论文翻译
- 格式:docx
- 大小:29.52 KB
- 文档页数:7
Guidance Notes for completing application formPart 1 Personal InformationEligibility to work at the British CouncilWe are only able to accept applications from individuals who have the right to work in the country to which they have applied.Personal InformationThe British Council’s normal retirement age is 65. If you are over this age, or within 6 months of it, at the time you apply to join us, in line with the Equality (Age) Regulations 2006, we will consider your application but reserve the right to reject it if we consider that we would be unlikely to derive sufficient benefit from your appointment in the period before your retirement.Criminal Convictions (UK)Subject to certain exempted occupations, convictions that are ‘spent’ under the Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974 need not be mentioned. Please be aware that declaring a conviction will not automatically disqualify you from being employed unless this post is subject to a Criminal Records Bureau Check.If the post is subject to a Criminal Records Bureau Check, British Council is committed to safeguarding and promoting the welfare of children and young people and expects all of its partners to share this commitment. Appointment to these roles are subject to enhanced Criminal Records Bureau (CRB) checks in the UK, and, where appropriate, equivalent systems overseas.Data ProtectionThe British Council will use the information you provide in this form to process your application. If your application is successful and you take up employment with the British Council, this form will be kept on your personnel file and some details from it will be held electronically by Human Resources in line with the Data Protection Act (1998). If your application is unsuccessful, this form willbe kept on file for one year after completion of the recruitment exercise and then securely destroyed.The British Council will treat all personal details in accordance with UK law and its own privacy policy. Under Data Protection law you have the right to ask for a copy of the information we hold on you, for which we may charge a fee, and the right to ask us to correct any inaccuracies in that information. If you do want more information about this please contact your local British Council office or the Data Protection Team dataprotection@. Part 2 Job-Related InformationDisabilityThe UK Disability Discrimination Act 1995 defines a person with a disability as someone who has a physical or mental impairment (including a learning or sensory impairment) that has a substantial and long term adverse effect on his/her ability to carry out normal day to day activities. In any country, it is British Council policy to interview all applicants who are disabled and who meet the essential criteria for an advertised job.Employment and professional informationPlease give details of your employment for the last 10 years, or since leaving full-time education if this is sooner, starting with the most recent employment. Account for all your time, including voluntary work or other periods away from work. Please be aware that it will not prejudice your application if you disclose a period of ill health or a period out of formal employment (e.g. time spent at home bringing up children).Other relevant experiencePlease note that this does not need to be limited to work experience. It can include experience of volunteering or of roles held within the community e.g. youth worker, community worker or leader etc..。
An Analysis of Cooperative Principles andHumorous Effects in Friend s合作原则的分析和在朋友的幽默效应Humor is a very intriguing and fascinating phenomenon of human society, which is multidimensional, complex and all pervasive. Therefore, many scholars and experts at all times and in all over the world have done profound research on humor.幽默是人类社会的一个非常有趣和引人入胜的现象,这是多方面的,复杂和无孔不入的。
