WTO术语英语解释
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W T O简明术语AAccession 加入(世界贸易组织)Acceptable risk level 可接受的风险水平ACP---African、Caribbean and Pacific 非加太国家Actionable subsidy 可诉补贴Ad valorem tariff 从价税Aggregate measurement of support(AMS)(农业国内支持)综合支持量Agreement on Agriculture 《农业协议》Agreement on Textiles and Clothing(ATC)《纺织品与服装协议》Air transport services 空运服务Amber box measures (农业国内支持)“黄箱”措施Annex 附件Annual bound commitment(农业国内支持)年度约束水平Anti-circumvention 反规避Anti-competitive practice 反竞争行为Anti-dumping duty 反倾销税Audiovisual services 视听服务Automatic licensing 自动许可Appendix 附录Appeal (争端解决)上诉Appellate body (争端解决)上诉机构Appropriate level of sanitary or phytosanitary protection 适当的动植物卫生保护水平Acquisition of intellectual property rights 知识产权的获得Arbitration 仲裁Areas of low pest or disease prevalence 病虫害低度流行区Assessment of risk 风险评估Association of Southeast Asian Nations(ASEAN)东南亚国家联盟(东盟)Australia-New Zealand Closer Economic Relations(ANCER)《澳大利亚新西兰紧密经济关系协定》BBerne Convention 《伯尔尼公约》Base tariff level 基础税率Basic Instrument and Selected Documents(BISD)《基本文件和资料选编》Basic telecommunication services 基础电信服务Best information available (反倾销)可获得的最佳信息Blue box measures (农业国内支持)“蓝箱”措施Balance-of-payments(BOP)provisions 国际收支条款Built-in agenda (世界贸易组织)既定议程Business services 商务服务Bound level 约束水平Bretton Woods Conference 布雷顿森林会议CCairns Group 凯恩斯集团Causal link 因果联系Ceiling bindings (关税)上限约束Central Product Classification(CPC)《(联合国)中心产品分类》Challenge Procedures (政府采购)质疑程序Clean report of findings 检验结果清洁报告书Codex Alimentarius Commission(CAC)食品法典委员会Common Agriculture Policy(CAP)(欧洲共同体)共同农业政策Communication services 通信服务Conciliation 调解Confidential information 机密信息Conformity assessment procedures 合格评定程序Circumvention 规避Combined tariff 复合税Commercial presence (服务贸易)商业存在Committee on Trade and Development(CTD)贸易与发展委员会Committee on Trade and Environment(CTE)贸易与环境委员会Compensation 补偿Competition policy 竞争政策Complaining party (争端解决)申诉方Computed value 计算价格Consensus 协商一致Constructed value (反倾销)结构价格Consultation 磋商Consumption abroad (服务贸易)境外消费Copyright 版权Council for Trade in Goods(CTG)货物贸易理事会Counterfeit trademark goods 冒牌货Counter-notification 反向通知Countervailing duty 反补贴税Contraction parties 关税与贸易总协定缔约方Cross border supply (服务贸易)跨境交付Cross retaliation 交叉报复Currency retention scheme 货币留成制度Current market access(CMA)现行市场准入Current total AMS (农业国内支持)现行综合支持量Customs duty 关税Customs tariff 海关税率,海关税则Customs value 海关完税价值Customs valuation 海关估价Customs union 关税同盟DDeveloped member 发达成员Developing member 发展中成员Direct payment (农业国内支持)直接支付Distribution services 分销服务Domestic industry 国内产业Domestic production 国内生产Domestic sales requirement 国内销售要求Domestic subsidy 国内补贴Domestic support (农业)国内支持Dispute Settlement Body 争端解决机构Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes(DSU)《关于争端解决规则与程序的谅解》Due restraint (对农产品反补贴)适当克制Dumping 倾销Dumping margin 倾销幅度EEconomies in transition 转型经济体Enabling clause 授权条款Enforcement of intellectual property rights 知识产权法Equivalence (检验检疫标准)等效性European Communities(EC)欧洲共同体European Free Trade Association (EFTA)欧洲自由贸易联盟Electronic commerce 电子商务Enquiry point 咨询点European Union 欧洲联盟Exhaustion of intellectual property rights 知识产权权利用尽Existing subject matter (知识产权)现有客体Ex officio 依职权Export credit 出口信贷Export credit guarantee 出口信贷担保Export subsidy 出口补贴FFall-back method (海关估价)“回顾”方法Findings 争端解决调查结果First-come first served 先来先得Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO)联合国粮农组织Food security 粮食安全Foreign direct investment(FDI)外国直接投资Foreign exchange balancing requirement 外汇平衡要求Free-rider 搭便车(指根据最惠国待遇享受其他成员贸易减让而不进行相应减让的成员)Free trade area 自由贸易区GGATT 1947 《1947年关税与贸易总协定》GATT 1994 《1994年关税与贸易总协定》General Agreement on Trade in Service(GATS)《服务贸易总协定》General Agreement on Tariff and Trade (GATT)《关税与贸易总协定》General Council 总理事会General exceptions 一般例外Geographical indications (知识产权)地理标识Genetically Modified Organisms(GMO)转基因生物Good offices 斡旋Government procurement 政府采购Green box measures (农业国内支持)“绿箱”措施Grey area measures 灰色区域措施General Preferential System(GPS)普惠制HHarmonized Commodity Description and Coding System(HS)《商品名称及编码协调制度》Havana Charter 哈瓦那宪章Horizontal commitments (服务贸易)水平承诺IIdentical product 相同产品Illustrative list 例示清单Import deposits 进口押金Import licensing 进口许可Import substitution 进口替代Import surcharge 进口附加税Import variable duties 进口差价税Industrial designs 工业设计Infant industry 幼稚产业Information Technology Agreement(ITA)《信息技术协议》Injunctions 禁令Initial negotiating rights (INRs)最初谈判权(初谈权)Integration process 一体化进程Intellectual property rights(IPRs)知识产权Internal taxes 国内税International Labor Organization (ILO ) 国际劳工组织International Monetary Fund (IMF)国际货币基金组织International Organization for Standardization (ISO)国际标准化组织International Plant Protection Convention 《国际植物保护公约》International Textile and Clothing Bureau (ITCB)国际纺织品与服装局International Trade Organization (ITO)国际贸易组织International Trade Center (ITC)国际贸易中心International Bank for Reconstruction and Development 国际复兴开发银行JJudicial review 司法审议Judicial person (服务贸易)法人KLLayout-designs(Topographies)of integrated circuits 集成电路外观设计(拓扑图)Least-developed countries (LDCs)最不发达国家License fee (知识产权)许可费Like product 同类产品Limited tendering (政府采购)有限招标Local content requirement 当地含量要求Local equity requirement 当地股份要求Mad-cow disease 疯牛病Maintenance of intellectual property rights 知识产权的维护Maritime transport services 海运服务Market access 市场准入Market boards 市场营销机构Market price support 市场价格支持Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization 《建立世界贸易组织马拉喀什协定》Marrakesh protocol 《马拉喀什协定书》Material injury 实质损害Medication 调停Minimum market access (MMA)最低市场准入Minimum values (海关估价)最低限价Most-favored-nation treatment (MFN)最惠国待遇MFN exemptions (服务贸易)最惠国待遇例外Ministerial conference 部长级会议Modalities 模式Modulation of quota clause (保障措施)配额调整条款Movement of natural persons 自然人流动Multi-Fiber Arrangement (MFA)《多种纤维协定》Multilateral trade negotiations (MTNs)多边贸易谈判Mutual recognition agreement 相互承认协议NNational treatment 国民待遇Natural person 自然人Negative standard (原产地)否定标准Neighboring rights (版权)邻接权New issues (世界贸易组织)新议题Non-actionable subsidy 不可诉补贴Non-automatic licensing 非自动许可Non-discrimination 非歧视Non-violation complaints 非违规之诉North American Free Trade Agreement(NAFTA)《北美自由贸易协定》Notification obligation 通知义务Non-tariff measures(NTMs)非关税措施Non-trade concern 非贸易关切Nullification or impairment (利益)丧失或减损Offer (谈判)出价Open tendering (政府采购)公开招标Orderly marketing arrangement (OMA)有序销售安排Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development(OEDC)经济合作与发展组织Original member (世界贸易组织)创始成员PPanel 争端解决专家组Paris convention 《巴黎公约》Patents 专利Peace clause 关于农产品反补贴的和平条款Pest or disease-free area 病虫害非疫区Pirated copyright goods 盗版货Plurilateral agreement 诸边协议Positive standard (原产地)肯定标准Presence of natural person 自然人存在Preshipment inspection 装运前检验Price verification (装运前检验)价格核实Price undertaking (反倾销)价格承诺Principal supplying interest 主要供应利益Product mandating requirement 产品授权要求Product-to-product method 产品对产品(谈判)方法Production subsidy 生产补贴Professional services 专业服务Prohibited subsidy 被禁止的补贴Protocol accession 加入议定书Protocol of Provisional Application of GATT 关贸总协定临时适用协议书Provisional application 临时适用Prudential measures 审慎措施QQuads 四方集团(至美国、欧盟、日本和加拿大)Quantitative restrictions 数量限制Quantity trigger level (农业特殊保障措施)数量触发水平RReciprocity 对等Recommendations (争端解决)建议Reference years 参照年Regional trade agreements 区域贸易协议Request (谈判)要价Responding Party (争端解决)应诉方Restrictive business practices 限制性商业惯例Risk analysis 风险分析Risk assessment 风险评估Roll-back 逐步退回Rome convention 《罗马公约》Round (知识产权)使用费Rules of origin 原产地规则SSafeguards 保障措施Sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS)measures 卫生与植物措施Schedule of commitments (服务贸易)承诺表Schedule of concessions (货物贸易)减让表Sectoral negotiations 部门谈判Security exceptions 安全例外Selective tendering (政府采购)选择性招标Separate customs territory 单独关税区Serious injury 严重损害Serious prejudice 严重侵害Simple average tariff 简单平均关税Similar product 类似产品Special and differential(S&D)treatment provisions 特殊与差别待遇条款Special Drawing Rights (SDRs)(国际货币基金组织)特别提款权Special safeguard(SSG)measures (农产品)特殊保障措施Specific tariff 从量税Specificity (补贴)专项性Standardizing bodies 标准化机构Standards 标准Standstill 维持现状State trading enterprises (STEs)国营贸易企业Subsidy 补贴Subsidies in general 一般补贴Substantial supplying interest 实质供应利益Substantial transformation (产品)实质改变Suspend concessions 暂停减让TTariffs 关税Tariff bindings 关税约束Tariff classification 税则归类Tariff concessions 关税减让Tariff equivalent 关税等值Tariff escalation 关税升级Tariff headings 税目Tariffication 关税化Tariff line 税号Tariff peaks 关税高峰Tariff rate quotas/ Tariff quotas (TRQ)关税配额Technical assistance 技术援助Technical barriers to trade(TBT)技术性贸易壁垒Technical regulationsTelecommunication services 电信服务Terms of reference (TOR)(争端解决专家组)职责范围Textile Monitoring Body (TMB)(关税与贸易总协定)纺织品监督机构Textile Surveillance Body (TSB) (关税与贸易总协定)纺织品监督机构Tokyo Round Codes 东京回合守则Total AMS (农业国内支持)综合支持总量Trade-balancing requirement 贸易平衡要求Trade facilitation 贸易便利化Trade in civil aircraft 民用航空器贸易Trade in goods 货物贸易Trade in services 服务贸易Trademark(TM)商标Trade Policy Review Body (TPRB)贸易政策审议机构Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM)贸易政策审议机制Trade-related intellectual property rights (TRIPs)与贸易有关的知识产权Trade-related investment measures (TRIMs)Trade remedies 贸易救济(措施)Trade-weighted average tariff 贸易加权平均关税Transaction Value 成交价格Transition economies 转型经济体Transitional safeguard measures (纺织品)过渡性保障措施Transparency 透明度Transport services 运输服务Trigger prices (农产品特殊保障措施)触发价格UUndisclosed information (知识产权)未公开信息United Nations Conference on Trade and Development 联合国贸易与发展会议Uruguay Round 乌拉圭回合VVariable duties 差价税Value-added telecommunication services 增值电信服务Voluntary export restraints (VERs)自愿出口限制WWaiver (义务)豁免Washington Treaty 《华盛顿条约》Withdraw concessions 撤回减让World Customs Organization(WCO)世界海关组织World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)世界知识产权组织World Trade Organization(WTO)世界贸易组织WTO Members 世界贸易组织全体成员WTO Secretariat 世界贸易组织秘书处。
From Enbo edu由hediblue整理WTO 术语汉英对照和中文解释(自己整理的,供参考)1、“绿箱”措施、“黄箱”措施和“蓝箱”《农业协议》(Green Box measures/Amber Box measures /Balance-of-payments Provisions)Agreement on Agriculture, URAA“绿箱”措施是指由政府提供的、其费用不转嫁给消费者,且对生产者不具有价格支持作用的政府服务计划。
这些措施对农产品贸易和农业生产不会产生或仅有微小的扭曲影响,成员方无须承担约束和削减义务。
“绿箱”措施主要包括:一般农业服务支出,如农业科研、病虫害控制、培训、推广和咨询服务、检验服务、农产品市场促销服务、农业基础设施建设等;粮食安全储备补贴;粮食援助补贴;与生产不挂钩的收入补贴;收入保险计划;自然灾害救济补贴;农业生产者退休或转业补贴;农业资源储备补贴;农业结构调整投资补贴;农业环境保护补贴;落后地区援助补贴等。
“黄箱”措施是指,政府对农产品的直接干预和补贴,包括对种子、肥料、灌溉等农业投入品的补贴,对农产品营销贷款的补贴等。
这些措施对农产品贸易产生扭曲,成员方须承担约束和削减义务。
通常用综合支持量来衡量“黄箱”补贴的大小。
综合支持量是指,为支持农产品生产者而提供给某种农产品,或为支持广大农业生产者而提供给非特定产品的年支持水平,一般用货币单位表示。
《农业协议》规定,自1995年开始,以1986-1988年为基准期,发达成员在6年内逐步将综合支持量削减20%,发展中成员在10年内逐步削减13%。
对于发展中成员,一些“黄箱”措施被列入免予削减的范围。
主要包括农业投资补贴,对低收入或资源贫乏地区生产者提供的农业投入品补贴,为鼓励生产者不生产违禁麻醉作物而提供的支持等。
“蓝箱”措施是指,按固定面积和产量给予的补贴(如休耕补贴),按基期生产水平的85%或85%以下给予的补贴,按固定牲畜头数给予的补贴。
国际贸易术语解释大全国际贸易术语是国际贸易中经常使用的专业词汇,了解和掌握这些术语对于从事国际贸易的人士来说至关重要。
本文将为您详细解释一些常见的国际贸易术语,以帮助您更好地理解和运用这些术语。
1. 出口(Export):指将货物或服务从一个国家出售给其他国家的行为。
出口是国际贸易中的一种主要方式,有助于促进经济增长和国际间的合作与交流。
2. 进口(Import):指将货物或服务从其他国家购买并引入本国的行为。
进口可以满足国内市场需求,丰富国内产品种类,提高消费者福利水平。
3. 贸易逆差(Trade deficit):指一个国家的进口总额大于出口总额的情况。
贸易逆差可能导致国家的外汇储备减少,经济发展受到一定程度的制约。
4. 贸易顺差(Trade surplus):指一个国家的出口总额大于进口总额的情况。
贸易顺差可以增加国家的外汇储备,提升国家的经济实力。
5. 关税(Tariff):是国家对进口货物征收的一种税收。
关税的目的可以是保护国内产业,调整贸易平衡,或者作为政府收入的来源。
6. 非关税壁垒(Non-tariff barriers):指除了关税以外的其他限制进口的手段,如配额、进口许可证、质量标准等。
非关税壁垒可以对进口商品进行限制或者监管,以保护国内产业或者消费者利益。
7. 自由贸易区(Free Trade Zone):是指两个或多个国家或地区为促进贸易自由化而建立的区域。
在自由贸易区内,成员国可以自由地进行货物和服务的交易,减少关税和非关税壁垒。
8. 最惠国待遇(Most Favored Nation treatment):是指一个国家给予另一个国家的最优惠贸易待遇。
最惠国待遇的原则是国与国之间应平等对待,不得对某一国家给予特殊优惠。
9. 原产地证明(Certificate of Origin):是一种证明货物产地的文件,通常由出口国的相关机构或组织签发。
原产地证明对于享受关税减免或避免非关税壁垒的国际贸易非常重要。
Unit oneMultilaterial Trading System 多边贸易体制General Agreement On Tariffs and Trade 关贸总协定Uruguay Round 乌拉圭回合The Doha Development Agenda 多哈发展议程The Trade Policy Review Body 贸易政策审议机构The Dispute Settlement Body 争端解决机构Ministerial conference 部长级会议General Council 总理事会Goods Council 货物贸易理事会Services Council 服务贸易理事会The WTO Secretariat 秘书处Director—general 总干事General Agreement On Trade in Services 服务贸易总协定Dispute Settlement Understanding 争端解决谅解Agreement on Trade—Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights 与贸易有关的知识产权的协议Specialized committee 专门委员会Customs duty rate 关税税率State trading 国营贸易The least—developed countries 最不发达国Unit twoInternational Trade Organization(ITO)国贸组织“Bretton woods”System 布雷森顿体系The International Monetary Fund(IMF)国际货币基金组织Trade protectionism 贸易保护主义Havana Charter 哈瓦那宪章A package of agreements 一揽子协定Protocol 议定书Anti—Dumping Agreement 反倾销协定Agreement On Safeguards 保障措施协定Contracting party 缔约方Tariff concession 关税减让Market—sharing agreement 市场共享协定UN Conference on Trade and Employment 联合国贸易与就业大会Economic recession 经济衰退Unit threeTelecommunications 电信Trade without discrimination 非歧视性贸易Most—favored—nation treatment 最惠国待遇Import quotas 进口配额Non—tariff barriers 非关税壁垒Progressive liberalization 渐进式自由化Bound rates 约束贸易Trading partners 贸易伙伴Binding commitments 约束承诺Trade policy Review Mechanism 贸易政策审议机制Undistorted competition 非扭曲竞争Transition economies 转型经济体“least—developed” countries 最不发达国家。
