FMS复习资料

柔性制造技术FMT是建立在数控设备应用基础上的、正在随着制造企业技术进步而不断发展的新兴技术，是一种主要用于多品种、中小批量或批量生产的制造自动化技术。

FMT的根本特征即“柔性”。

FMT是将微电子技术、智能化技术与传统加工技术融合在一起，具有先进性、柔性化、自动化、效率高的制造技术。

柔性制造系统FMS可由以下三部分组成：加工子系统、物流子系统和信息流子系统。

FMS“柔性”的支持技术：数控机床是实现FMS柔性的设备基础。

必须以柔性制造设备（托盘化CNC加工中心）为基础，而不能以没有固有柔性的设备（如专用机床）来构成FMS的加工子系统。

成组技术GT是实现FMS柔性的重要技术基础。

使用GT，可以充分发现、标示和利用多种零件加工过程中的相似性，用同一种加工工艺实现多种零件的加工，从而使FMS在不改变硬件设备的情况下能适应多种零件的加工。

GT与FMS相结合，通过将单件、小批量零件合并成多品种的中小批量生产，既支持了FMS 的“柔性”，又提高了FMS的生产设备的利用率，减少了准备工作，进而减少了每个零件的成本，克服了数控机床比专用机床成本高的缺点。

零件具有不同的功能，但形状尺寸相近。

零件在形状上有较大差异，但加工工艺有较高的相似性。

零件的编码：零件分类编码系统码位之间的结构：树式结构（分级结构）：每个特征码有许多分支。

链式结构（并列结构、矩形结构）：每个码位内的各个特征码具有独立的含义，与前后位无关。

混合式结构：同时存在以上所述的两种结构。

（常用）零件的分组：零件编码后，就可利用零件代码，按一定的准则，将零件分类成组。

零件分组宗旨：尽量使得所划分的组数少，而组内品种多，以增大零件成组批量，提高实施成组技术应有的效益。

零件分组的方法：特征位法：选取一些特征性较强、对划分零件族影响较大的码位作为零件分组的主要依据，而其余的码位予以忽略。

码域法：对零件分类编码系统中各码位的特征项规定一定的允许范围，作为零件分组的依据。

特征位码域法：由特征位法和码域法结合而成的一种分组方法。

它既要选取某些特征性较强的特征码位，又要对所选的特征码位决定允许的特征数据的变化范围。

在计算机辅助分类成组系统中，通用零件特征矩阵表示零件代码，用零件族特征矩阵表示零件族。

计算机集成制造系统CIMSCIMS的核心是集成，工具是计算机。

CIMS三要素：经营过程（CIMS控制的对象），人（在CIMS中起主导作用），技术（运行CIMS所需的手段—包括设备、通信、运输、控制等）。

CIMS的特点：1、CIMS是一个人、经营、技术统一协调的系统，而不是单纯的技术系统；2、CIMS是以集成为基础，追求全面优化的系统；3、CIMS是以计算机为工具、物流集成和信息集成为主要特征的系统；4、CIMS是具有柔性的系统，即信息集成为生产经营者灵活组织生产提供了有效的帮助，使之提高应变能力和竞争能力；5、CIMS是具有现代化生产模式的制造系统。

FMS对加工设备的要求：工序集中，高柔性与高生产率，易控制性。

纳入FMS的数控机床应具有的特点：柔性高，自动化程度高，加工精度高，生产效率高，具有刀具寿命管理功能，具有通信功能。

车削中心TC：当给数控车床附设自动换刀装置和（或）自驱动刀具，具备了复合加工能力，便成了车削中心。

加工中心MC：一般是在数控铣、镗床的基础上增加刀库和自动换刀装置ATC发展起来的，故也称为镗铣类加工中心。

柔性制造系统中的物流系统主要包括：1、工件流：原材料、半成品、成品；2、工具流：刀具、夹具；3、配套流：托盘、辅助材料、备件等。

柔性制造系统中的物流系统主要功能：储存功能、输送功能、装卸功能、管理功能。

尽量采用“工序集中”原则优点：可减少工件的装夹次数，消除多次装夹产生的定为误差，既有利于保证各加工部位的位置精度要求，又可减少装卸工件的辅助时间，节省大量的专用和通用工艺装备，降低生产成本。

