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中非发展关系英语作文The Evolving Relationship between China and Africa: A Mutually Beneficial PartnershipChina and Africa have a long-standing relationship that has evolved significantly over the past few decades. As two of the world's most dynamic and rapidly developing regions, the partnership between China and Africa has become increasingly important on the global stage. This essay will explore the multifaceted nature of the China-Africa relationship, examining its historical context, the key areas of cooperation, and the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead.Historical ContextThe roots of the China-Africa relationship can be traced back to the 1950s, when China sought to establish diplomatic ties with newly independent African nations as part of its broader efforts to counter Western influence and promote its own vision of international relations. During this period, China provided economic and technical assistance to African countries, while also supporting their struggles for independence and self-determination.The relationship deepened in the 1960s and 1970s, as China sought to position itself as a leader of the developing world and a champion of anti-colonial and anti-imperialist causes. This was a time of heightened ideological competition between China and the West, and Africa became an important battleground in this broader geopolitical struggle.In the post-Cold War era, the China-Africa relationship has evolved significantly, shifting away from its ideological foundations and becoming increasingly focused on economic and commercial interests. Since the early 2000s, China has emerged as a major trading partner, investor, and source of development assistance for African countries, a trend that has only accelerated in recent years.Areas of CooperationThe China-Africa relationship is multifaceted, encompassing a wide range of areas of cooperation and engagement. One of the most significant areas is trade and investment. China has become Africa's largest trading partner, with bilateral trade reaching over $200 billion in 2019. Chinese companies have also become major investors in Africa, with a focus on infrastructure development, natural resource extraction, and manufacturing.In addition to trade and investment, China has also become a majorprovider of development assistance to Africa. This includes concessional loans, grants, and technical assistance, as well as the provision of infrastructure projects such as roads, railways, and power plants. China's development assistance has been particularly focused on supporting African countries' efforts to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals, with a emphasis on areas such as agriculture, health, and education.Another key area of cooperation is in the realm of security and peacekeeping. China has become an increasingly important contributor to UN peacekeeping operations in Africa, with Chinese troops serving in missions in countries such as South Sudan, Mali, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. China has also provided military assistance and training to African countries, as part of its efforts to support regional stability and security.Challenges and OpportunitiesWhile the China-Africa relationship has undoubtedly brought many benefits to both sides, it has also faced a number of challenges and criticisms. One of the key criticisms is that China's engagement in Africa has been primarily driven by its own commercial and strategic interests, rather than a genuine concern for the development and well-being of African countries.There have also been concerns about the environmental and socialimpact of some Chinese-funded projects in Africa, as well as allegations of debt-trap diplomacy, where China is accused of using its lending power to gain political and economic leverage over African countries.Despite these challenges, however, the China-Africa relationship also presents significant opportunities for both sides. For African countries, China's engagement has provided much-needed investment, infrastructure, and development assistance, helping to drive economic growth and social progress. For China, Africa represents a vast and largely untapped market, as well as a strategic partner in its broader efforts to reshape the global economic and geopolitical landscape.Looking ahead, it is clear that the China-Africa relationship will continue to be a key focus of both sides' foreign policy and development strategies. As the world becomes increasingly multipolar and complex, the ability of China and Africa to work together effectively will be crucial not only for their own development, but also for the stability and prosperity of the global system as a whole.In conclusion, the China-Africa relationship is a complex and multifaceted one, shaped by a long and intertwined history, as well as by the evolving dynamics of the global economy and geopolitics.While there are certainly challenges and criticisms to be addressed, the overall trajectory of the relationship appears to be one of growing cooperation, mutual benefit, and shared prosperity. As the two regions continue to rise in influence and importance on the world stage, the strength and resilience of the China-Africa partnership will be increasingly crucial in shaping the course of global affairs in the years and decades to come.。
The Truman Show, a thought-provoking masterpiece that delved into the realms of reality, identity, and freedom, concluded with its protagonist, Truman Burbank, breaking free from the meticulously constructed artificial world that had confined him for three decades. This climactic escape marked not only the liberation of Truman but also a seismic shift in the societal and psychological landscapes of both his fabricated universe and the real world beyond the show's reach. This essay embarks on an extensive exploration of the multifaceted aftermath of Truman's departure, examining its profound impact on the various stakeholders, the ethical implications it raised, and the broader philosophical questions it continues to pose.I. The Aftermath within the Show's UniverseA. The Show's Cancellation and Its RamificationsTruman's audacious exit would undoubtedly lead to the immediate cessation of "The Truman Show." The program, once a global phenomenon, would now face an existential crisis as its central character and raison d'être had deserted the stage. The sudden termination would leave the show's producers, network executives, and advertisers grappling with significant financial losses and reputational damage. Moreover, the thousands employed by the show, from actors to technicians, would find themselves jobless, plunging them into an uncertain future. The fictional Seahaven Island, a meticulously crafted microcosm, would transform into a ghost town, its once bustling streets now hauntingly empty.B. The Audience's Reactions and Psychological ImpactThe audience, having invested emotionally in Truman's life for years, would be left reeling from the revelation that their beloved show was nothing more than a grand deception. This realization would prompt a collective introspection on their complicity in Truman's exploitation and their own voyeuristic tendencies. Some might experience a sense of guilt or empathy, prompting them to advocate for stricter regulations on reality television and media ethics. Others, however, could develop a morbid fascination with Truman's newfound freedom, fueling a demand for unauthorized follow-up content or even attemptsto locate him, further blurring the lines between privacy and public interest.C. The Lives of the Supporting CharactersThe lives of Truman's erstwhile friends, family, and acquaintances – all actors playing predefined roles – would be irrevocably altered. Stripped of their scripted personas, they would grapple with their own identities and the morality of their actions. Some might seek redemption by coming clean about their participation in the charade, while others might struggle to reintegrate into society, haunted by the memories of their deceptive existence. Their stories could serve as cautionary tales about the dehumanizing effects of prolonged performance and the consequences of sacrificing authenticity for fame and fortune.II. The Real World's Response and Ethical DilemmasA. Legal and Regulatory ImplicationsTruman's escape would ignite a firestorm of legal challenges and debates. The blatant violation of his fundamental rights, including privacy, autonomy, and freedom, would likely result in lawsuits against the show's creators and the corporation behind it. This could lead to stricter regulations on reality TV, particularly concerning informed consent, participant welfare, and the boundaries of entertainment. Furthermore, the case could set legal precedents regarding the rights of individuals born or raised in controlled environments, raising questions about guardianship, ownership, and the extent to which a person can be considered a commodity.B. Societal Repercussions and Media EthicsTruman's story would spark a global conversation about media manipulation, the ethics of reality television, and the responsibility of audiences in consuming such content. It could catalyze a paradigm shift in the way society perceives and engages with reality programming, potentially leading to increased scrutiny, more conscientious