chapter-13 breeder reactor1
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Global Warming and Its EffectsAbstractWith the development of our modern society, the global warming came into our eyes, become a hot topic. At the same time of enjoying modern life,we also get the punishment of environment. People around the world may feel that the climate has been getting steadily warmer and warmer in recent years. We should pay more attention to the global warming not only because it is important for us,but it concerned about the future of our descendants. The paper reports the results of a study of the effects of content-based on global temperature data.I know that this serious environmental problem generates the amount of destructive effects to the entire planet ice melting, wildlife life. In addition, the purpose of the study is to make people pay attention to this phenomenon,what’s more,it can also call for people to make measures to improve this situation。
A-bomb, atomic bomb 原子弹 absorption 吸收to accelerate 加速 accelerating chamber 加速室accelerator 加速器 synchrocyclotron同步回旋加速器synchrotron同步加速器 betatron 电子感应加速器bevatron 高能质子同步稳向加速器 cyclotron 回旋加速器counter计数器 alpha rays阿尔法射线 gamma rays伽马射线gram atom 克原子 ion 离子 cation 阳离子 anion 阴离子antiparticle 反离子antiproton 反质子meson 介子molecule分子atom原子atomic boiler 原子锅atomic number原子数atomic power原子能atomic weight原子量particle粒子photon 光子nucleon 核子proton 质子neutron 中子electron 电子free electron自由电子electron beam 电子束electron cloud 电子云electron gun电子枪electronic shell电子层electron volt电子伏特electrode电极attraction 引力element元素barium 钡berkelium 锫beryllium 铍cobalt钴uranium铀thorium 钍cadmium 镉caesium, cesium铯curium 锔radium 镭lithium 锂neptunium 镎strontium 锶boron硼xenon 氙deuterium氘krypton氪deuteron氘核helium氦radon 镭射气,氡graphite石墨heavy water重水binding energy结合能blast wave冲击波bombardment轰击breeder reactor增值反应堆bubble chamber 气泡室burst爆炸,爆发capture俘获chain reaction链式反应charge装燃料cladding覆层antimatter反物质clean bomb干净核弹to collide, collision碰撞contamination 沾染,污染coolant冷却剂cooling冷却cooling fluid冷却液cooling pond 凉水池core反应堆心,反应堆活性区cosmic rays宇宙线critical mass临界物质curie居里to decay衰减decontamination去污diffusion漫射disintegration衰变,蜕变dispersion弥散emission发射enriched uranium浓缩铀enrichment浓缩explosion爆炸,爆裂fertile element可转换元素fission裂变fissionable material裂变物质fusion聚变deflagration爆燃过程detecto探测器half-lif半衰期H-bomb, hydrogen bomb氢弹heat exchanger热交换器heterogeneous reactor非均匀反应堆homogeneous reactor均匀反应堆instability 不稳定性ionization 电离作用irradiation 照射,辐射isomer 同质异能素isotope 同位素kiloton 千吨当量labelled molecule, tagged molecule 标记分子leakage泄漏lifetime寿命mass 质量megaton百万吨级moderator减速剂mushroom cloud蘑菇云neutron flux 中子通量nucleus 核nuclear tests核实验nuclear physics 核物理nuclear power plant, nuclear power station核电站nuclear reactor 核反应堆orbital electron, planetary electron 轨道电子power reactor动力反应堆projectile抛射体quantum number量子数radiant energy辐射能radiation辐射radioactive cloud放射云radioactive elements放射性元素radioactive fallout放射性尘降物radioactivity放射性radioisotope放射性同位素radiology 放射学radiotherapy放射疗法rod棒roentgen伦琴scattering散射separation分离shield防护罩shock wave冲击波spectrometer分光计spin反旋to split分裂stability 稳定,对衰变的抗性thermal neutron热中子thermal reactor热反应堆thermionic热电子的thermonuclear热核的tracer element示踪原子trajectory 轨迹trinitrotoluene三硝基甲苯,黄色炸药underwater test水下试验warhead弹头heterogeneous reactor 非均匀反应堆homogeneous reactor 均匀反应堆instability 不稳定性ionization 电离作用irradiation 照射,辐射isomer 同质异能素isotope 同位素kiloton 千吨labelled molecule, tagged molecule 标记分子leakage 泄漏lifetime 寿命mass 质量megaton 百万吨级moderator 减速剂mushroom cloud 蘑菇云neutron flux 中子通量nucleus 核nuclear tests 核实验nuclear physics 核物理nuclear power plant, nuclear power station 核电站nuclear reactor 核反应堆orbital electron, planetary electron 轨道电子power reactor 动力反应堆projectile 抛射体quantum number 量子数radiant energy 辐射能radiation 辐射radioactive cloud 放射云radioactive elements 放射性元素radioactive fallout 放射性尘降物radioactivity 放射性radioisotope 放射性同位素radiology 放射学radiotherapy 放射疗法rod 棒roentgen 伦琴scattering 散射separation 分离shield 防护罩shock wave 冲击波spectrometer 分光计spin 反旋to split 分裂stability 稳定,对衰变的抗性thermal neutron 热中子thermal reactor 热反应堆thermionic 热电子的thermonuclear 热核的tracer element 示踪原子trajectory 轨迹trinitrotoluene 三硝基甲苯,黄色炸药underwater test 水下试验, warhead, 弹头d d reaction d d反应d d reactor d d反应器d t fuel cycle d t燃料循环d t reactor d t反应堆daily fuel consumption 燃料日消耗量dalitz pair 达立兹对damage 损伤damage criteria 危害判断准则damp 湿气damp proof 防潮的damped oscillations 阻尼震荡damped vibration 阻尼震荡damped wave 阻尼波damper 减震器damping 衰减的damping factor 衰减系数danger coefficient 危险系数danger dose 危险剂量danger range 危险距离danger signal 危险信号dark current 暗电流dark current pulse 暗电瘤冲data 数据data acquisition and processing system 数据获得和处理系统data base 数据库data communication 数据通信data processing 数据处理data reduction equipment 数据简化设备dating 测定年代daughter 蜕变产物daughter atom 子体原子daughter element 子体元素daughter nucleus 子体核daughter nuclide 子体核素davidite 铈铀钛铁矿dc 直流dc amplifier 直僚大器dc generator 直立电机dc motor 直羚动机dc voltage 直羚压de broglie equation 德布罗意方程de broglie frequency 德布罗意频率de broglie relation 德布罗意方程de broglie wave 德布罗意波de broglie wavelength 德布罗意波长de excitation 去激发de exemption 去免除deactivation 去活化dead ash 死灰尘dead band 不灵敏区dead space 死区dead time 失灵时间dead time correction 死时间校正deaerate 除气deaeration 除气deaerator 除气器空气分离器deaquation 脱水debris 碎片debris activity 碎片放射性debuncher 散束器debye radius 德拜半径debye scherrer method 德拜谢乐法debye temperature 德拜温度decade counter tube 十进计数管decade counting circuit 十进制计数电路decade counting tube 十进管decade scaler 十进位定标器decagram 十克decalescence 相变吸热decalescent point 金属突然吸热温度decan 去掉外壳decanning 去包壳decanning plant 去包壳装置decantation 倾析decanter 倾析器decanting vessel 倾析器decarburization 脱碳decascaler 十进制定标器decatron 十进计数管decay 衰减decay coefficient 衰变常数decay constant 