W T O简明术语AAccession 加入(世界贸易组织)Acceptable risk level 可接受的风险水平ACP---African、Caribbean and Pacific 非加太国家Actionable subsidy 可诉补贴Ad valorem tariff 从价税Aggregate measurement of support(AMS)(农业国内支持)综合支持量Agreement on Agriculture 《农业协议》Agreement on Textiles and Clothing(ATC)《纺织品与服装协议》Air transport services 空运服务Amber box measures (农业国内支持)“黄箱”措施Annex 附件Annual bound commitment (农业国内支持)年度约束水平Anti-circumvention 反规避Anti-competitive practice 反竞争行为Anti-dumping duty 反倾销税Audiovisual services 视听服务Automatic licensing 自动许可Appendix 附录Appeal (争端解决)上诉Appellate body (争端解决)上诉机构Appropriate level of sanitary or phytosanitary protection 适当的动植物卫生保护水平Acquisition of intellectual property rights 知识产权的获得Arbitration 仲裁Areas of low pest or disease prevalence 病虫害低度流行区Assessment of risk 风险评估Association of Southeast Asian Nations(ASEAN)东南亚国家联盟(东盟)Australia-New Zealand Closer Economic Relations(ANCER)《澳大利亚新西兰紧密经济关系协定》BBerne Convention 《伯尔尼公约》Base tariff level 基础税率Basic Instrument and Selected Documents(BISD)《基本文件和资料选编》Basic telecommunication services 基础电信服务Best information available (反倾销)可获得的最佳信息Blue box measures (农业国内支持)“蓝箱”措施Balance-of-payments(BOP)provisions 国际收支条款Built-in agenda (世界贸易组织)既定议程Business services 商务服务Bound level 约束水平Bretton Woods Conference 布雷顿森林会议CCairns Group 凯恩斯集团Causal link 因果联系Ceiling bindings (关税)上限约束Central Product Classification(CPC)《(联合国)中心产品分类》Challenge Procedures (政府采购)质疑程序Clean report of findings 检验结果清洁报告书Codex Alimentarius Commission(CAC)食品法典委员会Common Agriculture Policy(CAP)(欧洲共同体)共同农业政策Communication services 通信服务Conciliation 调解Confidential information 机密信息Conformity assessment procedures 合格评定程序Circumvention 规避Combined tariff 复合税Commercial presence (服务贸易)商业存在Committee on Trade and Development(CTD)贸易与发展委员会Committee on Trade and Environment(CTE)贸易与环境委员会Compensation 补偿Competition policy 竞争政策Complaining party (争端解决)申诉方Computed value 计算价格Consensus 协商一致Constructed value (反倾销)结构价格Consultation 磋商Consumption abroad (服务贸易)境外消费Copyright 版权Council for Trade in Goods(CTG)货物贸易理事会Counterfeit trademark goods 冒牌货Counter-notification 反向通知Countervailing duty 反补贴税Contraction parties 关税与贸易总协定缔约方Cross border supply (服务贸易)跨境交付Cross retaliation 交叉报复Currency retention scheme 货币留成制度Current market access(CMA)现行市场准入Current total AMS (农业国内支持)现行综合支持量Customs duty 关税Customs tariff 海关税率,海关税则Customs value 海关完税价值Customs valuation 海关估价Customs union 关税同盟DDeveloped member 发达成员Developing member 发展中成员Direct payment (农业国内支持)直接支付Distribution services 分销服务Domestic industry 国内产业Domestic production 国内生产Domestic sales requirement 国内销售要求Domestic subsidy 国内补贴Domestic support (农业)国内支持Dispute Settlement Body 争端解决机构Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes(DSU)《关于争端解决规则与程序的谅解》Due restraint (对农产品反补贴)适当克制Dumping 倾销Dumping margin 倾销幅度EEconomies in transition 转型经济体Enabling clause 授权条款Enforcement of intellectual property rights 知识产权法Equivalence (检验检疫标准)等效性European Communities(EC)欧洲共同体European Free Trade Association (EFTA)欧洲自由贸易联盟Electronic commerce 电子商务Enquiry point 咨询点European Union 欧洲联盟Exhaustion of intellectual property rights 知识产权权利用尽Existing subject matter (知识产权)现有客体Ex officio 依职权Export credit 出口信贷Export credit guarantee 出口信贷担保Export subsidy 出口补贴FFall-back method (海关估价)“回顾”方法Findings 争端解决调查结果First-come first served 先来先得Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO)联合国粮农组织Food security 粮食安全Foreign direct investment(FDI)外国直接投资Foreign exchange balancing requirement 外汇平衡要求Free-rider 搭便车(指根据最惠国待遇享受其他成员贸易减让而不进行相应减让的成员)Free trade area 自由贸易区GGATT 1947 《1947年关税与贸易总协定》GATT 1994 《1994年关税与贸易总协定》General Agreement on Trade in Service(GATS)《服务贸易总协定》General Agreement on Tariff and Trade (GATT)《关税与贸易总协定》General Council 总理事会General exceptions 一般例外Geographical indications (知识产权)地理标识Genetically Modified Organisms(GMO)转基因生物Good offices 斡旋Government procurement 政府采购Green box measures (农业国内支持)“绿箱”措施Grey area measures 灰色区域措施General Preferential System(GPS)普惠制HHarmonized Commodity Description and Coding System(HS)《商品名称及编码协调制度》Havana Charter 哈瓦那宪章Horizontal commitments (服务贸易)水平承诺IIdentical product 相同产品Illustrative list 例示清单Import deposits 进口押金Import licensing 进口许可Import substitution 进口替代Import surcharge 进口附加税Import variable duties 进口差价税Industrial designs 工业设计Infant industry 幼稚产业Information Technology Agreement(ITA)《信息技术协议》Injunctions 禁令Initial negotiating rights (INRs)最初谈判权(初谈权)Integration process 一体化进程Intellectual property rights(IPRs)知识产权Internal taxes 国内税International Labor Organization (ILO ) 国际劳工组织International Monetary Fund (IMF)国际货币基金组织International Organization for Standardization (ISO)国际标准化组织International Plant Protection Convention 《国际植物保护公约》International Textile and Clothing Bureau (ITCB)国际纺织品与服装局International Trade Organization (ITO)国际贸易组织International Trade Center (ITC)国际贸易中心International Bank for Reconstruction and Development 国际复兴开发银行JJudicial review 司法审议Judicial person (服务贸易)法人KLLayout-designs(Topographies)of integrated circuits 集成电路外观设计(拓扑图)Least-developed countries (LDCs)最不发达国家License fee (知识产权)许可费Like product 同类产品Limited tendering (政府采购)有限招标Local content requirement 当地含量要求Local equity requirement 当地股份要求MMad-cow disease 疯牛病Maintenance of intellectual property rights 知识产权的维护Maritime transport services 海运服务Market access 市场准入Market boards 市场营销机构Market price support 市场价格支持Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization 《建立世界贸易组织马拉喀什协定》Marrakesh protocol 《马拉喀什协定书》Material injury 实质损害Medication 调停Minimum market access (MMA)最低市场准入Minimum values (海关估价)最低限价Most-favored-nation treatment (MFN)最惠国待遇MFN exemptions (服务贸易)最惠国待遇例外Ministerial conference 部长级会议Modalities 模式Modulation of quota clause (保障措施)配额调整条款Movement of natural persons 自然人流动Multi-Fiber Arrangement (MFA)《多种纤维协定》Multilateral trade negotiations (MTNs)多边贸易谈判Mutual recognition agreement 相互承认协议NNational treatment 国民待遇Natural person 自然人Negative standard (原产地)否定标准Neighboring rights (版权)邻接权New issues (世界贸易组织)新议题Non-actionable subsidy 不可诉补贴Non-automatic licensing 非自动许可Non-discrimination 非歧视Non-violation complaints 非违规之诉North American Free Trade Agreement(NAFTA)《北美自由贸易协定》Notification obligation 通知义务Non-tariff measures(NTMs)非关税措施Non-trade concern 非贸易关切Nullification or impairment (利益)丧失或减损oOffer (谈判)出价Open tendering (政府采购)公开招标Orderly marketing arrangement (OMA)有序销售安排Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development(OEDC)经济合作与发展组织Original member (世界贸易组织)创始成员PPanel 争端解决专家组Paris convention 《巴黎公约》Patents 专利Peace clause 关于农产品反补贴的和平条款Pest or disease-free area 病虫害非疫区Pirated copyright goods 盗版货Plurilateral agreement 诸边协议Positive standard (原产地)肯定标准Presence of natural person 自然人存在Preshipment inspection 装运前检验Price verification (装运前检验)价格核实Price undertaking (反倾销)价格承诺Principal supplying interest 主要供应利益Product mandating requirement 产品授权要求Product-to-product method 产品对产品(谈判)方法Production subsidy 生产补贴Professional services 专业服务Prohibited subsidy 被禁止的补贴Protocol accession 加入议定书Protocol of Provisional Application of GATT 关贸总协定临时适用协议书Provisional application 临时适用Prudential measures 审慎措施QQuads 四方集团(至美国、欧盟、日本和加拿大)Quantitative restrictions 数量限制Quantity trigger level (农业特殊保障措施)数量触发水平RReciprocity 对等Recommendations (争端解决)建议Reference years 参照年Regional trade agreements 区域贸易协议Request (谈判)要价Responding Party (争端解决)应诉方Restrictive business practices 限制性商业惯例Risk analysis 风险分析Risk assessment 风险评估Roll-back 逐步退回Rome convention 《罗马公约》Round (知识产权)使用费Rules of origin 原产地规则SSafeguards 保障措施Sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS)measures 卫生与植物措施Schedule of commitments (服务贸易)承诺表Schedule of concessions (货物贸易)减让表Sectoral negotiations 部门谈判Security exceptions 安全例外Selective tendering (政府采购)选择性招标Separate customs territory 单独关税区Serious injury 严重损害Serious prejudice 严重侵害Simple average tariff 简单平均关税Similar product 类似产品Special and differential(S&D)treatment provisions 特殊与差别待遇条款Special Drawing Rights (SDRs)(国际货币基金组织)特别提款权Special safeguard(SSG)measures (农产品)特殊保障措施Specific tariff 从量税Specificity (补贴)专项性Standardizing bodies 标准化机构Standards 标准Standstill 维持现状State trading enterprises (STEs)国营贸易企业Subsidy 补贴Subsidies in general 一般补贴Substantial supplying interest 实质供应利益Substantial transformation (产品)实质改变Suspend concessions 暂停减让TTariffs 关税Tariff bindings 关税约束Tariff classification 税则归类Tariff concessions 关税减让Tariff equivalent 关税等值Tariff escalation 关税升级Tariff headings 税目Tariffication 关税化Tariff line 税号Tariff peaks 关税高峰Tariff rate quotas/ Tariff quotas (TRQ)关税配额Technical assistance 技术援助Technical barriers to trade(TBT)技术性贸易壁垒Technical regulationsTelecommunication services 电信服务Terms of reference (TOR)(争端解决专家组)职责范围Textile Monitoring Body (TMB)(关税与贸易总协定)纺织品监督机构Textile Surveillance Body (TSB) (关税与贸易总协定)纺织品监督机构Tokyo Round Codes 东京回合守则Total AMS (农业国内支持)综合支持总量Trade-balancing requirement 贸易平衡要求Trade facilitation 贸易便利化Trade in civil aircraft 民用航空器贸易Trade in goods 货物贸易Trade in services 服务贸易Trademark(TM)商标Trade Policy Review Body (TPRB)贸易政策审议机构Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM)贸易政策审议机制Trade-related intellectual property rights (TRIPs)与贸易有关的知识产权Trade-related investment measures (TRIMs)Trade remedies 贸易救济(措施)Trade-weighted average tariff 贸易加权平均关税Transaction Value 成交价格Transition economies 转型经济体Transitional safeguard measures (纺织品)过渡性保障措施Transparency 透明度Transport services 运输服务Trigger prices (农产品特殊保障措施)触发价格UUndisclosed information (知识产权)未公开信息United Nations Conference on Trade and Development 联合国贸易与发展会议Uruguay Round 乌拉圭回合VVariable duties 差价税Value-added telecommunication services 增值电信服务Voluntary export restraints (VERs)自愿出口限制WWaiver (义务)豁免Washington Treaty 《华盛顿条约》Withdraw concessions 撤回减让World Customs Organization(WCO)世界海关组织World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)世界知识产权组织World Trade Organization(WTO)世界贸易组织WTO Members 世界贸易组织全体成员WTO Secretariat 世界贸易组织秘书处。
W T O 简明术语(中英文对照)Ad valorem tariff 从价税Anti-dumping duty反倾销税Appeal(争端解决)上诉ATC--Agreement on Textiles and Clothing《纺织品与服装协议》Bound level约束水平Compensation补偿Consensus协商一致Consultation磋商Countervailing duty反补贴税Customs valuation 海关估价DSB--Dispute Settlement Body争端解决机构Dumping倾销Export subsidy出口补贴GATS--General Agreement on Trade in Service《服务贸易总协定》GATT--General Agreement on Tariff and Trade《关税与贸易总协定》Government procurement政府采购Import licencing进口许可Import substitution进口替代Import surcharge 进口附加税Market access市场准入Market price support市场价格支持Material injury实质损害MFN--Most-favored-nation treatment最惠国待遇National treatment国民待遇Non-actionable subsidy(补贴协议)不可诉补贴NTMs--Non-tariff measures非关税措施Plurilateral agreement诸边协议Prohibited subsidy(补贴协议)被禁止的补贴Protocols议定书PSI--Preshipment inspection装运前检验Rules of origin原产地规则Safeguard Measures保障措施Schedule of concessions承诺减让表Specific tariff从量税SPS --Sanitary and phytosanitary measures动植物卫生检疫措施Subsidy补贴Tariff binding关税约束承诺Tariffication 关税化TBT--Technical barriers to trade技术性贸易壁垒TPRM--Trade Policy Review Mechanism贸易政策审议机制Transparency透明度TRIMs--Trade-related investment measures与贸易有关的投资设施TRIPS--Trade related intellectual property rights与贸易有关的知识产权TRQ--Tariff rate quotas/tariff quotas关税配额Waiver(WTO义务的)豁免WTO--World Trading Organization世界贸易组织Ad valorem Tariff 从价onTextiles and Clothing (ATC) 《纺织品与服装协议》Anti-dumping Duty 反倾销税Arbitration 仲裁Balance-of-payments(BOP)Provisions 国际收支条款Ceiling Bindings (关税)上限约束Conciliation 调解Compensation 补偿Consensus 协商一致Countervailing Duty 反补贴税Customs Valuation 海关估价de minimis 微量Export Subsidy 出口补贴GATT1994 《1994年关税与贸易总协定》General Agreement on Trade in Services(GATS)《服务贸易总协定》General Exceptions 一般例外Illustrative List 例示清单Import Licensing 进口许可Import Surcharge 进口附加税Infant Industry 幼稚产业Intellectual Property Rights(IPRs)知识产权Market Access 市场准入National Treatment 国民待遇Non-actionable Subsidy 不可诉补贴Non-tariffs Measures(NTMs)非关税措施。
wto名词解释WTO即世界贸易组织(World Trade Organization),是一个旨在促进全球贸易自由化、扩大国际贸易的国际组织。
WTO 成立于1995年,取代了1947年成立的关贸总协定(General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade,GATT),其总部位于瑞士的日内瓦。
WTO的主要目标是建立一个开放、公平、透明的全球贸易体系,为各成员国提供一个平等参与、互利共赢的贸易环境。
其成员包括绝大多数国家,目前已有164个成员国,占全球贸易总量的98%。
除了成员国,WTO还与一些观察员国、地区以及其他国际组织保持着密切的联系。
WTO的工作主要基于几个重要的原则。
首先是最惠国待遇原则,即成员国应当将对一个成员国所给予的最有利待遇,以最有利的方式扩展给所有其他成员国。
其次是国民待遇原则,即在国内市场上对本国和外国产品应一视同仁,不得歧视。
第三个重要原则是关税和非关税壁垒的逐步降低,以促进贸易自由化。
此外,WTO还致力于加强知识产权的保护,维护公正的贸易竞争环境,解决贸易争端等。
为达到上述目标,WTO开展了一系列的贸易谈判和协商。
最重要的是多哈回合谈判,该谈判从2001年开始,旨在进一步推动贸易自由化和发展问题。
然而,由于各成员国之间的意见分歧,多哈回合谈判一直未能达成一致,导致谈判进展缓慢。
此外,WTO还定期组织会员国间的贸易政策审查,以确保各成员国遵守贸易规则。
WTO的作用不仅限于开展贸易谈判和协商,它还充当着一个贸易纠纷解决的机构。