viewing habits, and a demand for authenticity and transparency in media. Conversely, it could also trigger a counter-reaction, with some networks doubling down on sensationalism and manipulation tocapitalize on the public's insatiable appetite for spectacle.C. Philosophical and Psychological ImplicationsTruman's liberation would resonate deeply with individuals questioning the nature of reality, free will, and the influence of societal constructs on individual identity. His journey would become a symbol of human resilience and the unyielding quest for truth, inspiring those feeling trapped by their circumstances or manipulated by external forces. Psychologically, it could prompt a widespread examination of the extent to which people's lives are influenced by unseen societal scripts and the courage required to break free from them.III. Truman's Journey Beyond the Show: Speculations and PossibilitiesA. Adjusting to Reality and Finding IdentityHaving spent his entire life in a meticulously orchestrated environment, Truman's transition to the real world would be fraught with challenges. He would need to navigate the complexities of genuine human relationships, cope with the overwhelming array of choices, and confront the harsh realities that his sheltered existence had shielded him from. His journey of self-discovery would involve rebuilding his identity from scratch, unlearning the scripted behaviors and beliefs ingrained in him, and forging genuine connections with people who accept him for who he truly is.B. Pursuing Justice and AdvocacyGiven the egregious violation of his rights, Truman might choose to become an advocate for media ethics, privacy rights, and the protection of individuals from exploitation in reality television. His unique perspective and firsthand experience could make him a powerful voice in shaping public discourse and legislative reforms. Alternatively, he might opt for a quieter life, using his newfound freedom and celebrity status to support causes close to his heart, away from the prying eyes of the world that once controlled him.C. The Persistence of the Truman PhenomenonDespite his escape, Truman's image and story would continue to captivatethe public imagination. Documentaries, books, and academic studies would剖析his life, both within the show and after, providing insights into the human condition, media psychology, and the power dynamics between corporations, individuals, and society. Truman himself might eventually consent to share his post-show experiences, either through a memoir or a carefully controlled interview, further solidifying his status as a cultural icon and a symbol of defiance against oppressive systems.In conclusion, the aftermath of The Truman Show extends far beyond Truman's dramatic exit, unraveling a complex web of consequences that touch upon legal, ethical, psychological, and philosophical domains. It serves as a potent reminder of the enduring power of truth, the sanctity of individual autonomy, and the ever-evolving relationship between humanity, technology, and the media. As we continue to grapple with the boundaries of reality and the responsibilities that come with our increasingly interconnected world, Truman's story remains a timeless allegory, urging us to question the nature of our own existence and the roles we play in shaping the realities of others.。
中英关系的英文作文The Complex and Evolving Relationship between China and the United KingdomThe relationship between China and the United Kingdom has evolved significantly over the past decades, reflecting the changing global landscape and the shifting priorities and interests of both countries. As two major economic and political powers, the China-UK relationship is multifaceted, encompassing areas such as trade, investment, diplomacy, and cultural exchange. While the two countries have enjoyed periods of close cooperation, they have also experienced tensions and disagreements on various issues.One of the key aspects of the China-UK relationship is the economic partnership. The UK has long been a major trading partner for China, with the two countries engaging in a robust exchange of goods and services. China is the UK's third-largest trading partner, while the UK is China's second-largest trading partner in Europe. The two countries have also made significant investments in each other's economies, with Chinese companies investing heavily in the UK andBritish firms seeking opportunities in the Chinese market.The economic relationship between China and the UK has been further strengthened by the Belt and Road Initiative, China's ambitious infrastructure development and investment program. The UK has been an active participant in the initiative, with British companies involved in a range of projects, from the construction of high-speed rail networks to the development of port facilities. This collaboration has not only generated economic benefits but has also fostered closer ties between the two countries.However, the economic relationship has not been without its challenges. In recent years, the UK has become increasingly cautious about Chinese investment in sensitive sectors, such as technology and infrastructure, due to concerns over national security and the potential for technology transfer. This has led to tensions between the two countries, as China has sought to expand its global influence through strategic investments.Another area of the China-UK relationship that has been the subject of significant attention is diplomatic and political cooperation. The two countries have maintained a high-level dialogue on a range of global and regional issues, including climate change, international development, and regional security. The UK has also sought to position itself as a key partner for China in Europe, leveraging itsinfluence and connections to facilitate cooperation between China and other European countries.At the same time, the China-UK relationship has been tested by disagreements over human rights and political issues. The UK has been critical of China's policies in Xinjiang and Hong Kong, leading to tensions between the two countries. China, on the other hand, has accused the UK of interfering in its internal affairs and has responded with diplomatic and economic measures.The cultural and people-to-people exchanges between China and the UK have also been an important aspect of the relationship. The two countries have a long history of cultural exchange, with the UK being a popular destination for Chinese students and tourists, and China welcoming a growing number of British visitors. The two countries have also collaborated on various cultural initiatives, such as the UK-China Year of Culture in 2015, which showcased the rich cultural heritage of both countries.Despite the challenges and tensions, the China-UK relationship remains an important one, with both countries recognizing the need for continued engagement and cooperation. As the global landscape continues to evolve, the two countries will need to navigate these changes and find ways to work together to address shared challenges and seize new opportunities.In conclusion, the China-UK relationship is a complex and multifaceted one, shaped by a range of economic, political, and cultural factors. While the relationship has experienced periods of both cooperation and tension, it remains a critical partnership for both countries as they seek to navigate the changing global landscape. As the two countries continue to engage with each other, it will be important for them to find ways to manage their differences and build on their shared interests and values to create a more stable and productive relationship.。
介绍中国年轻人英语作文China's young generation is increasingly embracing the English language as a means of global communication and self-expression. With the country's rapid economic development and growing international influence, English proficiency has become a highly valued asset for Chinese youth, opening doors to educational and career opportunities both domestically and abroad. This essay aims to provide an in-depth look at the evolving relationship between Chinese youth and the English language, highlighting their motivations, challenges, and the impact of English writing on their personal and professional growth.One of the primary drivers behind the enthusiasm of Chinese youth for English is the recognition of its importance in the global arena. As China continues to play a more prominent role on the world stage, the ability to communicate effectively in English has become crucial for personal and professional advancement. Many young Chinese individuals aspire to study or work overseas, and proficiency in English is often a prerequisite for such opportunities. Furthermore, the increasing integration of China with the global economy hascreated a demand for employees who can navigate cross-cultural business environments and engage with international partners seamlessly.In addition to the practical benefits, the act of learning and writing in English also holds significant personal significance for Chinese youth. The process of mastering a foreign language can be both intellectually stimulating and emotionally rewarding, as it allows individuals to expand their horizons, explore new modes of expression, and gain a deeper understanding of different cultures and perspectives. For many young Chinese, the experience of