应满足的要求：由于在机床上工件安装区域周围的大部分空间都被切削刀具运动轨迹所占用，且留给固定工件所需的夹具等的空间较小，为此，工件的装夹应充分考虑既能适应粗加工时切削力大、刚度高、加紧力大的要求，又能适应精加工时定位精度高、工件加紧变形小德要求。

夹具系统：可调夹具与组合夹具不同的是它具有一系列整体刚性好的夹具体，通过调节或更换可调元件实现快速调整，并保证较好的加工精度。

数控夹具：能实现夹具元件的选择和拼装以及工件安装、定位和加紧等过程的自动化，可按不同工件调用不同的工件装夹程序。

实现自动调整变换。

托盘：托盘与夹具构成随行夹具。

在FMS中进行数控加工时，为了减少工件在机床上的安装时间，提高数控机床的使用效率而使用随行夹具。

一般在加工前，将工件安装在柔性制造系统的加工子系统中准确定位，并由一个工位送到另一个工位加工，直至完成全部加工过程。

工件的输送系统：根据所用运输工具的不同分类：带式传送系统（传送带）、自动输送车（运输小车）、轨道传送系统、机器人传送系统。

刀具流支持系统：典型的FMS的刀具流支持系统通常由刀库系统、刀具预备站、刀具交换装置以及管理控制刀具流的计算机系统组成。

刀具的选择方式：顺序选择刀具：刀具按预定工序的先后顺序插入刀库的刀座中，使用时按顺序转到取刀位置。

此法不需要刀具识别装置。

但刀库中的每一把刀具在不同的工序中不能重复使用。

任意选择刀具：刀具在刀库中不必按预定工序的先后顺序插入刀库的刀座中，可以任意存放，每把刀具都编上代码，由刀具识别装置确定那把刀具被选中。

任意选择刀具法的优点是刀库中的刀具的排列顺序与工件的加工顺序无关，因而相同的刀具可以重复使用。

刀具交换装置：换刀机械手，直接交换方式刀库类型：转塔式、链式、盘式、鼓式工业机器人分类：直角坐标型（3个直线坐标轴）、圆柱坐标型（2个直线坐标轴和1个回转轴）、球坐标型（1个直线坐标轴和2个回转轴）、关节型（3个回转轴）运载工具：FMS中的无人化运输小车是一种无人驾驶的自动化搬运设备。

有轨小车RGV：在铺设于地面上的两条平行钢轨上运行，它分自驱式和它驱式，还有架空轨悬吊式。

自动导向小车AGV：一种以蓄电池为动力，装有非接触导向装置的无人驾驶自动导引运载车。

有电缆感应式和涂漆线导向式等。

物料存储设备自动化立体仓库是一种自动控制的高层库架是新型仓库，它集信息、储存、管理于一体，以实现搬运存取机械化、储存管理数字化的现代仓库管理模式，自动化立体仓库由仓储机械设备和管理控制系统所组成。

它在FMS中占有相当重要的地位。

自动化立体仓库机械设备部分包括多层货架、巷道堆垛起重机及输送设备等。

巷道堆垛起重机自动化立体仓库内部的搬运设备，实现巷道口与外面的AGV等的物料交换。

巷道堆垛起重机能在三个相互垂直的方向上按一定的顺序往复运行。

这三个方向分别为堆垛机行走方向（X轴）、堆垛机升降方向（Y轴）和货叉伸缩方向（Z轴）、堆垛机的驱动装置一般为交流电动机，采用无极调速。

这样堆垛机既能高速运行又能平稳停车对位。

缓冲站：在FMS中，适当的托盘缓冲站或托盘缓冲库是非常必要的。

当FMS在运行中某设备发生故障，前道工序加工件在运输过程中就会发现正在送往的某个单元的托盘支架正被占用，自动运输车就将托盘先送往托盘缓冲存储库，等待该托盘支架空出后再送，前道工序加工仍可进行。

信息流子系统是柔性制造系统的灵魂，它把系统中各个组成部分有机地联系了起来，他通过对大量的在线状态数据和信息进行自动采集、存储、处理和传送，控制了加工子系统和物流子系统的自动运行，从而保证了整个制造系统高效地柔性化地运行。