所以,在任何时候,在世界各地的许多学者和专家总是对幽默进行深入的研究。
The significant functions of humor have aroused the interest of many scholars. About 2,000 years ago, people began the research on humor. However, the study of humor is not a simple task for the reason that it is an interdisciplinary science drawing upon a wide range of academic disciplines including biology, psychology, sociology, philosophy, geography, history, linguistics, literature, education, family science, and film studies and so on. Moreover, there are different reasons and purposes for humor. One may wish to be sociable, cope better, seem clever, solve problems, make a critical point, enhance therapy, or express something one could not otherwise express by means of humor.显著幽默的功能已引起许多学者的兴趣。
本科毕业论文外文翻译Undergraduate Thesis External Translation (700 Words)Title: The Impact of Social Media on Consumer Behavior Abstract:With the rapid development of social media, its influence on consumer behavior has drawn increasing attention from scholars and marketers. This paper aims to explore the impact of social media on consumer behavior from the perspective of information acquisition, interpersonal communication, and brand evaluation. Through a literature review and analysis, it is found that social media has a significant impact on consumer behavior by providing easy access to information, facilitating communication between consumers, and influencing brand perception. This research provides valuable insights for marketers in understanding and utilizing social media platforms to effectively engage with consumers and influence their purchasing decisions.1. IntroductionSocial media has become an integral part of people's daily lives, and its impact on consumer behavior cannot be ignored. This paper aims to investigate the impact of social media on consumer behavior and provide practical implications for marketers. The research question is: How does social media influence consumer behavior in terms of information acquisition, interpersonal communication, and brand evaluation?2. Information Acquisition2.1 Social media provides a platform for consumers to easilyaccess information about products and services. Through social media platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter, consumers can obtain product reviews, comparisons, and recommendations from peers. This information influences consumers' purchasing decisions and enhances their knowledge about products.2.2 Social media also serves as a source of entertainment and inspiration, enabling users to discover new trends and products. Influencers and celebrities, who gain popularity through social media, often endorse products and create consumer desire for these items. This form of indirect advertising through social media has a significant impact on consumer behavior.3. Interpersonal CommunicationSocial media platforms enable users to interact with friends, family, and even strangers. This communication aspect of social media hasa direct influence on consumer behavior.3.1 Word-of-mouth (WOM) communication through social media is prevalent. Consumers often share their positive or negative experiences with products on social media platforms, which influence others' opinions and purchasing decisions. These online conversations have a wide reach and can greatly impact brand perception.3.2 Social media facilitates communication between consumers and brands. Consumers can directly communicate with brands through social media channels, providing feedback, asking questions, and seeking assistance. This two-way