衰变常数decay factor 衰变常数decay heat 衰变热decay heat removal system 衰变热去除系统decay kinematics 衰变运动学decay out 完全衰变decay period 冷却周期decay power 衰减功率decay rate 衰变速度decay series 放射系decay storage 衰变贮存decay table 衰变表decay time 衰变时间decelerate 减速deceleration 减速decigram 分克decimeter wave 分米波decladding 去包壳decladding plant 去包壳装置decommissioning 退役decompose 分解decomposition 化学分解decomposition temperature 分解温度decontaminability 可去污性decontamination 净化decontamination area 去污区decontamination factor 去污因子decontamination index 去污指数decontamination plant 去污装置decontamination reagent 去污试剂decontamination room 去污室decoupled band 分离带decoupling 去耦解开decrease 衰减decrement 减少率dee d形盒dee gap d形盒间空隙dee lines d形盒馈线deep dose equivalent index 深部剂量当量指标deep irradiation 深部辐照deep therapy 深部疗deep underwater nuclear counter 深水放射性计数器deep water isotopic current analyzer 深海水连位素分析器defecation 澄清defect 缺陷defect level 缺陷程度defective fuel canning 破损燃料封装defective fuel element 破损元件defectoscope 探伤仪defence 防护deficiency 不足define 定义definite 确定的definition 分辨deflagration 爆燃deflecting coil 偏转线圈deflecting electrode 偏转电极deflecting field 偏转场deflecting plate 偏转板deflecting system 偏转系统deflecting voltage 偏转电压deflection 负载弯曲deflection angle 偏转角deflection plate 偏转板deflection system 偏转系统deflector 偏转装置deflector coil 偏转线圈deflector field 致偏场deflector plate 偏转板deflocculation 解凝defoamer 去沫剂defoaming agent 去沫剂defocusing 散焦deform 变形deformation 变形deformation bands 变形带deformation energy 变形能deformation of irradiated graphite 辐照过石墨变形deformed nucleus 变形核deformed region 变形区域degas 除气degassing 脱气degeneracy 简并degenerate configuration 退化位形degenerate gas 简并气体degenerate level 简并能级degenerate state 简并态degeneration 简并degradation 软化degradation of energy 能量散逸degraded spectrum 软化谱degree of acidity 酸度degree of anisotropic reflectance 蛤异性反射率degree of burn up 燃耗度degree of cross linking 交联度degree of crystallinity 结晶度degree of degeneration 退化度degree of dispersion 分散度degree of dissociation 离解度degree of enrichment 浓缩度degree of freedom 自由度degree of hardness 硬度degree of ionization 电离度degree of moderation 慢化度degree of polymerization 聚合度degree of purity 纯度dehumidify 减湿dehydrating agent 脱水剂dehydration 脱水deionization 消电离deionization rate 消电离率deionization time 消电离时间dejacketing 去包壳delay 延迟delay circuit 延迟电路delay line 延迟线delay line storage 延迟线存储器delay system 延迟系统delay tank 滞留槽delay time 延迟时间delay unit 延迟单元delayed alpha particles 缓发粒子delayed automatic gain control 延迟自动增益控制delayed coincidence 延迟符合delayed coincidence circuit 延迟符合电路delayed coincidence counting 延迟符合计数delayed coincidence method 延迟符合法delayed coincidence unit 延迟符合单元delayed critical 缓发临界的delayed criticality 缓发临界delayed fallout 延迟沉降物delayed fission neutron 缓发中子delayed gamma 延迟性射线delayed neutron 缓发中子delayed neutron detector 缓发中子探测器delayed neutron emitter 缓发中子发射体delayed neutron failed element monitor 缓发中子破损燃料元件监测器delayed neutron fraction 缓发中子份额delayed neutron method 缓发中子法delayed neutron monitor 缓发中子监测器delayed neutron precursor 缓发中子发射体delayed reactivity 缓发反应性delayedneutron 缓发中子delineation of fall out contours 放射性沉降物轮廓图deliquescence 潮解deliquescent 潮解的delivery dosedose 引出端delta electron 电子delta metal 合金delta plutonium 钚delta ray 电子demagnetization 去磁demagnetize 去磁dematerialization 湮没demineralization 脱盐demineralization of water 水软化demonstration 示范demonstration reactor 示范反应堆dempster mass spectrograph 登普斯特质谱仪denaturalization 变性denaturant 变性剂denaturation 变性denaturation of nuclear fuel 核燃料变性denature 变性denaturize 变性denitration 脱硝dense 稠密的dense plasma focus 稠密等离子体聚焦densimeter 光密度计densimetry 密度测定densitometer 光密度计densitometry 密度计量学density analog method 密度模拟法density bottle 密度瓶density effect 密度效应density gradient instability 密度梯度不稳定性density of electrons 电子密度deoxidation 脱氧deoxidization 脱氧departure from nucleate boiling 偏离泡核沸腾departure from nucleate boiling ratio 偏离泡核沸腾比dependability 可靠性dependence 相依dependency 相依dephlegmation 分凝酌dephlegmator 分馏塔depilation 脱毛depilation dose 脱毛剂量deplete uranium tail storage 贫化铀尾料储存depleted fraction 贫化馏分depleted fuel 贫化燃料depleted material 贫化材料depleted uranium 贫化铀depleted uranium shielding 贫铀屏蔽depleted water 贫化水depleted zone 贫化区域depletion 贫化;消耗depletion layer 耗尽层depolarization 去极化depolymerization 解聚合deposit 沉淀deposit dose 地面沉降物剂量deposited activity 沉积的放射性deposition 沉积depression 减压depressurization accident 失压事故depressurizing system 降压系统depth dose 深部剂量depth gauge 测深计depth of focus 焦点深度depthometer 测深计derby 粗锭derivant 衍生物derivate 衍生物derivative 衍生物derived estimate 导出估价值derived unit 导出单位derived working limit 导出工撰限desalinization 脱盐desalting 脱盐descendant 后代desensitization 脱敏desensitizer 脱敏剂desiccation 干燥desiccator 干燥器防潮器design 设计design basis accident 设计依据事故design basis depressurization accident 设计依据卸压事故design basis earthquake 设计依据地震design dose rate 设计剂量率design of the safeguards approach 保障监督方法设计design power 设计功率design pressure 设计压力design safety limit 设计安全限design temperature rise 设计温度上升design transition temperature 设计转变温度desmotropism 稳变异构desmotropy 稳变异构desorption 解吸desquamation 脱皮destruction test 破坏性试验destructive distillation 干馏detailed decontamination 细部去污detect 探测;检波detectable 可检测的detectable activity 可探测的放射性detection 探测detection efficiency 探测效率detection limit 探测限detection of neutrons from spontaneous fission 自发裂变中子探测detection of radiation 辐射线的探测detection probability 探测概率detection time 探测时间detector 1/v 1/v探测器detector 探测器敏感元件detector efficiency 探测僻率detector foil 探测骗detector noise 探测齐声detector shield 探测屏蔽detector tube 检波管detector with internal gas source 内气源探测器detergent 洗涤剂determination 确定deterrence of diversion 转用制止detonating gas 爆鸣气detonation 爆炸detonation altitude 爆炸高度detonation point 爆炸点detonation yield 核爆炸威力detoxifying 净化detriment 损害detted line 点线deuteride 