通信工程毕业设计 外文翻译

附录一、英文原文：Goals Of True Broad band’s Wireless Next Wave(4G-5G)K.R.Santhi,Prof.V.K.Srivastava,G.SenthilKumaran,Eng. Albert Butare.Kigali Institute of Science Technology and Management (KIST),B.P.3900, Kigali,Rwanda.AbstractAs access technology increases, voice, video,multimedia, and broadband data services are becomingintegrated into the same network. Fourth Generation (4G)is the next generation of wireless networks that will replacethird Generation (3G) networks sometimes in future. 4G isintended to provide high speed, high capacity, low cost perbit, IP based services.4G is all about an integrated, globalnetwork that’s based on an open system approach. The goalof 4G i s to “replace the current proliferation of core cellularnetworks with a single worldwide cellular core networkstandard based on IP for control, video, packet data andV oIP. But while 3G haven’t quite arrived, researchers wantto contribute their ideas to the development of an as-yetundefined "wireless world" that could become operationalby around 2010. This paper deals with the fundamentalsand issues of networks, technologies, spectrum, standards,terminals, services of 4G and about the visions that thenetwork operators and service providers see for theevolution of 4G mobile systems and where is future researchfrom their perspective necessary?Keywords：Wireless, 4G, W-OFDM, MC-CDMA, LAS-CDMA,UWB.I. INTRODUCTIONWhile carriers and handset manufacturers obviously havetheir hands full with 3G, some companies are alreadylooking beyond this next generation of wirelesstechnology and networks. 4G is simply an initiative byacademic R&D labs to move beyond the limitations andproblems of 3G which is having trouble getting deployedand meeting its promised performance and throughput.While this 3G has not completely reached researchers andvendors are expressing growing interest in 4G why? Twomain areas are addressed in these initiatives: An increaseof capacity in the radio link and seamless mobility acrossheterogeneous access networks. Section 2 discusses aboutthe issues of 3G that has created interest towards 4Gdevelopments.Section 3 about evolution and comparison,Section 4 describes about the goals and the vision, section5 explains about some of the technologies for 4G, and inother following sections the applications, the research andother issues for 4G developments are discussed.II. WHY THE LEAP TOWARDS 4G?3G networks are in a very painful phase of theirdevelopment, with early trials yielding disappointingresults, costs ballooning, technical glitches, and networkoperators being forced to deflate expectations based onunrealistic hype. Despite the hype surrounding thehigher-speed 3G mobile networks now underconstruction, the reasons for the leap towards 4G are:A. PerformanceIndustry skeptics say that users will not be able to takeadvantage of rich multimedia content across wirelessnetworks with 3G. 4G communications will featureextremely high-quality video equal to that of high-definitiontelevision. In addition, it will enable wirelessdownloads at speeds exceeding 100 Mbps, about 260times than 3G wireless network.B. InteroperabilityThere are multiple standards for 3G making it difficult toroam and interoperate across networks. We need a globalstandard that provides global mobility and serviceportability so that service provider would no longer bebound by single-system vendors of proprietaryequipment.C. Networking3G are based on primarily a wide-area concept. We needhybrid networks that utilize both wireless LAN (hot spot)concept and cell or base-station WAN design. With 4G,the world would have base stations everywhere, ensuringphone usersconnection to a high-speed networkanywhere, anytime.D. BandwidthWe need wider bandwidth and higher bit rates. The 4Gtechnology, with its transmission speeds of more than 20mbps, would offer high-bandwidth services within thereach of LAN "hotspots," installed in offices,homes,coffee shops,and airport lounges. Away from thesehotspots, customers could connect to souped-up 2Gnetworks for voice and rudimentary data coverage.E. TechnologyUnlike 3G, 4G will more resemble a conglomeration ofexisting technologies rather than an entirely newstandard. Analysts define 4G as a seamless combinationof existing 2G wireless networks with local-areanetworks (LANs) or Bluetooth.F. ConvergenceConvergence involves more than mere technology; it is acoming together of services and markets.We need allnetwork that utilizes IP in its fullest form with convergedvoice and data capability,which the 4G will achieve.G. Cost4G systems will prove far cheaper than 3G, since theycan be built atop existing networks and won't requireoperators to completely retool and won't require carriersto purchase costly extra spectrum.Also an open systemIP wireless environment would probably further reducescosts for service providers by ushering in an era of realequipment interoperability.H. ScalabilityScalability, or the ability to handle increasing numbers ofusers and diversity of services, is more challenging withmobile networks."Design for Scalability," includesinformation that can help you meet changing usagedemands.Because an all IP core layer of 4G is easilyscalable, it is ideally suited to meet this challenge.III.EVOLUTION AND COMPARISON OFBROADBANDWIRELESS1) First Generation (1G):1G wireless mobilecommunication systems, was introduced in the early1980s.1G wireless was analog and supported the firstgeneration of analog cell phones.They include asignaling protocol known as SS7 (Signaling System 7).2) Second Generation (2G): 2G systems, fielded in thelate 1980s, were intended primarily for voicetransmission and was all about digital PCS.3) Third Generation (3G): 3G in wireless will be adeliberate migration to faster, data-centric wirelessnetworks.The immediate goal is to raise transmissionspeeds from 125kbps to 2M bit/sec.4) Fourth Generation (4G): In reality, as of first half of2002, 4G is a conceptual framework for or a discussionpoint to address future needs of a universal high speedwireless network that will interface with wirelinebackbone network seamlessly.IV. THE 4G NETWORK THAT THECELL-HEADSDREAM ABOUT4G can be imagined of as an integrated wireless systemthat enables seamless roaming between technologies.Auser can be operating in cellular technology network andget handed over to a satellite-based network and back to afixed wireless network, depending upon the networkcoverage and preference of charging.A. The GoalsOpen Mobile Alliance’s (OMA) main goal is to makesure different wireless services and devices worktogether, and across countries, operators, and mobileterminals.Other plans in the group's charter include:•Deliver open standards and specifications based onmarket and customer requirements.