柔性制造系统中的信息有工艺信息、制造信息、控制信息、计划调度信息、统计信息等，各种信息以一定的流程形式在FMS内部处于动态变化中，不断被生成、使用、保存、传递、更新和删除，这些流程形成了FMS中的信息流。

FMS的信息网络模型，由5层组成：计划层：属于工厂层一级，管理层：属于车间或系统管理级，单元层：属于系统控制级，控制层：属于设备控制级，执行层：也称设备级层。

就数据量而言，其需求是逐层减少，就数据传输时的要求而言，是从以分钟计逐层缩短到以毫秒计。

柔性制造系统是一个离散系统，其中包含三种不同类型的数据：基本数据：在FMS开始运行时建立，在运行中逐渐补充，它包括系统配置数据（机床编号、类型、存储工位号、数量等）和物料基本数据（刀具几何尺寸、类型、耐用度、托盘和夹具有关数据等）。

控制数据：有关加工工件的数据，包括工艺规程、数控加工程序、刀具清单技术控制数据、加工任务单等。

状态数据：它描述了资源利用的情况，包括加工、运输子系统中各设备的运行时间、停机时间及故障原因等的设备运行信息；随行夹具、刀具等的寿命、破损、断裂情况与地址识别的物料状态信息；工件实际加工进度、实际加工工位、加工时间、存放时间、输送时间以及成品数、废品率的工件统计信息。

FMS的信息流结构特征：FMS是在计算机管理下，通过数据联系、决策联系和组织联系，把制造过程的信息流连成一个有反馈信息的调节回路，从而实现控制过程的优化。

典型的FMS控制系统为分层递阶结构，由物理级和控制决策级组成。

FMS的物理级即为车间配置，包括加工中心等各种资源设备和加工对象。

FMS的控制决择级包括数据文件、调度规划、计算机视觉识别调度模块等。

FMS的运行控制系统：FMS的作业计划管理：作业计划调度，刀具需求计划，刀具预调。

FMS的过程协调控制：工件流控制，数控程序的管理，刀具流控制。

加工过程监控：刀具磨损和破损的监视，工件在机床工作空间位置测量，工件质量的控制，各组成部分功能检测及故障诊断。

计算机视觉系统：视觉系统是一些FMS的辅助系统，在物理结构上它属于工作站级，但在控制结构中它则高于工作站级。

它在FMS单元控制器的控制下工作，并辅助FMS单元控制器进行生产管理与调度。

加入计算机视觉系统后，相当于给FMS加入了一个反向（自下而上）的信息流向，它实时反馈在输入输出缓冲站中对零件的辨识结果，并做出相应的控制决策，辅助FMS单元控制器确定进一步的加工任务。