氘化物deuterium 重氢deuterium alpha reaction 氘反应deuterium critical assembly 重水临界装置deuterium leak detector 重水检漏器deuterium moderated pile low energy 低功率重水慢化反应堆deuterium oxide 重水deuterium oxide moderated reactor 重水慢化反应堆deuterium pile 重水反应堆deuterium sodium reactor 重水钠反应堆deuterium target 氘靶deuterium tritium fuel 氘氚燃料deuterium tritium reaction 氘氚反应deuteron alpha reaction 氘核反应deuteron binding energy 氘核结合能deuteron induced fission 氘核诱发裂变deuteron neutron reaction 氘核中子反应deuteron proton reaction 氘核质子反应deuteron stripping 氘核涎deuterum moderated pile 重水反应堆deuton 氘核development 发展development of uranium mine 铀矿开发deviation 偏差deviation from the desired value 期望值偏差deviation from the index value 给定值偏差dew point 露点dewatering 脱水dewindtite 水磷铅铀矿dextro rotatory 右旋的di neutron 双中子di proton 双质子diagnostic radiology 诊断放射学diagnostics 诊断diagram 线图dial 度盘dialkyl phosphoric acid process 磷酸二烷基酯萃取法dialysis 渗析diamagnet 抗磁体diamagnetic effect 抗磁效应diamagnetic loop 抗磁圈diamagnetic substance 抗磁体diamagnetic susceptibility 抗磁化率diamagnetism 反磁性diamagnetism of the plasma particles 等离子体粒子反磁性diameter 直径diamond 稳定区;金刚石diaphanous 透媚diaphragm 薄膜diaphragm gauge 膜式压力计diaphragm type pressure gauge 膜式压力计diapositive 透谬片diascope 投影放影器投影仪diathermance 透热性diathermancy 透热性diatomic gas 双原子气体diatomic molecule 二原子分子dibaryon 双重子diderichite 水菱铀矿dido 重水慢化反应堆dido type heavy water research reactor 迪多型重水研究用反应堆dielectric 电介质dielectric after effect 电介质后效dielectric breakdown 绝缘哗dielectric constant 介电常数dielectric hysteresis 电介质滞后dielectric polarization 电介质极化dielectric strain 电介质变形dielectric strength 绝缘强度diesel engine 柴油机diesel oil 柴油difference ionization chamber 差分电离室difference linear ratemeter 差分线性计数率计difference number 中子过剩difference of potential 电压difference scaler 差分定标器differential absorption coefficient 微分吸收系数differential absorption ratio 微分吸收系数differential albedo 微分反照率differential control rod worth 控制棒微分价值differential cross section 微分截面differential discriminator 单道脉冲幅度分析器differential dose albedo 微分剂量反照率differential energy flux density 微分能通量密度differential galvanometel 差绕电疗differential particle flux density 粒子微分通量密度differential pressure 压差differential range spectrum 射程微分谱differential reactivity 微分反应性differential recovery rate 微分恢复率differential scattering cross section 微分散射截面differentiator 微分器diffraction 衍射diffraction absorption 衍射吸收diffraction analysis 衍射分析diffraction angle 衍射角diffraction grating 衍射光栅diffraction instrument 衍射仪diffraction pattern 衍射图diffraction peak 衍射峰值diffraction scattering 衍射散射diffraction spectrometer 衍射谱仪diffraction spectrum 衍射光谱diffractometer 衍射仪diffusate 扩散物diffuse 扩散diffuse band 扩散带diffuse reflection 漫反射diffuse scattering 漫散射diffused 散射的diffused junction semiconductor detector 扩散结半导体探测器diffuseness parameter 扩散性参数diffuser 扩散器diffusion 扩散diffusion approximation 扩散近似diffusion area 扩散面积diffusion barrier 扩散膜diffusion cascade 扩散级联diffusion chamber 扩散云室diffusion coefficient 扩散系数diffusion coefficient for neutron flux density 中子通量密度扩散系数diffusion coefficient for neutron number density 中子数密度扩散系数diffusion column 扩散塔diffusion constant 扩散常数diffusion cooling 扩散冷却diffusion cooling effect 扩散冷却效应diffusion cross section 扩散截面diffusion current 扩散电流diffusion current density 扩散淋度diffusion energy 扩散能diffusion equation 扩散方程diffusion factory 扩散工厂diffusion kernel 扩散核diffusion layer 扩散层diffusion length 扩散长度diffusion mean free path 扩散平均自由程diffusion plant 扩散工厂diffusion pump 扩散泵diffusion rate 扩散速率diffusion stack 务马堆diffusion theory 扩散理论diffusion time 扩散时间diffusivity 扩散系数digital analog converter 数模转换器digital computer 数字计算机digital data acquisition and processing system 数字数据获取与处理系统digital data handling and display system 数字数据处理和显示系统digital recorder 数字记录器digital time converter 数字时间变换器dilation 扩胀dilatometer 膨胀计diluent 稀释剂dilute 冲淡dilute solution 稀溶液dilution 稀释dilution analysis 稀释分析dilution effect 稀释效应dilution method 稀释法dilution ratio 稀释比dimension 尺寸dimensional change 尺寸变化diminishing 衰减dimorphism 双晶现象dineutron 双中子dingot 直接铸锭dip counter tube 浸入式计数管dipelt 双重线dipole 偶极子dipole dipole interaction 偶极子与偶极子相互酌dipole layer 偶极子层dipole moment 偶极矩dipole momentum 偶极矩dipole radiation 偶极辐射dipole transition 偶极跃迁dirac electron 狄拉克电子dirac equation 狄拉克方程dirac quantization 狄拉克量子化dirac theory of electron 狄拉克电子论direct action of radiation 辐射直接酌direct and indirect energy conversion 直接和间接能量转换direct contact heat exchanger 直接接触式换热器direct conversion reactor 直接转换反应堆direct conversion reactor study 直接转换反应堆研究direct current 直流direct current amplifier 直僚大器direct current resistance 直羚阻direct cycle 直接循环direct cycle integral boiling reactor 直接循环一体化沸水堆direct cycle reactor 直接循环反应堆direct digital control 直接数字控制direct energy conversion 能量直接转换direct exchange interaction 直接交换相互酌direct exposure 直接辐照direct fission yield 原始裂变产额direct interaction 直接相互酌direct isotopic dilution analysis 直接同位素稀释分析direct measurement 直接测量direct radiant energy 直接辐射能direct radiation 直接辐射direct radiation proximity indicator 直接辐射接近指示器direct reaction 直接反应direct use material 直接利用物质direct voltage 直羚压direct x ray analysis 直接x射线分析direction 方向directional 定向的directional correlation of successive gamma rays 连续射线方向相关directional counter 定向计数器directional distribution 方向分布directional focusing 方向聚焦directly ionizing particles 直接电离粒子directly ionizing radiation 直接电离辐射dirft tube 飞行管道dirt column 尘土柱dirty bomb 脏炸弹disadvantage factor 不利因子disagreement 不一致disappearence 消失disc operating system 磁盘操椎统discharge 放电discharge chamber 放电室discharge current 放电电流discharge in vacuo 真空放电discharge potential 放电电压discharge tube 放电管discharge voltage 放电电压discomposition 原子位移discontinuity 非连续性discontinuous 不连续的discrepancy 差异discrete 离散的discrete energy level 不连续能级discrete spectrum 不连续光谱discrete