乐感受，能更有效地预测生产率。
7.但通过关心员工的需求，至少企业可能发展得更好。
那样，我们更多的人就会在工作中找到一定程度的满足感。
而且偶尔我们可能还希望获得最大程度的满足。
这种情况可能发生在篮球场上喧闹欢呼的人群前，也可能发生在教室里，在仅仅一个充满感激的学生面前。
LESSON 71．年少时我常和一帮来自各国的移民子弟一起玩。
这一时期给我记忆最深的是一位杂货店的老板。
当时我们争相嘲笑原来国家的风俗习惯。
星期六到别的居民区进行冒险时，为了证明自己是真正的美国人，我们吃热狗，喝可乐。
如果谁没带10 美分，他这顿饭就得饿着，因为他不敢带自己家里吃的那种加了香料的夹肉三明治。
2.我们的野蛮游戏之一就是找一个推车的小贩或是一个店主，毫无疑问都是移民，然后齐声骂他或嘲笑戏弄他。
为了证明对团伙的忠诚，我们必须找一个自己民族的移民小店主或是小贩，以最恶毒的方式捉弄他。
3.你真愚蠢。
你不知道我这个小店里装着我们整个的国家和民族(包含整个希腊国家与民族的历史与文化)。
４.阿喀琉斯就是带着黑橄榄前往特洛伊城的，而且在带领他的密耳弥多涅勇士们激战一天后，他会休息，吃些奶酪和熟透的黑橄榄，就是店里的这种黑橄榄。
５.马拉松城的人们带着用小袋装的香料去参战，香味能使他们想起自己的家乡、家人和孩子。
６.你知道希腊色拉到底是什么吗？它本身是一顿饭，也是一次经历、一种情感。
它的制作是一个娴熟而高雅的过程。
希腊神话中说：一天晚上宙斯请众神来奥林匹亚山赴宴时，他亲自创造了希腊色拉的调制法，并亲手把山里的各种原料收集混拌在了一起。
７.我回头望了一下，他还在门廊下看着我，那些希腊食物的余味像薄雾一样，在他的头顶萦绕盘旋。
LESSON 1０１.民众普遍希望昔日美好生活能够重现，以寻求解决８０年代遇到的种种问题。
１９８０年，罗纳德里根当选为美国总统，正是这一民意的体现。
《时代》周刊推选里根总统为年度风云人物，并说“无论是理智上还是情感上，里根都生活在过去之中”。
２.里根总统相信，通过这种趋近过去的努力，美国人民的生活水平能像美国历史上大部分时期一样，再次在８０年代得以改善。
３.战争时期，美国人把对有计划的举国合作的厌恶之情暂置一旁，甘愿在国家统一指挥下互相协作，甘愿牺牲个人利益以换取战争的最终胜利。
然而，和平时期，他们却坚决抵制有计划的举国合作，认为这是对个人自由的侵犯。
４.美国人总会认为国家的强大更多地源于个人自由、机会均等、勤奋努力、竞争取胜等价值观念而不是源于举国合作。
５.有些评论家认为这种缓慢而谨慎的态度太过胆小乏力，无法迎接未来的挑战。
然而，美国人则认为，以国家利益之名，骤然实行根本性变革，通常会导致独裁体制，不仅问题依然无法得到解决，还会失去个人自由。
LESSON １３1当两个人都把抽时间多聚在一起当成各自的第一要事，一个美满的婚姻才会开始。
如果我们希望去寻找爱，首先我们必须找时间去爱。
2令人遗憾的是，目前心理学都注重独立的自我模式。
要使婚姻持久，我们就必须克服以自我为中心。
我们必须超越亚伯拉罕?马斯洛声称的“自我实现”，而要“共同实现”。
我们要学会把时间放在爱上。
3我们如何看待对方通常更多地取决于我们而不是他们。
丈夫和妻子不是观众，而是相互生活中的参与者和观察者。
4这一争吵表明一些人如何把婚姻耗费在努力改变对方的想法上面。
在爱情持久的婚姻中，人们的出发点是：婚姻有许多现实问题，他们要学着去接受不同的观点。
5正如一位丈夫告诉我的：“俗话说要争先做主。
现在我们学会了退让一步当第二。
如果你为自己奋斗，成功的仅仅是你自己。
当你为自己的婚姻而奋斗时,你们就会双赢。
”6爱能释放出强大的治愈能量。
持久的爱知道去感悟，去给予，使这份爱成长壮大。
如果我们把精力投入爱，我们就能从爱中汲取力量。
7婚姻的本质是给予而不是索取。
它应该是两个无私个体的永久结合。