当成员国之间存在贸易纠纷时,他们可以向WTO提起诉讼,并接受WTO争端解决机构的裁决。
WTO的争端解决机构是一个独立、中立的机构,负责对贸易争端进行调查和裁决。
此外,WTO还提供技术援助和培训,帮助较弱的发展中国家提升其贸易能力,参与全球经济。
然而,WTO也面临着一些问题和挑战。
首先,WTO的决策过程相对复杂,各成员国之间的意见分歧较大,导致决策的推进速度缓慢。
国际经济法(International Economic Law)是涉及国家间经济关系和国际经济组织之间的法律规则和原则的领域。
在国际经济法中,涉及了许多专业名词,以下是其中一些名词的解释:
1. World Trade Organization (WTO):世界贸易组织,是国际间处理贸易相关事务的重要机构,负责制定和执行国际贸易规则。
2. Free Trade Agreement (FTA):自由贸易协定,是两个或更多国家之间达成的协议,旨在降低关税和贸易壁垒,促进贸易自由化。
3. Most-Favored Nation (MFN):最惠国待遇,是一项原则,根据该原则,一个国家给予另一个国家的最低关税率和优惠待遇应适用于所有世界贸易组织成员国。
4. Trade Liberalization:贸易自由化,是指通过降低关税和非关税壁垒,促进国际贸易自由流通,以增加贸易和经济活动。
5. Intellectual Property Rights (IPR):知识产权,是指对创造性作品(如发明、文学和艺术作品、商标和专利)的独有权利,保护创新和知识产权的法律体系。
6. Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS):投资者与国家间的争端解决机制,允许外国投资者对国家采取法律行动,以保护其在国外的投资利益。
7. Dumping:倾销,是指一国在出口商品时,以低于其生产成本或正常价值的价格销售商品,给其他国家的本地产业带来损害。
这些名词仅是国际经济法中的一小部分,国际经济法领域非常广泛,涵盖了贸易、投资、金融和知识产权等多个方面。
在深入研究时,建议查阅相关的法律文献和权威信息以获取更详细的解释和理解。
W T O简明术语AAccession 加入(世界贸易组织)Acceptable risk level 可接受的风险水平ACP---African、Caribbean and Pacific 非加太国家Actionable subsidy 可诉补贴Ad valorem tariff 从价税Aggregate measurement of support(AMS)(农业国内支持)综合支持量Agreement on Agriculture 《农业协议》Agreement on Textiles and Clothing(ATC)《纺织品与服装协议》Air transport services 空运服务Amber box measures (农业国内支持)“黄箱”措施Annex 附件Annual bound commitment(农业国内支持)年度约束水平Anti-circumvention 反规避Anti-competitive practice 反竞争行为Anti-dumping duty 反倾销税Audiovisual services 视听服务Automatic licensing 自动许可Appendix 附录Appeal (争端解决)上诉Appellate body (争端解决)上诉机构Appropriate level of sanitary or phytosanitary protection 适当的动植物卫生保护水平Acquisition of intellectual property rights 知识产权的获得Arbitration 仲裁Areas of low pest or disease prevalence 病虫害低度流行区Assessment of risk 风险评估Association of Southeast Asian Nations(ASEAN)东南亚国家联盟(东盟)Australia-New Zealand Closer Economic Relations(ANCER)《澳大利亚新西兰紧密经济关系协定》BBerne Convention 《伯尔尼公约》Base tariff level 基础税率Basic Instrument and Selected Documents(BISD)《基本文件和资料选编》Basic telecommunication services 基础电信服务Best information available (反倾销)可获得的最佳信息Blue box measures (农业国内支持)“蓝箱”措施Balance-of-payments(BOP)provisions 国际收支条款Built-in agenda (世界贸易组织)既定议程Business services 商务服务Bound level 约束水平Bretton Woods Conference 布雷顿森林会议CCairns Group 凯恩斯集团Causal link 因果联系Ceiling bindings (关税)上限约束Central Product Classification(CPC)《(联合国)中心产品分类》Challenge Procedures (政府采购)质疑程序Clean report of findings 检验结果清洁报告书Codex Alimentarius Commission(CAC)食品法典委员会Common Agriculture Policy(CAP)(欧洲共同体)共同农业政策Communication services 通信服务Conciliation 调解Confidential information 机密信息Conformity assessment procedures 合格评定程序Circumvention 规避Combined tariff 复合税Commercial presence (服务贸易)商业存在Committee on Trade and Development(CTD)贸易与发展委员会Committee on Trade and Environment(CTE)贸易与环境委员会Compensation 补偿Competition policy 竞争政策Complaining party (争端解决)申诉方Computed value 计算价格Consensus 协商一致Constructed value (反倾销)结构价格Consultation 磋商Consumption abroad (服务贸易)境外消费Copyright 版权Council for Trade in Goods(CTG)货物贸易理事会Counterfeit trademark goods 冒牌货Counter-notification 反向通知Countervailing duty 反补贴税Contraction parties 关税与贸易总协定缔约方Cross border supply (服务贸易)跨境交付Cross retaliation 交叉报复Currency retention scheme 货币留成制度Current market access(CMA)现行市场准入Current total AMS (农业国内支持)现行综合支持量Customs duty 关税Customs tariff 海关税率,海关税则Customs value 海关完税价值Customs valuation 海关估价Customs union 关税同盟DDeveloped member 发达成员Developing member 发展中成员Direct payment (农业国内支持)直接支付Distribution services 分销服务Domestic industry 国内产业Domestic production 国内生产Domestic sales requirement 国内销售要求Domestic subsidy 国内补贴Domestic support (农业)国内支持Dispute Settlement Body 争端解决机构Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes(DSU)《关于争端解决规则与程序的谅解》Due restraint (对农产品反补贴)适当克制Dumping 倾销Dumping margin 倾销幅度EEconomies in transition 转型经济体Enabling clause 授权条款Enforcement of intellectual property rights 知识产权法Equivalence (检验检疫标准)等效性European Communities(EC)欧洲共同体European Free Trade Association (EFTA)欧洲自由贸易联盟Electronic commerce 电子商务Enquiry point 咨询点European Union 欧洲联盟Exhaustion of intellectual property rights 知识产权权利用尽Existing subject matter (知识产权)现有客体Ex officio 依职权Export credit 出口信贷Export credit guarantee 出口信贷担保Export subsidy 出口补贴FFall-back method (海关估价)“回顾”方法Findings 争端解决调查结果First-come first served 先来先得Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO)联合国粮农组织Food security 粮食安全Foreign direct investment(FDI)外国直接投资Foreign exchange balancing requirement 外汇平衡要求Free-rider 搭便车(指根据最惠国待遇享受其他成员贸易减让而不进行相应减让的成员)Free trade area 自由贸易区GGATT 1947 《1947年关税与贸易总协定》GATT 1994 《1994年关税与贸易总协定》General Agreement on Trade in Service(GATS)《服务贸易总协定》General Agreement on Tariff and Trade (GATT)《关税与贸易总协定》General Council 总理事会General exceptions 一般例外Geographical indications (知识产权)地理标识Genetically Modified Organisms(GMO)转基因生物Good offices 斡旋Government procurement 政府采购Green box measures (农业国内支持)“绿箱”措施Grey area measures 灰色区域措施General Preferential System(GPS)普惠制HHarmonized Commodity Description and Coding System(HS)《商品名称及编码协调制度》Havana Charter 哈瓦那宪章Horizontal commitments (服务贸易)水平承诺IIdentical product 相同产品Illustrative list 例示清单Import deposits 进口押金Import licensing 进口许可Import substitution 进口替代Import surcharge 进口附加税Import variable duties 进口差价税Industrial designs 工业设计Infant industry 幼稚产业Information Technology Agreement(ITA)《信息技术协议》Injunctions 禁令Initial negotiating rights (INRs)最初谈判权(初谈权)Integration process 一体化进程Intellectual property rights(IPRs)知识产权Internal taxes 国内税International Labor Organization (ILO ) 国际劳工组织International Monetary Fund (IMF)国际货币基金组织International Organization for Standardization (ISO)国际标准化组织International Plant Protection Convention 《国际植物保护公约》International Textile and Clothing Bureau (ITCB)国际纺织品与服装局International Trade Organization (ITO)国际贸易组织International Trade Center (ITC)国际贸易中心International Bank for Reconstruction and Development 国际复兴开发银行JJudicial review 司法审议Judicial person (服务贸易)法人KLLayout-designs(Topographies)of integrated circuits 集成电路外观设计(拓扑图)Least-developed countries (LDCs)最不发达国家License fee (知识产权)许可费Like product 同类产品Limited tendering (政府采购)有限招标Local content requirement 当地含量要求Local equity requirement 当地股份要求Mad-cow disease 疯牛病Maintenance of intellectual property rights 知识产权的维护Maritime transport services 海运服务Market access 市场准入Market boards 市场营销机构Market price support 市场价格支持Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization 《建立世界贸易组织马拉喀什协定》Marrakesh protocol 《马拉喀什协定书》Material injury 实质损害Medication 调停Minimum market access (MMA)最低市场准入Minimum values (海关估价)最低限价Most-favored-nation treatment (MFN)最惠国待遇MFN exemptions (服务贸易)最惠国待遇例外Ministerial conference 部长级会议Modalities 模式Modulation of quota clause (保障措施)配额调整条款Movement of natural persons 自然人流动Multi-Fiber Arrangement (MFA)《多种纤维协定》Multilateral trade negotiations (MTNs)多边贸易谈判Mutual recognition agreement 相互承认协议NNational treatment 国民待遇Natural person 自然人Negative standard (原产地)否定标准Neighboring rights (版权)邻接权New issues (世界贸易组织)新议题Non-actionable subsidy 不可诉补贴Non-automatic licensing 非自动许可Non-discrimination 非歧视Non-violation complaints 非违规之诉North American Free Trade Agreement(NAFTA)《北美自由贸易协定》Notification obligation 通知义务Non-tariff measures(NTMs)非关税措施Non-trade concern 非贸易关切Nullification or impairment (利益)丧失或减损Offer (谈判)出价Open tendering (政府采购)公开招标Orderly marketing arrangement (OMA)有序销售安排Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development(OEDC)经济合作与发展组织Original member (世界贸易组织)创始成员PPanel 争端解决专家组Paris convention 《巴黎公约》Patents 专利Peace clause 关于农产品反补贴的和平条款Pest or disease-free area 病虫害非疫区Pirated copyright goods 盗版货Plurilateral agreement 诸边协议Positive standard (原产地)肯定标准Presence of natural person 自然人存在Preshipment inspection 装运前检验Price verification (装运前检验)价格核实Price undertaking (反倾销)价格承诺Principal supplying interest 主要供应利益Product mandating requirement 产品授权要求Product-to-product method 产品对产品(谈判)方法Production subsidy 生产补贴Professional services 专业服务Prohibited subsidy 被禁止的补贴Protocol accession 加入议定书Protocol of Provisional Application of GATT 关贸总协定临时适用协议书Provisional application 临时适用Prudential measures 审慎措施QQuads 四方集团(至美国、欧盟、日本和加拿大)Quantitative restrictions 数量限制Quantity trigger level (农业特殊保障措施)数量触发水平RReciprocity 对等Recommendations (争端解决)建议Reference years 参照年Regional trade agreements 区域贸易协议Request (谈判)要价Responding Party (争端解决)应诉方Restrictive business practices 限制性商业惯例Risk analysis 风险分析Risk assessment 风险评估Roll-back 逐步退回Rome convention 《罗马公约》Round (知识产权)使用费Rules of origin 原产地规则SSafeguards 保障措施Sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS)measures 卫生与植物措施Schedule of commitments (服务贸易)承诺表Schedule of concessions (货物贸易)减让表Sectoral negotiations 部门谈判Security exceptions 安全例外Selective tendering (政府采购)选择性招标Separate customs territory 单独关税区Serious injury 严重损害Serious prejudice 严重侵害Simple average tariff 简单平均关税Similar product 类似产品Special and differential(S&D)treatment provisions 特殊与差别待遇条款Special Drawing Rights (SDRs)(国际货币基金组织)特别提款权Special safeguard(SSG)measures (农产品)特殊保障措施Specific tariff 从量税Specificity (补贴)专项性Standardizing bodies 标准化机构Standards 标准Standstill 维持现状State trading enterprises (STEs)国营贸易企业Subsidy 补贴Subsidies in general 一般补贴Substantial supplying interest 实质供应利益Substantial transformation (产品)实质改变Suspend concessions 暂停减让TTariffs 关税Tariff bindings 关税约束Tariff classification 税则归类Tariff concessions 关税减让Tariff equivalent 关税等值Tariff escalation 关税升级Tariff headings 税目Tariffication 关税化Tariff line 税号Tariff peaks 关税高峰Tariff rate quotas/ Tariff quotas (TRQ)关税配额Technical assistance 技术援助Technical barriers to trade(TBT)技术性贸易壁垒Technical regulationsTelecommunication services 电信服务Terms of reference (TOR)(争端解决专家组)职责范围Textile Monitoring Body (TMB)(关税与贸易总协定)纺织品监督机构Textile Surveillance Body (TSB) (关税与贸易总协定)纺织品监督机构Tokyo Round Codes 东京回合守则Total AMS (农业国内支持)综合支持总量Trade-balancing requirement 贸易平衡要求Trade facilitation 贸易便利化Trade in civil aircraft 民用航空器贸易Trade in goods 货物贸易Trade in services 服务贸易Trademark(TM)商标Trade Policy Review Body (TPRB)贸易政策审议机构Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM)贸易政策审议机制Trade-related intellectual property rights (TRIPs)与贸易有关的知识产权Trade-related investment measures (TRIMs)Trade remedies 贸易救济(措施)Trade-weighted average tariff 贸易加权平均关税Transaction Value 成交价格Transition economies 转型经济体Transitional safeguard measures (纺织品)过渡性保障措施Transparency 透明度Transport services 运输服务Trigger prices (农产品特殊保障措施)触发价格UUndisclosed information (知识产权)未公开信息United Nations Conference on Trade and Development 联合国贸易与发展会议Uruguay Round 乌拉圭回合VVariable duties 差价税Value-added telecommunication services 增值电信服务Voluntary export restraints (VERs)自愿出口限制WWaiver (义务)豁免Washington Treaty 《华盛顿条约》Withdraw concessions 撤回减让World Customs Organization(WCO)世界海关组织World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)世界知识产权组织World Trade Organization(WTO)世界贸易组织WTO Members 世界贸易组织全体成员WTO Secretariat 世界贸易组织秘书处。
WTO常用词汇1.关贸总协定,世界贸易组织的前身GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs andTrade)2.世界贸易组织WTO (World Trade Organization)3.乌拉圭回合Uruguay Round4.最惠国待遇(现通常称"正常贸易关系")MFN(most-favored-nation) treatment5.争端解决机构dispute settlement body6.《关于争端解决规则与程序的谅解》DSU (Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes)7.《北美自由贸易协定》NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement)8.东盟自由贸易区ASEAN Free Trade Area9.东部和南部非洲共同市场COMESA (Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa)10.反倾销措施anti-dumping measures ag ainst…11.非配额产品quota-free products12.非生产性投资investment in non-productive projects13.风险管理/评估risk management/ assessment14.国际收支balance of international payments/ balance of payment15.实行国民待遇grant the national treatment to16.瓶颈制约"bottleneck" restrictions17.非洲、加勒比和太平洋国家集团(洛美协定)ACP (African, Caribbean and Pacific Group)18.(补贴协议)可诉补贴actionable subsidy19.上诉机构appeal body20.基础税率base tariff level21.国际收支条款BOP(Balance-of-payments) Provisions22.既定日程built-in agenda23.约束水平bound level24.(欧盟)共同农业政策Common Agriculture Policy25.规避circumvention26.反补贴税countervailing duty27.交叉报复cross retaliation28.海关完税价值customs values29.环保型技术EST(Environmentally-sound technology)30.出口实绩export performance31.出口补贴export subsidy32.粮食安全food security33.免费搭车者(享受其他国家最惠国待遇而不进行相应减让的国家) free-rider34.政府采购government procurement35.灰色区域措施grey area measures36.WTO最不发达国家高级别会议HLM (WTO High-level Meeting for LDCs)37.协调制度(商品名称及编码协调制度)HS (Harmonized Commodity and Coding System)38.进口许可import licensing39.进口渗透import penetration40.最初谈判权(初谈权) INRs (Initial Negotiating Rights)41.知识产权IPRs (Intellectual property rights)42.最不发达国家LDCs (Least-developed countries)43.当地含量local content44.市场准入market access45.专门的营销机构market boards46.(服务贸易)自然人national person47.国民待遇national treatment48.(利益的)丧失和减损nullification and impairment49.(争端解决)专家组panel50.(《农业协议》中关于反补贴的)和平条款peace clause51.诸边协议plurilateral agreement52.(服务贸易)自然人流动presence of natural person53.生产补贴production subsidy54.消费膨胀inflated consumption55.慢性萧条chronic depression56.进口环节税import linkage tax57.北美自由贸易区NAFTA (North American Free Trade Area)58.全球配额global quota59.祖父条款grandfather clause60.贸易和投资自由化和便利化TILF (Trade and Investment Liberalization and Facilitation)61.国际清算international settlement62.横向兼并horizontal merger63.垂直兼并vertical merger64.垃圾融资junk financing65.申报制度reporting system; Income declaration system66.市场准人的行政管理措施AAMA (Administrative Aspects of Market Access)。