state 不连续态discrimination coefficient 甄别系数discriminator 鉴别器disinfectant 杀菌剂disintegrate 蜕衰disintegration 蜕变disintegration chain 放射系disintegration constant 衰变常数disintegration curve 衰变曲线disintegration energy 衰变能disintegration heat 衰变热disintegration of elementary particles 基本粒子衰变disintegration particle 衰变粒子disintegration probability 衰变概率disintegration product 蜕变产物disintegration rate 衰变速度disintegration scheme 蜕变图disintegration series 蜕变系disintegrations per minute 衰变/分disintegrations per second 衰变/秒disk source 圆盘放射源dislocation 位错dislocation edge 位错边缘dislocation line 位错线dismantling 解体disorder 无序disorder scattering 无序散射dispersal 分散dispersal effect 分散效应disperser 分散剂dispersing agent 分散剂dispersion 分散dispersion fuel 弥散体燃料dispersion fuel element 弥散体燃料元件dispersive medium 色散媒质displace 位移;代替displacement 替换displacement current 位移电流displacement kernel 位移核displacement law 位移定律displacement law of radionuclide 放射性核素位移定律displacement spike 离位峰disposal of radioactive effluents 放射性瘤液处置disposition 配置disproportionation 不均disruption 破坏disruptive instability 破裂不稳定性disruptive voltage 哗电压dissipation 耗散dissipation of energy 能消散dissociation 离解dissociation constant 离解常数dissociation energy 离解能dissociation pressure 离解压dissociative ionization 离解电离dissolution 溶解dissolver 溶解器dissolver gas 溶解气体dissolver heel 溶解泣滓distance control 遥控distant collision 远距离碰撞distillate 蒸馏液distillation 蒸馏distillation column 蒸馏塔distillation method 蒸馏法distillation tower 蒸馏塔distilled water 蒸馏水distiller 蒸馏器distilling apparatus 蒸馏器distilling flask 蒸馏瓶distorted wave 畸变波distorted wave impulse approximation 畸变波冲动近似distorted wave theory 畸变波理论distortion 畸变distortionless 不失真的distributed ion pump 分布式离子泵distributed processing 分布式处理distributed source 分布源distribution 分布distribution coefficient 分配系数distribution factor 分布因子distribution function 分布函数distribution law 分配定律distribution of dose 剂量分布distribution of radionuclides 放射性核素分布distribution of residence time 停留时间分布distribution ratio 分配系数distrubited constant 分布常数disturbance 扰动disturbation 扰动diuranium pentoxide 五氧化二铀divergence 发散divergence of ion beam 离子束发散divergence problem 发散问题divergent lens 发射透镜divergent reaction 发散反应diversing lens 发射透镜diversion 转向diversion assumption 转用假定diversion box 转换箱diversion hypothesis 转用假设diversion path 转用路径diversion strategy 转用战略divertor 收集器divider 分配器division 刻度division of operating reactors 反应堆运行部djalmaite 钽钛铀矿document information system 文献情报体系doerner hoskins distribution law 德尔纳霍斯金斯分配定律dollar 元domain 磁畴dome 圆顶水柱domestic receipt 国内接收domestic shipment 国内装货dominant mutation 显性突变donator 施止┨鬻donor 施止┨鬻donut 环形室doping control of semiconductors 半导体掺杂物第doppler averaged cross section 多普勒平均截面doppler broadening 多普勒展宽doppler coefficient 多普勒系数doppler effect 多普勒效应doppler free laser spectroscopy 无多普勒激光光谱学doppler shift method 多普勒频移法doppler width 多普勒宽度dosage 剂量dosage measurement 剂量测定dosage meter 剂量计dose 剂量dose albedo 剂量反照率dose build up factor 剂量积累因子dose commitment 剂量负担dose effect curve 剂量效应曲线dose effect relationship 剂量效应关系dose equivalent 剂量当量dose equivalent commitment 剂量当量负担dose equivalent index 剂量当量指标dose equivalent limit 剂量当量极限dose equivalent rate 剂量当量率dose fractionation 剂量分割dose limit 剂量极限dose measurement 剂量测量dose meter 剂量计dose modifying factor 剂量改变系数dose of an isotope 同位素用量dose prediction technique 剂量预报技术dose protraction 剂量迁延dose rate 剂量率dose rate meter 剂量率测量计dose ratemeter 剂量率表dose reduction factor 剂量减低系数dose response correlation 剂量响应相关dose unit 剂量单位dosifilm 胶片剂量计dosimeter 剂量计dosimeter charger 剂量计充电器dosimetry 剂量测定法dosimetry applications research facility 剂量测定法应用研究设施dotted line 点线double 双double beam 双射束double beta decay 双衰变double bond 双键double charged 双电荷的double clad vessel 双层覆盖容器double compton scattering 双康普顿散射double container 双层容器double contingency principle 双偶然性原理double decomposition 复分解double differential cross section 二重微分截面double focusing 双聚焦double focusing mass spectrometer 双聚焦质谱仪double ionization chamber 双电离室double precision 双倍精度double probe 双探针double pulse 双脉冲double resonance 双共振double resonance spectroscopy 双共振光谱学double scattering method 双散射法double walled heat exchanger 双层壁换热器doublet 电子对doublet splitting 双重线分裂doubling dose 加倍剂量doubling time 燃料倍增时间doubling time meter 倍增时间测量计doubly charged 双电荷的doubly closed shell nuclei 双闭合壳层核doughnut 环形室down time 停机时间downcomer 下降管downwards coolant flow 下行冷却剂流downwind fall out 下风放射性沉降物draft 通风drain tank 排水槽draught 通风drell ratio 多列尔比dressing 选矿dressing of uranium ore 铀矿石选矿drier 干燥器drift instability 漂移不稳定性drift mobility 漂移率drift speed 漂移速度drift transistor 漂移晶体管drift velocity 漂移速度drive voltage 控制电压driven magnetic fusion reactor 从动磁核聚变反应堆driver fuel 驱动燃料drop 点滴drop reaction 点滴反应dry active waste 干放射性废物dry analysis 干法分析dry box 干箱dry criticality 干临界dry distillation 干馏dry friction 干摩擦dry ice 干冰dry out 烧干dry reprocessing 干法再处理dry way process 干法过程dry well 干井dryer 干燥器drying 干燥drying oil 干性油drying oven 烘干炉dual cycle boiling water reactor system 双循环沸水反应堆系统dual cycle reactor 双循环反应堆dual decay 双重放射性衰变dual energy use system 能量双重利用系统dual purpose nuclear power station 两用核电站dual purpose reactor 两用反应堆dual temperature exchange 双温度交换dual temperature exchange separation process 双温度交换分离法duality 二重性duant d形盒duct 管ductile brittle transition temperature 延性脆性转变温度ductility 延伸性dummy load 仿真负载dumontite 水磷铀铅矿dump 烧毁元件存放处dump condenser 事故凝汽器dump tank 接受槽dump valve 事故排放阀dunkometer 燃料元件包壳破损探测器duplet 电子对duration 持续时间duration of a scintillation 闪烁持续时间dust chamber 集尘室dust cloud 尘埃云dust collector 集尘器dust cooled reactor 粉尘冷却反应堆dust monitor 灰尘监测器dust sampler 灰尘取样器dust trap 集尘器dye laser 染料激光器dynamic behaviour 动态dynamic characteristic 动特性dynamic equilibrium 动态平衡dynamic equilibrium ratio 动态平衡比dynamic