• Create and promote a common industry view on anarchitectural framework.• Help consolidate standards groups and work inconjunction with other existing standardsorganizations and groups.B. The Composite Vision• 20 Mbps data rates• Streaming Audio/Video• Asymmetric Access• Adaptive Modulation/Coding• Dynamic packet assignment• Smart/Adaptive antennas supportedC. 4G Network Architecture“4G” wireless networks can be realized with an IP-basedcore network for global routing along with morecustomized local-area radio access networks that supportfeatures such as dynamic handoff and ad-hoc routing aswell as newer requirements such as self-organization,QoS, multicasting, content caching, etc..In 4G LANs will be installed in trains and trucks as wellas buildings, or even just formed on an ad-hoc basisbetween random collections of devices that happen tocome within radio range of one other. Routing in suchnetworks will depend on new architectures, already underdevelopment by the IEEE and a European project calledMobile IP Network Developments (MIND).D. The working PrincipleIn 4G-style mobile IP, each cell phone is assigned apermanent "home" IP address, along with a "care-of"address that represents its actual location.When acomputer somewhere on the Internet wants tocommunicate with the cell phone, it first sends apacketto the phone's home address.A directory server on thehome network forwards this to the care-of address via atunnel, as in regular mobile IP. However, the directoryserver also sends a message to the computer informing itof the correct care-of address, so future packets can besent directly.This should enable TCP sessions and HTTPdownloads to be maintained as users move betweendifferent types of networks.Because of the manyaddresses and the multiple layers of subnetting, IPv6 isneeded for this type of mobility.V. TECHNOLOGIES THAT SUPPORT 4GThe revolution in 4G will be the optical networking, thenew air interface, the portable device etc.A. The Transmission Protocols1) OFDM: OFDM is a digital modulation technology inwhich in one time symbol waveform, thousands oforthogonal waves are multiplexed.This is good for highbandwidth digital data transition.2) W-OFDM: W-OFDM enables data to be encoded onmultiple high-speed radio frequencies concurrently. Thisallows for greater security, increased amounts of databeing sent, and the industry’s most efficient use ofbandwidth.W-OFDM enables the implementation of lowpower multipoint RF networks that minimize interferencewith adjacent networks.This enables independentchannels to operate within the same band allowingmultipoint networks and point-to-point backbone systemsto be overlaid in the same frequency band.3) MC-CDMA : MC-CDMA is actually OFDM with aCDMA overlay.Similar to single-carrier CDMA systems,the users are multiplexed with orthogonal codes todistinguish users in (multi-carrier) MC-CDMA.Howeverin MC-CDMA, each user can be allocated several codes,where the data is spread in time or frequency.4) LAS-CDMA：LinkAir Communications is developer of LAS-CDMA(Large Area Synchronized Code Division MultipleAccess) a patented 4G wireless technology. LAS-CDMAenables high-speed data and increases voice capacity andlatest innovative solution, CDD, merges the highlyspectral efficient LAS-CDMA technology with thesuperior data transmission characteristics of TDD.Thisresulting combination makes CDD the most spectrallyefficient, high-capacity duplexing system available today.B. The Radio Interface-UWB RadioTo make 4G really work carries will need to migrate toUltra Wideband (UWB) technology.UWB radiowill deliver essential new wireless andwired bandwidth inexpensively, without using preciousand scarce radio frequencies.Instead,digital video, voiceand data are enabled using modulated pulses of energythat peacefully co-exist alongside traditionalcommunications.UWB radio solves the multipath fadingissues and is 1,000% more process efficient than CDMA.C. The Network-LMDSLocal multipoint distribution system (LMDS) is thebroadband wireless technology used to deliver voice,data, Internet, and video services in the 25-GHz andhigher spectrum (depending on licensing).The acronymLMDS is derived from the following: L(local)—denotes that propagation characteristics ofsignals in this frequency range limit the potentialcoverage area of a single cell site;M (multipoint)—indicates that signals are transmitted ina point-to-multipoint or broadcast method;D (distribution)—refers to the distribution of signals,which may consist of simultaneous voice, data, Internet,and video traffic;S (service)—implies the subscriber nature of therelationship between the operator and the customer.VI. POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS OF 4G1) Virtual Presence: 4G system gives mobile users a"virtual presence" -- for example, always-on connectionsthat keep people involved in business activities regardlessof whether they are on-site or off.2)Virtual navigation:A remote database contains thegraphical representation of streets, buildings, andphysical characteristics of a large metropolis.Blocks ofthis database are transmitted in rapid sequence to avehicle, where a rendering program permits the occupantsto visualize the environment ahead.3) Tele-medicine: 4G will support remote healthmonitoring of patients.For e.g. the paramedic assistingthe victim of traffic accident in a remote location mustaccess medical records and may need videoconferenceassistance from a surgeon for an emergency intervention.The paramedic may need to relay back to the hospital thevictim's x-rays taken locally.4)Tele-geoprocessing applications:Thecombination of geographical information systems (GIS),global positioning systems (GPS), and