communicationimproves customer satisfaction and loyalty.4. Brand Evaluation4.1 Social media plays a crucial role in brand evaluation. Consumers often seek information about brands, their values, and their reputation on social media platforms. Positive or negative brand mentions and reviews on social media greatly influence consumers' perceptions of brands, leading to either increased or decreased brand trust and loyalty.4.2 Social media influencers and celebrities endorsing particular brands also impact brand evaluation. These individuals' recommendations and opinions can greatly influence consumers' perceptions and preferences for specific brands.5. ConclusionIn conclusion, social media has a significant impact on consumer behavior by influencing information acquisition, interpersonal communication, and brand evaluation. Marketers should utilize and engage with social media platforms to effectively reach and influence their target customers. This research provides insights for marketers to enhance their social media strategies and create effective brand-consumer interactions.。
毕业论文外文翻译两篇篇一:毕业论文外文翻译外文资料翻译译文:概述是一个统一的Web开发模型,它包括您使用尽可能少的代码生成企业级Web应用程序所必需的各种服务。
作为.NETFramework的一部分提供。
当您编写应用程序的代码时,可以访问.NETFramework中的类。
您可以使用与公共语言运行库(CLR)兼容的任何语言来编写应用程序的代码,这些语言包括MicrosoftVisualBasic、C#、和J#。
使用这些语言,可以开发利用公共语言运行库、类型安全、继承等方面的优点的应用程序。
包括:∙页和控件框架∙编译器∙安全基础结构∙状态管理功能∙应用程序配置∙运行状况监视和性能功能∙调试支持∙XMLWebservices框架∙可扩展的宿主环境和应用程序生命周期管理∙可扩展的设计器环境页和控件框架是一种编程框架,它在Web服务器上运行,可以动态地生成和呈现网页。
可以从任何浏览器或客户端设备请求网页,会向请求浏览器呈现标记(例如HTML)。
通常,您可以对多个浏览器使用相同的页,因为会为发出请求的浏览器呈现适当的标记。
但是,您可以针对诸如MicrosoftInternetExplorer6的特定浏览器设计网页,并利用该浏览器的功能。
支持基于Web的设备(如移动电话、手持型计算机和个人数字助理(PDA))的移动控件。
网页是完全面向对象的。
在网页中,可以使用属性、方法和事件来处理HTML元素。
页框架为响应在服务器上运行的代码中的客户端事件提供统一的模型,从而使您不必考虑基于Web的应用程序中固有的客户端和服务器隔离的实现细节。
该框架还会在页处理生命周期中自动维护页及该页上控件的状态。
使用页和控件框架还可以将常用的UI功能封装成易于使用且可重用的控件。
控件只需编写一次,即可用于许多页并集成到网页中。
这些控件在呈现期间放入网页中。
页和控件框架还提供各种功能,以便可以通过主题和外观来控制网站的整体外观和感觉。
可以先定义主题和外观,然后在页面级或控件级应用这些主题和外观。
论文英文翻译Essay 1 - College EducationIn recent years, college education has become a topic of great debate. Some people argue that a college degree is essential for success in today's society, while others believe that it is not necessary. This essay will argue that college education is indeed important and beneficial for several reasons.Firstly, obtaining a college degree can provide individuals with better career opportunities. In today's competitive job market, employers often prioritize candidates with a higher education background. College graduates are more likely to find stable employment and earn higher salaries compared to those without a degree. Furthermore, many professions require specific knowledge and skills that can only be acquired through a college education. For example, doctors, engineers, and lawyers must complete several years of study in order to obtain the necessary qualifications for their respective fields.Secondly, college education can help individuals develop important life skills. During their time at college, students are exposed to a variety of subjects and experiences, which enable them to develop critical thinking, problem-solving, and communication skills. College also provides opportunities for students to engage in extracurricular activities and interact with a diverse group of individuals. This fosters social and cultural awareness, as well as teamwork and leadership skills. These skills are valuable not only in the workplace but also in everyday life.Moreover, college education promotes personal growth and lifelong learning. The college environment encourages students to explore new ideas, challenge their assumptions, and discover their passions. It provides a platform for intellectual development and