pressure 动压dynamic process inventory determination 动态过程投料量测定dynamic stabilization 动力稳定dynamic viscosity 动力粘滞系数dynamical friction 动摩擦dynamitron 地那米加速器并激式高频高压加速器dynamo 发电机dynamometer 测力计dyne 达因dynode 倍增电极dysprosium 镝dystectic mixture 高熔点混合物e layer e 层e. m. f 电动势early fallout 早期放射性落下灰earth 接地earth metals 土金属earthquake proof site 抗地震试验场ebulliometer 沸点计ebullition 沸腾ecdysis 脱皮ecology 生态学economizer 节约器ecosystem 生态系eddy 涡流eddy current 涡电流eddy diffusion 涡俩散edge break 边缘裂缝edge crack 边缘裂缝edge dislocation 刃型位错edwardsite 独居石efd 电铃动力学effective 有效的effective absorption coefficient 有效吸收系数effective atomic charge 有效原子电荷effective atomic number 有效原子序数effective bohr magneton 有效玻尔磁子effective cadmium cut off 有效镉截止值effective capture cross section 有效俘获截面effective charge 有效电荷effective collision cross section 有效碰撞截面effective cross section 有效截面effective cross section for resonance 有效共振截面effective decontamination factor 有效去污因子effective delayed neutron fraction 有效缓发中子份额effective dose 有效剂量effective energy 有效能量effective full power days 有效满功率天数effective full power hours 有效满功率小时数effective half life 有效半衰期effective interaction 有效互酌effective ionic charge 有效离子电荷effective kilogram 有效公斤effective life 有效寿命effective macroscopic cross section 有效宏观截面effective mass 有效质量effective mass absorption coefficient 有效质量吸收系数effective mean pressure 平均有效压力effective multiplication constant 有效增殖系数effective multiplication factor 有效倍增系数effective nuclear charge 有效核电荷effective particle velocity 有效粒子速度effective power 有效功率effective radiation power 有效辐射功率effective radium content 有效镭含量effective radius of a control rod 控制棒有效半径effective range 有效范围effective relaxation length 有效张弛长度effective removal cross section 有效移出截面effective resonance integral 有效共振积分effective simple process factor 单级过程有效系数effective source area 有效源面积effective stack height 有效烟囱高度effective standard deviation 有效标准偏差effective target area 有效靶面积effective thermal cross section 有效热中子截面effective value 有效值effective voltage 有效电压effective wavelength 有效波长effectiveness 有效efficiency 效率efficiency of counter 计数颇效率effluent 瘤液effluent activity meter 瘤液放射性测量计efflux 瘤液effusion 喷出ehrenfest's adiabatic law 厄任费斯脱绝热定律eigenvalue 固有值eight electron shell l 层einstein de broglie formula 爱因斯坦德布罗意公式einstein transition probability 爱因斯坦跃迁几率einstein's equation 爱因斯坦光电方程einstein's mass energy formula 爱因斯坦质能公式einsteinium 锿ejected beam 出射束ejection 喷射ejector 喷射器ejector vacuum pump 喷射真空泵eka actinium 类锕eka cesium 钫eka iodine 砹eka neodymium 钷eka polonium 类钋eka radium 类镭eka radon 类氡elastic 弹性的elastic after effect 弹性后效elastic coefficient 弹性模量elastic collision 弹性碰撞elastic fatigue 弹性疲劳elastic hysteresis 弹性后效elastic limit 弹性极限elastic modulus 弹性模量elastic range 弹性范围elastic recoil analysis 弹性反冲分析elastic scattering 弹性散射elastic scattering cross section 弹性散射截面elastic strain 弹性应变elastic thermal stress 弹性热应力elasticity 弹性elastomer 弹性体electric arc furnace 电弧炉electric charge 电荷electric circuit 电路electric conductance 电导率electric conductivity 电导率electric conductor 导电体electric current 电流electric dipole 电偶极子electric dipole moment 电偶极矩electric dipole radiation 电偶极辐射electric discharge 放电electric double layer 双电层electric field 电场electric field gradient 电场梯度electric field intensity 电场强度electric field strength 电场强度electric force 电力electric furnace 电炉electric heater 电热器。
arms expansion扩军arms race军备竞赛arms reductions军队裁减arms sales武器销售army陆军;集团军;军队army tactical missile system陆军战术导弹系统arrival angle入射角arrival vector到达失量artillery炮兵;火炮artillery saturation rocket system炮兵压制火箭系统assured destruction保证破坏战略atmosphere layer大气层atmospheric test大气层试验atomic bomb原子弹atomic demolition munitions原子爆破弹药atomic energy detection system原子能探测系统attrition inventory quantity损耗总量augmented proportional navigation扩充比例导航augmented satellite launch vehicle增大卫星发射工具auto-igniting propellant自动点燃推进剂automatic bomb sight自动投弹瞄准器automatic chemical alarm自动化学报警器automatic control module自动控制模块automatic data acquisition自动数据采集automatic inspection of data自动数据检测automatic picture transmission自动图象传输automatic program control自动程序控制autonomous marine system自主式海军系统autonomous navigation installation自主式导航装置autopilot flight director自动驾驶飞行指挥仪auxiliary detonating辅助起炮average deviation平均偏差aviation personnel航空兵avionics航空电子学azimuth方位;炸弹弹道方向偏差bacillus anthracis炭疽杆菌backbone militia基干民兵bacteriological weapon细菌武器balance of power力量均势ballistic impact and trajectory弹道落点与轨道ballistic missile(BM)弹道导弹ballistic missile defense(BMD)弹道导弹防御ballistic missile early warning system弹道导弹预警系统ballistic missile interceptor(BMI)弹道导弹截击机ballistic trajectory惯性飞行轨迹beam rider;riding missile波束制导导弹;驾束式导弹beryllium铍beyond containment strategy超越遏制战略bilateral disarmament双边裁军bilateral,unilateral,multilateral双边,单边,多边biological and chemical weapons生物化学武器biological warfare agent生物战剂biological weapon生物武器blanket覆盖物blast爆炸;爆破blast wave冲击波blast weapon冲击波武器blue water training远海训练boiling water reactor(BWR)沸水反应堆bomber(light,medium,heavy)轰炸机(轻,中,重型)booster助推器;多级火箭的第一级运载火箭botulinum toxin(XR)肉毒杆菌毒素breeder reactor增殖反应堆Brilliant Eyes智能眼Browning Aircraft Machinegun勃朗宁航空机枪buffer zone缓冲地带burner reactor(核)燃烧反应堆burster爆炸剂caisson沉箱Canadian deuterium-uranium reactor加拿大重水铀反应堆carrier运载工具centrifuge离心机chain reaction连锁反应challenge inspections质疑视查;质疑监察chemical defense防化chemical defense corps防化兵(GSD)chemical defense sub-department[PRC](总参)防化分部[中国] chemical enrichment method化学浓缩法chemical processing化学加工circular error probable(CEP)人民防空(民防)civil air defense[PRC]人民防空(民防)[中国]civilian use民用close-in fall out近距理(放射性)微尘沉降cockpit驾驶舱cold war冷战collateral damage附带损伤collective security集体安全(行动)combat radius作战半径command,control and communication(C3)指挥控制与通讯command-fire mine遥控水雷command module指令舱communications