high-capacitywireless mobile systems will enable a new type ofapplication referred to as tele-geoprocessing.Queriesdependent on location information of several users, inaddition to temporal aspects have many applications.5) Crisis-management applications:Naturaldisasters can affect the entire communicationsinfrastructure is in disarray.Restoring communicationsquickly is essential.With wideband wireless mobilecommunications Internet and video services, could be setup in hours instead of days or even weeks required forrestoration of wireline communications.6) Education :Educational opportunities availableon the internet, for individuals interested in life-longeducation, will be unavailable to client in remote areasbecause of the economic unfeasibility of providingwideband wireline internet access.4G wirelesscommunications provides a cost-effective alternative inthese situations.VII. ROLE OF THE WIRELESSINDUSTRYRECOMMENDATIONSWe are bringing to the attention of professionalsfollowing issues and problems that must be analyzed andresolved:1)Standardization: Standardization of wireless networksin terms of modulation techniques, switching schemesand roaming is an absolute necessity for 4G. We mustpay more attention to general meaning advancedtechnologies.2) Lower Price Points Only Slightly Higher thanAlternatives: The business visionaries should do someeconomic modeling before they start 4G hype. Theyshould understand that 4G data applications likestreaming video must compete with very low costwireline applications.3) More Coordination Among Spectrum RegulatorsAround the World:We must demand almost freespectrum NOT necessarily unlicensed Spectrumregulation bodies must get involved in guiding theresearchers by indicating which frequency band might beused for 4G.4) Regulatory frameworks:Policy and RegulatoryEnvironment which Provides Transparency, Certaintyand a Level Playing Field are necessary. The mostimportant thing is that we should recognize thatregulatory framework is as much an evolving matter astechnology, and be prepared to meet changes with anopen-minded and pragmatic attitude, always keeping theinterests of the industry and consumers in mind.5) More Academic Research:Universities must spendmore effort in solving fundamental problems in radiocommunications (especially multiband and widebandradios, intelligent antennas and signal processing).6) Voice-independent Business Justification Thinking:Business and Technology executives should not bias theirbusiness models by using voice channels as economicdeterminant for data applications.V oice has a built-indemand limit - data applications do not.7) Integration Across Different Network Topologies:Network architects must base their architecture on hybridnetwork concepts thatintegrates wireless wide areanetworks, wireless LANS (IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11b,IEEE 802.11g, IEEE 802.15 and IEEE 802.16), Bluetoothwith fiber-based Internet backbone.Broadband wirelessnetworks must be a part of this integrated networkarchitecture.8) Non-disruptive Implementation: Upgrading from 3G to 4G is expected to be seamless to end-users with nodevice upgrades required.VIII. DEVELOPMENTS IN 4GAT&T is combining W-OFDM and EDGE technologies,to provide broadband mobile downlink access at peakrates of up to 10 Mbps while EDGE offers uplink accessat 384 Kbps with an 800KHz bandwidth in a high-mobilityenvironment.Sun Microsystems Laboratories are building 4G wirelesstechnologies that promise tointegrate voice and web datain an IP-based mobile communications.The Government of Karnataka in India has signed a MoUwith Charmed Technologies Inc from Beverly Hills,California and Software Technology Parks of India inKarnataka to develop 4G wireless technology. Theproject plan to use wireless technology based on theIEEE802.11a and IEEE802.11b standards for wirelessLAN for the underlying network is designed to support adata rate of up to 11Mbps and 54Mbps respectively. Thegoal is to get 6 billion people connected to the wirelessInternet by 2010.NTT DoCoMo and Hewlett-Packard Company &MOTOmediacollaboration will explore new mobile serviceconcepts in which people, places and things will be ableto interact, thereby bridging the real and the cyber world.MOTO-media is expected to enable high performancestreaming of multimedia content to mobile users.DoCoMo and HP aim to nish the shared study of basictechnology by 2003 and hope to push for 4G in 2006.IX. SUGGESTIONSWe would like to give the following suggestions for thedevelopment of 4G mobile technologies:1. Technologies like 4G must be developed to integrateinto a more flexible network that grow within thenetwork so that we don't have to scarp the old network toimplement the next generation, the generations to come.2. The very big challenge for developing a technology isproper human resource for building high quality systems.Big organization, which is engaged in software andsystem development, should rapidly go for tie-ups witheducational institutes for better manpower and knowledgemanagement.3. We talk about mobile multimedia that 4G will supportbut in reality people are not going to watch TV whilethey walk down the street. Likewise people will not buyCoca Cola at vending machines with a cell phone. Quitoften services conjured up by the engineering side of thevendor organizations has little to do with the reality. Sowireless industry should ponder well about marketdemand and invest money so that they will not be at loss.X.CONCLUSION4G should make a significant difference and addperceived benefit to an ordinary person’s life over 3G.We should drop the 2.5G, 3G, 4G speak altogether wherean additional “G” means merely an increase in capacity.What really means something for the users are newservices, integration of services, applications etc. Ourgoal is to struggle to get a “G”eneration of standards sothat we can take our phone anywhere in the world andaccess any service or communicate with any other userany way we want that will offer connectivity soinexpensively. In short, 4G or WWWW (World WideWireless web) should be a more intelligent technologythat interconnects the entire world without limits.二、英文翻译：下一代无线宽带的目标（4G—5G）摘要：随着接入技术的增长，语音、视频、多媒体和宽带数据业务正在集成到同一个网络中去。