关贸总协定,世界贸易组织的前身GATT(General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade)世界贸易组织WTO(World Trade Organization)乌拉圭回合Uruguay Round最惠国待遇(现通常称"正常贸易关系")MFN(most-favored-nation)treatment争端解决机构dispute settlement body《关于争端解决规则与程序的谅解》DSU(Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes)《北美自由贸易协定》NAFTA(North American Free Trade Agreement)东盟自由贸易区ASEAN Free Trade Area东部和南部非洲共同市场COMESA(Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa)反倾销措施anti-dumping measures against…非配额产品quota-free products非生产性投资investment in non-productive projects风险管理/评估risk management/assessment国际收支balance of international payments/balance of payment实行国民待遇grant the national treatment to瓶颈制约"bottleneck"restrictions非洲、加勒比和太平洋国家集团(洛美协定)ACP(African,Caribbean and Pacific Group)(补贴协议)可诉补贴actionable subsidy上诉机构appeal body基础税率base tariff level国际收支条款BOP(Balance-of-payments)Provisions既定日程built-in agenda约束水平bound level(欧盟)共同农业政策Common Agriculture Policy规避circumvention反补贴税countervailing duty交叉报复cross retaliation海关完税价值customs values环保型技术EST(Environmentally-sound technology)出口实绩export performance出口补贴export subsidy粮食安全food security免费搭车者(享受其他国家最惠国待遇而不进行相应减让的国家)free-rider政府采购government procurement灰色区域措施grey area measuresWTO最不发达国家高级别会议HLM(WTO High-level Meeting for LDCs)协调制度(商品名称及编码协调制度)HS(Harmonized Commodity and Coding System)进口许可import licensing进口渗透import penetration最初谈判权(初谈权)INRs(Initial Negotiating Rights)知识产权IPRs(Intellectual property rights)最不发达国家LDCs(Least-developed countries)当地含量local content市场准入market access专门的营销机构market boards(服务贸易)自然人national person国民待遇national treatment(利益的)丧失和减损nullification and impairment(争端解决)专家组panel(《农业协议》中关于反补贴的)和平条款peace clause诸边协议plurilateral agreement(服务贸易)自然人流动presence of natural person生产补贴production subsidy消费膨胀inflated consumption慢性萧条chronic depression进口环节税import linkage tax北美自由贸易区NAFTA(North American Free Trade Area)全球配额global quota祖父条款grandfather clause贸易和投资自由化和便利化TILF(Trade and Investment Liberalization and Facilitation)国际清算international settlement横向兼并horizontal merger垂直兼并vertical merger垃圾融资junk financing申报制度reporting system;income declaration system市场准人的行政管理措施AAMA(Administrative Aspects of Market Access)A2000Agenda2000年议程Abandoned Claims被放弃的诉请Acceding Country申请加入国Acceding Government申请加入的政府Acceptable Level of Risk可接受的风险水平Accession加入Accession Country加入国Accession Package加入一揽子文件Accountancy Disciplines会计准则Accounting Services会计服务Accreditation认可Accreditation and Approval认可和批准Actionable Subsidy(补贴协议)可诉补贴Actual Dumping Margin实际倾销幅度Actual Value实际价值Actuarial Services保险精算服务Actuarial Specialist精算专家Ad valor tariff从价税Ad Valorem Duty从价税Ad Valorem Equivalent从价等量Ad Valorem Subsidization从价补贴Ad Valorem Tariff从价关税Additional Commitments额外承诺Additional Duty额外关税Adjustment Cost调整成本Administered Support Price政府支持价格Administrative Action行政行为Administrative Determinations行政裁定Administrative Revocation行政撤销Advance Deposit for Imports预付进口押金Adverse Effects不利影响Adverse Inferences不利推断Advertising Services广告服务Advisory Opinion咨询性意见Affirmative肯定裁决Affirmative Defense积极抗辩Affirmative Determination肯定性裁定Affirmative Finding肯定性调查结果Afford Adequate Opportunity提供充分机会After Sales Services售后服务Agency Insurance Services保险代理服务Agenda22世纪议程Aggregate measure of support综合支持量Aggressive Multilateralism攻击性多边主义Aggressive Reciprocity攻击性互惠Agreed database各方都同意的数据库Agreed Exclusions议定的例外Agreed Standard From议定的标准格式Agreement on Agriculture农业协定Agreement on Compensation补偿协定Agricultural Integration农业一体化Agriculture Protection Argument农业保护论Air Transport Services空运服务Alleged Dumping被指控的倾销Alleged Injury被指控的损害Alleged Subsidy被指控的补贴Allocation of Quotas配额分配Allowance for Waste损耗Alternative Duty选择税Amber Box Measures(农产品国内支持)黄箱措施Amendments to WTO Agreements协定修改American Selling Price(ASP)美国销售价格Amicus Brief法庭之友的书面陈述Amicus Curiae法庭之友amount of subsidy补贴数额AMS Disciplines综合支持量纪律AMS Methodology综合支持量方法Analogue Country替代国Analytical Index分析索引Ancillary Services空运辅助服务Animal Welfare动物福利Annual bound commitment年度约束水平Anti-Circumvention反规避Anti-Circumvention Action反规避行动Anti-Competitive Practices反竞争做法Anti-Dumping反倾销Anti-Dumping Act反倾销法Anti-Dumping Action反倾销行动Anti-Dumping Agreement反倾销协定Anti-Dumping Code反倾销守则Anti-Dumping Complaint反倾销申诉Anti-Dumping Duty反倾销税Anti-Dumping Duty Order反倾销税令Anti-Dumping Investigation反倾销调查Anti-Dumping Law反倾销法律Anti-dumping measures(AD,A-D)反倾销措施Anti-Dumping Penalty反倾销补偿金Anti-Dumping Policy反倾销政策Anti-Dumping Practice反倾销实践Anti-Dumping Proceeding反倾销程序Anti-Dumping Tribunal反倾销调查裁决机关Anti-Globalization反全球化Anti-Surge Clause反激增条款Appeal(争端解决)上诉Appeals上诉Appellate Body上诉机构Appellate Body Report上诉机构报告Appellate Review上诉审查Appellations of Origin原产地名称Appellee被上诉方Applicant Contracting Party申请缔约方Application Form申请表格Application Procedures申请程序Appraised Value估定价值Appraisement估价Appropriate Compensation适当补偿Appropriate Countermeasures适当反措施Appropriate Schedule适当减让表Arbitration仲裁Arbitration Award仲裁裁决Architectural Services建筑设计服务Archive Services档案服务Arm’s Length Negotiations公平谈判Arm’s Length Price公平价格Arm’s Length Pricing公平定价Arm’s Length Rate公平利润率Arm’s Length Transaction公平交易Artwork工艺Assessment of Risk风险评估Assessment of Tariff Offers评估关税出价Assessment of the Origin原产地预确定Asset Management资产管理服务Assignment转让Assignment Agreement转让协议Assignor转让人Assurance of Conformity合格保证Asymmetrical Comparison非对称比较At-the-Border Barriers边境壁垒Audiovisual Service视听服务Auditing Services审计服务Automatic Import Licensing自动进口许可Automatic Licensing自动许可Autonomous Trade Regimes自主贸易制度Average CIF Unit Value平均到岸价Average Reference Price平均参考价格Award裁决A Reasonable Rate of Increase in Reserves储备增加的合理比率Abuse of Intellectual Property Rights滥用知识产权Access to Confidential Information对机密信息的获取Accident and Health Insurance services意外和健康保险服务Accounting,Auditing and Book-keeping Services会计、审计和簿记服务Acquisition or Maintenance of Intellectual Property Rights知识产权的取得或维持Acts Occurring Prior to Date of Application of Agreement协议适用之日前发生的行为Actual Threat under Agreement on Textile and Clothing纺织品与服装协定中的实际威胁Ad Interim Reduction or Exemption of Customs Duties临时减少或豁免关税Ad Valorem Percentage Criterion从价百分比标准Additional Period of One Year under Multi-Fibre Agreement多种纤维安排中的延期一年Additional Written Memoranda附加书面备忘录Adequate and Enduring Technical Competence适当和持久的技术资质Administration of Trade Regulations贸易法规的实施Administrative Aspects of Market Access(AAMA)市场准入的行政管理措施Aggregate Measurement of Support(AMS)(农产品)综合支持量Administrative Memorandum行政备忘录Administrative Procedures and Remedies行政程序和救济Administrative,Selling and General Costs管理、销售和一般费用Advisory and other Auxiliary Services金融咨询和其他附属服务Advisory,Intermediation Services金融咨询、中介服务Aggregate measurement of support(AMS)(农业)综合支持量Agreement for Protection of International Investment国际投资保护协定Agreement on Textile and Clothing(ATC)纺织品与服装协定Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures(TRIMs)与投资有关的贸易措施Agreements and Associated Legal Instruments协定及相关法律文件Agricultural Chemical Products农业化学物质产品Aircraft Repair and Maintenance Services航空器的维修和保养服务Allocation of Shares in the Quota配额中的份额分配Alternative Dispute Resolution争端解决的替代方式American Selling Price System of Valuation美国销售价格估价制度Amicus Submissions by NGOs非政府组织的法庭之友书面陈述Amount for Profit and General Expenses利润和一般费用总额Amount of a Subsidy in Terms of the Benefit to the Recipient以接受者所获利益形式的补贴金额An Inconsistency of a Serious Nature严重不符Andean Community安第斯共同体Annecy Round安纳西回合Annual and Final Bound Commitment Levels年度和最终约束承诺水平Annual Export Subsidy Commitment Levels出口补贴年度承诺水平Anti-Dumping Act of19161916年反倾销法Anti-Dumping Act of19211921年反倾销法Appellate Body Operating Fund(ABOF)上诉机构业务基金Application for Anti-Dumping Action反倾销调查申请Application of International Standards适用国际标准Application of Successive Treaties Relative to the Same Subject-Matter 后续条约的适用Applications Specialist系统应用专家Appropriate Level of Sanitary or Phytosanitary Protection卫生或植物卫生保护的适当水平Arbitrary or Fictitious Customs Values武断或虚构的海关价格Area of Low Pest or Disease Prevalence病虫害低度流行区Arrangements for Consultation and Cooperation磋商与合作安排Article2Exemptions第2条例外Article21.5Panel第21.5款专家组Article22.6Arbitration第22.6款仲裁Assistance for Research Activities研究活动补助Associated Foreign Direct Investment关联外国直接投资Assured Life of the Schedules减让表的有效期Attribution of Serious Damage in ATC纺织品与服装协定中严重损害的归因Audio Visual Service Negotiations in the Uruguay Round 乌拉圭回合中的视听服务谈判Authoritative Interpretation of Provisions适用协定规定的权威性解释Automated System for Customs Date(ASYCUDA)海关数据自动化系统Automatic Import Licensing Procedures自动进口许可程序Auxiliary Financial Services附属金融服务B‘Bottleneck’restrictions瓶颈制约Background and Authority背景与主管机关Balance of payment(BOP)国际收支Base Levels基础水平Base Period基期Base tariff level基础税率Base Total AMS基期综合支持总量Basic Agricultural Product基本农产品Basic Telecommunications基础电信Basket Tariff Quota一揽子关税配额Benchmark Price基准价格Benefit Accruing获得的利益Benefit to the Recipient给予受益人的利益Benefits of Trade贸易利益Bidding Quotation投标报价Bilateral Agreement双边协定配额Bilateral Emergency Basis双边应急基础Bilateral Investment双边投资Bilateral Quota双边配额Bilateral Tax Treaty双边税收条约Bilateral Trade双边贸易Bilateral Trade Agreement双边贸易协定Bilateralism双边主义Binding Commitments约束承诺Binding of Duty Rates关税税率约束Binding of Duty Treatment关税待遇约束Blair House Accord布莱尔宫协定Blue Box蓝箱Blue Box measures(农业国内支持)“蓝箱措施”Blue box policies蓝箱政策Board Tariff Reduction广泛关税减让Bonded Factory保税工厂BOP Provisions国际收支条款Border Measures边境措施Border Tax边境税Border tax adjustments(BTA)边境税调整Bound level约束水平Bound MFN Rate约束最惠国关税率Bound Schedule约束税率表Bound tariff rates约束税率Bounty奖励Breach of Confidence泄密Bretton Woods System布雷顿森林体系Broadband Services宽带服务Broadcasting Organization广播组织Broking Services经纪服务Brussels Declaration布鲁塞尔宣言Building Block System板块系统方法Building Codes建筑法规Building-Cleaning Services建筑物清洁服务Built in agenda既定日程Built-in agenda(WTO)既定议程Built-In Swing调用Burden of Proof举证责任Business Exception商业例外Business Practice商业实践Business Support Services商务支持服务But for Test“若非”标准Buying Commission购买佣金Backdoor Protectionism后门保护主义Balance of Rights and Obligations under ATC纺织品与服装协定下权利和义务的平衡Balance-of-Payments Consultations国际收支磋商Balance-of-Payments Difficulties国际收支困难Balance-of-payments provisions国际收支条款Banking and Related Financial Services银行及相关金融服务Basel Convention《巴塞尔公约》(有关危险废弃物的多边环境协定)Basic Instruments and Selected Documents(BISD)(GATT)《基本文件资料选编》Basic Telecommunication Services基础电信服务Basic Telecommunications Operator基础电信运营商Belgian Family Allowances比利时家庭补助案Berne Convention《伯尔尼公约》(《保护文学艺术作品的伯尔尼公约》)Best Information Available可获得的最佳信息bilateral investment treaties(BIT)双边投资协定Bilateral Trade and Payments Agreements双边贸易与支付协定Board Tariff Cutting Formula划一削减公式Border Enforcement of IPR知识产权的边境执法Bound Free Duty约束免税待遇Branch or Representative Office分公司或代表处Brief Summary of Legal Basis of Complaint申诉的法律根据摘要Brief Summary of Legal Basis of Complaint诉请的法律根据摘要Brussels Definition of Value(BDV)布鲁塞尔对价值的定义Budgetary Commitment Levels预算支出承诺水平Budgetary Outlay Reduction Commitments预算支出削减承诺Burden of Proof in Non-Violation Nullification or Impairment Claims 非违反之诉的举证责任Burden Shifting Where Quantity Exported Exceeds Commitments 举证责任转移Business Confidential Information商业秘密信息CCairns Group凯恩斯集团Cairns Group凯恩斯集团Cancellation注销Cancellation of Registration注销注册Capital Expenditure资本支出Capital Subsidy资本补贴Captive Production内部生产Cargo Handling Services货物装卸服务Carry Forward借用Carry Over留用Cash Deposit保证金Causal Factors因果关系要素Causality因果关系Causation因果关系Cause Shown陈述的理由Ceiling Tax Rate最高税率Certificate of Origin原产地证书Certification Systems认证体系Challenge Procedures质疑程序Channels of Commerce商业渠道Charge费用Chronic depression慢性萧条Circumvention规避Circumvention by Transshipment转运规避Civil Aircraft Products民用航空器产品Claim权利请求Claims诉请Claims Versus Arguments诉请与论据Clothing服装Collective Action集体行动Combined tariff混合税Commencement of Appeal上诉的开始Commercial Considerations商业考虑Commercial Exhibition商业性放映Commercial Exploitation商业性利用Commercial Level商业水平Commercial presence(服务贸易)商业存在Commercial Rental商业性出租Commercial Services商业服务Commission and Brokerage佣金和经纪费Common Agriculture Policy共同农业政策Common Quota共同配额Common Register共同登记机构Communications Services通讯服务Comparable Price可比价格Compensation补偿Compensation Negotiation补偿谈判Compensation Trade补偿贸易Compensatory Adjustment补偿性调整Competition policy竞争政策Compilations of Date数据汇编Complaining Party(解决争端)申诉方Complaint申诉Complaint Procedure申诉程序Compliance符合Compliance