intelligence(COMINT)通讯情报communications satellite通讯卫星complete prohibition and destruction of nuclear weapons全面禁止和彻底销毁核武器(US-PRC)comprehensive engagement(美中)全面接触concussion bomb震央炸弹confidence and security building measures(CSBMs)建立信任和安全措施confidence-building measures建立信任措施conformal fuel tank适型油箱consultations协商contact mine触发水雷containment反扩散(IAEA safeguard)containment and surveillance(国际原子能机构安全保障手段)封隔和监视continuous monitoring连续监视control rods控制棒conventional submarine常规潜艇conventional weapons常规武器conversion转换;变换converter reactor(核)转换反应堆coolant冷却剂cooperative measures(核查)合作措施core活性区;反应堆芯corvett[Taiwan]护卫舰counterforce打击军事力量countervalue打击社会财富critical mass临界质量cruising range巡航范围cruising speed巡航速度deactivate撤销decay(放射性)衰变decontamination净化decoy假目标;诱饵de-escalation降级defense policy国防政策defense spending国防支出;国防开支defense system analysis(DSA)防御系统分析delayed radiation effect缓发辐射效应delivery system运载系统denuclearization非核化depleted uranium贫铀depth charge深水炸弹amphibious force海陆空军amphibious tank水陆坦克marine corp海军陆战队company连artillery炮兵paratroop,airborne troop空降部队ground attack地面进攻special taskforce特种部队live ammunition实弹beachhead滩头阵地航空母舰(CV):所有被用于以舰载机为主要战斗工具的战舰,统称为航空母舰。
A-gap A型间隙abrasive jet wear 研磨喷射磨损abrasive media 研磨介质abrasive wear 研磨磨损absolute energy 绝对能量absolute pressure 绝对压力absolute spring force 绝对弹簧力absorb 吸收absorption 吸收Accelerate corrosion 加速腐蚀acceleration 加速度acceleration of gravity 重力加速度acceptance test 验收实验acceptance test chart 验收实验图表. Accessory 附件accumulate 积聚accumulator 蓄能器acetaldehyde 乙醛,醋醛acetic acid 醋酸acetone 丙酮acid condensate corrosion 酸凝结腐蚀acid pumps 酸泵acid seal 酸性密封acid-resistant cast steel 耐酸铸钢acid-resistant steel 耐酸钢acids 酸acoustic energy 声能acoustic signal 听觉信号acrylonitrile/butadiene rubber 丁腈橡胶activated carbon 活性碳activated soil 活性排污active 活跃activity 活动actual 实际actual condition 实际情况actual load 实际载荷AD bulletin 压力容器工作组AD HPO approval AD HPO 获准b5E2RGbCAP AD/TRB AD/TRB 标准p1EanqFDPw adding 增加additive 添加剂Adhesion 粘着adhesive wear 粘着磨损adjustable 可调节adjustable flow guide 可调节的导流套adjustment 调节adsorption 吸附advantage 优越性advice 忠告aerosol 气溶胶afford 提供AFNOR 法国标准化协会A-gap A型间隙ageing 寿命aggregate 合计aggressive media 腐蚀性介质aging 老化agitator 搅拌器agitator mill 搅拌器制造厂agitator shaft 搅拌器轴agitator test rig 搅拌器实验台aim 目标air 空气air fractionation system 空气分溜系统air-cooled mechanical seal 空气冷却机械密封AISI 美国钢铁学会alarm 报警alarm and shut-off system 报警和关机系统alcohol 酒精aliphatic 脂肪族alkalimetal 碱金属alkaline method 碱方法alkaline operating method 碱性操作法alkalis 碱金属alkaloids 生物碱allen screw 六角螺钉allocate 分配alloyed cast iron 铸铁合金alloyed grey cast iron 灰口铸铁合金alternating 交互alternating direction of pressure 方向交替变化的压力DXDiTa9E3d alternation 交替aluminium 铝aluminium bronze 铝青铜aluminium oxide 氧化铝aluminium titanite 钛化铝AM-350 铬镍钼钢ambient temperature 周围环境温度amino polyester 聚氨脂ammonia 氨ammonia solution 氨溶液amosite asbestos 长纤维石棉amplifier 扩大器amplitude 振幅analysis 分析anaphoresic varnish 油漆and biochemistry 生物化学angular 角度angular error 角度错位angularity 角度aniline 苯胺animal 动物animal charcoal 兽炭anion 阴离子annealing 退火annealing temperature 退火温度annular slot 环状沟槽anode 阳极ANSI 美国标准化学会anthracite 无烟煤antibiotic 抗生素anti-clockwise 逆时针anti-clockwise rotation 逆时针旋转antimony 锑antimony-impregnated carbon graphite 浸渍金属的碳石墨anti-opening factor 反压系数anti-rotation pin 防转销aperiodic damping 非周期性阻尼API 美国石油学会API 610 美国石油学会公布的 API 610 标准API 614 美国石油学会公布的 API 614 标准apparatus 设备approval 获准aqueous solution 水溶液aqueous suspension 悬浮液area 面积arithmetic 算术平均aromatic 芳香族aromatic hydroxyl compound 芳香族氢氧化合物arrangement 排列arrow face 窄面artifical carbon 人造碳asbestos 石棉as-built-dimension-record 建立尺寸记录卡ASME 美国机械工程学会ASME Code ASME 规则assemble 装配assembled state 装配状态assembly 装配assembly errors 装配错误assembly fixture 安装板assessment 评价ASTM 美国材料和实验学会的缩写RTCrpUDGiTASTM D 1418-85 关于橡胶和橡胶晶格,命名法5PCzVD7HxAAtmosphere 大气atmosphere side 大气一侧atmospheric pressure 大气压力atmospheric pressure differential 大气压力差atom 原子attention 注意audit 评审austenitic steel 奥氏体钢automatic 自动automatic refill 自动补充automatic refill pump 自动补液泵auxiliary equipment 辅助设备auxiliary feed pump 辅助给水泵auxiliary pipe 辅助管路auxiliary pumps 辅助泵auxiliary seal 辅助密封auxiliary stuffing box 辅助填料箱auxiliary system 辅助设备availability 可靠性average peak-to-valley height 平均峰谷高度average value 平均值axial 轴向axial centrifugal pump 轴向离心泵axial cross section 轴向剖面axial deviation 轴向偏离axial force 轴向力axial lock 轴向锁定axial movement 轴向位移axial movement of the shaft 轴向移动axial seal 轴密封axial support ring 轴向支撑环axial thrust 轴向推力axial vibration 轴向振动axially bent spring end 末端轴向弯曲的弹簧jLBHrnAILg back vane 背叶片backing pump 抽气泵backlash 后冲back-to-back arrangement 背靠背排列bacteria 细菌balance 平衡balance disk 平衡盘balance factor 平衡系数balance line 平衡管balance sleeve 平衡套balance step 平衡台阶balancing 平衡balancing bore 平衡孔balancing device 平衡装置ball valve 球阀ballast pump 压舱泵Baltic Sea 波罗的海bandage 固定bar 巴barm 酵母barrier against 障碍物base material 基体材料base plate 底座bases 碱basic rule 基本规律Basler Standard 巴塞尔标准Baypren Bayer AG公司生产的丁腈橡胶xHAQX74J0Xbead 卷边beam 光束bearing 轴承bearing bracket 轴承架bearing curve 支承曲线bearing oil 轴承油beer 啤酒beet 甜菜bellow 波纹管bellow mass 波纹管质量bellow material 波纹管材料bellow mechanical seal 波纹管机械密封bellows mechanical seal 波纹管机械密封bent spring end 弹簧端面弯曲benzene 苯benzine 汽油bernoulli equation 伯恩公式beryllium 铍beverage 饮料biconical ring 双锥环bi-elastically mounted 双向安置弹性体bilateral bearing 双向轴承bilge pump 舱底泵binder 包覆体binder 粘合binder-free metal carbide 非金属碳化物binding agent 粘结剂binding energy of atomic nuclei 原子核能biochemistry 生物化学biological 生物学biological purification 生物净化biphenyl 联苯bitumen 沥青bleached 漂白bleaching 增白blend recipe 混合配方blister 砂眼blistering 气泡block length 阻塞距离blocking 阻塞blower 鼓风机blue asbestos 青石棉body 人体boiler 锅炉boiler feed water 锅炉给水boiler feed water pump 锅炉给水泵boiler house 锅炉房boiler temperature 