毕 业 设 计（论 文）外 文 参 考资 料 及 译 文译文题目： CIC MegaCore Function 学生姓名： 高佳 学 号： 1021129024 专 业： 通信工程 所在学院： 龙蟠学院 指导教师： 姜志鹏 职 称： 讲师2013年11月06日CIC MegaCore Function----From DescriptionThis document describes the Altera CIC MegaCore function. The Altera CIC MegaCore function implements a cascaded integrator-comb filter with data ports that are compatible with the Avalon Streaming interface. CIC filters (also known as Hogenauer filters) are computationally efficient for extracting baseband signals from narrow-band sources using decimation, and for constructing narrow-band signals from processed baseband signals using interpolation.CIC filters use only adders and registers, and require no multipliers to handle large rate changes. Therefore, CIC is a suitable and economical filter architecture for hardware implementation, and is widely used in sample rate conversion designs such as digital down converters (DDC) and digital up converters (DUC).The Altera CIC MegaCore function supports the following features:■Support for interpolation and decimation filters with variable rate change factors (2 to 32,000), a configurable number of stages (1 to 12), and two differential delay options (1 or 2).■Single clock domain with selectable number of interfaces and a maximum of 1,024 channels.■Selectable data storage options with an option to use pipelined integrators.■Configurable input data width (1 to 32 bits) and output data width (1 to full resolution data width).■Selectable output rounding modes (truncation, convergent rounding, rounding up, or saturation) and Hogenauer pruning support.■Optimization for speed by specifying the number of pipeline stages used by each integrator.■Compensation filter coefficients generation.■Easy-to-use MegaWizard interface for parameterization and hardware generation.■IP functional simulation models for use in Altera-supported VHDL and Verilog HDL simulators.■DSP Builder ready.Cascaded Integrator Comb (CIC) filters are widely used in modern communication systems. As the signal processing in all aspects of requirements are constantly improve, in digital technology, the design of the filter appears increasingly important.Those who have signal processing ability of device can be referred to as a filter.In the modern telecommunications equipment and all kinds of control system, filter is widely used.Of all the electronic devices, using the most, the most widely used, technology is the most complex filter.Filter quality directly decides the product quality, good performance of filter can make the system more stable, so the filter of the countries all over the research and production has always been highly valued.With the wide application of digital technology, field programmable gate array (FPGA) has been the rapid development, integration and speed is growing.FPGA has high integration and reliability of the gate array (FPGA), and programmable resistance, maximum limit reduces the design cost, shorten the development cycle.Using CIC filters provides a silicon efficient architecture for performing sample rate conversion. This is achieved by extracting baseband signals from narrow-band sources using decimation, and constructing narrow-band signals from processed baseband signals using interpolation. The key advantage of CIC filters is that they use only adders and registers,and do not require multipliers to implement in hardware for handling large rate changes.A CIC filter (also known as a Hogenauer filter) can be used to perform either decimation or interpolation. A decimation CIC filter comprises a cascade of integrators (called the integrator section), followed by a down sampling block (decimator) and a cascade of differentiators (called the differentiator or comb section). Similarly an interpolation CIC filter comprises a cascade of differentiators, followed by an up sampling block (interpolator) and a cascade of integrators .In a CIC filter, both the integrator and comb sections have the same number of integrators and differentiators. Each pairing of integrator and differentiator is called a stage. The number of stages ( N ) has a direct effect on the frequency response of a CIC filter. The response of the filter is determined by configuring the number of stages N , therate change factor R and the number of delays in the differentiators (called the differential delay) M . In practice, the differential delay is set to 1 or 2.The MegaWizard interface only allows you to select legal combinations of parameters, and warns you of any invalid configurations .For high rate change factors, the maximum required data width for no data loss is large for many practical cases. To reduce the output data width to the input level, quantization is normally applied at the end of the output stage. In this case, the following rounding or saturation options are available:■Truncation : The LSBs are dropped. (This is equivalent to rounding to minus infinity.)■Convergent rounding . Also known as unbiased rounding . Rounds to the nearest even number . If the most significant deleted bit is one, and either the least significant of the remaining bits or at least one of the other deleted bits is one, then one is added to the remaining bits.■Round up: Also known as rounding to plus infinity. Adds the MSB of the discarded bits for positive and negative numbers via the carry in.■Saturation: Puts a limit value (upper limit in the case of overflow, or lower limit in the case of negative overflow) at the output when the input exceeds the allowed range. The upper limit is+2n-1 and lower limit is –2n.These rounding options can only be applied to the output st age of the filter. The data widths at the intermediate stages are not changed. The next section describes cases where the data width at the intermediate stages can be changed.Hogenauer pruning [Reference ] is a technique that utilizes truncation or rounding in intermediate stages with the retained numb er of bits decreasing monotonically from stage to stage, while the total error introduced is still no greater than the quantization error introduced by rounding the full precision output. This technique helps to reduce the number of logic cells used by the filter and gives better performance.The existing algorithms for computing the Hogenauer bit width growth for large N and R values are computationally expensive.For more information about these algorithms, refer to U. Meyer-Baese, Digital Signal Processing with Field Programmable Gate Arrays, 2nd Edition, Spinger, 2004.The CIC MegaCore function has pre-calculated Hogenauer pruning bit widths stored within the MegaCore function. There is no need to wait for Hogenauer pruning bit widths to be calculated if Hogenauer pruning is enabled for a decimation filter. Hogenauer pruning is only available to decimation filters when the selected output data width is smaller than the full output resolution data width.There are often many channels of data in a digital signal processing (DSP) system that require filtering by CIC filters with the same configuration. These can be combined into one filter, which shares the adders that exist in each stage and reduces the overall resource utilization. This combined filter uses fewer resources than using many individual CIC filters. For example, a two-channel parallel filter requires two clock cycles to calculate two outputs. The resulting hardware would need to run at twice the data rate of an individual filter. This is especially useful for higher rate changes where adders grow particularly large.To minimize the number of logic elements , a multiple input single output (MISO) architecture can be used for decimation filters, and a single input multiple output (SIMO) architecture for interpolation filters as described in the following sections.In many practical designs, channel signals come from different input interfaces. On each input interface, the same parameters including rate change factors are applied to the channel data that the CIC filter is going to process. The CIC MegaCore function allows the flexibility to exploit time sharing of the low rate differentiator sections. This is achieved by providing multiple input interfaces and processing chains for the high rate portions, then combining all of the processing associated with the lower rate portions into a single processing chain. This strategy can lead to full utilization of the resources and represents the most efficient hardware implementation. These architectures are known as multiple input single output (MISO) decimation filters.Single input multiple output (SIMO) is a feature associated with interpolation CIC filters. In this architecture, all the channel signals presented for filtering come from a single input interface.Like the MISO case, it is possible to share the low sampling rate differentiator section amongst more channels than the higher sampling frequency integrator sections. Therefore, this architecture features a single instance of the differentiator section, and multiple parallel instances of the integrator sections.After processing by the differentiator section, the channel signals are split into multiple parallel sections for processing in a high sampling frequency by the integrator sections. The sampling frequency of the input data is such that it is only possible to time multiplex two channels per bus, therefore the CIC filter must be configured with two input interfaces. Because two interfaces are required, the rate change factor must also be at least two to exploit this architecture. Up to 1,024 channels can be supported by using multiple input interfaces in this way.Single input multiple output (SIMO) is a feature associated with interpolation CIC filters. In this architecture, all the channel signals presented for filtering come from a single input interface. Like the MISO case, it is possible to share the low sampling rate differentiator section amongst more channels than the higher sampling frequency integrator sections.Therefore, this architecture features a single instance of the differentiator section, and multiple parallel instances of the integrator sections.After processing by the differentiator section, the channel signals are split into multiple parallel sections for processing in a high sampling frequency by the integrator sections.The required sampling frequency of the output data is such that it is only possible to time multiplex two channels per bus. Therefore the CIC filter must be configured with four output interfaces. Because four interfaces are required, the rate change factor must also be at least four to exploit this architecture, but in this example a rate change of eight is illustrated.SIMO architecture is applied when an interpolation filter type is chosen and the number of interfaces selected in the MegaWizard interface is greater than one.The total number of input channels must be a multiple of the number of interfaces. To satisfy this requirement, you may need to either insert dummy channels or use more than one CIC MegaCore function. Data is transferred as packets using AvalonStreaming interfaces. CIC filters have a low-pass filter characteristic. There are only three parameters (the rate change factor R , the number of stages N , and the differential delay M ) that can be modified to alter the passband characteristics and aliasing/imaging rejection. However, due to their drooping passband gains and wide transition regions, CIC filters alone cannot provide the flat passband and narrow transition region filter performance that is typically required in decimation or interpolation filtering applications.This problem can be alleviated by connecting the decimation or interpolation CIC filter to a compensation FIR filter which narrows the output bandwidth and flattens the passband gain.You can use a frequency sampling method to determine the coefficients of a FIR filter that equalizes the undesirable passband droop of the CIC and construct an ideal frequency response.The ideal frequency response is determined by sampling the normalized magnitude response of the CIC filter before inverting the response.Generally, it is only necessary to equalize the response in the passband, but you can sample further than the passband to fine tune the cascaded response of the filter chain.The Avalon-ST interface can also support more complex protocols for burst and packet transfers with packets interleaved across multiple channels.The Avalon-ST interface inherently synchronizes multi-channel designs, which allows you to achieve efficient, time-multiplexed implementations without having to implement complex control logic.CIC MegaCore函数----摘自 描述这篇文章对Altera公司的CIC 宏函数作了说明。