self-discovery. Students are exposed to a wide range of subjects, perspectives, and cultures, which broadens their knowledge and worldview. College education also instills a sense of curiosity and a desire for continuous learning, which are essential qualities in today's rapidly changing world.In conclusion, college education is important and beneficial for several reasons. It provides better career opportunities, helps individuals develop important life skills, and promotes personal growth and lifelong learning. While it is true that college education may not be necessary for everyone, obtaining a degree can significantly enhance one's chances of success in both personal and professional aspects of life.。
论文翻译中译英IntroductionTranslation plays a crucial role in promoting global communication and understanding. In academic settings, researchers often need to translate their papers from their native language to English in order to reach a wider audience. However, translating academic papers from Chinese to English can be a challenging task due to differences in language structure, cultural nuances, and academic conventions. This paper aims to explore the key challenges and strategies in translating academic papers from Chinese to English.Challenges in Chinese-English Translation1. Sentence Structure DifferencesChinese and English have fundamentally different sentence structures. Chinese sentences tend to be longer and more complex, while English sentences are shorter and more concise. Translating Chinese sentences into English requires careful restructuring to ensure clarity and readability. This canbe particularly challenging when technical or specialized terminology is involved.2. Cultural NuancesCultural nuances and idiomatic expressions are often deeply embedded in Chinese academic writing. Translating these expressions into English while retaining their intended meaning can be difficult. Chinese idioms, proverbs, and metaphors often have no direct equivalents in English and may require adaptation or substitution. Translators need to strike a balance between preserving the cultural context of the original text and ensuring that the translated version is relatable to English-speaking readers.3. Academic ConventionsDifferent academic disciplines have their own set of conventions and terminology. When translating academic papers, it is essential to be familiar with the specific terminology and conventions of the respective field. This requires not only linguistic competency but also a deep understanding of the subject matter. Translators must ensure that their translation accurately represents the originalmeaning and intention of the author while adhering to the academic standards of the target language.Strategies in Chinese-English Translation1. Understanding the Source TextBefore beginning the translation process, it is crucial to thoroughly understand the source text. This involves reading the original paper multiple times to grasp the main ideas, arguments, and key terms. Familiarizing oneself with the subject matter and the author's writing style can help in producing a more accurate and faithful translation.2. Translating for the Target AudienceConsideration of the target audience is essential in academic translation. Translators should be aware of the level of expertise and familiarity of the audience with the subject matter. Technical terms and jargon may need to be explained or simplified to ensure readability. Additionally, cultural references should be carefully adapted to the target culture to maintain relevance and avoid confusion.3. Utilizing Translation ToolsTranslation tools such as dictionaries, glossaries, and online resources can be valuable aids