Report执行专家组报告Comprehensive全面报告Compulsory Licensing强制许可Computed Value计算价格Computed Value Method计算价格估价方法Computer Programs计算机程序Computer Services计算机服务Concealed Dumping隐蔽倾销Concession Negotiation减让谈判Concurrence同意意见Conditional Appeal附条件上诉Conditions of Competition竞争条件Conduct of Business处事规则Confidential Information机密信息Conflict of Interest利益冲突Conformity Assessment合格评定Consensus协商一致Consensus Minus除了……协商一致Consignment Requirements运输条件Consolidated Notification综合通知书Consolidated Schedules综合减让表Constituent Territories组成领土Constitutional Procedures宪法程序Constructed Export Price推定出口价格Constructed Value推定价值Constructive Remedies建设性救济措施Consular Transactions领事事项Consultation磋商Consultation Procedures磋商程序Consulting Country参与磋商的国家Consulting Member参与磋商的成员方Consumer Preference消费者偏好Consumption Abroad(服务贸易)境外消费Contracting parties(GATT)缔约方Conventional Tariff协定关税Conversion of Duties关税转换Converted Concessions转换的关税减让Copyright版权Copyright Piracy盗版Copyright Protection版权保护Copyright Works版权作品Corrective Measures纠正措施Cost Date成本数据Costs and Charges成本和费用Counsel法庭律师Counter purchase反向购买Counter trade补偿贸易Counterclaim反诉Counter-Complaint反诉诉状Counterfeit Goods假冒商品Counterfeiting假冒Countermeasures反措施Counter-notification反向通知Countervailing Charge反补贴指控Countervailing Duty Action反补贴税行动Countervailing Duty Law反补贴税法Countervailing Duty Order征收反补贴税令Countervailing Duty Rate反补贴税率Countervailing duty(CVD)反补贴税Countervailing Measures反补贴措施Country-of-Origin Marking原产地标记Courier Services快递服务Course of Trade贸易过程Covered Agreements适用协定Criminal Procedures刑事程序Criteria for Patentability授予专利的标准Critical Circumstances危急情况Crop Insurance Scheme农作物保险计划Cross border supply(服务贸易)跨境交付Cross Border Trade跨境贸易Cross check交叉核实Cross Licensing交叉许可Cross retaliation交叉报复Cross-Cutting Issues跨领域议题Cultural exception文化例外Cumulation累积Cumulation of Injury损害积累Cumulative Assessment累积评估Cumulative Indirect Taxes累积间接税Cumulative Injury累积的损害Cumulative Injury Assessment累积损害评估Cumulative Market Disruption累积市场扰乱Cumulative Rules of Origin累计原产地规则Cumulative Subsidies累计补贴Currency Conversion货币换算Currency retention scheme货币留成制度Currency Retention Schemes货币保留方案Current Access Commitments现行准入承诺Current Total AMS(农业)现行综合支持Customary Business Practice传统商业惯例Customary International Law国际习惯法Customs Act海关法Customs Administration海关当局Customs Area海关境域Customs Barriers关税壁垒Customs Bonded Warehouse海关保税仓库Customs Border关境Customs Cooperation海关合作Customs Documentation海关文件Customs Drawback海关退税Customs Duties海关关税Customs Duty关税Customs Duty关税免除Customs Enforcement海关执法Customs Fee海关规费Customs Frontier关税边境Customs House海关Customs Nomenclature海关税则目录Customs Statistics海关统计Customs Supervision and Control海关监管Customs Surveillance Zone海关监管区Customs Tariff海关税则Customs union(CU)关税同盟Customs Valuation海关估价Customs value海关完税价值Customs-Free Area关税自由区Cyclical Dumping周期性倾销Calculation of Aggregate Measurement of Support 综合支持量的计算Calculation of Current Total AMS现行综合支持总量的计算Capable of Industrial Application工业实用性Central Government Authority中央政府当局Central Government Body中央政府机构Central Government Standardizing Body中央政府标准化机构Centrally Planned Economy中央计划经济体Centrally Planned Economy Countries中央计划经济国家Certificate of Origin Form59A原产地证书格式59ACertificate of Origin Form A原产地证书格式AChallenges to Validity对有效性提出异议Change in Relative Shares of the Market市场相对份额的变化Change in Tariff Classification税则归类改变Change of Tariff Classification Criterion税则归类改变标准Charge on the Public Account公共账户的支出Circuit-Switched Data Transmission Services电路交换数据传输服务Circumstances of Extreme Urgency极端紧急情况Circumvention of Anti-Dumping Duty Measures对反倾销征税措施的规避Circumvention of Export Subsidy Commitments规避出口补贴承诺Civil and Administrative Procedures and Remedies 民事和行政程序与救济Clean Report of Findings检验结果清洁报告书Code on Import Licensing Procedures进口许可程序守则Coercive Package Licensing强制的一揽子许可Collegiality Among Appellate Body Members共同决定Combination of Know Design Features已知设计特征组合Commercial Terms and Conditions商业条款和条件Commercially Traded Services商业性服务贸易Commission Agent’s Services佣金代理服务Commitments on National Treatment国民待遇承诺Commitments on Support and Protection支持和保护的承诺Common Agricultural Policy(CAP)(欧盟)共同农业政策Communications with Panel/Appellate Body与专家组或上诉机构的联系Competence of Panel to Hear a Dispute专家组审理争端案件的权限Computer Reservation System Services(CRS)计算机订座系统服务Concession Initially Negotiated最初谈判的减让Concurrence of the Contracting Parties缔约方的同意Conditional Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment有条件的最惠国待遇Conditional National Treatment附条件的国民待遇Conditions and Terms of Sale销售的条件和条款Conditions,Limitations,Exceptions and Reservations 条件、限制、例外和保留Confidential Business Information机密商业信息Confidentiality of Consultations磋商的机密性Confidentiality of Information信息机密性Conformity Assessment Procedures合格评定程序Conformity Assessment Systems合格评定体系Consequences of Treaty Termination条约终止的后果Conservation of Exhaustible Natural Resources保护可用尽的自然资源Consolidated Tariff Schedules综合关税减让表Consolidated Tariff Schedules Database综合关税减让表数据库Construction and Related Engineering Services 建筑及相关工程服务Consular Invoices and Certificates领事发票和证书Consulting and other Business Services咨询和其他商务服务Consumer Subsidy Equivalent(CSE)消费者补贴等值Consumption in Governmental供政府消费使用Contact Point for Information信息咨询点Container Station and Depot Services集装箱堆场服务Contingent Trade Remedy紧急贸易救济Contingent Trade Remedy应急贸易救济机制Continuing Application of GATT Schedules继续适用关税与贸易总协定减让表Contracting Parties Primarily Concerned主要有关缔约各方Contractual Joint Venture契约式合资企业Contractual Trade Regimes契约贸易制度Control,Inspection and Approval Procedures 控制、检查和批准程序Conventional Tariff System协定税则制度Copyright and Related Rights版权与相关权利Cottage Industry Products家庭手工业产品Cotton-Producing Exporting Members产棉出口成员Counterfeit Trademark Goods假冒商标商品Countervailing Duty Determinations关于反补贴税的决定Countervailing Duty Petition反补贴税调查诉请Countervailing Duty Proceedings反补贴税调查程序Country-Specific Derogations某些国家享受的例外Criteria for Eligibility for Protection享受保护的资格标准Criterion of Manufacturing or Processing Operation 制造或加工工序标准Critical Shortages of Foodstuffs粮食的严重缺乏Cross Border Supply of Services跨境提供服务Cross Border Trade in Services跨境服务贸易Cumulative Acquisition of Origin累计取得原产地Cumulative Assessment of Dumping对倾销的累积评估Customs Clearance Services海关清关服务Customs Warehousing Procedure海关保税仓库管理制度DDamage损害Damage Difficult to Repair难于补救的损害Damages损害赔偿De Facto Discrimination事实上的歧视De Facto Specificity事实专向性De Jure法律上的De Jure Discrimination法律上的歧视De Minimis微量允许De Minimis Dumping Margins微量倾销幅度De Minimis Effects微量影响De Minimis Imports微量进口De Minimis Modifications微小修改De minimis provision最低减让条款De Minimis Safeguard Rule保障措施的微量规则De Minimis Standard微量标准De Minimis Subsidies微量补贴Debt Repayment债务偿还Deceptive Practice欺诈行为Decision Tree决策树Decisive Guidance决定性的指导Deductive Method倒扣价格法Deductive Value倒扣价格Deep Amber黄箱政策Defendant(解决争端)被诉方Degree of Tariff Binding关税约束水平Delaying Tactics拖延战术Delivery of a Service服务的提供Denial of Benefits利益的拒绝给予Denial of Entry of Goods拒绝货物入境Dental Services牙医服务Depress Prices(to)压低价格Descriptive Characteristics描述特征Descriptive Part陈述部分Design Work设计Designated Products指定产品Designated Trading指定经营Determination裁决Determination of Dumping倾销的确定Determination of Injury损害的确定Determination of Origin原产地确定Developing Country发展中国家Development开发Development Box发展箱Development Costs开发成本Deviation偏离Differences in Commercial不同商业水平Differential Duties差别关税Differential Export差别出口税Differential Income差别收入税Differential Measures差别措施Diffuse Reciprocity扩散性互惠Dillon Round狄龙回合Direct Discussions直接对话Direct Discussions直接交货Direct Income Support直接收支持Direct Insurance直接保险Direct Investment直接投资Direct payment直接支付Direct Subsidy直接补贴Dirty Tariffication肮脏的关税化Discretionary裁量性立法Discrimination歧视Discriminatory Pricing歧视性定价Discussant引导人Disguised Trade Barriers变相贸易壁垒Dispersed Tariff Rate分散型关税税率Dispute Settlement争端解决Dispute Settlement Officer争端解决官员Dispute Settlement Procedure争端解决程序Dispute Settlement Registrar争端解决登记人Disruptive Effects扰乱性影响Disruptive Imports扰乱性进口Dissent反对意见Distinctiveness显著性Distribution of Trade贸易分配Distribution Services分销服务Diversionary Dumping移转倾销Doctrine of Comparative比较成本说Doha Development Agenda多哈发展议程Doha Work Programme多哈工作计划Domestic Commodities国内商品Domestic Content当地成分要求Domestic Industry国内产业Domestic Law国内法Domestic Price国内价格Domestic production国内生产Domestic Products国产产品Domestic Regulation国内规制Domestic Subsidy国内补贴Domestic support(农产品)国内支持Double Counting重复计算Double Deflation Method双重紧缩方法Double Evart Formula双重偏离公式Double Taxation双重征税Downstream Dumping下游倾销Downstream Product下游产品Downstream Subsidy下游补贴Draft Standard标准草案Drawback Scheme退税方案Dry Cleaning Services干洗服务Dual Pricing双重定价Dual Tariff加重关税Dumped Exports倾销出口产品Dumped Prices倾销价格Dumping倾销Dumping Duties倾销税Dumping Margin倾销幅度Dutiable Value应税价格Duty税收Duty Deferral Programme关税缓征方案Duty Drawback税收返还Duty Free免税Duty Free Goods免税货物Duty Free Quota免税进口配额Duty–Free Treatment免税待遇Dyeing and Colouring Services染色服务EEco-Dumping生态倾销Eco-Duties环境税Eco-Labbeling环境标签Economic Data经济数据Economic Integration经济一体化Economic Needs Test经济需求测试Economic Policies经济政策Economic Quantities经济数量Economies in Transition转型经济体Eco-Packaging环保包装Eco-Protectionism环境贸易保护主义Eco-Standards环境标准Educational Tariff培育关税Elastic Duties弹性关税Electricity Reticulation电力网络Electronic Commerce电子商务Emergency Action紧急行动Emergency Measures紧急措施Emergency Tariff紧急关税Empire Preferences帝国特惠制Enabling Clause授权条款Enabling Clause授权条款End Product Criteria最终产品标准Enforcement Committee执法委员会Enforcement of Monopolies垄断的实施Enforcement Procedures实施程序Engineering Services工程服务Enquiry Point咨询点Entertainment Services娱乐服务Environmental Dumping环境倾销Environmental Programmes环境计划Environmental Services环境服务Environmental Subsidy环境补贴Equitable Treatment公平待遇Escalated Tariff升级关税Escape Clause免税条款Established Quota既定配额Estoppel禁止翻供Evidence证据Ex ante采取措施前Ex Officio Action依职权的行动Ex Parte Communications单方面联系Ex post采取措施后Exception Measures例外措施Exceptions to the Agreement协议例外Exchange Action外汇措施Exchange Dumping外汇倾销Exchange Dumping Duty外汇倾销税Exchange Risk Programmes外汇风险计划Exchange Taxes汇兑税Excise Duty消费税Exclusion Order排除令Exclusive Agents独家代理商Exclusive Economic Zone专属经济区Exclusive Export Rights专属出口权Exclusive Import Rights专属进口权Exclusive Marketing Rights独占行销权Executive Branch执行机构Executive Committee执行委员会Exemption Treatment豁免待遇Ex-Factory Level出厂价水平Exhibits清单Existing Programs现有计划Expiry review到期复审Explicit Consensus协商一致Exploitation of a Patent专利的使用Exploitation of the Works作品的利用Export Competition出口竞争Export Competitiveness出口竞争力Export Contingency出口相倚性Export Credit出口信贷Export Credit Guarantee出口信贷担保Export Credit Insurance出口信贷保险Export Credit Practice出口信贷做法Export Duty出口税Export Performance出口实绩Export Prohibitions出口禁止Export Restrictions出口限制Export Subsidies出口补贴Export Unit Value出口单位价值FFabrics织物Fact and adversarial elements事实和对抗性要素Fact Finding事实认定Fact Versus Law事实与法律Facts Available可获得的事实Factual Abstract事实概要Factual Presentation事实陈述Fair Comparison公平比较False Declarations虚假陈述Favorable Balance of Trade贸易顺差Feasible Methods可行性方法Fees and Formalities规费和手续Fees or other Charges规费和其他费用Fibre Content纤维成分Final Anti-Dumping Duty最终反倾销税Final Anti-Dumping Measure最终反倾销措施Final Countervailing Duty最终反补贴税Final Determination最终裁定Final decision终裁Final Duties最终税Final Liability for Payment最终支付责任Final Panel Report专家组的最终报告Final Provisions最后条款Financial Contribution财政资助Financial Leasing Services金融租赁服务Financial Regulations财务条例Financial Services金融服务Finding of Serious Injury严重损害的认定Findings(争端解决)调查结果Findings and Conclusions调查结果和结论Findings of Facts事实的调查结果First Regionalism第一次区域主义浪潮Fiscal Incentives财政激励Flat Rate Subsidy统一费率补贴Flat Tariff Structure单一关税结构Flexibility Provisions灵活条款Follow-Down Dumping诱发性倾销Food Aid Convention粮食援助公约Food Security粮食安全Food Security Box粮食安全政策Food-Importing Group粮食进口集团Foreign Exchange Arrangements外汇安排Foreign Tax Credit外国税收抵免Foreign Trade对外贸易Foreign Trade Barriers对外贸易壁垒Foreign Trade Financing对外贸易融资Foreign Trade Law对外贸易法Foreign Trade Zones(FTZs)对外贸易区Foreign-Source Income国外来源收入Forestall the Imminent Threat防止紧迫威胁Forfeiture没收Format of Evidence证据的形式Formula Tariff Reductions公式化关税减让Forward Markets远期市场Four Freedoms四项自由Fragmented Industries零散产业Framework Agreements框架协议Franchise Tax特许权税Franchising Services特许经营服务Free and Fair Trade自由和公平贸易Free Imports自由进口货物Free Trade自由贸易Free trade area(FTA)自由贸易区Free Trade Zone(FTZ)自由贸易园区Free-rider免费搭车者(享受待遇而不减让成员)Freight Dumping运费倾销Freight Forwarding Services货代服务Full Contracting Party正式缔约方Fully Grant Form完全捐赠形式Function of Panels专家组的职能Fundamental Fairness基本公正Fundamental Research基础研究Further Processing进一步加工GGATT a La Carte关贸总协定的选择性承诺General Exception一般例外General Expenses一般费用General Safeguard Clause一般保障条款Geneva Round日内瓦回合Geographical Indications(知识产权)地理标志(识)Global Quota全球配额Good Faith善意Good Offices斡旋Governing Body主管机关Government Expenditure政府开支Government Finance政府财政Government Financing政府融资Government Funds财政资金Government Infusion政府参股Government Loan政府贷款Government Procurement政府采购Governmental Assistance政府援助Governmental Services政府服务Graduation Clause毕业条款Grandfather Clause祖父条款Grant back Condition返授条件Granting Authority授予机关Green Box measures(农业国内支持)“绿箱措施”Green Labeling绿色标签Grey-Area Measures灰色区域措施Growth Rates增长率GSP Giving Countries普惠制施惠国GSP Status普惠制地位HHandling Charges作业费Handling Costs处理成本Hard-Core Waiver硬核豁免Harmless Error无害错误Harmonization协调Harmonized Standards协调标准Harmonized System协调制度Havana Charter哈瓦那宪章Headquarters Agreement总部协议Health Insurance Services健康保险服务Health Protection Measures健康保护措施Hearing of the Case案件的审理Herring and Salmon鲱鱼和鲑鱼案Hidden Dumping隐藏性倾销Hidden Subsidy暗补Higher Education Services高等教育服务Highly Indebted Poor Countries重债穷国。