郑州轻工业学院本科毕业设计（论文）——英文翻译题目差错控制编码解决加性噪声的仿真学生姓名专业班级通信工程05-2 学号 12院（系）计算机与通信工程学院指导教师完成时间 2009年4月26日英文原文:Data communicationsGildas Avoine and Philippe OechslinEPFL, Lausanne, Switzerlandfgildas.avoine, philippe.oechsling@ep.chAbstractData communications are communications and computer technology resulting from the combination of a new means of communication. To transfer information between the two places must have transmission channel, according to the different transmission media, there is wired data communications and wireless data communications division. But they are through the transmission channel data link terminals and computers, different locations of implementation of the data terminal software and hardware and the sharing of information resources.1 The development of data communicationsThe first phase: the main language, through the human, horsepower, war and other means of transmission of original information.Phase II: Letter Post. (An increase means the dissemination of information)The third stage: printing. (Expand the scope of information dissemination)Phase IV: telegraph, telephone, radio. (Electric to enter the time)Fifth stage: the information age, with the exception of language information, there are data, images, text and so on.1.1 The history of modern data communicationsCommunication as a Telecommunications are from the 19th century, the beginning Year 30. Faraday discovered electromagnetic induction in 1831. Morse invented telegraph in 1837. Maxwell's electromagnetic theory in 1833. Bell invented the telephone in 1876. Marconi invented radio in 1895. Telecom has opened up in the new era. Tube invented in 1906 in order to simulate the development of communications.Sampling theorem of Nyquist criteria In 1928. Shannong theorem in 1948. The invention of the 20th century, thesemiconductor 50, thereby the development of digital communications. During the 20th century, the invention of integrated circuits 60. Made during the 20th century, 40 the concept of geostationary satellites, but can not be achieved. During the 20th century, space technology 50. Implementation in 1963 first synchronized satellite communications. The invention of the 20th century, 60 laser, intended to be used for communications, was not successful. 70 The invention of the 20th century, optical fiber, optical fiber communications can be developed.1.2 Key figuresBell (1847-1922), English, job in London in 1868. In 1871 to work in Boston. In 1873, he was appointed professor at Boston University. In 1875, invented many Telegram Rd. In 1876, invented the telephone. Lot of patents have been life. Yes, a deaf wife.Marconi (1874-1937), Italian people, in 1894, the pilot at his father's estate. 1896, to London. In 1897, the company set up the radio reported. In 1899, the first time the British and French wireless communications. 1916, implementation of short-wave radio communications. 1929, set up a global wireless communications network. Kim won the Nobel Prize. Took part in the Fascist Party.1.3 Classification of Communication SystemsAccording to type of information: Telephone communication system, Cable television system ,Data communication systems.Modulation by sub: Baseband transmission,Modulation transfer.Characteristics of transmission signals in accordance with sub: Analog Communication System ,Digital communication system.Transmission means of communication system: Cable Communications,Twisted pair, coaxial cable and so on.And long-distance telephone communication. Modulation: SSB / FDM. Based on the PCM time division multiple coaxial digital base-band transmission technology. Will gradually replace the coaxial fiber.Microwave relay communications:Comparison of coaxial and easy to set up, low investment, short-cycle. Analog phone microwave communications mainly SSB / FM /FDM modulation, communication capacity of 6,000 road / Channel. Digital microwave using BPSK, QPSK and QAM modulation techniques. The use of 64QAM, 256QAM such as multi-level modulation technique enhance the capacity of microwave communications can be transmitted at 40M Channel 1920 ~ 7680 Telephone Rd PCM figure.Optical Fiber Communication: Optical fiber communication is the use of lasers in optical fiber transmission characteristics of long-distance with a large communication capacity, communication, long distance and strong anti-interference characteristics. Currently used for local, long distance, trunk transmission, and progressive development of fiber-optic communications network users. At present, based on the long-wave lasers and single-mode optical fiber, each fiber road approach more than 10,000 calls, optical fiber communication itself is very strong force. Over the past decades, optical fiber communication technology develops very quickly, and there is a variety of applications, access devices, photoelectric conversion equipment, transmission equipment, switching equipment, network equipment and so on. Fiber-optic communications equipment has photoelectric conversion module and digital signal processing unit is composed of two parts.Satellite communications: Distance communications, transmission capacity, coverage, and not subject to geographical constraints and high reliability. At present, the use of sophisticated techniques Analog modulation, frequency division multiplexing and frequency division multiple access. Digital satellite communication using digital modulation, time division multiple road in time division multiple access.Mobile Communications: GSM, CDMA. Number of key technologies for mobile communications: modulation techniques, error correction coding and digital voice encoding. Data Communication Systems.1.4 Five basic types of data communication system:（1）Off-line data transmission is simply the use of a telephone or similar link to transmit data without involving a computer system.The equipment used at both ends of such a link is not part of a computer, or at least does not immediately make the data available for computer process, that is, the data when sent and / or received are 'off-line'.This type of data communication is relatively cheap and simple.（2）Remote batch is the term used for the way in which data communication technology is used geographically to separate the input and / or output of data from the computer on which they are processed in batch mode.