in the translation process. Using specialized dictionaries or glossaries for the respective academic field can help with finding accurate and appropriate terminology. Online translation forums and communities can also be useful for seeking advice and clarifications from other translators or subject matter experts.4. Engaging in Continuous LearningTranslation is a lifelong learning process. Translators should actively seek opportunities to improve their language skills and subject knowledge. Keeping up with the latest research and developments in the field can help translators to stay updated with the terminology and conventions. Professional development courses and workshops can also enhance translation skills and provide insights into best practices.ConclusionTranslating academic papers from Chinese to English requires a combination of linguistic proficiency, subject knowledge,and cultural understanding. The challenges in sentence structure, cultural nuances, and academic conventions need to be carefully navigated. By employing the strategies discussed, translators can overcome these challenges and produce high-quality translations that effectively communicate the intended meaning to the target audience.。
毕业论文英文翻译Title: The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Employment Abstract:This paper explores the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on employment. The rise of AI technologies has sparked concerns about its potential to replace human jobs. Through an analysis of existing literature and case studies, this study investigates the ways in which AI has affected various industries and job sectors. The findings indicate that while AI has the potential to automate certain tasks and reduce the need for human intervention, it also creates new job opportunities and contributes to economic growth. Additionally, the study highlights the importance of retraining and upskilling workers to adapt to the changing job market. Overall, this research contributes to a better understanding of the complex relationship between AI and employment and provides insights into proactive strategies to address the challenges posed by AI. Introduction:Artificial intelligence has emerged as a powerful technology with the potential to transform various aspects of society, including the workforce. The rapid advancement of AI has raised concerns about potential job losses and increased automation. This study aims to explore the impact of AI on employment and identify strategies to mitigate negative effects. By examining existing literature and case studies, this research provides a comprehensive analysis of AI's influence on different industries and job sectors.Literature Review:The literature offers a wide range of perspectives on the impact ofAI on employment. Some studies suggest that AI will lead to significant job losses in sectors such as manufacturing, transportation, and customer service. They argue that AI technologies, such as autonomous vehicles and chatbots, can perform tasks previously done by humans more efficiently and at a lower cost. On the other hand, other studies argue that AI will create new job opportunities and enhance productivity. For example, the healthcare sector benefits from AI technologies by improving diagnosis accuracy and streamlining administrative processes.Case Studies:This study includes several case studies that examine the impact of AI on specific industries. The manufacturing industry, for instance, has experienced both job losses and job creation due to the introduction of AI. While certain tasks have been automated, new roles related to AI maintenance and programming have emerged. Similarly, the retail industry has