writing in English serves as a means of self-discovery, enabling them to articulate their thoughts, emotions, and experiences in a language that is not their native tongue.However, the journey of Chinese youth in embracing English writing is not without its challenges. One of the primary obstacles they face is the inherent differences between the Chinese and English languages. The grammatical structures, sentence patterns, and even the underlying logic of the two languages can be vastly different, requiring Chinese learners to undergo a significant cognitive shift. Additionally, the nuances and idiomatic expressions of the English language can be particularly challenging for those whose native tongue is Chinese.Another hurdle that Chinese youth encounter is the need to adapt their writing styles and conventions to the expectations of the English-speaking audience. While Chinese writing often emphasizes subtlety, indirectness, and the use of figurative language, English writing typically values more direct and concise communication. Chinese youth must learn to navigate these cultural differences and find ways to effectively convey their ideas and perspectives in a manner that is accessible and engaging for their intended readers.Despite these challenges, many Chinese youth have risen to the occasion and have become proficient and versatile English writers. Through consistent practice, exposure to English literature and media, and a willingness to step outside their comfort zones, they have developed the skills and confidence to express themselves eloquently in the English language. Their writing often reflects a unique blend of Chinese cultural influences and global perspectives, offering readers a glimpse into the rich and diverse experiences of the Chinese youth.The impact of English writing on the personal and professional development of Chinese youth cannot be overstated. By engaging in the process of English composition, they not only hone their language skills but also cultivate critical thinking, problem-solving, and creative abilities. The act of writing in English encourages them to organize their thoughts, articulate their ideas, and communicateeffectively with a diverse audience. These skills are highly valued in academic and professional settings, opening up a world of opportunities for Chinese youth both within China and internationally.Moreover, the experience of English writing has a profound influence on the cultural and social identities of Chinese youth. As they navigate the nuances of the English language and explore different modes of self-expression, they often develop a deeper appreciation for their own cultural heritage and a more nuanced understanding of the interconnectedness of global cultures. This cross-cultural exchange can foster a sense of global citizenship and a commitment to bridging cultural divides, ultimately contributing to the ongoing dialogue and mutual understanding between China and the rest of the world.In conclusion, the relationship between Chinese youth and English writing is a multifaceted and dynamic one, marked by both challenges and opportunities. As China continues to play an increasingly prominent role on the global stage, the mastery of the English language and the ability to communicate effectively through written expression will remain a crucial asset for the country's young generation. Through their dedication, perseverance, and creative expression, Chinese youth are not only improving their own language skills but also enriching the global cultural landscape andpaving the way for greater cross-cultural exchange and understanding.。
传统民乐与现代流行元素英语作文英文回答：In the ever-evolving landscape of musical expression, traditional folk music and contemporary popular elements have embarked on a fascinating journey of convergence, giving rise to a vibrant and transformative musical synthesis. This fusion has not only revitalized traditional forms but has also injected new life and relevance into modern pop music, creating a rich tapestry of sound that both celebrates and transcends cultural boundaries.Traditional folk music, with its deep roots in the customs and traditions of communities, has traditionally served as a repository of cultural values and heritage. Its melodies, rhythms, and lyrical themes often reflect the collective experiences and aspirations of a people, connecting generations through shared musical memories.Modern pop music, on the other hand, is characterizedby its accessibility, commercial appeal, and often ephemeral nature. It draws upon a wide range of influences, including traditional folk music, but is primarily driven by market trends and the pursuit of popular appeal.The convergence of traditional folk music and modern pop elements has taken various forms, each offering unique insights into the evolving relationship between tradition and innovation. One approach involves the direct incorporation of traditional melodies or rhythms into pop songs, resulting in a refreshing blend of old and new. For example, the use of traditional Chinese folk melodies in the music of contemporary Chinese pop artists such as Jay Chou and Faye Wong has contributed to the revival and popularization of traditional Chinese instrumental music.Another approach involves the adoption of traditional folk instruments or performance techniques in pop music arrangements. This can add an exotic or authentic flavor to pop songs, while also paying homage to the musical roots of the culture. For instance, the use of traditional Japanese instruments such as the koto and shamisen in the music ofelectro-pop duo Kyary Pamyu Pamyu has garneredinternational attention and appreciation for Japanese folk music.Furthermore, the fusion of traditional folk music and modern pop elements has also extended to the realm oflyrical content. Traditional folk songs often tell storiesof love, loss, and social issues, while pop songs tend to focus on more personal and subjective experiences. By combining these elements, contemporary folk-pop artistshave created songs that resonate with both the emotional depth of traditional folk music and the relatable experiences of modern life. For example, the music of American folk-pop singer-songwriter Taylor Swift draws upon traditional folk songwriting techniques while exploring themes of love, heartbreak, and female empowerment.The convergence of traditional folk music and modernpop elements has had far-reaching implications for both genres. For traditional folk music, it has provided a pathway to reach a wider audience and gain new appreciation. By incorporating modern production techniques andcontemporary lyrical themes, traditional folk music has become more accessible and relevant to younger generations, ensuring its continued existence and evolution.For modern pop music, the fusion with traditional folk elements has enriched its sonic palette and expanded its creative possibilities. Traditional folk melodies and instruments have added a layer of authenticity and depth to pop songs, while also introducing new musical ideas and influences. This cross-pollination has not only resulted in innovative and captivating musical works but has also fostered cross-cultural understanding and appreciation.In conclusion, the convergence of traditional folk music and modern pop elements has given rise to a vibrant and transformative musical synthesis that celebrates both tradition and innovation. This fusion has revitalized traditional forms, injected new life into modern pop music, and created a rich tapestry of sound that transcends cultural boundaries. It serves as a testament to the power of music to bridge generations, unite cultures, and inspire creative expression.中文回答：传统民乐与现代流行元素的融合是音乐表达领域中不断演变的一个迷人旅程，它催生了一种充满活力且变革性的音乐综合体。
2024专升本英语作文预测Higher Education and the Future of Work.Rapid technological advancements and globalization are driving significant transformations in the labor market, posing both challenges and opportunities for higher education institutions. As we approach 2024, it isessential to examine the evolving relationship between higher education and the future of work and consider how universities can adapt to meet the changing needs of students and employers.Changing Skill Requirements.One of the most significant challenges facing higher education is the rapidly changing skill requirements in the workplace. Automation and artificial intelligence are displacing traditional jobs, while new industries and technologies are emerging. This requires universities to reassess their curricula to ensure that students areequipped with the skills and knowledge necessary to succeed in the modern economy.Universities must focus on developing students'critical thinking, problem-solving, adaptability, and communication skills. These transferable skills are less likely to be automated and remain valuable in diverse job roles. Additionally, institutions should emphasize interdisciplinary education, allowing students to combine knowledge from different fields to tackle complex problems.Lifelong Learning.The traditional model of obtaining a degree and entering the workforce for a lifetime has become increasingly outdated. The ever-evolving nature of the labor market requires continuous learning and upskilling. Universities must become hubs for lifelong learning, offering accessible and flexible educational opportunities beyond traditional