WTOWTO是世界贸易组织(World Trade Organization)的缩写。
世界贸易组织(简称世贸组织或世贸;英语:World Trade Organization,缩写为 WTO;法语:Organisation Mondiale du Commerce,缩写为 OMC;西班牙语:Organización Mundial del Comercio,缩写为 OMC)是负责监督成员经济体之间的各种贸易协议得到执行的国际组织,隶属联合国系统[5],前身是1948年起实施的关税及贸易总协定的秘书处。
世贸总部位于瑞士日内瓦,2023现任总干事是恩戈齐·奥孔约-伊卫拉。
截至2016年7月29日,世界贸易组织共有164个成员,新进成员为阿富汗,在2016年加入世贸、成为正式会员。
[1]世贸的主要职能是调解成员之间的贸易纷争,加入世贸不等于签订多边贸易协议,但其设置的入会门槛可以作为愿意降低关税和法政上配合及参与国际贸易的门票,它是贸易体制的组织基础和法律基础,是众多国际贸易协定的管理者,各成员贸易立法的监督者,是就贸易提供解决争端和进行谈判的场所。
该机构是当代最重要的国际经济组织之一,其成员之间的贸易额占世界贸易额的绝大多数,因此被称为“经济联合国”。
1. 世界贸易组织(WTO):是一个全球性的国际组织,负责制定和监督国际贸易规则并解决成员国之间的贸易争端。
WTO成立于1995年,总部位于瑞士日内瓦。
2. 成员国:是指加入并遵守WTO规则的各个国家和地区。
截至2021年9月,WTO共有164个成员国,几乎涵盖了全球大部分国家和地区。
3. 最惠国待遇:是WTO的基本原则之一,要求成员国在对待其他成员国的贸易上给予平等和非歧视性的待遇。
即一国对一个WTO成员国给予的优惠待遇也必须扩展给所有其他成员国。
4. 国民待遇:是WTO的另一个基本原则,要求成员国在对待本国和外国产品时给予相同的待遇。
四、名词解释1、最惠国待遇:是惠国给予受惠国或与之有确定关系的人或物的待遇不低于给惠国给予第三国或与该第三国有相同关系的人或物的待遇。
2、技术法规:指强制执行的有关产品的性能、特征或相关的工艺和生产方法以及如何适用的规定。
3、合格评定程序:指任何直接或间接用以确定是否满足技术法规或标准中的相关要求的程序,包括抽样、检验和检查,评估、检验和合格保证,注册、确认和批准程序,或上述程序的组合。
4、强制性检验:国家为了确保外汇的合理使用和合理的关税收入,由政府委托或授权专业性的检验机构强制实施的检验。
5、实质性改变标准:指使用进口的原材料在出口国内制造、加工的货物,该进口的原材料必须在出口国内经过改变它们的特征或特性并达到一定实质性的加工程度,使制成品在性质、形状或用途上产生了不同于进口原材料的永久性和实质性的改变。
6、出口价格:指在正常贸易过程中一国向另一个出口的某一产品的价格,也就是出口商将产品出售给进口商的价格。
7、推算价格:指以进口产品首次转售给独立买主的价格为基础,扣除进口或转售过程中所产生的费用和合理的利润额而得到的价格。
8、实质损害威胁:指进口产品对进口产业虽未造成实际的重大损害,但有证据表明如果不采取措施将导致实际的重大损害产生,这是“国内产业”遭受低价倾销损害的形态之一。
9、实质阻碍:指倾销产品虽未对进口国同类产业造成实质损害或产生实质损害威胁,但却严重地阻碍了进口国相同产品的一个新产业建立的情形,这是“国内产业”遭受低价倾销损害的形态之一。
10、从低征税原则:指调查机关在完成反倾销调查后和作出肯定性征税决定时,对于反倾销税的税率选择低于倾销幅度反倾销税率。
11、灰色区域:指缔约双方通过自愿出口限制、有秩序的市场安排、数量限制等形式来限制进出口贸易的措施。
12、商标:指任何能够将一企业的商品或服务与其他企业的商品或服务区分开的标记或标记的组合,包括文字、字母、数字、图形、要素、色彩的组合以及上述内容的组合。
2020国际贸易术语英语解释大全在国际贸易中,了解并掌握贸易术语是非常重要的。
这些术语涉及到贸易的各个方面,包括付款方式、运输、保险、报价和价格条款等。
对于从事国际贸易的人士来说,熟悉这些术语并能准确理解其含义是至关重要的。
在本篇文章中,我将为您解释一些常见的国际贸易术语,以帮助您更好地理解和应用这些术语。
1. FOB(Free on Board)- 离岸价FOB是国际贸易中常见的一个术语,指的是卖方将货物交货到装运港口并负担运费、装载费用及出口过程中在起运港的费用(包括清关费用)后,卖方的责任就告终了。
从这一点来看,FOB价基本上是指货物的现货价格。
在这种情况下,一旦卖方把货物装上火车或汽车并将其交给火车公司或汽车公司,买方便负担了运输过程中的所有风险和费用。
2. CIF(Cost, Insurance and Freight)- 到岸价CIF术语指的是卖方将货物运输到目的港口,负担货物运费和保险费用,并承担货物到达港口前的所有风险。
一旦货物渡过船舷,在船上交货给买方或买方指定的人,卖方的责任就告终了。
CIF价包含成本、保险费和运费。
3. L/C(Letter of Credit)- 信用证信用证是国际贸易中的一种支付方式。
它是银行根据进口商的委托,于进口商付清或接受开立行票与贸易交单之条件下,信用证的受益人(出卖人)或指示人(承兑人)提供贸易交单提取货款的一种付款担保方式。
4. Incoterms(International Commercial Terms)- 国际贸易术语Incoterms是由国际商会发布的一套国际贸易术语,旨在统一全球范围内通用的贸易术语,以便跨国贸易中买卖双方能够更好地理解彼此的义务和责任。
这些术语规定了买卖双方在货物运输过程中的责任分工、货物交付和传输风险。
5. WTO(World Trade Organization)- 世界贸易组织世界贸易组织是一个由159个成员国组成的国际组织,致力于推动全球贸易自由化和贸易规则的制定。
W T O 简明术语(中英文对照)Ad valorem tariff 从价税Agreement on Agriculture《农业协议》Anti-dumping duty反倾销税Appeal(争端解决)上诉ATC--Agreement on Textiles and Clothing《纺织品与服装协议》Bound level约束水平Compensation补偿Consensus协商一致Consultation磋商Countervailing duty反补贴税Customs valuation 海关估价DSB--Dispute Settlement Body争端解决机构Dumping倾销Export subsidy出口补贴GATS--General Agreement on Trade in Service《服务贸易总协定》GATT--General Agreement on Tariff and Trade《关税与贸易总协定》Government procurement政府采购Import licencing进口许可Import substitution进口替代Import surcharge 进口附加税Market access市场准入Market price support市场价格支持Material injury实质损害MFN--Most-favored-nation treatment最惠国待遇National treatment国民待遇Non-actionable subsidy(补贴协议)不可诉补贴NTMs--Non-tariff measures非关税措施Plurilateral agreement诸边协议Prohibited subsidy(补贴协议)被禁止的补贴Protocols议定书PSI--Preshipment inspection装运前检验Rules of origin原产地规则Safeguard Measures保障措施Schedule of concessions承诺减让表Specific tariff从量税SPS --Sanitary and phytosanitary measures动植物卫生检疫措施Subsidy补贴Tariff binding关税约束承诺Tariffication 关税化TBT--Technical barriers to trade技术性贸易壁垒TPRM--Trade Policy Review Mechanism贸易政策审议机制Transparency透明度TRIMs--Trade-related investment measures与贸易有关的投资设施TRIPS--Trade related intellectual property rights 与贸易有关的知识产权TRQ--Tariff rate quotas/tariff quotas关税配额Waiver(WTO义务的)豁免WTO--World Trading Organization世界贸易组织Ad valorem Tariff 从价onTextiles and Clothing (ATC) 《纺织品与服装协议》Anti-dumping Duty 反倾销税Arbitration 仲裁Balance-of-payments(BOP)Provisions 国际收支条款Ceiling Bindings (关税)上限约束Conciliation 调解Compensation 补偿Consensus 协商一致Countervailing Duty 反补贴税Customs Valuation 海关估价de minimis 微量Export Subsidy 出口补贴GATT1994 《1994年关税与贸易总协定》General Agreement on Trade in Services(GATS)《服务贸易总协定》General Exceptions 一般例外Illustrative List 例示清单Import Licensing 进口许可Import Surcharge 进口附加税Infant Industry 幼稚产业Intellectual Property Rights(IPRs)知识产权Market Access 市场准入National Treatment 国民待遇Non-actionable Subsidy 不可诉补贴Non-tariffs Measures(NTMs)非关税措施欢迎您的下载,资料仅供参考!致力为企业和个人提供合同协议,策划案计划书,学习资料等等打造全网一站式需求。
QQuads 四方集团(指美国、欧盟、日本、加拿大)Qualification of Suppliers 供应商资格Qualification Procedures 资格审查程序Qualification System 资格审查制度Qualifications 资格Quantitative Ceiling 数量上限Quantitative Restriction 数量限制Quantity Commitment Levels 数量承诺水平Quantity trigger level 数量触发水平Quantum of International 国际贸易总量Quarantine Measures 检疫措施Quarantine Treatments 检疫处理Quasi-judicial 准司法Quota Period 配额期限Quota Price 配额价格Quota Restrictions 配额限制Quota System 配额制度quota-free products 非配额产品Quota-Hopping 配额跳过RRate of Subsidization 补贴率Reasonable Expectation 合理预期Reasonable Means 合理方法Reasonable Period of Time 合理期限Rebuttal Evidence 反驳的证据Rebuttal Submissions 书面辩驳Recidivist Dumping 习惯性倾销Recipient Country/Region 受援国/地区Reciprocal Trade 互惠贸易Reciprocity 对等Recommendations (争端解决)建议Recommendations of Findings 建议或裁决Recovery of Costs 成本收回Red Box 红箱Reduction Commitments 削减承诺Reference years 参考年(基期)Refund of Duties or Taxes 退税Regional trade 区域贸易Regional Trade Agreements 区域贸易协定Registration of a Trademark 商标注册Registry 登记处Regular Channels of Trade 正常贸易渠道Regulatory Duty 调节关税Regulatory Requirements 管理要求Related Persons 有关联关系的人Remedies 经济措施Remission or Drawback 减免与退税Renewal of Registration 注册续展Rental of Phonograms 录音制品出租Rental Rights 出租权Reporting system 申报制度Representations or Proposals 交涉或建议Representative Office 代表处Representative Period 代表期Request for a Waiver 请求豁免义务Request for Conciliation 请求调解Requirments of Use 使用要求Res Judicata 一事不再理Reservation Clause 保留条款Reserved Negotiations 保留谈判Residual Tariffs 剩余关税Residual Value 剩余价值Resource Rent 资源租金Responding Party 应诉方Restraint of Trade 贸易限制Restrictive Clauses 限制性条款Resumed dumping 继续倾销Retail Store Restriction 零售店限制Retailing Services 零售服务Retaliation 报复Retaliatory Measures 报复措施Retaliatory Subsidization 报复性补贴Retrospective Remedies 追溯性救济Revenue 税收Reverse Dumping 逆倾销Review 复审Review Session 审议会议Revocation 撤销Right Holder 权利持有人Right of Appeal 上诉权Right of Establishment 设立权Right of First Refusal 首次拒绝权利Right of Priority 优先权Right of Reproduction 复制权Right to Use a Trademark 商标使用权Risk assessment 风险分析Round 回合Routine Notification 例行通知Royalties 特许权费/使用费Rules of Origin 原产地规则Rules of Procedure 议事规则Rural Development 农村发展SSafeguard Agreement 保障措施协定Safeguard(SG) 保障措施Safe-Haven Agreement 安全港协定Safety Requirements 安全要求Sale for Export 出口销售Sales Tax 销售税Sanitary Inspection 卫生检查Scale of Contribution 会费分摊比例Schedular Tax 分类所得税Schedule of Commitments(GATS) 承诺减让表Schedule Price 价目表价格Schedules of Bindings 约束关税表Schedules of Concessions 减让表Schedules of concessions 减让时间表Scheduling 减让表制作Scientific Evidence 科学证据Scientific Justification 科学上的正当性Scientific Tariff 科学关税Scope of Appellate Review 上诉审查范围Screen Quota 反映限额Screen Time 反映时间Screwdriver Operations 改锥业务Secondary Dumping 二级倾销Second-Level Obligations 第二层义务Sectoral Commitments 部门承诺Sector-Specific Commitments 部门具体承诺Security 担保Security Exceptions 安全例外Security Services 证券服务Selection Procedures 选择程序Selective Safeguard 选择性保障措施Selective Safeguard Clause 严重损害Self-Certification 自我认证Self-Regulatory 自律组织Sellers’Price List 卖方价格清单Selling Price 销售价格Semi-Generic Wine Names 半通用酒名Separate Customs Territory 单独关税区Sequencing 先后顺序Serious Adverse 严重不利影响Serious injury 严重损害Serious Prejudice 严重侵害Service Address 送达地址Service Industry 服务业Service Mark 服务商标Service Market Access 服务贸易市场准入Service Regulations 服务管理Services 服务Services Supplier 服务提供者Settlement of Claims 权利请求的解决Shrimp Case 虾案Similar Goods 类似货物Singapore Agenda 新加坡议程Singapore Issues新加坡议题Single Approach 单一方式Single Tendering 单一来源采购Single Unified Market 单一统一市场Situation Complaints 情势之诉Small Economies 小经济体Social Dumping 社会倾销Social Labeling 社会标签Social Services 社会服务Social Subsidies 社会补贴Social Welfare Charges 社会福利费用Sole Agent 独家代理人Sole Concessionaire 独家受让人Sole Distributor 独家经销人Special Economic Areas 特殊经济区Special Import Measures Act 特殊进口措施法Special Safeguards(SSG)特殊保障措施Special Treatment(ST)(农业协议)特别处理Specialist 专家Specialist in Accounts 会计账目专家Specific Duty 特别关税Specific License 特种许可证Specific Measure 具体措施Specific Subsidy 专向性补贴Specific tariff 从量税Specificity 专向性Specificity Principle 专向性原则Specificity Test 专向性测试Sporadic Dumping 零星倾销Spurious Dumping 假倾销Square Brackets 方括号Staff Regulations 职员条例Staff report 工作人员报告Staff Rules 职员规则Stamp Tax 印花税Standard of Review 审查标准Standardization 标准化Standardization Activities 标准化活动Standardizing 标准化机构Standards 标准Standards Code 标准守则Standing Appellate Body 常设上诉机构Standstill Commitment 维持现状承诺Standstill Provisions 维持现状规定Stare Decisis 遵循先例Start-Up Period 投产期间Start-Up Situation 投产状态State Pricing 国家定价State Responsibility 国家责任State Trading 国营贸易State Trading Commitment 国营贸易承诺State Trading Countries 国营贸易国家State-Owned Enterprises 国有企业State-Trading Dumping 国营贸易倾销Statism 国家主义Stockpiling Exception 储存例外Strategic Duping 战略倾销Subheading 子目Subject Matter of a Patent 专利的客体Submission 递交材料Sub-National Obligation 地方政府义务Subsequent Practice 嗣后做法Subsidiaries 独资子公司Subsidiary 从属性Subsidiary Bodies 附属机构Subsidies 补贴Subsidized Goods 补贴产品Subsidizing Member 进行补贴的成员Subsidy 补贴Subsidy Practice 补贴做法Substantial Improvement 实质性改善Substantial Interest 实质利益Substantial Transformation 实质性改变Substantive Disciplines 实质性纪律Substantive Meeting 实质性会议Substitutable Products 替代品Sunset Clause 日落条款Sunset Industry 夕阳产业Sunset Review 日落复审Supplemental Information 补充信息Supplementary Criteria 补充标准Support Price 支持价格Surrogate Country 替代国Suspend concessions 暂停减让Suspension of an Investigation 中止调查Suspension of Concessions 中止减让Suspension of Release 中止放行Sustainable Development 可持续发展Swiss Formula 瑞士公式Symmetrical Comparisons 对称比较Sympathetic Consideration 积极考虑TTargeted Dumping 目标倾销Tariff Act 关税法Tariff Anomaly 关税异常Tariff Bindings 约束关税/ 关税约束承诺tariff classification 关税分类Tariff Concessions 关税减让Tariff Consolidation 关税合并Tariff Equivalent 关税等值Tariff Escalation 关税升级Tariff Increase 提高关税Tariff Item 税号Tariff Laws 关税法规Tariff Level 关税水平Tariff line 税号Tariff Line 税则号列Tariff Negotiations 关税谈判Tariff Nomenclature 税则目录Tariff peaks 关税高峰Tariff Policy 关税政策Tariff Preferences 关税优惠Tariff Protection 关税保护Tariff Quota 关税配额Tariff Range 关税范围Tariff Rate 关税税率Tariff rate quotas (TRQ )关税配额Tariff Schedule 关税表Tariff Structure 关税结构Tariff Union(CU) 关税同盟Tariff valuation 关税估价Tariff War 关税战Tariff Zone 关税区Tariff-Cutting Formula 关税减让公式Tariff-Free Quota 免税配额Tariffication 关税化Tariff-Only Regime 单一关税机制Tariffs 关税Tax Credit 税收抵免Tax Subsidy 税收补贴Taxation Services 税收服务Taxed Product 国内征税产品Technical Expertise 技术专长Technical Regulation 技术法规Technical Specifications 技术规格Technical Sub-Committee 技术小组委员会Telecommunication Services 电信服务案Telecommunications 电信Telecommunications Annex 电信附件Telecommunications Services 电信服务Television Services 电视服务Tendering Documents 招标文件Tendering Procedures 招标程序Term of Patent Protection 专利保护期Terms of Reference 职权范围条款Test Methods 检验方法Test Value 测试价格Testing and Inspection 检验和检查Textile Committee 纺织品委员会Textile Designs 纺织品设计Textile Trade 纺织品贸易The Contracting Parties 缔约方全体The contraction in demand 需求萎缩Threat of Injury 损害威胁Threat of Serious Injury 严重损害威胁Threshold 最低限额Threshold Price 门槛价Threshold Value 最低限价Tied Investment 捆绑式投资Tiered Formula 分层公式Time-Limited Exceptions 有时限的例外Time-Schedules 时间表Tokyo Round 东京回合Tolerances for Contaminants 污染物允许量Top-Down Approach 自上而下的方法Torquay Round 托奎回合Total AMS 综合支持总量Total AMS Commitment 综合支持总量承诺Total Eligible Costs 可计入总成本Tourism Satellite Account 旅游卫星账户Tourist Guides Services 导游服务Trade and Environment 贸易与环境Trade Defence Measures 贸易防御措施Trade Diversion 贸易转移Trade diversion inquiry 贸易转移调查Trade Facilitation 