witnessed the integration of AI technologies, leading to job displacement in traditional retail jobs but also the creation of new positions in data analysis and online customer support.Mitigation Strategies:To address the challenges posed by AI, strategies should focus on retraining and upskilling the workforce to adapt to the changing job market. Governments and organizations should encourage workers to acquire in-demand skills such as data analysis and AI programming. Additionally, collaboration between academia and industry is crucial to ensure that education and training programs remain relevant and effective. Finally, policies that support jobtransition and income support for displaced workers will help minimize the negative impact of AI on employment. Conclusion:The impact of artificial intelligence on employment is a complex and multifaceted issue. While concerns about job losses are valid, it is important to recognize that AI also creates new job opportunities and contributes to economic growth. By implementing proactive strategies, such as retraining and upskilling, societies can better navigate the changes brought about by AI and ensure a future where humans and machines can coexist harmoniously.。
论文外文文献翻译以下是一篇700字左右的论文外文文献翻译:原文题目:The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Medical Diagnostics: A Review原文摘要:In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in the field of medical diagnostics. AI has the potential to improve the accuracy and efficiency of medical diagnoses, and can assist clinicians in making treatment decisions. This review aims to examine the current state of AI in medical diagnostics, and discuss its advantages and limitations. Several AI techniques, including machine learning, deep learning, and natural language processing, are discussed. The review also examines the ethical and legal considerations associated with the use of AI in medical diagnostics. Overall, AI has shown great promise in improving medical diagnostics, but further research is needed to fully understand its potential benefits and limitations.AI在医学诊断中发挥的作用:一项综述近年来,人工智能(AI)在医学诊断领域的应用引起了越来越多的关注。
论文翻译英文Title: The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Banking SectorAbstract: This study aims to analyze the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on the banking sector. AI has emerged as a disruptive technology in recent years and has the potential to revolutionize various industries, including banking. The paper begins by providing an overview of AI and its different applications. It then explores the specific ways in which AI is transforming the banking sector, including customer service, risk management, fraud detection, and process automation. Finally, the study examines the challenges and ethical considerations associated with the implementation of AI in banking. The findings of this research contribute to a better understanding of the role of AI in the banking sector and provide insights for banks and policymakers in adapting to the changing landscape.Introduction:With the rapid advancement of technology, the banking sector has witnessed significant changes in recent years. One of the most prominent advancements is the utilization of artificial intelligence (AI). AI refers to the simulation of human intelligence in machines that are programmed to think and learn like humans. The integration of AI in the banking sector has led to improvements in efficiency, customer experience, and overall decision-making. This paper aims to explore the impact of AI on the banking sector, focusing on customer service, risk management, fraud detection, and process automation.AI in Customer Service:AI has transformed customer service in the