undergraduate and graduate degrees.Institutions can create partnerships with industryleaders to develop tailored programs that address specific skill gaps. They can also implement micro-credentials and stackable credentials, allowing students to acquire specialized knowledge and skills in a modular format, without the need for a full degree.Career Counseling and Support.As students navigate the complex and rapidly changing labor market, they require comprehensive career counseling and support from higher education institutions.Universities should provide personalized guidance to help students identify their strengths, explore different career paths, and make informed decisions about their education and career goals.Career centers can offer workshops on resume writing, interviewing skills, and networking strategies. They can also facilitate connections with potential employers through job fairs, internships, and mentorship programs. By providing comprehensive career services, universities can help students transition successfully from academia to theworkplace.Collaboration with Industry.To remain relevant and responsive to the needs of the future workforce, higher education institutions must collaborate closely with industry partners. Through partnerships, universities can gain valuable insights into emerging skill requirements, research trends, and industry best practices.Industry partnerships can lead to the development of new programs and curricula, internships for students, and research collaborations that address real-world problems. By working together, universities and businesses can ensure that higher education aligns with the demands of the changing labor market.Conclusion.As we look towards 2024 and beyond, it is clear that higher education faces significant challenges andopportunities in preparing students for the future of work. By embracing innovation, adapting curricula, promoting lifelong learning, providing career support, and collaborating with industry, universities can position themselves as leaders in shaping the workforce of the future. Only by embracing these transformative changes can higher education institutions remain relevant and ensure that their graduates are equipped with the skills and knowledge necessary to thrive in the rapidly evolving world of work.。
青少年和父母关系英语作文The Evolving Relationship Between Teenagers and Parents As children grow into adolescence, their relationship with their parents inevitably undergoes significant changes. Teenagers start to seek more independence and autonomy, often leading to conflicts and misunderstandings with their parents who may struggle to adapt to this new dynamic.However, despite the challenges, maintaining a strong and healthy parent-teen relationship is crucial. Open and honest communication is key - parents should strive to listen to their teen's perspectives and feelings without judgment, while teens should try to understand their parents' concerns and values. Finding a balance between setting appropriate boundaries and allowing room for personal growth is also important.Ultimately, the goal is to foster a relationship based on mutual respect, trust, and support. Parents can serve as valuable mentors and role models, offering guidance and encouragement as their teen navigates the ups and downs of adolescence. By working together and keeping the lines of communication open, parents and teens can build a strong foundation that will carry them through this transformative period and beyond.中文翻译：孩子们跨入青春期,他们与父母的关系难免发生显著变化。
全球化浪潮下的中国与世界In the era of globalization, China and the world are increasingly interconnected and intertwined. China, withits vast territory, rich history, and booming economy,plays a pivotal role in the global stage. At the same time, the world, with its diverse cultures, advanced technologies, and intricate political landscapes, has a profound impacton China. This essay explores the intricate relationship between China and the world, focusing on trade, culture, education, and technology.Trade has been a significant driver of the economic growth of both China and the world. China's integrationinto the global trade system has resulted in increased exports and imports, driving economic prosperity andcreating numerous job opportunities. The world, in turn,has benefited from China's vast market and cheap labor. However, the trade relationship is not without challenges. Trade wars and tariffs have caused significant disruptionto global supply chains, threatening economic stability and growth. Nevertheless, the need for mutual cooperation and共赢has remained paramount in maintaining a healthy trade relationship.Culture is another critical aspect of the relationship between China and the world. China, with its uniquetraditions and customs, has contributed significantly tothe global cultural landscape. The world, on the other hand, has influenced China through various cultural exchanges, such as art, music, fashion, and food. This cultural fusion has created a rich and diverse social fabric that has enriched the lives of people in both China and the world.Education is a crucial link between China and the world. With the increasing globalization of higher education, students from both China and the world are finding opportunities to study abroad, broadening their horizonsand acquiring cross-cultural skills. This educational exchange has fostered understanding and respect amongpeople of different cultures, promoting peace and cooperation.Technology has been a key factor in the evolving relationship between China and the world. China's rapid technological advancement in fields like artificialintelligence, robotics, and 5G has gained global recognition. At the same time, the world's advanced technologies have found their way into China, driving innovation and progress. This technological collaboration has the potential to bring about transformative changes in various sectors, such as healthcare, transportation, and entertainment.In conclusion, the relationship between China and the world is complex and multifaceted, involving trade, culture, education, and technology. The increasing interconnectedness of China and the world presents both opportunities and challenges. It is crucial that both sides maintain open and constructive dialogue, fostering mutual understanding and cooperation. By doing so, we can harness the power of globalization to create a more prosperous and harmonious world.**全球化浪潮下的中国与世界**在全球化的浪潮下，中国与世界日益紧密相连，相互影响。
用英语介绍中国高频100话题China is a vast and diverse country with a rich cultural heritage and a rapidly evolving modern landscape. As the world's most populous nation and a global economic powerhouse, China has a wide range of topics that are of high interest and relevance both domestically and internationally. In this essay, we will explore the top 100 high-frequency topics in China, covering a broad spectrum of areas including politics, economy, society, culture, and technology.1. The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and its role in governing the country2. The rise of China as a global economic superpower3. The ongoing trade tensions between China and the United States4. China's ambitious infrastructure development projects, such as the Belt and Road Initiative5. The rapid urbanization and modernization of Chinese cities6. The growing influence of Chinese tech giants like Alibaba, Tencent, and Huawei7. The challenges of environmental protection and sustainability in China8. The evolving relationship between China and its neighbors, particularly in the Asia-Pacific region9. The efforts to promote traditional Chinese culture and values in the modern era10. The demographic changes in China, including the aging population and the impact of the one-child policy11. The development of China's space program and its ambitions in space exploration12. The role of state-owned enterprises in the Chinese economy13. The growing middle class and its impact on consumer trends and lifestyle changes14. The ongoing crackdown on corruption and the anti-corruption campaign led by the CCP15. The increasing importance of renewable energy and China's efforts to address climate change16. The challenges of income inequality and the government's efforts to promote more balanced development17. The rise of Chinese nationalism and its impact on domestic and foreign policies18. The growing influence of social media and digital technologies in China19. The efforts to reform the education system and improve the quality of education20. The evolving relationship between China and the European Union21. The development of China's high-speed rail network and itsimpact on transportation22. The challenges of food security and the efforts to improve agricultural productivity23. The growing importance of the service sector in the Chinese economy24. The efforts to promote innovation and technological advancement in China25. The role of the military and national security in China's domestic and foreign policies26. The growing influence of Chinese culture and soft power globally27. The challenges of public health and the government's response to public health crises28. The efforts to promote the development of China's western and central regions29. The growing importance of the digital economy and e-commerce in China30. The challenges of income inequality and the government's efforts to promote more balanced development31. The