（3）On-line data collection is the method of using communications technology to provide input data to a computer as such input arises-the data are then stored in the computer (say on a magnetic disk) and processed either at predetermined intervals or as required.（4）Enquiry-response systems provide, as the term suggests, the facility for a user to extract information from a computer.The enquiry facility is passive, that is, does not modify the information stored.The interrogation may be simple, for example, 'RETRIEVE THE RECORD FOR EMPLOYEE NUMBER 1234 'or complex.Such systems may use terminals producing hard copy and / or visual displays.（5）Real-time systems are those in which information is made available to and processed by a computer system in a dynamic manner so that either the computer may cause action to be taken to influence events as they occur (for example as in a process control application) or human operators may be influenced by the accurate and up-to-date information stored in the computer, for example as in reservation systems.2 Signal spectrum with bandwidthElectromagnetic data signals are encoded, the signal to be included in the data transmission. Signal in time for the general argument to show the message (or data) as a parameter (amplitude, frequency or phase) as the dependent variable. Signal of their value since the time variables are or not continuous, can be divided into continuous signals and discrete signals; according to whether the values of the dependent variable continuous, can be divided into analog signals and digital Signal.Signals with time-domain and frequency domain performance of the two most basic forms and features. Time-domain signal over time to reflect changing circumstances. Frequency domain characteristics of signals not only contain the same information domain, and the spectrum of signal analysis, can also be a clear understanding of the distribution ofthe signal spectrum and share the bandwidth. In order to receive the signal transmission and receiving equipment on the request channel, Only know the time-domain characteristics of the signal is not enough, it is also necessary to know the distribution of the signal spectrum. Time-domain characteristics of signals to show the letter .It’s changes over time. Because most of the signal energy is concentrated in a relatively narrow band, so most of our energy focused on the signal that Paragraph referred to as the effective band Bandwidth, or bandwidth. Have any signal bandwidth. In general, the greater the bandwidth of the signal using this signal to send data Rate on the higher bandwidth requirements of transmission medium greater. We will introduce the following simple common signal and bandwidth of the spectrum.More or less the voice signal spectrum at 20 Hz ~ 2000 kHz range (below 20 Hz infrasound signals for higher than 2000 KHz. For the ultrasonic signal), but with a much narrower bandwidth of the voice can produce an acceptable return, and the standard voice-frequency signal gnal 0 ~ 4 MHz, so the bandwidth of 4 MHz.As a special example of the monostable pulse infinite bandwidth. As for the binary signal, the bandwidth depends on the generalThe exact shape of the signal waveform, as well as the order of 0,1. The greater the bandwidth of the signal, it more faithfully express the number of sequences.3 The cut-off frequency channel with bandwidthAccording to Fourier series we know that if a signal for all frequency components can be completely the same through the transmission channel to the receiving end, then at the receiving frequency components of these formed by stacking up the signal and send the signal side are exactly the same, That is fully recovered from the receiving end of the send-side signals. But on the real world, there is no channel to no wear and tear through all the Frequency components. If all the Fourier components are equivalent attenuation, then the signal reception while Receive termination at an amplitude up Attenuation, but the distortion did not happen. However, all the transmission channel and equipment for different frequency components of the degree of attenuation is differentSome frequency components almost no attenuation, and attenuation of some frequency components by anumber, that is to say, channel also has a certain amount of vibrationIncrease the frequency characteristics, resulting in output signal distortion. Usually are frequency of 0 Hz to fc-wide channel at Chuan harmonic lost during the attenuation does not occur (or are a very small attenuation constant), whereas in the fc frequency harmonics at all above the transmission cross Decay process a lot, we put the signal in the transmission channel of the amplitude attenuation of a component to the original 0.707(that is, the output signal Reduce by half the power) when the frequency of the corresponding channel known as the cut-off frequency (cut - off frequency).Cut-off frequency transmission medium reflects the inherent physical properties. Other cases, it is because people interested in Line filter is installed to limit the bandwidth used by each user. In some cases, because of the add channel Two-pass filter, which corresponds to two-channel cut-off frequency f1 and f2, they were called up under the cut-off frequency and the cut-off frequency.This difference between the two cut-off frequency f2-f1 is called the channel bandwidth. If the input signal bandwidth is less than the bandwidth of channel, then the entire input signal Frequency components can be adopted by the Department of channels, which the letter Road to be the output of the output waveform will be true yet. However, if the input signal bandwidth greater than the channel bandwidth, the signal of a Frequency components can not be more on the channel, so that the signal output will be sent with the sending end of the signal is somewhat different, that is produced Distortion. In order to ensure the accuracy of data transmission, we must limit the signal bandwidth.4 Data transfer rateChannel maximum data transfer rate Unit time to be able to transfer binary data transfer rate as the median. Improve data transfer rate means that the space occupied by each Reduce the time that the sequence of binary digital pulse will reduce the cycle time, of course, will also reduce the pulse width.The previous section we already know, even if the binary digital pulse signal through a limited bandwidth channel will also be the ideal generated wave Shape distortion, and when must the input signal