banking sector. Chatbots and virtual assistants powered by AI technology have become key tools in handling customer queries and providing personalized experiences. These AI-enabled systems can handle a large volume of customer inquiries simultaneously, resulting in faster response times and improved customer satisfaction. Additionally, AI-powered systems can leverage customer data to provide tailored recommendations and personalized offers, enhancing the customer experience.AI in Risk Management:Risk management is a critical aspect of banking operations. AI algorithms can analyze vast amounts of data to identify patterns, detect anomalies, and predict potential risks more accurately. This enables banks to make more informed decisions regarding loans, credit assessment, and investment portfolios. By incorporating AI into risk management systems, banks can enhance their ability to identify and mitigate potential risks while ensuring compliance with regulatory requirements.AI in Fraud Detection:Fraud detection is another area where AI has significantly impacted the banking sector. AI algorithms can analyze vast datasets to identify fraudulent patterns, enabling banks to detect and prevent fraud in real-time. Machine learning algorithms continuously learn and adapt to new patterns, helping banks stay ahead of fraudsters who constantly evolve their tactics. AI-powered fraud detection systems not only save banks significant financial losses but also enhance trust and confidence amongcustomers.AI in Process Automation:AI has enabled banks to automate various processes that were previously time-consuming and labor-intensive. For instance, AI-powered robots can now perform tasks such as data entry, document processing, and account reconciliation with greater accuracy and efficiency. Automation of these processes not only reduces costs but also minimizes the likelihood of human error, resulting in improved operational efficiency.Challenges and Ethical Considerations:Despite the numerous benefits of AI in the banking sector, several challenges and ethical considerations need to be addressed. These include data privacy and security concerns, potential job displacement, algorithmic bias, and the need for regulatory frameworks to govern the use of AI in banking. It is crucial for banks and policymakers to develop strategies that ensure the responsible and ethical use of AI technologies.Conclusion:Overall, AI has shown great potential in transforming the banking sector. It has revolutionized customer service, risk management, fraud detection, and process automation. However, the implementation of AI in banking comes with its own set of challenges and ethical considerations. Banks and policymakers need to strike a balance between harnessing the benefits of AI and addressing the associated risks. By doing so, they can adapt to the changing landscape and stay competitive in the digital era.。
利用个人软件过程提高绩效摘要:个人软件工程师使用的软件度量和进程定义在个人软件过程中被修改,个人软件过程收集技巧和准则,使得个人软件工程师可以将这些内容用于软件开发。
这篇论文简单概述了个人软件过程,并且引用了工程师收集的数据来证明个人软件过程的效用。
讨论了使用与统计过程控制相关联的方法的含义,在整个经验数据讨论中突出了个人软件工程师收集的科学数据的力量。
1、个人软件过程简介由Watts Humphrey开发的psp为个人软件工程师提供了可操作的完善的工程化原则。
工程准则这种规范化的应用包括在明确活动范围内对个人性能测量的强烈关注。
工程师按照他们自己定义的进程推进,进行一系列分析操作,并且使用他们自己的数据来找到机会提升他们的绩效。
这种方法为工程师提供了个人提升规划,这个规划与他们的绩效联系在一起。
个人软件过程需要100-150小时的训练课程来学习和实践,在这期间按进程阶段为执业工程师引入个人进程测量和提升.这些阶段代表了一个逐渐细化的进程定义和为个体工程师使用设计的增加技巧。
这个课程包含十个编程作业,这些编程作业可以使工程师使用这些技巧来积累经验。
工程师可以通过每个进程阶段提交的报告来研究他们的绩效,并且可以探究当他们聚焦在个体软件进程的不同方面时发生的改变。
随着历史数据的积累,每个阶段分配程序的大小,每个活动所需执行的时间以及缺陷的引入和修正在每个编程作业的开始被估计。
接下来的四部分概述了训练课程每个进程阶段。
1.1 基本绩效在第一阶段,工程师使用自己常用的软件开发方法,同时对他们在进行三个编程作业时的绩效进行详细的测量。
在这些作业中收集到的数据为每个工程师增加和修改他们个人的进程提供了基准。
虽然一些测试显示了工程师间的惊人相似,但是在这些作业中收集到的初试数据显示个人绩效有很大的可变性。
这些在个人绩效中观察出的可变性为个体阶段软件测试增加了凭证。