role of state-owned enterprises in the Chinese economy32. The growing influence of Chinese multinational corporations globally33. The efforts to promote the development of China's rural areas and agriculture34. The challenges of population aging and the impact on social welfare35. The growing importance of the service sector in the Chinese economy36. The efforts to promote innovation and technological advancement in China37. The role of the military and national security in China's domestic and foreign policies38. The growing influence of Chinese culture and soft power globally39. The challenges of public health and the government's response to public health crises40. The efforts to promote the development of China's western and central regions41. The growing importance of the digital economy and e-commerce in China42. The challenges of income inequality and the government's efforts to promote more balanced development43. The role of state-owned enterprises in the Chinese economy44. The growing influence of Chinese multinational corporations globally45. The efforts to promote the development of China's rural areas and agriculture46. The challenges of population aging and the impact on social welfare47. The growing importance of the service sector in the Chinese economy48. The efforts to promote innovation and technologicaladvancement in China49. The role of the military and national security in China's domestic and foreign policies50. The growing influence of Chinese culture and soft power globally51. The challenges of public health and the government's response to public health crises52. The efforts to promote the development of China's western and central regions53. The growing importance of the digital economy and e-commerce in China54. The challenges of income inequality and the government's efforts to promote more balanced development55. The role of state-owned enterprises in the Chinese economy56. The growing influence of Chinese multinational corporations globally57. The efforts to promote the development of China's rural areas and agriculture58. The challenges of population aging and the impact on social welfare59. The growing importance of the service sector in the Chinese economy60. The efforts to promote innovation and technological advancement in China61. The role of the military and national security in China's domestic and foreign policies62. The growing influence of Chinese culture and soft power globally63. The challenges of public health and the government's response to public health crises64. The efforts to promote the development of China's western and central regions65. The growing importance of the digital economy and e-commerce in China66. The challenges of income inequality and the government's efforts to promote more balanced development67. The role of state-owned enterprises in the Chinese economy68. The growing influence of Chinese multinational corporations globally69. The efforts to promote the development of China's rural areas and agriculture70. The challenges of population aging and the impact on social welfare71. The growing importance of the service sector in the Chinese economy72. The efforts to promote innovation and technological advancement in China73. The role of the military and national security in China's domestic and foreign policies74. The growing influence of Chinese culture and soft power globally75. The challenges of public health and the government's response to public health crises76. The efforts to promote the development of China's western and central regions77. The growing importance of the digital economy and e-commerce in China78. The challenges of income inequality and the government's efforts to promote more balanced development79. The role of state-owned enterprises in the Chinese economy80. The growing influence of Chinese multinational corporations globally81. The efforts to promote the development of China's rural areas and agriculture82. The challenges of population aging and the impact on social welfare83. The growing importance of the service sector in the Chinese economy84. The efforts to promote innovation and technological advancement in China85. The role of the military and national security in China's domestic and foreign policies86. The growing influence of Chinese culture and soft power globally87. The challenges of public health and the government's response to public health crises88. The efforts to promote the development of China's western and central regions89. The growing importance of the digital economy and e-commercein China90. The challenges of income inequality and the government's efforts to promote more balanced development91. The role of state-owned enterprises in the Chinese economy92. The growing influence of Chinese multinational corporations globally93. The efforts to promote the development of China's rural areas and agriculture94. The challenges of population aging and the impact on social welfare95. The growing importance of the service sector in the Chinese economy96. The efforts to promote innovation and technological advancement in China97. The role of the military and national security in China's domestic and foreign policies98. The growing influence of Chinese culture and soft power globally99. The challenges of public health and the government's response to public health crises100. The efforts to promote the development of China's western and central regions。
有关手机和书的作文英语Title: The Evolving Relationship Between Mobile Phones and Books。
In today's digital age, the interplay between mobile phones and books has become a topic of significant interest. Both devices hold their unique places in modern society, serving various purposes and catering to different aspectsof human life. Let's delve into the intricate relationship between these two entities and explore how they complement and sometimes compete with each other in our daily lives.Firstly, let's address the impact of mobile phones on reading habits. The ubiquitous presence of smartphones has undoubtedly changed the way people consume literature. With e-book apps readily available on mobile devices,individuals can carry an entire library in their pockets, granting unprecedented access to literary works from around the globe. This convenience has revolutionized reading habits, making it more accessible and portable than everbefore. Moreover, features like adjustable font sizes,built-in dictionaries, and audiobook capabilities enhance the reading experience, catering to diverse preferences and needs.However, the proliferation of mobile phones has also raised concerns about their potential to distract individuals from reading. The constant notifications,social media apps, and other digital distractions can lure users away from engaging with books, leading to shorter attention spans and reduced reading comprehension. In this sense, mobile phones pose a double-edged sword, offering both opportunities and challenges for cultivating a reading culture.On the other hand, books continue to hold a special place in the hearts of many despite the digital revolution. The tangible experience of flipping through pages, the aroma of ink on paper, and the aesthetic appeal of a well-curated bookshelf evoke a sense of nostalgia and comfort that digital devices cannot replicate. Moreover, research suggests that reading printed books may have cognitivebenefits, such as improved focus, retention, and emotional engagement, compared to digital reading.Yet, books are not immune to the influence of technology. The rise of e-readers and digital publishing platforms has transformed the landscape of the publishing industry, offering authors new avenues to reach audiences and readers alternative formats to enjoy literary works. Furthermore, initiatives like online book clubs, digital libraries, and interactive storytelling apps blend traditional reading practices with modern technology, fostering communities of book lovers in the digital realm.In summary, the relationship between mobile phones and books is complex and dynamic, characterized by a blend of synergy and competition. While smartphones have revolutionized the way we access and consume literature, they also pose challenges to traditional reading habits. Nevertheless, books continue to endure as cherishedartifacts of human culture, offering unique sensory experiences and cognitive benefits. As we navigate the digital age, it's essential to strike a balance between theconvenience of technology and the timeless allure of printed words, ensuring that both mobile phones and books coexist harmoniously in our lives.。