bandwidth, the smaller channel bandwidth, output waveformdistortion will be greater. Another angle Degree that when a certain channel bandwidth, the greater the bandwidth of the input signal, the output signal the greater the distortion, so when the data transmissionRate to a certain degree (signal bandwidth increases to a certain extent), in the on-channel output signal from the receiver could not have been Distortion of the output signal sent to recover a number of sequences. That is to say, even for an ideal channel, the limited bandwidth limit System of channel data transfer rate.At early 1924, H. Nyquist (Nyquist) to recognize the basic limitations of this existence, and deduced that the noise-free Limited bandwidth channel maximum data transfer rate formula. In 1948, C. Shannon (Shannon) put into the work of Nyquist 1 Step-by-step expansion of the channel by the random noise interference. Here we do not add on to prove to those now seen as the result of a classic.Nyquist proved that any continuous signal f (t) through a noise-free bandwidth for channel B, its output signal as a Time bandwidth of B continuous signal g (t). If you want to output digital signal, it must be the rate of g (t) for interval Sample. 2B samples per second times faster than are meaningless, because the signal bandwidth B is higher than the high-frequency component other than a letter has been Road decay away. If g (t) by V of discrete levels, namely, the likely outcome of each sample for the V level of a discrete one, The biggest channel data rate Rm ax as follows:Rmax = 2Blog 2 V (bit / s)For example, a 3000 Hz noise bandwidth of the channel should not transmit rate of more than 6,000 bits / second binary digital signal.In front of us considered only the ideal noise-free channel. There is noise in the channel, the situation will rapidly deteriorate. Channel Thermal noise with signal power and noise power ratio to measure the signal power and noise power as the signal-to-noise ratio (S ignal - to -- Noise Ratio). If we express the signal power S, and N express the noise power, while signal to noise ratio should be expressed as S / N. However, people Usually do not use the absolute value of signal to noise ratio, but the use of 10 lo g1 0S / N to indicate the units are decibels (d B). For the S / N equal 10 Channel, said its signal to noise ratio for the 1 0 d B; the same token, if the channel S / N equal to one hundred, then the signal to noiseratio for the 2 0 d B; And so on. S hannon noise channel has about the maximum data rate of the conclusions are: The bandwidth for the BH z, signal to noise ratio for the S / N Channel, the maximum data rate Rm ax as follows:Rmax = Blog 2 (1 + S / N) (bits / second)For example, for a bandwidth of 3 kHz, signal to noise ratio of 30 dB for the channel, regardless of their use to quantify the number of levels, nor Fast sampling rate control, the data transfer rate can not be greater than 30,000 bits / second. S h a n n o n the conclusions are derived based on information theory Out for a very wide scope, in order to go beyond this conclusion, like you want to invent perpetual motion machine, as it is almost impossible.It is worth noting that, S hannon conclusions give only a theoretical limit, and in fact, we should be pretty near the limit Difficult.SUMMARYMessage signals are (or data) of a magnetic encoder, the signal contains the message to be transmitted. Signal according to the dependent variable Whether or not a row of values, can be classified into analog signals and digital signals, the corresponding communication can be divided into analog communication and digital communication.Fourier has proven: any signal (either analog or digital signal) are different types of harmonic frequencies Composed of any signal has a corresponding bandwidth. And any transmission channel signal attenuation signals will, therefore, Channel transmission of any signal at all, there is a data transfer rate limitations, and this is Chengkui N yquist (Nyquist) theorem and S hannon (Shannon) theorem tells us to conclusions.Transmission medium of computer networks and communication are the most basic part of it at the cost of the entire computer network in a very Large proportion. In order to improve the utilization of transmission medium, we can use multiplexing. Frequency division multiplexing technology has many Road multiplexing, wave division multiplexing and TDM three that they use on different occasions.Data exchange technologies such as circuit switching, packet switching and packetswitching three have their respective advantages and disadvantages. M odem are at Analog phone line for the computer's binary data transmission equipment. Modem AM modulation methods have, FM, phase modulation and quadrature amplitude modulation, and M odem also supports data compression and error control. The concept of data communications Data communication is based on "data" for business communications systems, data are pre-agreed with a good meaning of numbers, letters or symbols and their combinations.参考文献[1]C.Y.Huang and A.Polydoros,“Two small SNR classification rules for CPM,”inProc.IEEE Milcom,vol.3,San Diego,CA,USA,Oct.1992,pp.1236–1240.[2]“Envelope-based classification schemes for continuous-phase binary Frequency-shift-keyed modulations,”in Pr oc.IEEE Milcom,vol.3,Fort Monmouth,NJ,USA,Oct.1994,pp. 796–800.[3]A.E.El-Mahdy and N.M.Namazi,“Classification of multiple M-ary frequency-shift keying over a rayleigh fading channel,”IEEE m.,vol.50,no.6,pp.967–974,June 2002.[4]Consulative Committee for Space Data Systems(CCSDS),Radio Frequency and Modulation SDS,2001,no.401.[5]E.E.Azzouz and A.K.Nandi,“Procedure for automatic recognition of analogue and digital modulations,”IEE mun,vol.143,no.5,pp.259–266,Oct.1996.[6]A.Puengn im,T.Robert,N.Thomas,and J.Vidal,“Hidden Markov models for digital modulation classification in unknown ISI channels,”in Eusipco2007,Poznan,Poland, September 2007,pp.1882–1885.[7]E.Vassalo and M.Visintin,“Carrier phase synchronization for GMSK signals,”I nt.J.Satell. Commun.,vol.20,no.6,pp.391–415,Nov.2002.[8]J.G.Proakis,Digital Communications.Mc Graw Hill,2001.[9]L.Rabiner,“A tutorial on hidden Markov models and selected applications in speechrecognition,”Proc.IEEE,vol.77,no.2,pp.257–286,1989.英文译文：数据通信Gildas Avoine and Philippe OechslinEPFL, Lausanne, Switzerlandfgildas.avoine, philippe.oechsling@ep.ch摘要数据通信是通信技术和计算机技术相结合而产生的一种新的通信方式。