对于大多数的工程师来说,对项目大小和所需努力地估计经常是乐观的。
在历史数据在统计学上的可行方法的缺乏的情况下,工程师倾向基于他们成功的经历来猜测和关注以及他们怎样很好的解决了技术挑战,而不是预料隐藏在要求里的未知困难。
虽然工程师之间的生产率变化很大,但是进程中缺陷的密度在工程师间是一致的,平均每十行代码一个缺陷。
1.2 个人项目管理在第二个阶段,工程师开始利用线性规划作为工具来估测软件的大小和规模。
估算方法中有大量的测试被引入,设计这些测试为接下来的进程提供详细的检测。
使用定制版本的Crosby的“质量成本”方法,工程师检测他们在哪投入了时间以及在哪些软件缺陷被引入和修正。
虽然很多工程师在他们对软件的大小和规模的估算的精确度上挣扎,但是在这部分的课程中,估算的精确度在低估和高估之间平衡发生。
对时间耗费在哪里的更详细的理解以及意识到他们的估算过于乐观,使得工程师的估算方法更为主观。
在训练中工程师们也发现了产品质量对他们工作预测性的影响。
1.3 个人质量管理为管理产品质量,第三阶段被用来实施和分析。
前六个编程作业积累到的经验和教训被用来创造设计和代码评审核对清单,这些内容为在这个阶段完成三个作业使用。
基于他们自己数据提供的洞察力,工程师们找到高效的方法来阻止时间消耗的缺陷,这种缺陷是他们先前在生命周期结束时经历的。
在设计方法和设计验证上的明确关注导致了更完整的设计,这些设计编码先前被认证。
每个工程师用更可预测的方式生产出高质量的产品来测量这次调查。
在训练开始时,典型的工程师在编译和单元测试阶段修正他们产品中的大部分缺陷。
在课程结束时,工程师通常在这些阶段开始之前修正35%-75%的缺陷。
前六个任务聚集的数据和组织的缺陷分析为证明差的产品质量服务于工程师为他们的工作制定的计划产生的影响。
在编译和测试阶段工作重做在生产率上的影响和工程师的工作可预测性的结果是主要的驱动力,这个驱动力使工程师朝着100%编译前效益努力。
1.4 更大项目的应用最后一个任务为在更大和更复杂的程序上使用训练中学到的技巧提供了机会——使用迭代发展循环。
工程师使用最后的编程任务积累经验来衡量他们个人的进程,满足工作环境的需要。
在最后训练中学到的主要课程是理解怎样将一个任务分解成可接受的单元。
工程师在训练中研究他们的绩效来定义最优的任务时限和产品大小。
他们自己计划和追踪的训练,加上聚焦于质量和从培训中的早期课程积累的任务管理,使得个体工程师在他们的能力范围内使用更优秀的知识完成他们的任务。
2、psp训练的有效性psp训练对于改变可预测性和个体软件工程师工作的质量的有效性,使用298个工程师样本进行评估。
在他们完成psp训练时收集的数据被用来评估5个基本兴趣领域:——大小估算的精确度——规模估算的精确度——产品质量——早期的错误修正——生产率在这个研究中使用的样本是方便性的样本,所有软件工程师不是随机的选择。
在研究中的所有工程师经过了软件工程所的个人训练,或者通过了被软件工程所授权的指导者的训练。
23组数据集中的11组由重要大学的研究生或本科生进行提供。
余下的12组中,4组在软件工程所讲师训练课程提供,8组是由执业工程师产生。
包含在psp训练中的生命周期被限制在规划,详细设计,设计评审,编码,编码评审,编译,单元测试和事后评估这几个阶段。
编程作业的要求在课本中提供,整合和系统测试在整个课程中从未被执行。
当一个个人软件工程师在执行他的大部分发展工作的阶段时关注psp,因此,关于提供的课堂数据的讨论仅限于上阶段。
在论文随后实用数据的讨论除了以上阶段还强调整合测试和后期部署。
2.1 大小估算精确性一个相对基本的观点是:估算一个产品的大小先于估算构建这个产品所要求的努力。
然而,在软件工程中,有时为了支持专一的关注构建它所需努力,而不需要量化正在开发产品的挑战。
在psp中工程师学会用他们的个人数据来估算他们建设的产品的大小。
在psp中使用代码行数来估算产品的大小。
正如1.1部分描述的,在训练开始的估算倾向于乐观,大多数工程师低估了他们构建的软件组件的大小。
计算公式为:(实际的LOC—估算的LOC)/估算的LOC在这里的分析中估算的LOC和实际的LOC值由每个PSP阶段中的三个任务得出,估算精确度的测量使用这些合并数据计算。
箱形图显示前三个作业大小估算精确度的变化值较大。
前三个作业的中间位置显示大多数的工程师低估了程序的大小。
重复试验的变异分析发现三组作业的大小估算精确度是统计上显著地不同的。
事后分析发现第一组和第二组的不同也是统计上显著的。
事后比较第二组和第三组作业显示在大小估算精确度上没有统计上显著的不同。
方差分析被用来变换大小估算精确度的值,得出的结果与最初的发现一致。
2.2 规模估算的精确度类似于在大小估算精确度观察到的结构,在早期课程中工程师对规模精确度的估算趋向于乐观,下面的数字证明,在训练结束后这种偏差由低估变成了低估和高估间的平衡。
对这些数据进行方差分析的结果与对大小估算的精确度的分析结果一致。
探测到三组作业中统计学上显著的不同,第一组和第二组的事后比较也是统计上显著不同的。
对转变的数据进行在分析也得到了相同的结果。
2.3 产品质量产品质量对产品开发成本有实质性的影响,这一观点贯穿整个开发过程。
在PSP训练中工程师记录和分析在他们所写程序中发现的缺陷。
关注缺陷修正活动的效率引导个人进程定义。
训练中,一个明确的目标是为了在编译和测试阶段减少对所写程序的信赖从而修正缺陷。
理想上,每一个工程师都在为第一次编译程序前修正所有缺陷而努力。
早期的缺陷修正在下一部分强调。
每一千行代码所含缺陷量在这里强调的编译和连接测试阶段中改变。
在上面的箱形图明显可以看出,随着工程师通过训练,为排除缺陷,在编译阶段的信赖减少。
这些数据进行的方差分析发现三组作业统计上显著的不同。
事后比较邻近的作业组也发现统计上显著地不同。
在编译测试阶段修正的,每千行代码缺陷的分析揭示了相同的结果。
在分析转变的数据证实了系列相同的结果。
图三与图四显示的箱形图证明在编译和单元测试阶段的返工大量的减少。
编译阶段的减少中值是3.7。
这汇总统计是计算的每个工程师分布率的中值。
这个比率是第一组中编译阶段修正的每千行的缺陷除以最后一组作业中编译中修正的每千行中的缺陷。
单元测试阶段的可比较的汇总统计中值减少2.5。
2.4 早期缺陷修正已经得出的修正相关缺陷的花费,依赖于缺陷得出的阶段,显示缺陷修正的越早成本效益越高。
前部分显示的发现阐明在最后缺陷修正实现的标准降低。
在这部分,效益分析提供了一个方法描绘早期缺陷修正效用的改变。
效用被定义为在编译阶段前知道的已经存在的缺陷比例和第一次编译代码前修正的缺陷比例。
上面的箱形图阐明在开始课程训练阶段编译和单元测试对缺陷修正大量的依赖。
前两组任务的收益值低于25%,第二组任务的中值是0。
图五阐明,第三组作业观察到的收益整体较高。
在最后的任务重,大多数工程师在编译前溢出了一般或多于一般的缺陷。
这些数据的方差分析发现三个组的数据统计学上显著的差异。
,事后比较第二组和第三组任务也是明显的。
为了阻止与失败联系的假的结果来满足方差分析的统计假设,有序的替代品网页测试被用来证实这些结果。
2.5 生产率训练效果研究的最后方面是生产率。
尽管在软件业中对措施的充分性的有效关注常常展现在生产率上,个体软件工程师使用的一种有益方法是以每小时编写的代码行数作为指导规划和监测个人工作的方法。
在个体工程师受限的范围内,以他的工作率为特性是有用的。
超出教室设置,基于班级数据的生产率分析很难概括,因为课程中完成的任务没有经历整合系统或者接受测试。
从实际应用PSP中收集的数据证明减少这些关键阶段需求的努力影响真正的生产率,同时生产率与高质量的软件组件相关联。
生产率的分析展现了平衡质量和效率的可能性。
除了设计评审和代码评审,对减少的生产率的关心增加了。
下面的数字展现了在三组作业中生产率的变化趋势。
箱形图中的数据没有显示三组作业中的生产率的分布有显著的变化。
重复方差分析支持这一观察结果。
对三组作业的分析没有发现统计学上显著地不同。
2.6 训练分析概述以上描述的分析提供了证据,证明个体工程师的绩效在PSP训练中改变,并且这种改变与PSP训练课程的主观目标一致。
可以看到在生产率没有降低的情况下,在可预测性和质量上的大量积累。
这些结果吸引了在PSP训练课程中的教师和学生。
然而软件开发组织要求证据,相同的提升能在这些工程师每日的工作中实现。
论文的剩余部分关注对现实世界影响的证据。
3、PSP在实用上的效力这里描述的案例基于详细的测试,这些测试信息通过经过PSP训练的工程师为一个协作信息系统构建26个组件收集。
两组工程师的协作努力需要877小时的直接项目时间,编写了10390行新的C语言代码。
在这个项目中使用的生命周期类似与瀑布模型。