Finance and Economics Discussion SeriesDivisions of Research&Statistics and Monetary AffairsFederal Reserve Board,Washington,D.C.The Evolving Relationship between Community Banks and Small Businesses:Evidence from the Surveys of Small BusinessFinancesRobin A.Prager and John D.Wolken2008-60NOTE:Staffworking papers in the Finance and Economics Discussion Series(FEDS)are preliminary materials circulated to stimulate discussion and critical comment.The analysis and conclusions set forth are those of the authors and do not indicate concurrence by other members of the research staffor the Board of Governors.References in publications to the Finance and Economics Discussion Series(other than acknowledgement)should be cleared with the author(s)to protect the tentative character of these papers.The Evolving Relationship between Community Banks and Small Businesses: Evidence from the Surveys of SmallBusiness FinancesbyRobin A. PragerandJohn D. Wolken*October 24, 2008Abstract: This paper uses data from the Federal Reserve Board’s 1998 and 2003 Surveys of Small Business Finances (SSBFs) to examine the evolving relationship between community banks and small businesses. The SSBFs provide extensive data on the types of financial services used by small businesses and the sources of those services. These data allow us to answer a number of interesting questions regarding small business usage of community banks, including the following: To what extent do small businesses rely on community banks as providers of at least some financial services? What types of financial services are small businesses most likely to obtain from a community bank? What types of small businesses are most likely to obtain some or all of their financial services from a community bank? How have the answers to these questions changed between 1998 and 2003? In addition to providing detailed descriptions of the patterns of community bank usage observed in the data, we develop a simple reduced form model that uses both firm and local banking market characteristics to explain these patterns. We test a number of hypotheses regarding the extent to which community banks and larger banks differ with respect to the types of financial services provided to small businesses and the types of firms served. Finally, we discuss the implications of our findings for the future of community banking.________________________________*Assistant Director and Senior Economist, respectively, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Washington, D.C., 20551, U.S.A. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors, and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Board of Governors or its staff. The authors thank Courtney M. Carter and John A. Holmes for valuable research assistance.I. IntroductionCommunity banks have played an important role in the U.S. economy throughout its history. Their prominent role in providing loans and other financial services to small businesses within their local communities has been particularly noteworthy. In recent years, technological and legal developments, as well as changes in the business strategies of larger banks and non-bank financial service providers, have purportedly made it more difficult for community banks to attract and retain customers. Consistent with this view, the shares of bank branches, deposits, banking assets, and small business loans held by community banks in the U.S. have declined substantially over the past two decades.This paper uses data from the Federal Reserve Board’s 1998 and 2003 Surveys of Small Business Finances (SSBFs) to examine the evolving relationship between community banks and small businesses. Specifically, we consider (i) the extent to which small businesses used community banks as providers of financial services, (ii) the types of small businesses that were most likely to obtain financial services from community banks, and (iii) the types of financial services small businesses were most likely to obtain from community banks, in both 1998 and 2003. We estimate a number of reduced form models that attempt to explain observed patterns of community bank usage by small businesses in each year and explore changes in small business usage of community banks over the five-year period between surveys. We estimate separate models for firms that use any financial service, for firms using at least one credit product (loans, credit lines, and capital leases) and for firms using at least one line of credit.Our results suggest that (i) small business usage of financial services and financial service providers have been growing over time; (ii) the share of small businesses usingcommunity banks has declined over time, but the average number of financial services obtained by a small business from a community bank has not fallen; (iii) the smallest, youngest, riskiest small businesses are not significantly more likely to use a community bank than are larger, older, less risky small businesses; and (iv) the scope of a small business’ financial services needs, the size of its local market, and the preponderance of community banks in its local market are all important determinants of community bank usage. These results were generally consistent across the full sample, the credit product sample, and the line of credit sample.The remainder of this paper is organized as follows: Section II briefly reviews the previous literature on the relationship between community banks and small businesses; section III describes patterns of usage of financial services and financial service providers by small businesses; section IV presents our analysis of the determinants of community bank usage by small businesses; and section V concludes our paper.II. Review of the Previous LiteratureA considerable body of scholarly research focuses on the different roles that community banks and larger banks play in the provision of credit to small businesses. One strand of this research focuses on the significant consolidation that has occurred in the U.S. banking industry over the past two decades, and its implications for the availability of credit to small businesses (see, for example, Berger et al. (1998), Critchfield et al. (2004), Avery and Samolyk (2004), and Hein et al. (2005)). The number of banks chartered in the U.S. has declined by more than 47 percent, from about 16,400 as of mid-year 1989 to about 8,600 as of mid-year 2007, with most of this declinebeing due to mergers and acquisitions.1 Although this consolidation has not diminished community banks’ share of all banks in the U.S., it has led to substantial declines in community banks’ shares of bank branches, domestic bank deposits, domestic banking assets, and small business loans (see figure 1).2Policymakers and researchers have long been concerned that the consolidation of the banking system, and in particular the acquisition of smaller banks by larger banks, may lead to a reduction in lending to small businesses. A number of studies examining the effects of bank size on the supply of small business credit find that larger banks tend to allocate a smaller portion of their assets to small business lending than do smaller banks (e.g., Berger et al., (1995), Strahan and Weston (1996), Keeton (1995)). Other studies, focusing specifically on bank consolidation, find evidence that the ratio of small business loans to assets declines following mergers and acquisitions (e.g., Berger et al. (1998), and Strahan and Weston (1998)). More recently, a few studies have found evidence that the potential reduction in small business lending following mergers is mitigated in local markets by other banks expanding their supply of small business credit and by the creation of de novo banks in the affected markets (Berger et al. (1998), Avery and Samolyk (2004), and Berger et al. (2004)).A second strand of research focuses on identifying differences between the production technologies used in small business loan underwriting by community banks and larger banks, and empirically measuring the importance of firm-lender relationships 1 Here and throughout this paper, the term bank includes commercial banks, savings banks, savings and loan associations, cooperative banks and industrial banks.2 Throughout this paper, the term “community bank” refers to independent banks with total assets less than $1 billion, and banks that are subsidiaries of holding companies with total organizational banking assets less than $1 billion, all in 1998 constant dollars. As a robustness check, we re-ran our analyses defining community banks to include independent banks with total assets less than $1 billion and banks that are subsidiaries of holding companies with total organizational banking assets less than $10 billion, all in 1998 constant dollars. The results were essentially unchanged from those reported.for the provision of credit to small businesses. The general hypothesis underlying this research is that relationships are more important to community banks than to larger banks. Berger and Udell (2002) define relationship lending as a technology dependent on the process of acquiring soft information that is gathered by the loan officer through interactions with the firm, its owner, and the community. Stein (2002) shows that large, hierarchical organizations are better able to deal with hard information than soft information because it is easier to pass information up the hierarchy when its interpretation is independent of the producer. Berger and Udell (2002) reach similar conclusions.Most of the empirical studies in this area have used data from the Federal Reserve Board’s Surveys of Small Business Finances. Examples of such studies include Petersen and Rajan (1994, 1995), Berger and Udell (1995), Cole (1998), Berger et al. (2005), and Cole et al. (2004). These studies generally find that relationships are important determinants of credit availability for small businesses. Cole et al. (2004) and Berger et al. (2005) provide empirical support for the hypothesis that larger banks rely more heavily on hard information than do community banks in their loan approval decisions. These studies present evidence that larger banks are less willing to lend to informationally