沸点温度boiler water 锅炉水boiling 沸腾boiling point 沸点boiling temperature 沸点温度boiling water reactor 锅炉水反应器bolt 螺钉bolt circle diameter 螺栓圆周直径bond 粘结bonding 压焊booster pump 前置泵bore 孔隙boric acid 硼酸boric acid feed pump 硼酸供给泵boron 硼boron carbide 碳化硼bottom drives 下搅拌bottom seal 下搅拌密封boundary 分界线boundary condition 临界条件boundary friction 临界摩擦boundary lubrication 临界润滑bourdon pressure gauge 簧片压力表brackish water 含盐水brake fluid 制动液brass 黄铜braze 铜焊brazed 铜焊brazing 铜焊break off torque 挣脱扭矩breakage 折断break-away torque 挣脱力矩breakdown 衰弱breeder 增殖器breeder reactor 增殖反应堆breweries 酿酒厂brewing 酿造brief 摘要bright spot 亮点brim 边缘brine 盐水brittle 易碎bromine 溴bronze 青铜brown coal 褐色煤brown pulp 棕褐色纸浆brownish 棕褐色bubble leak test 泡沫泄漏实验bubble method 气泡方法buckling risk 屈服危险buckling stability 屈服稳定性buckling strength 抗弯强度Buegmann Iton 博格曼公司商标buffer 缓冲buffer circuit 缓冲回路buffer compartment 缓冲腔buffer fluid 缓冲液buffer fluid circuit 缓冲液回路buffer fluid pressure 缓冲液压力buffer fluid pressure control 缓冲液压力控制buffer fluid unit 缓冲液组件buffer fluid vessel 缓冲液容器buffer medium 缓冲介质buffer medium side 缓冲介质一侧buffer oil 缓冲油buffer oil system 缓冲油系统buffer pressure 缓冲压力buffer systems 缓冲系统buffer water leakage pump 缓冲液泄漏泵buffer water pump 缓冲水泵building spray pump 喷淋泵Buka 用碳化硅制造的面材料LDAYtRyKfEBuke 用金属氧化物制造的面材料Zzz6ZB2LtkBuko 用碳制造的面材料Buku 用塑料制造的面材料dvzfvkwMI1 Bume 用金属制造的面材料rqyn14ZNXI Buna AG公司制造的乙丙橡胶EmxvxOtOcoBurgmann 博格曼BURGMANN 博格曼Burgmann Universal 博格曼公司burner system 燃烧系统Butene 丁烯butane 丁烷SixE2yXPq5Butter 奶油butyl rubber 丁基橡胶by hydraulic cylinder 液压汽缸bypass 支路bypass line 旁通管byproduct 副产品cable 电缆caking 结块calcium 钙calcium carbonate 碳酸盐calcium hydroxide 氢化钙calcium hydroxide 氢氧化钙calculation 计算calculation formula 计算公式cancer 癌canned motor 密封电机capable 获得capillary sensor 毛细管传威器carbide 碳化物carbide coating 碳化物外壳carbide metal 金属碳化物carbon 碳carbon black 黑炭carbon dioxide 二氧化碳carbon graphite 碳石墨carbon graphite, antimony-impregn 浸渍金属碳石墨carbon graphite, resin-impregnated 浸渍树脂碳石墨carbon graphite, silicon-impregnated 浸渍硅碳石墨carbon graphite, surface-silicated 表面硅化碳石墨carbon powder 碳粉末carbon ring 碳环carbon seal face 碳密封面carbon tetrachloride chlorobenzene 四氯化碳carbonate 碳酸盐carbonate deposit 碳酸盐堆积物carbonate hardness 碳酸盐硬块carbonation juice 碳酸汁carbon-graphite-reinforced 填充碳石墨carbonic acid 碳酸carbonic acid circulation pump 碳酸循环泵carbonization 碳化carbon-reinforced 填充石墨carcinogenic 致癌carcinogenic media 致癌介质cartridge 集装式cartridge design 集装化设计cartridge seal 集装式密封cartridge unit 集装化组件casing 包装casing 外套casing part 压盖cast chromium-molybdenum 铸铬钼钢cast Cr-steel 铸铬钢cast leaded tin bronze 铸铅锡青铜casting 铸造catalyst 催化剂cataphoresic varnish 电清漆cataphoresis 电透法catastrophic scaling 灾难性鳞状物cathode 阴极cause of failure 失效的原因causes of damage 损坏的原因caustic media 腐蚀性介质caustic potash solution 苛性钾溶液cavitation 气蚀cavitation corrosion 气蚀腐蚀cavitation wear 气穴磨损cavity 空腔cellulose 纤维素cent for cooling water 冷却水孔central compressed air system 中央压缩空气系统centre plane 中心位置centrifugal effect 离心作用centrifugal force 离心力centrifugal pressure 离心压力centrifugal pump 离心泵centrifugal Pump for Chemical Process 化工流程离心泵。
高温受弯三维表面裂纹的J-积分公式*黄培彦孔德清**罗立峰赵琛摘要对快中子增殖堆主容器等高温受弯构件中三维表面裂纹前缘的应力场进行了分析,在先前提出的J-积分半经验公式的基础上,经过进一步的理论分析和数值处理,提出了新的J-积分公式: J=fσ.H.fW.fθ/(QE′). 式中因子fσ, H, f W, fθ, Q分别为作用应力σ,裂纹形状比a/c和相对深度a/t,裂纹半长与板宽之比c/W,离心角θ,第二类完全椭圆积分E(κ)的函数;E′则为当量弹性模量. 该式的应用范围为:0≤a/c≤1; 0≤a/t≤0.75; c/W≤0.8,在此范围内,由公式求得的计算结果与有限元数值分析结果的相对误差为±3.9%.关键词J-积分;表面裂纹;高温;弯曲载荷中图资料分类号O 346.2J-INTEGRAL EQUATION FOR 3-D SURFACE CRACK UNDER BENDING LOADS AT ELEVATED TEMPERATUREHuang Peiyan Kong Deqing Luo Lifeng Zhao Chen(The College of Traffic & Communications, South China Univ. of Tech.,Guangzhou 510640)Abstract A J-integral equation,J=fσ.H.fW.fθ.πa/(QE′), at thesurface and maximum depth point of a 3-D surface crack under bending loadsat elevated temperature is proposed. In this equation, the parameter fσis the function of applied loads; H is the function of aspect ratio a/cand the ratio of crack depth to plate thickness a/t; fWis the functionof the ratio of crack length to plate width c/W; fθ is the function of centrifugal angle to identify position along an elliptic crack front θ; Q is that of complete elliptic integral of the second kind E(κ); E′ is an effective elastic modulus. The equation is based on the finite element analysis completed by authors with the surface cracked large plate specimen a few years ago. This is used to develop the analysis given by finite element method for 3-D semi-elliptical surface cracks in finite elastic plastic plate, such as the wall of a main vessel of fast breeder reactor, subjected to bending loads. A wide range of configuration parameters is included in the equation. The aspect ratios, a/c, ranged from 0 to 1; the ratios of crack depth to plate thickness, a/t, ranged from 0 to 0.75, and c/W≤0.8. Comparing the values of J-integral computed by the equation with those from the finite element analyses, the mean errors are within ±3.9 percent.Key words J-integral equation; surface crack; elevated temperature; bending loads核反应堆主容器等构件在高温液体所引起的热应力的反复作用下,构件内表面容易产生疲劳裂纹,并导致裂纹扩展,最终贯穿整个构件的壁厚. 因此,探讨高温环境中受弯曲载荷作用下三维表面疲劳裂纹的扩展规律,对提高核反应堆等设施的安全性具有极其重要的意义.探讨高温环境中三维表面疲劳裂纹的扩展规律,首先要解决其力学参量问题. 经过较长时间的议论,大多数国内外专家、学者偏向于采用J-积分[1, 2]. 但由于各种条件的限制,长期以来一直没有一个能考虑表面裂纹形状、尺寸和构件尺寸等影响因素的J-积分公式. 为解决这一问题,作者等在几年前提出了一个精度较高、能描述三维表面半椭圆型裂纹的J-积分半经验简易计算公式[3]. 经过几年的实践,该公式被认为最能准确地描述三维表面半椭圆型疲劳裂纹的扩展规律[4]. 但是,该公式结构繁杂,有一些参量的选择未尽合理. 本文在以往工作的基础上,进一步分析高温环境中受弯曲载荷作用下三维表面疲劳裂纹的扩展规律,对上述J-积分公式中一些重要参量进行重新选择,提出结构较简单、合理精度较高,适用范围较广的J-积分新公式.1 简易J-积分计算公式[3]简介对于图1所示的三维表面半椭圆型裂纹在高温环境中受弯曲载荷作用时裂纹前缘的J-积分表达式,文献[3]中使用大型计算机进行了大量的有限元数值分析,并对计算结果进行了分析和拟合,提出了如下的半经验简易计算公式:(1)式(1)的有效范围为:0≤a/c≤1.0, 0≤a/t≤0.75,c/W≤0.8. 