Flexible manufacturing technology FMT is built on the NC equipment application basis, is with the technology progress in manufacture enterprises and the continuous development of new technology, is a key for the many varieties, small batch or batch production manufacturing automation technology.The fundamental characteristics of flexible "FMT".FMT is the microelectronics technology, intelligent technology and traditional processing technology together, has advanced, flexible, automation, high efficiency of manufacturing technology.Flexible manufacturing system FMS consists of the following three parts: processing subsystems, logistics subsystem and information flow system.FMS "flexible" support technology: CNC machine tools is the realization of FMS flexible foundation of equipment. Must be flexible manufacturing equipment (tray of machining center based on CNC), but not with no inherent and flexible device (such as a dedicated machine tools) to form FMS processing subsystem.Group technology GT is the realization of FMS flexible important technique basis. The use of GT, can be found, marking and use a variety of machining process similarity, with the same kind of processing technology to achieve a variety of spare parts processing, so that the FMS without changing the hardware conditions can adapt to various parts of the processing.GT combined with FMS, the single, small quantities of parts combined into many varieties of small batch production, supports both FMS "flexible", but also improves the FMS production equipment utilization rate, reduces the preparation work, thereby reducing the cost of each parts, to overcome the numerical control machine bed than dedicated machine cost the disadvantages of high.The parts have different functions, but the shape of similar size.There is a big difference in the shape of the parts, but the processing technology has higher similarity.Code: Part Classification and coding system code between the bit structure:Tree structure (hierarchical): each character code has many branches.Chain structure (parallel structure, rectangular structure): every bit the feature code is independent of the meaning, and front and rear independent.Hybrid structure: exist at the same time the above two kinds of structures.(used) Parts: parts grouping coding, can use the part code, according to certain criteria, the parts are classified into groups.Purpose: to make the parts grouping of the divided group number is less, and the group and more variety, to increase parts group batch, improve the implementation of GT due benefit.Parts grouping method:Characteristic bit method: select feature strong, on the classification of part familyis greatly influenced by the code as a grouping of main basis, while the rest of the code to be ignored.Code domain law: on the classifying and coding system for the parts of the code characteristic rule certain limits, as parts are grouped on the basis of.Feature code domain method: characterized by a law and code domain method as a combination of grouping method.It should choose some characteristics of strong character codes, and the selected feature code decided to allow the feature data range.In the computer aided group classification system, universal feature matrix part code, using parts feature matrix representation of part family.Computer integrated manufacturing system CIMSThe core of CIMS is integrated, computer tools is.CIMS three elements: business process (CIMS control object), people (in the CIMS play a leading role), technology (required to run CIMS means, including equipment, communication, transportation, control etc.).The characteristics of CIMS:In 1, CIMS is a personal, business, technology, unified and coordinated system, rather than pure technical system;In 2, CIMS is the integration as the basis, the pursuit of a comprehensive optimization of the system;In 3, CIMS is take the computer as the tool, logistics integration and information integration as the main characteristics of the system;In 4, CIMS is a flexible system, whereby the information integration for production operators flexible organization of production to provide effective help, so as to improve the adaptability and competitiveness;In 5, CIMS is a modern production mode of manufacturing system.FMS on processing equipment requirements: process concentration, high flexibility and high productivity, easy control of.Incorporation of FMS NC machine tool should have characteristic: high flexibility, high degree of automation, high processing precision, high production efficiency, hasthe tool life management function, communication function.Turning center TC: when CNC lathe with automatic tool changing device and (or) since the driving tool, with the composite processing capacity, became the turning center.Machining center MC: General in the CNC milling, boring machine based on increasing tool and device of automatic tool changing development of the ATC, it is also known as boring and milling machining center.Flexible manufacturing system in logistics system mainly includes:1, job flow: raw materials, semi-finished products, finished products;2: tool, fixture, tool flow;3, supporting the flow: tray, auxiliary materials, spare parts etc..Flexible manufacturing system in logistics system main functions: storage, transportation, loading and unloading function function function, management function.As a "process focused" principlesAdvantages: can reduce the workpiece holding times, elimination of multiple clamping generated for error, is conducive to ensuring the processing location accuracy requirement, and can reduce the auxiliary time of loading and unloading workpieces, save a large number of special and general process equipment, reduce the production cost.Requirements: due to the workpieces on machine tools installation area around most of the space is occupied by the cutting tool path, and to fix the workpiece fixture and required less space, therefore, the workpiece clamping should fully consider both to adapt the rough cutting force, high stiffness, tightening force requirements, but also can meet the precision machining high precision positioning workpiece, to small deformation requirements.Fixture system: adjustable jig and fixture is different is that it has a series of good integral rigidity of the clamp, through regulation or replacement of adjustable elements to realize the fast adjustment, and guarantee the machining accuracy. CNC jig: can realize the fixture element selection and installation and workpiece installation, positioning and clamping process automation, according to