opaque credits; have shorter and less exclusive relationships; and are more likely to use financial and other hard data in their loan underwriting models than are community banks.One paper which does not find an advantage for small banks in small business lending is Jayartne and Wolken (1999). They report that the probability of a small firm having a line of credit from a bank does not decrease, in the long run, when there arefewer small banks in the area. Furthermore, using late repayment of trade credit as an indicator that a firm is credit constrained, they find that firms located in markets with few small banks are no more likely to repay trade credit late than are firms located in markets with many small banks, suggesting that having few small banks in the market does not increase the likelihood that firms will face credit constraints.Most relevant to our study is the fairly limited body of small business lending research that analyzes the use of community banks from the small business borrower’s perspective. Jayartne and Wolken (1999) test the hypothesis that small banks have a cost advantage in small business lending by considering whether marginal small businesses (firms with poor credit histories and very young firms) that have a line of credit are more likely to obtain their line of credit from a community bank (as opposed to a larger bank) than are non-marginal small businesses. Controlling for several firm and market characteristics, they find that firms with poor credit histories and young firms were no less likely to get a line of credit from a large bank than firms with good credit histories and older firms. Hence, to the extent that marginal firms require closer scrutiny from their lenders than do non-marginal firms, this result suggests that large banks do not suffer from a cost disadvantage in monitoring small business loans.Cole et al. (2004) attempt to determine whether firms’ characteristics influence the type of bank (small vs. large) they apply to for loans in a manner that is consistent with the findings of the relationship banking literature. They hypothesize that if loan applicants believe that community banks focus more heavily on soft information and large banks focus more heavily on objective information (the cookie-cutter hypothesis), then firms should apply for loans at the type of bank which, given the firms’characteristics, would be most favorable towards their applications. They find weak support for the hypothesis that “small firms believe that small banks reward character and relationships while large banks favor formal numbers over character” (Cole et al., p. 240).Berger et al. (2007) extend this line of research by examining the effects of the size distribution of banks in a market on the choice of community vs. large bank for a new line of credit. Using data from the 1993 SSBF, they find that the probability of a small business borrowing from a bank in a particular size class is not declining with bank size, but is roughly proportional to the market share of that size class. These results suggest that large banks do not face a disadvantage in lending to small businesses.Scott (2004) uses survey data from the National Federation of Independent Businesses to assess the value of community banks to small businesses. The survey asked business owners to rank the importance of a set of characteristics regarding their relationship with their primary financial institution, and then to rank their primary institution’s performance on those characteristics. Several of those characteristics are related to the production of soft information, such as knowledge of the owner and his or her business, knowledge of the firm’s industry, and knowledge of the local market. Using a composite measure of soft information production derived from these rankings, Scott finds that small firms doing business with community banks rate their banks’ performance higher than do small firms doing business with large banks. He interprets this result as being consistent with the view that small banks are better than large banks at soft information production. He also considers whether the strength of the firm-bank relationship, as measured by duration of relationship and loan officer turnover, ispositively related to performance ratings, and finds a significant effect for the latter, but not the former measure.In the study most closely related to our own, Haynes et al. (1999) use data from the 1993 SSBF to estimate equations explaining the probability that a firm obtains loans only from community banks; the probability that a firm obtains loans only from large banks; the share of loans obtained from community banks; and the share of loans obtained from large banks. They find that larger small businesses and small businesses located in urban areas are less likely to obtain loans only from community banks and more likely to obtain loans only from larger banks than are smaller small businesses and small businesses located in rural areas. They also find that the share of a firm’s loans held at small banks (large banks) declines (increases) as the size of the firm increases, and is lower (higher) in urban than in rural markets. The effects of other variables, such as firm age, firm quality, industry, and geographic region on the use of small vs. large banks are of mixed signs and often insignificant.Our paper differs from the existing body of literature in several ways. First, we focus on the choice of bank size from the perspective of the small business firm. With the exception of the last few studies mentioned above, most previous research has either examined these issues from the supply (bank) perspective, or attempted to infer bank behavior from firm characteristics (see Berger et al., (2007), pp. 14-16). Second, we consider the entire set of financial products and suppliers utilized by the firm (in addition to separately examining firms’ use of credit products in general and lines of credit specifically). Although several studies mentioned above have a similar focus, most of these studies limit their scope to the firm’s choice of provider for a line of credit. Thisrestriction certainly has advantages – bank-specific information and loan characteristics can be incorporated into the models – but these advantages come at the expense of generality. Focusing on lines of credit substantially reduces the sample size and ignores other types of loans, as well as the many non-loan financial services used by small businesses. Third, we extend the research by incorporating characteristics of the local banking markets, including the relative importance of community banks in these markets. And finally, our analysis uses data from the 1998 and 2003 SSBFs, whereas previous studies have generally utilized only the 1987 and 1993 survey data.III. Univariate AnalysisWe use data from the Federal Reserve Board’s 1998 and 2003 Surveys of Small Business Finances to study small businesses’ use of financial services and financial service providers. The data from the two surveys are representative of U.S. businesses that were for-profit, non-financial, non-agricultural enterprises, with fewer than 500 workers and that were in business at the end of the survey year (1998 or 2003). The data include information about the firm, its organizational structure, characteristics of its owners, its financial condition (credit scores, self reported credit history, balance sheet and income statement), the financial services used by the firm (loans, trade credit, credit cards, etc.), and the banks and other financial sources from which it obtained its financial services (see Bitler et al. (2001) and Mach and Wolken (2006)).3 For each of the two3 Both the 1998 and 2003 Surveys of Small Business Finances were fielded by the National Opinion Research Center. The sample frame was the Dun & Bradstreet Market Identifier file (Dun’s Marketing Service, Dun & Bradstreet, Inc.). The target population is defined as U.S. domestic for-profit, nonfinancial, nonsubsidiary, nonagricultural, nongovernmental business enterprises with fewer than 500 employees that were in operation on December 31st of the survey year (e.g, 1998 and 2003). In the 2003 SSBF, firms must also have been in business at the time of the interview. The 1998 survey has 3,561 observations representing 5.3 million firms; data were collected between June 1999 and February 2000. The 2003years, we restrict our sample to those firms that report obtaining at least one financial service from a bank or thrift and for whom we were able to identify the sizes of all of the banks and thrifts used by that firm.4 Our sample size is 2790 firms in 1998 and 3800 firms in 2003.A. Firm and Banking Market CharacteristicsTable 1 presents an overview of the characteristics of small businesses and the banking markets in which they were located in each survey year.5 The average small business had 9 employees in each period and had been in existence for about 14 years.6 Average sales (measured in 1998 dollars) increased slightly, from just under $1 million in 1998 to just over $1 million in 2003, while average assets increased more substantially, from about $410,000 to about $515,000. Firm organizational forms shifted somewhat between 1998 and 2003, with the shares of firms organized as partnerships and S-corporations rising and the shares of firms organized as proprietorships and