式中,JB为沿裂纹长度方向的裂纹前缘的J-积分值 N/m;εp 为屈服应变,%;εn为公称应变,%;a为裂纹深度,mm;c为裂纹半长,mm;t为板厚 mm;2W为板宽,mm.图1 弯曲载荷作用下的三维表面半椭圆型裂纹Fig.1 3-D surface semi-elliptical crack under bending loads式(1)中的裂纹形状因子F1由下式表示:(2)式中,(3)(4)式(4)中,系数B0~B4分别为2 127.7, -776.78, 1 118.5, -821.31, -1 971.2.考虑板宽影响的修正系数fW为:(5)裂纹形状因子F2为:(6)式中,(7)系数D1~D3分别为: 203.68, 718.44, -270.96.裂纹深度方向的J-积分值JA可由下式求得:(8) 式中,(9)(10)系数M0~M4、 N~N4分别为0.608, 12.44, -11.06, 1.02, 1.41; 0.286, 10.52,-12.70,2.38, 1.14.对于不同的裂纹形状比a/c和裂纹相对深度a/t,给定板宽和荷载,由式(1)~(10),可比较方便地求得各种情形下沿裂纹长度方向和深度方向的J-积分值(JB ,JA),进而对弹塑性断裂问题进行分析和评估.2 J-积分公式的构成公式(1)~(10)能比较准确地计算高温环境中三维表面裂纹前缘的J-积分值,利用这些公式能有效地、比较准确地描述三维表面半椭圆型疲劳裂纹的扩展规律[3~5]. 然而,裂纹长度方向和深度方向的J-积分值需由两个公式分别计算,且其构造及有些参数的选择还未尽合理,亦较繁琐.为将JA 和JB统一到同一公式中进行计算,并尽可能使公式的结构合理,本文对文献[3]中得到的有限元计算结果进行重新分析和整理,构成下列J-积分表达式:(11)式中,E′为当量弹性模量, MPa; Q1/2为第二类完全椭圆积分; H为裂纹形状修正因子; fW , fθ分别为板宽修正系数和裂纹前缘位置修正系数;而载荷因子fσ可表示为:(12)对于SUS304不锈钢等的Ludwick型硬化材料,弯曲正应力σ与应变ε的关系式可近似表示为:(13)(12)和(13)式中,σp为屈服应力, MPa;n为材料硬化指数(对于SUS304不锈钢,σp =92.1 MPa,εp=0.059 8%, n=0.427).裂纹形状修正因子H可由下式表示:(14)式中,θ为裂纹前缘某点的离心角(见图1),因子R取为裂纹形状比a/c 和裂纹相对深度a/t的函数:(15)修正因子H1, H2可分别表示为:(16)(17)系数B0~B11分别为19.5, 4.03, -2.15, -7.99, -9.05, 0.42, 15.3, 1.00, 2.70,2.00, 30.1, -8.61. 因子M取为:(18)式中,各因子分别为:板宽修正系数的表达式可取以下形式:(19)裂纹前缘位置修正系数由下式表示:(20)第二类完全椭圆积分的平方Q可近似表示为[6]:(21)考虑到裂纹表面与深度方向裂纹前缘附近区域的应力状态的不同,取当量弹性模量为:(22)对于SUS304不锈钢,弹性模量E=154 GPa,泊松比μ=0.306.3 计算结果及讨论给定裂纹和试样尺寸、载荷及材料常数,由式(11)~(22)可方便地计算出各种情形下沿裂纹长度方向和深度方向的J-积分值(JB , JA). 作为计算实例,图2所示为在弯曲正应力σ=189 MPa(公称应变εn=0.20%)的作用下,当裂纹初始形状比a/c分别为1/2, 1/4, 1/8时JA 和JB值与裂纹相对深度a/t的关系曲线. 先前得到的同一条件下的有限元计算结果[3]也示于同一图中. 从该图可知,由新构成的J-积分公式得到的理论曲线与有限元计算结果吻合得较好,在有限元数值分析的范围内,有限元计算结果与理论计算结果的相对误差为±3.9 %.图2 J~a/t关系曲线Fig.2 J~a/t curves将J-积分值进行无量纲化处理,所得无量纲量J0(J= E′Q J/(fσπa))与裂纹相对深度a/t的关系曲线如图3所示. 由该图可知,在裂纹长度方向(θ= 0°), J值不管裂纹初始形状如何都随着a/t的增大而增加,但当裂纹形状比a/c较小(a/c<0.2)时其增长幅度较大;在裂纹深度方向(θ= 90°),当a/c值较大时J0值随着a/t的增大而减少,但当a/c=0.1时, J值则随着a/t的增加而增大,且其增加幅度较大.~a/t关系曲线图3 J~a/t curvesFig.3 J*广东省自然科学基金(960255)资助项目**西江大学物理系作者简介:黄培彦,男, 1952年生,教授;主要研究方向:断裂力学,路桥力学,失效分析.作者单位:华南理工大学交通学院广州510640参考文献1 Goodall I W. The development of high temperature design methods based on reference stresses and bounding theorems. ASME J of Eng Mater and Tech, 1979,101: 3492 植田,矢川,高桥由纪夫. 半だ圆延性表面き裂进展举动の评价(き裂アスペクト比の简易的予测). 日本机械学会讲演论文集, 1986,860(3): 3213 黄培彦,福田嘉男, 佐藤善美等. 曲げ荷重下での表面き裂のJ-积分の简易评价式.日本机械学会论文集(A编), 1992, 58(554): 101~1084 福田嘉男,佐藤善美,藤冈照高等. 高温塑性曲げ疲劳下の表面き裂の进展解析. 第72期全国大会讲演会论文集(前刷). 东京:日本机械学会, 1994.25~295 黄培彦,黄小清,赵琛. 受弯三维表面疲劳裂纹的弹塑性贯穿举动. 暨南大学学报, 1999,20(1): 7~116 Newman J C, Raju I S. An empirical stress-intensity factor equation for the surface crack. Eng Fracture Mech, 1981, 15(1-2):185~192。
昆虫记章节主要内容名著《昆虫记》各章节主要内容概括:第一章论祖传各人有各人独特的性格,有时,这种性格看起来似乎来自先辈的遗传,但当你想追问这种性格究竟是从哪里来的,却又十分困难。
在我很小的时候,就有一种与自然界事物亲近的渴望。
如果你觉得我喜欢观察植物和昆虫的性格是从祖先那里遗传来的,那简直就是一个天大的笑话.因为我的祖先们都是没受过教育的乡下人,他们唯一知道和关心的,就是他们自己养的牛和羊。
在我的祖父辈之中,也只有一个人翻过书本。
第二章神秘的池塘当我凝视着池塘的时候,从来都不会感到厌倦。
在这个绿色的小世界里,不知道会有多少忙碌的小生命在生生不息地忙活着。
池塘边,随处可见一堆堆黑色的小蝌蚪在追逐着;长着红色肚皮的蝾螈也把它的宽尾巴像舵一样地摇摆着,缓缓地前进;在芦苇草丛中,我们还可以找到一群群石蚕的幼虫,它们将各自的身体隐藏在枯枝做的小鞘中——这个小鞘用来防御天敌和各种各样意想不到的灾难。
第三章石蚕我往池塘里放进一些小小的水生动物,它们叫石蚕。
确切地说,它们是石蚕蛾的幼虫,平时很巧妙地隐藏在一个个枯枝做的小鞘中。
石蚕原本是生长在泥潭沼泽中的芦苇丛里的。
在许多时候,它依附在芦苇的断枝上,随芦苇在水中漂泊.那小鞘就是它的活动房子.这种活动房子其实可以算是一个很精巧的编织艺术品,它是由那种被水浸透后脱落下来的植物的根皮组成的。
第四章蜣螂蜣螂第一次被人们谈到,是在过去的六七千年以前。
古代埃及的农民,在春天灌溉农田的时候,常常看见一种肥肥的黑色的昆虫从他们身边经过,忙碌地向后推着一个圆球似的东西。
他们当然很惊讶地注意到了这个奇形怪状的旋转物体,像今日布罗温司的农民那样。
从前埃及人想象这个圆球是地球的模型,蜣螂的动作与天上星球的运转相合。
他们以为这种甲虫具有这样多的天文学知识,因而是很神圣的,所以他们叫它”神圣的甲虫"。
同时他们又认为,甲虫抛在地上滚的球体,里面装的是卵子,小甲虫是从那里出来的。
但是事实上,这仅是它的食物储藏室而已。
《最后期限》书籍"这本关于治理的书读起来明白有味。
«最后期限»是一个创新性与趣味性并重的故事,每章结尾都有基于团队的项目治理方面的原那么。
"--John Aculley"……这是一部技术力作。
它涵盖了大量主题,从项目评估到度量标准,从相冲突的决定到处理模糊不清的说明…每章结尾的要点差不多足以让您这本书成为超值之选了……«最后期限»像Dilbert的漫画书一样有味,却没有那么讽刺。
更重要的是,书中包括一些深刻的聪慧,以及一些关心您实现最后期限的有用积极的建议。
我强烈举荐这本书。
"--Ed Yourdon 内容与特色:汤普金斯先生是一位体会丰富的项目经理,却也难免被炒鱿鱼的命运。
这时有人出双倍的价钱将他"请"到一个海上的小国治理六个软件项目,资金、人员、设备等所有外部条件都万事俱备,能够放手去做,还能够将自己的奇思妙想付诸实践。
本以为因祸得福,却逐步发觉情况并没有那么简单,最后期限看起来变得不可能,但他已骑虎难下……书中用一个虚构的故事阐述了真实世界中关于项目治理的一些原那么,尽管它并不能解决任何软件问题,但它绝对会让你对项目治理的重要原那么终生难忘。
它将看似高深莫测的项目治理理论以浅显易明白的方式展现出来,改变了项目治理书籍一贯枯燥乏味的形象,让你在轻松阅读小说的同时受益非浅。
书中每章都以汤普金斯先生的日记结尾,是他逐步收集的体会,有了这些,你也能够成为一个优秀的项目b经理。
本书前言在二十世纪三十年代,科罗拉多大学的物理学家乔治.伽莫夫开始撰写一系列关于"汤普金斯先生"--一位中年银行职员--的小故事。
故事中讲述的汤普金斯先生对现代科学专门感爱好。
他总是去听当地一位大学物理教授在晚上的演讲,然后在中途他必定会睡着。
当他醒来的时候,他会发觉自己身在另一个宇宙之中,在那儿某个物理常量发生了明显的变化。
中英文对照学习版Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire《哈利˙波特与火焰杯》Chapter OneThe Riddle House第1章里德尔府The villagers of Little Hangl eton still call ed it ‘the Rid dl e House’, even though it had been many years since the Rid dl e family had lived there. It stood on a hill overl ooking the village, some of its wind ows board ed, tiles missing from its roof, and ivy spreading unchecked over its face. Once a fine-l ooking manor, and easily the largest and grand est buil ding for mil es around, the Rid dl e House was now damp, d erelict and unoccupied.小汉格顿的村民们仍然把这座房子称为“里德尔府”,尽管里德尔一家已经多年没在这里居住了。
房子坐落在一道山坡上,从这里可以看见整个村子。
房子的几扇窗户被封死了,房顶上的瓦残缺不全,爬山虎张牙舞爪地爬满了整座房子。
里德尔府原先是一幢很漂亮的大宅子,还是方圆几英里之内最宽敞、最气派的建筑,如今却变得潮湿、荒凉,常年无人居住。
The Little Hangl etons all agreed that the ol d house was ‘creepy’. Half a century ago, something strange and horribl e had happened there, something that the ol d er inhabitants of the village still liked to discuss when topics for gossip were scarce. The story had been picked over so many times, and had been embroid ered in so many places, that nobody was quite sure what the truth was any more. Every version of the tale, however, started in the same place: fifty years before, at daybreak on a fine summer's morning, when the Rid dl e House had still been well kept and impressive, and a maid had entered the drawing room to find all three Rid dl es d ead.小汉格顿的村民们一致认为,这幢老房子“怪吓人的”。