different workpieces of different workpiece clamping procedure call.Realization of automatic adjust transform.Tray: tray and clamp clamp.In the FMS CNC machining, in order to reduce the workpiece on the machine tool installation time, improve the use efficiency of numerical control machine tool using clamp.General before processing, the workpiece is mounted on a flexible manufacturing system for processing subsystem in the accurate positioning, and from one station to another station processing, until the completion of all process.Workpiece conveying system: according to the different classification of transport: belt transmission system (belt), automatic transmission car (car transportation), rail transport system, a robotic transfer system.Tool flow support system: the typical FMS tool flow support system usually consists of knife library system, cutter, cutting tool exchange device and a preparation station management control tool flow computer system.Tool selection:Order selection tool: a tool in a predetermined sequence insertion process knife knife seat, in order to take use of cutter position.This method does not require the tool recognition device.But the knife warehouse every tool in different process can repeat use.The arbitrary choice of tools: tools in the knife warehouse need not according to a predetermined sequence insertion process knife knife seat, can be stored, each tool is made up of code, by the tool recognition device determines that the tool is selected.The arbitrary choice of cutter method has the advantages of knife cutter in order and the processing of the workpiece is independent of the sequence, the same tool can be used repeatedly.Tool exchange device: tool changing manipulator, direct exchangeKnife type: turret, chain, disc, drumIndustrial robot classification: Cartesian coordinate type (3 linear axes), cylindrical coordinate type (2 rectilinear axes and 1 rotational axis), spherical coordinate type (1 rectilinear axes and 2 rotary shaft joint type (3), a rotary shaft)Vehicle: FMS unmanned transport trolley is a kind of unmanned automatic handling equipment.A rail car RGV: in laying on the ground with two parallel rail operation, it divides the self-driving and it drive type, and the overhead rail suspension type.AGV automatic guided vehicle AGV: one is powered by a battery, a non contact guide device of unmanned automatic guided vehicle.A cable inductive and painting line oriented.Material storage deviceAutomated warehouse is a automatic control high-rise warehouse is a new type of warehouse, it includes information, storage, management in one, to realize the transportation storage mechanization, storage management digitization modern warehouse management, warehouse automation by storage equipment and management control systems.It is in the FMS occupies a very important position. Warehouse automation equipment part comprises a multi-layer shelves, stacking crane and transport equipment.Aisle stacking crane automation stereoscopic warehouse internal handling equipment, realize Lane crossing with the outside of the AGV material exchange.Aisle stacking crane in three mutually perpendicular directions according to a certain order reciprocating operation.The three direction respectively for stacking machine direction of travel (X axis), stacking machine direction (Y axis) and the fork telescoping steering (Z axis), stacking machine driving device for AC motor, adopts stepless speed regulation.The stacker can speed running can smoothly parking contraposition.Buffer station: in FMS, proper tray buffer station or tray buffer library is very necessary.When FMS in the operation of a device fails, the former working procedure of processing parts in the transport process will find that being sent to a unit of the tray bracket is occupied, automatic transport vehicles will be first to the tray tray buffer storage, awaiting the tray support vacated before sending, processing can be performed before.Information flow system is a flexible manufacturing system's soul, it put the system in various components of organically connected, he adopted a large number of online status data and information for automatic acquisition, storage, processing and transmission, control the processing subsystem and the logistics system to run automatically, thereby ensuring that the whole manufacturing system is efficient and flexible operation.Flexible manufacturing system information, process information, production information, control information, planning and scheduling information, statistical information, all kinds of information in a certain process in the form of FMS in the dynamic change, constantly being generated, use, transfer, save, update and delete, the process flow of information in the form of FMS.FMS information network model, which is composed of 5 layers:Plan: belongs to the factory floor level, management layer: belongs to the workshop or system management level, unit layer: belong to the system control level,Control: belongs to the equipment control level, execute layer: also called equipment level.The data rate is concerned, its demand is decreasing, the data transmission requirements, from in minutes layer-by-layer shortened to millisecond meter. Flexible manufacturing system is a discrete system, which contains three different types of data:Basic data: the FMS started running to establish, in operation gradually added, including system configuration data (machine number, type, storage station number, number) and material basic data (tool sizes, types, durability, pallet and clamp data etc.).Control data: the workpiece processing data, including the process planning, numerical control processing program, tool list technology control data processing tasks, such as single.State data: it describes resource utilization situation, including processing, transportation subsystem equipment in the operating time, stop time and fault reasons of equipment running information; traveling fixture, tool life, damage, fracture and address recognition material status information; the workpiece processing progress, the actual processing station, processing time, storage time, delivery time and the number of finished products, scrap rate of the workpiece statistical information.FMS information flow features: FMS is in the computer management, through data links, making contact and tissue contact, the manufacturing process information flow into a feedback control loop, thereby realizing the control and process optimization.A typical FMS control system is a hierarchical structure, by the physical magnitude and。