贸易便利化Trade in goods 货物贸易Trade in Services 服务贸易Trade in Services Statistics 服务贸易统计Trade Name 商号Trade or Business Association 同业公会或商会Trade Policy 贸易政策Trade Policy Review 贸易政策审议Trade preferences 贸易优先Trade Regulations 贸易法规Trade Relief 贸易补救Trade Remedies 贸易救济Trade Rules for Services 服务贸易规则Trade Secrets 商业秘密Trade Statistics 贸易统计Trade Surplus 贸易盈余Trade, Debt and Finance 贸易、债务和金融Trademark 商标Trading Rights 贸易权Traffic Rights 航空权Training Services 培训服务Transaction in Services 服务交易Transaction Value 成交价格Transfer Duties 转让税Transfer of Liabilities 债务转移Transfer of Payments 转移支付Transitional Safeguard 过渡性保障措施Translation Issues 翻译问题Transparency 透明度Transport Subsidy 运输补贴Transshipment 转运Treaty Interpretation 条约解释Trigger Clause 触发条款Trigger Level 触发水平Trigger Price 触发价格Triggering Point 触发点Turnover Tax 营业税UUnder-Invoicing 低报出口Undertaking 承诺Undisclosed Information 未披露信息Unforeseen Development 不可预见的发展Uniform Tariff 统一关税Unit Amount of a Subsidy 单位补贴额Universal Services 普遍服务Unrequited Export 无偿出口Upstream Dumping 上游倾销Upstream Subsidy 上游补贴Urban Planning Services 城市规划服务Urgent Circumstances 紧急问题Uruguay Round 乌拉圭回合Use in Good Faith 善意使用Use of a Trademark 商标使用User Member 用户成员VVagueness of Claims 权利请求模糊Valuation Basis 估价基础Valuation Effect 估价效果Valuation of Contracts 合同估价Valuation Option 估价选择Valuation Procedures 估价程序Valuation System 估价系统Value Added Tax System 增值税制度Value Added Tax(VAT)增值税Value-Added Telecommunications 增值电信Variable duties 差价税Variable Duty 可变税Variable Import 进口差价税Variable Levies差价税Verification 核实Vertical merger 垂直兼并Veterinary Services 兽医服务Violation Claims 违反之诉Visible Balance 有形收支余额Visible Export and Import 有形进出口Visible Trade 有形贸易Visible Trade Balance 有形贸易余额Voluntary Export Quota 自愿出口配额Voluntary Restraint of Export 自愿出口限制Voluntary Standard 自愿性标准Voluntary Undertakings 自愿承诺WWaiver (WTO 义务)豁免Water Transport Services 水运服务Welfare Services 社会福利服务Well-Known Trademark 驰名商标Wheat Flour 面粉案Wholesale Trade Services 批发服务Withdraw 撤回Withdraw concessions 撤销减让Withdraw from the Agreement 退出协定Withdrawal 退出Withdrawal of the Measures 措施撤回Withholding of Concessions 停止减让Witness statement 证词Work of Applied Art 实用艺术作品Working party 工作组Working Procedures 工作程序Wrongful Detention of Goods 错误扣押商品WTO Agreement WTO 协议WTO Secretariat 世界贸易组织秘书处YYearly Updates 年度更新ZZero Binding 零关税约束Zero Duties 零关税Zero-for-Zero Approach 零对零方法Zero-for-Zero Principle 零对零原则Zero-for-Zero Proposal 零对零建议Zeroing 归零Zero-Margin Harmonization 零差别协调。
WTO术语英文解释GeneralGATT — General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, which has been superseded as an international organization by the WTO. An updated General Agreement is now one of the WTO’s agreements. GATT 1947 — The old (pre-1994) version of the GATT.GATT 1994 —The new version of the General Agreement, incorporated into the WTO, which governs trade in goods.Members — WTO governments (first letter capitalized, in WTO style).MFN — Most-favoured-nation treatment (GATT Article I, GA TS Article II and TRIPS Article 4), the principle of not discriminating between one’s trading partners.national treatment —The principle of giving others the same treatment as one’s own nationals. GATT Article II I requires that imports be treated no less favourably than the same or similar domestically-produced goods once they have passed customs. GATS Article XVII and TRIPS Article 3 also deal with national treatment for services and intellectual property protection.TPRB, TPRM —The Trade Policy Review Body is General Council operating under special procedures for meetings to review trade policies and practices of individual WTO members under the TradePolicy Review Mechanism.transparency — Degree to which trade policies and practices, and the process by which they are established, are open and predictable.Uruguay Round —Multilateral trade negotiations launched at Punta del Este, Uruguay in September 1986 and concluded in Geneva in December 1993. Signed by Ministers in Marrakesh, Morocco, in April 1994.Tariffsbinding, bound —see “tariff binding”electronic commerce —The production, advertising, sale and distribution of products via telecommunications networks.free-rider —A casual term used to infer that a country which does not make any trade concessions, profits, nonetheless, from tariff cuts and concessions made by other countries in negotiations under the most-favoured-nation principle.Harmonized System —An international nomenclature developed by the World Customs Organization, which is arranged in six digit codes allowing all participating countries to classify traded goods on a common basis. Beyond the six digit level, countries are free to introduce national distinctions for tariffs and many other purposes.ITA —Information Technology Agreement, or formally the Ministerial-Declaration on Trade in Information Technology Products, under which participants will remove tariffs on IT products by the year 2000.ITA II —Negotiations aimed at expanding ITA’s product coverage.nuisance tariff — Tariff so low that it costs the government more to collect it than the revenue it generates.schedule of concessions — List of bound tariff rates.tariff binding — Commitment not to increase a rate of duty beyond an agreed level. Once a rate of duty is bound, it may not be raised without compensating the affected parties.tariff escalation — Higher import duties on semi-processed products than on raw materials, andhigher still on finished products. This practice39protects domestic processing industries and discourages the development of processing activity in the countries where raw materials originate.tariff peaks —Relatively high tariffs, usually on “sensitive” products, amidst generally low tariff levels. For industrialized countries, tariffs of 15% and above are generally recognized as “tariff peaks”.tariffs —Customs duties on merchandise imports. Levied either on an ad valorem basis (percentage of value) or on a specific basis (e.g. $7 per 100 kgs.). Tariffs give price advantage to similar locally-produced goods and raise revenues for the government.WCO —World Customs Organization, a multilateral body located in Brussels through which participating countries seek to simplify and rationalize customs procedures.Non-tariff measuresanti-dumping duties — Article VI of the GATT 1994 permits the imposition of anti-dumping duties against dumped goods, equal to the difference between their export price and their normal value, if dumping causes injury to producers of competing products in the importing country. circumvention — Measures taken by exporters to evade anti-dumping or countervailing duties. countervailing measures —Action taken by the importing country, usually in the form of increased duties to offset subsidies given to producers or exporters in the exporting country. dumping —Occurs when goods are exported at a price less than their normal value, generally meaning they are exported for less than they are sold in the domestic market or third-country markets, or at less than production cost.NTMs —Non-tariff measures such as quotas, import licensing systems, sanitary regulations, prohibitions, etc.price undertaking — Undertaking by an exporter to raise the export price of the product to avoid the possibility of an anti-dumping duty.PSI —Preshipment inspection —the practice of employing specialized private companies to check shipment details of goods ordered overseas — i.e. price, quantity, quality, etc.QRs — Quantitative restrictions — specific limits on the quantity or value of goods that can be imported (or exported) during a specific time period. rules of origin —Laws, regulations and administrative procedures which determine a product’s country of origin. A decision by a customs authority on origin can determine whether a shipment falls within a quota limitation, qualifies for a tariff preference or is affected by an anti-dumping duty. These rules can vary from country to country.safeguard measures — Action taken to protect a specific industry from an unexpected build-up of imports — governed by Article XIX of the GATT 1994.subsidy — There are two general types of subsidies: export and domestic. An export subsidy is a benefit conferred on a firm by the government that is contingent on exports. A domestic subsidy is a benefit not directly linked to exports.tariffication —Procedures relating to the agricultural market-access provision in which all non-tariff measures are converted into tariffs.trade facilitation —Removing obstacles to the movement of goods across borders (e.g. simplification of customs procedures).VRA, VER, OMA — Voluntary restraint arrangement, voluntary export restraint, orderly marketing arrangement. Bilateral arrangements whereby an exporting country (government or industry) agrees to reduce or restrict exports40without the importing country having to make use of quotas, tariffs or other import controls. Textiles and clothingATC — The WTO Agreement on Textiles and Clothing which integrates trade in this sector back to GATT rules within a ten-year period.carry forward —When an exporting country uses part of the following year’s quota during the current year.carry over —When an exporting country utilizes the previous year’s unutilized quota. circumvention —Avoiding quotas and other restrictions by altering the country of origin of a product.CTG — Council for Trade in Goods — oversees WTO agreements on goods, including the ATC. integration programme — The phasing out of MFA restrictions in four stages starting on 1 January 1995 and ending on 1 January 2005.ITCB — International Textiles and Clothing Bureau — Geneva-based group of some 20 developing country exporters of textiles and clothing.MFA —Multifibre Arrangement (1974-94) under which countries whose markets are disrupted by increased imports of textiles and clothing from another country were able to negotiate quota restrictions.swing —When an exporting country transfers part of a quota from one product to another restrained product.TMB —The Textiles Monitoring Body, consisting of a chairman plus ten members acting in a personal capacity, oversees the implementation of ATC commitments.transitional safeguard mechanism —Allows members to impose restrictions against individual exporting countries if the importing country can show that both overall imports of a product and imports from the individual countries are entering the country in such increased quantities as to cause — or threaten — serious damage to the relevant domestic industry.Agriculture/SPSAgenda 2000 —EC’s financial reform plans for 2000–06 aimed at strengthening the union with a view to receiving new members. Includes reform of the CAP (see below).border protection — Any measure which acts to restrain imports at point of entry.BSE —Bovine spongiform encephalopathy, or “mad cow disease”.box — Category of domestic support. — Green box: supports considered not to distort trade and therefore permitted with no limits. —Blue box: permitted supports linked to production, but subject to production limits and therefore minimally trade-distorting. —Amber box: supports considered to distort trade and therefore subject to reduction commitments.Cairns Group —Group of agricultural exporting nations lobbying for agricultural tradeliberalization. It was formed in 1986 in Cairns, Australia just before the beginning of the Uruguay Round. Current membership: Argentina, Australia, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Indonesia, Malaysia, New Zealand, Paraguay, Philippines, South Africa, Thailand and Uruguay.CAP — Common Agricultural Policy —The EU’s comprehensive system of production targets and marketing mechanisms designed to manage agricultural trade within the EU and with the rest of the world.Codex Alimentarius — FAO/WHO commission that deals with international standards on food41safety.distortion — When prices and production are higher or lower than levels that would usually exist in a competitive market.deficiency payment — Paid by governments to producers of certain commodities and based on the difference between a target price and the domestic market price or loan rate, whichever is the less.EEP — Export enhancement programme — programme of US export subsidies given generally to compete with subsidized agricultural exports from the EU on certain export markets.food security — Concept which discourages opening the domestic market to foreign agricultural products on the principle that a country must be as self-sufficient as possible for its basic