C-corporations declining. The distribution of firms across industries was quite similar in the two periods, with business and personal services together accounting for more than 40 survey has 4,240 observations representing 6.3 million businesses; data were collected between June 2004 and January 2005.4 During the survey, information was collected on the name and location of the branches of banks and thrifts used by small businesses. In order to determine the size and other characteristics of the banks and thrifts used by small businesses, the information on the names and branch locations of banks and thrifts was matched with information from the National Information Center to obtain bank identification numbers. The bank identification numbers were then used to obtain bank and thrift characteristics, including size, from the Call report files. In 2003, approximately 95 percent of the banks and thrifts were matched, whereas in 1998, approximately 88 percent of the banks and thrifts were matched. Matches were not possible when firms did not know or refused to provide the name and location of the institution, or when the name and location contained errors. In order for a firm to be included in our estimation sample, the identities of all of the banks and thrifts reported by the firm had to be known.5 A banking market is defined as a Metropolitan Statistical Area or rural county.6 All estimates in this study are weighted using sampling weights that account for nonproportional stratified sampling (large firms were oversampled) and nonresponse adjustments that differed by type of firm. These statistics can be interpreted as estimates of population (rather than sample) parameters.percent of firms; retail trade comprising about 20 percent of small businesses; construction making up about 12 percent; and manufacturing, transportation, wholesale trade, and finance, insurance and real estate each accounting for less than 10 percent of the total.In each year, about 80 percent of small businesses were located in a metropolitan statistical area (MSA). Between 1998 and 2003, the average population of the banking market in which a small business was located increased from about 1.96 million to about 2.13 million, and the average share of market banks that were community banks declined from 0.60 to 0.54.B. Overview of Use of Financial Services and Financial Service ProvidersTables 2 and 3 summarize small business usage of financial services and providers. Between 1998 and 2003, small businesses, on average, expanded their use of both financial service providers and financial services. The average small business used 2.43 sources for financial services in 2003, up from 1.96 in 1998. The average number of financial services used by a small business also increased, from 3.23 in 1998 to 3.98 in 2003.7Almost all small businesses that obtained at least one financial service from a bank or thrift in each year had a checking account, and just over one fifth had a savings account. The share of firms using a credit product (credit line, loan, or capital lease)7 We group financial services into thirteen distinct products or services: deposit products (checking or savings), credit products (lines of credit, mortgages used for business purposes, equipment loans, motor vehicle loans, capital leases, and other loans), and financial management services (transactions and credit card processing, credit services, cash services, brokerage services and pension and trust services). The number of services can range from one to thirteen at each source; thus, the total number of services used by a firm can vary from a minimum of one to a maximum of thirteen times the number of sources used.increased from 56 percent in 1998 to 63 percent in 2003, with most of the increase coming from greater use of credit lines and motor vehicle loans. Use of financial management services (transaction or credit card processing, cash services, credit services, trust services and brokerage services) increased quite dramatically, from just over half of small businesses in 1998 to more than two-thirds in 2003, with almost all of the increase stemming from a rise in the use of transaction or credit card processing services.8 Table 3 summarizes small business use of financial service providers for the full sample (Table 3A), the subsample of firms that have at least one outstanding loan or line of credit (Table 3B, top panel), and the subsample of firms that have at least one line of credit (Table 3B, bottom panel). As shown in table 3A, small businesses were less likely to use community banks at all, as their primary financial institution, or to the exclusion of larger banks, in 2003 than in 1998. In 2003, 31 percent of small businesses obtained at least one financial service from a community bank, down from 34 percent in 1998. The share of small businesses using a community bank as their primary financial institution declined from 28 percent to 25 percent during this time period, and the share of firms for which the only type of bank used was a community bank declined from 24 percent to 19 percent.The average number of financial services that a small business obtained from community banks inched up from 0.75 in 1998 to 0.76 in 2003. At the same time, the average numbers of financial services obtained from larger banks and non-bank providers increased more substantially, from 1.72 to 2.10 and from 0.76 to 1.13, respectively. As a8 In 1998, transactions services included credit card processing; in 2003, credit card processing services were split off from transactions services and were combined with a new question about the use of debit and credit card processing services. In this study, transactions and credit card processing services are combined into a single service for 2003. For additional information, see Mach and Wolken (2006), pp. 179-180.result, the average share of financial services obtained from community banks declined from 24 percent in 1998 to 19 percent in 2003. Perhaps surprisingly, the average share of financial services obtained from large banks also declined, though less sharply, over this time period, from 59 percent to 58 percent. Non-bank providers, on the other hand, saw their share of financial services provided to small businesses rise substantially, from 17 percent to 23 percent over this time period.As shown in the top panel of table 3B, the share of firms that had at least one credit product (outstanding loan, line of credit, or capital lease) from a community bank declined somewhat, from 0.28 in 1998 to 0.25 in 2003, while the shares of firms with credit products from larger banks or non-banks increased (from 0.57 to 0.62 and from 0.63 to 0.73, respectively). In addition, the average share of the total dollar value of outstanding loans and lines of credit from community banks decreased somewhat between 1998 and 2003, while the average shares from larger banks and non-banks each increased slightly. At the same time (as shown in the lower panel of table 3B), although small businesses were less likely to use community banks and more likely to use both big banks and non-banks for lines of credit in 2003 than in 1998, the average share of the total dollar value of lines of credit from community banks (whether measured by the credit limit or the outstanding balance) did not change during the five-year inter-survey period.C. Detailed Examination of Use of Financial Services and Financial Service ProvidersTables 4 through 7 present information on usage of financial institutions and products by small businesses, broken down by firm characteristics. The first two panelsof each table show how usage varies with two different measures of firm size – number of employees and total sales. The remaining panels in each table show how usage of financial services and financial service providers vary with firm age, corporate status, geographic scope, type of market, credit score, and self-reported credit history.1. Use of Financial Services (Tables 4 and 5).The intensity of usage of financial services is strongly positively related to firm size in both years. The number of financial institutions used, number of financial services used, the breadth of the financial services used, and the number of services obtained from the primary financial institution were all monotonically increasing with firm size, measured by either number of employees or sales, in both years. The likelihood of having a loan, line of credit or capital lease (hereafter referred to collectively as credit products) increased with firm size, as did the likelihood of using financial management services.Older firms generally used more financial institutions, more financial services, and more types of financial services than did younger firms. The likelihood of using any broad category of financial services (deposit products, credit products, or financial management services) is not systematically related to firm age. Corporations used more financial service providers, more financial services, and more types of financial services than did non-corporate firms. They were also more likely to use each broad category of financial services. Firms with offices outside of the local market area were more intensive users of financial services by all of the measures mentioned above than were strictly local firms. In 1998, small businesses located in rural areas were somewhat more。