dietary needs.internal support — Encompasses any measure which acts to maintain producer prices at levels above those prevailing in international trade; direct payments to producers, including deficiency payments, and input and marketing cost reduction measures available only for agricultural production.International Office of Epizootics — Deals with international standards concerning animal health. multifunctionality — Idea that agriculture has many functions in addition to producing food and fibre, e.g. environmental protection, landscape preservation, rural employment, etc. See non-trade concerns.non-trade concerns —Similar to multifunctionality. The preamble of the Agriculture Agreement specifies food security and environmental protection as examples. Also cited by members are rural development and employment, and poverty alleviation.peace clause —Provision in Article 13 of the Agriculture Agreement says agricultural subsidies committed under the agreement cannot be challenged under other WTO agreements, in particular the Subsidies Agreement and GATT. Expires at the end of 2003.reform process/program — The Uruguay Round Agriculture Agreement starts a reform process. It sets out a first step, in the process, i.e. a program for reducing subsidies and protection and other reforms. Current negotiations launched under Article 20 are for continuing the reform process. SPS regulations —Sanitary and Phytosanitary regulations —government standards to protect human, animal and plant life and health, to help ensure that food is safe for consumption. variable levy — Customs duty rate which varies in response to domestic price criterion. Intellectual propertyBerne Convention — Treaty, administered by WIPO, for the protection of the rights of authors in their literary and artistic works.CBD — Convention on Biological Diversity.compulsory licensing — For patents: when the authorities license companies or individuals other than the patent owner to use the rights of the patent — to make, use, sell or import a product under patent (i.e. a patented product or a product made by a patented process) — without the permission of the patent owner. Allowed under the TRIPS Agreement provided certain procedures and conditions are fulfilled. See also government use.counterfeit — Unauthorized representation of a registered trademark carried on goods identical or similar to goods for which the trademark is registered, with a view to deceiving the purchaser into believing that he/she is buying the original goods.exhaustion —The principle that once a product has been sold on a market, the intellectual property owner no longer has any rights over it. (A debate42among WTO member governments is whether this applies to products put on the market under compulsory licences.) Countries’ laws vary as to whether the right continues to be exhausted if the product is imported from one market into another, which affects the owner’s rights over trade in the protected product. See also parallel imports.geographical indications —Place names (or words associated with a place) used to identify products (for example, “Champagne”, “Tequila” or “Roquefort”) which have a particular quality, reputation or other characteristic because they come from that placegovernment use — For patents: when the government itself uses or authorizes other persons to use the rights over a patented product or process, for government purposes, without the permission of the patent owner. See also compulsory licensing.intellectual property rights — Ownership of ideas, including literary and artistic works (protected by copyright), inventions (protected by patents), signs for distinguishing goods of an enterprise (protected by trademarks) and other elements of industrial property.IPRs — Intellectual property rights.Lisbon Agreement — Treaty, administered by WIPO, for the protection of geographical indications and their international registration.Madrid Agreement —T reaty, administered by WIPO, for the repression of false or deceptive indications of source on goods.mailbox — Refers to the requirement of the TRIPS Agreement applying to WTO members which do not yet provide product patent protection for pharmaceuticals and for agricultural chemicals. Since 1 January 1995, when the WTO agreements entered into force, these countries have to establish a means by which applications of patents for these products can be filed. (An additional requirement says they must also put in place a system for granting “exclusive marketing rights” for the products whose patent applications have been filed.)parallel imports — When a product made legally (i.e. not pirated) abroad is imported without the permission of the intellectual property right-holder (e.g. the trademark or patent owner). Some countries allow this, others do not.Paris Convention —Treaty, administered by WIPO, for the protection of industrial intellectual property, i.e. patents, utility models, industrial designs, etc.piracy —Unauthorized copying of materials protected by intellectual property rights (such as copyright, trademarks, patents, geographical indications, etc) for commercial purposes and unauthorized commercial dealing in copied materials.Rome Convention — Treaty, administered by WIPO, UNESCO and ILO, for the protection of the works of performers, broadcasting organizations and producers of phonograms.TRIPS — Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights.UPOV — International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of PlantsWashington Treaty —Treaty for the protection of intellectual property in respect of lay-out designs of integrated circuits.WIPO — World Intellectual Property Organization.Investmentexport-performance measure —Requirement that a certain quantity of production must be exported.FDI — Foreign direct investment.local-content measure —Requirement that the investor purchase a certain amount of local materials for incorporation in the investor’s product.43product-mandating — Requirement that the investor export to certain countries or region.trade-balancing measure — Requirement that the investor use earnings from exports to pay for imports.TRIMS — Trade-related investment measures.Dispute settlementAppellate Body — An independent seven-person body that, upon request by one or more parties to the dispute, reviews findings in panel reports.automaticity —The “automatic” chronological progression for settling trade disputes in regard to panel establishment, terms of reference, composition and adoption procedures.DSB —Dispute Settlement Body —when the WTO General Council meets to settle trade disputes.DSU — The Uruguay Round Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes.nullification and impairment —Damage to a country’s benefits and expectations from its WTO membership through another co untry’s change in its trade regime or failure to carry out its WTO obligations.panel — Consisting of three experts, this independent body is established by the DSB to examine and issue recommendations on a particular dispute in the light of WTO provisions.Servicesaccounting rate —In telecoms, the charge made by one country’s telephone network operator for calls originating in another country.commercial presence — Having an office, branch, or subsidiary in a foreign country.GATS —The WTO’s General Agr eement on Trade in Services.general obligations — Obligations which should be applied to all services sector at the entry into force of the agreement.Initial commitments — Trade liberalizing commitments in services which members are prepared to make early on.modes of delivery —How international trade in services is supplied and consumed. Mode 1: cross border supply; mode 2: consumption abroad; mode 3: foreign commercial presence; and mode 4: movement of natural persons.multi-modal — Transportation using more than one mode. In the GATS negotiations, essentially door-to-door services that include international shipping.national schedules — The equivalent of tariff schedules in GATT, laying down the commitments accepted — voluntarily or through negotiation — by WTO members.natural persons — People, as distinct from juridical persons such as companies and organizations. offer —A country’s proposal for further liberalization.protocols —Additional agreements attached to the GATS. The Second Protocol deals with the 1995 commitments on financial services. The Third Protocol deals with movement of natural persons.prudence, prudential —In financial services, terms used to describe an objective of market regulation by authorities to protect investors and depositors, to avoid instability or crises. schedule —“Schedule of Specific Commitments” —A WTO member’s list of commitments regarding market access and bindings regarding national treatment.specific commitments —See “schedule”.Regionalism/trade and development 44ACP — African, Caribbean and Pacific countries. Group of 71 countries with preferential trading relation with the EU under the former Lom? Treaty now called the Cotonou Agreement. Andean Community — Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela.APEC — Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation forum.ASEAN —Association of Southeast Asian Nations. The seven ASEAN members of the WTO —Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand — often speak in the WTO as one group on general issues. The other ASEAN members are Laos and Vietnam. Caricom — The Caribbean Community and Common Market comprises 15 countries.CTD — The WTO Committee on Trade and DevelopmentCustoms union — Members apply a common external tariff (e.g. the EC).EC — European Communities (official name of the European Union in the WTO).EFTA — European Free Trade Association.free trade area — Trade within the group is duty free but members set own tariffs on imports from non-members (e.g. NAFTA).G15 — Group of 15 developing countries acting as the main political organ for the Non-Aligned Movement.G77 — Group of developing countries set up in 1964 at the end of the first UNCTAD (originally 77, but now more than 130 countries).G7 — Group of seven leading industrial countries: Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, United Kingdom, United States.GRULAC — Informal group of Latin-American members of the WTO.GSP —Generalized System of Preferences —programmes by developed countries granting preferential tariffs to imports from developing countries.HLM — WTO High-Level Meeting for LDCs, held in October 1997 in Geneva.ITC — The International Trade Centre, originally established by the old GATT and is now operated jointly by the WTO and the UN, the latter acting through UNCTAD. Focal point for technical cooperation on trade promotion of developing countries.LDCs — Least-developed countries.MERCOSUR — Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay.NAFTA — North American Free Trade Agreement of Canada, Mexico and the US.Quad — Canada, EC, Japan and the United States.SACU —Southern African Customs Union comprising Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa and Swaziland.S&D —“Special and differential treatment” provisions for developing countries. Contained in several WTO agreements.UNCITRAL —United Nations Centre for International Trade Law, drafts model laws such as the one on government procurement.UNCTAD — The UN Conference on Trade and Development.Trade and environmentAgenda 21 — The Agenda for the 21st Century — a declaration from the 1992 Earth Summit (UN Conference on the Environment and Development) held in Rio de Janeiro.Article XX —GATT Article listing allowed “exceptions” to the trade rules.Basel Convention — An MEA dealing with hazardous waste.BTA — Border tax adjustmentCITES — Convention on International Trade in45Endangered Species. An MEA.CTE — The WTO Committee on Trade and Environment.EST — Environmentally-sound technology.EST&P — EST and products.ex ante, ex post — Before and after a measure is applied.LCA — Life cycle analysis — a method of assessing whether a good or service is environmentally friendly.MEA — Multilateral environmental agreement.Montreal Protocol —An MEA dealing with the depletion of the earth’s ozone layer.PPM — Process and production method.TBT — The WTO Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade.waiver —Permission granted by WTO members allowing a WTO member not to comply with normal commitments. Waivers have time limits and extensions have to be justified.。