南京理工大学毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译学院（系）：电子工程与光电技术学院专业：通信工程姓名：学号：外文出处：1. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ONANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION,VOL. 53,NO.9, SEPTEMBER 20052. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ONMICROWA VE THEORY ANDTECHNIQUES, VOL. 53,NO.6,JUNE 2005附件：1.外文资料翻译译文一；2.外文资料翻译译文二；3.外文原文一；4.外文原文二；注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。

附件1：外文资料翻译译文一在单封装超宽波段无线通信中使用LTCC技术的平面天线作者：Chen Ying and Y.P.Zhang摘要：此通讯提出了一个使用低温度共烧陶瓷技术的平面天线用于超宽频带（UWB）无线通信的单封装解决方案。

该天线具有一个通过微带线反馈的椭圆形的辐射体。

该辐射体和微带线拥有与其它UWBR电路相同的接地板。

实验结果表明原型天线已达到110.9％的带宽，从1.34到5.43 dBi的增益，宽模式和频率从3到10.6GHz 的相对恒定的群延迟。

更多地还发现，标准化天线辐射功率谱密度基本符合FCCS 对于室内UWB系统的发射限制。

关键词：低温共烧陶瓷（LTCC），平面天线，超宽频带（UWB）。

一、引言现在，发展用于窄范围高速度的无线通信网络的超宽频带（UWB）无线电是一个研究热点。

超宽带无线电利用一个7.5 GHz的超宽带宽来交换信息。

使用这样大的带宽，在使U超宽带无线电发挥它最大的作用上存在一些问题.其中的一个主要问题是用于移植系统的超宽带天线的设计。

好的超宽带天线应具有较低的回波损耗，全向辐射模式，从3.1至10.6 GHz的超宽带宽下的高效率，同时也应当满足FCCS规定的发射限制。

现在已经有一些超宽带天线，如钻石偶极子和互补缝隙天线。

它们已被证明适用于超宽带无线电[1] - [4]。

毕业设计（论文）的外文文献翻译原始资料的题目/来源：Fundamentals of wireless communications by David Tse翻译后的中文题目：无线通信基础专业通信工程学生王晓宇学号110240318班号1102403指导教师杨洪娟翻译日期2015年6月15日外文文献的中文翻译7．mimo：空间多路复用与信道建模本书我们已经看到多天线在无线通信中的几种不同应用。

在第3章中，多天线用于提供分集增益，增益无线链路的可靠性，并同时研究了接受分解和发射分解，而且，接受天线还能提供功率增益。

在第5章中，我们看到了如果发射机已知信道，那么多采用多幅发射天线通过发射波束成形还可以提供功率增益。

在第6章中，多副发射天线用于生产信道波动，满足机会通信技术的需要，改方案可以解释为机会波束成形，同时也能够提供功率增益。

章以及接下来的几章将研究一种利用多天线的新方法。

我们将会看到在合适的信道衰落条件下，同时采用多幅发射天线和多幅接收天线可以提供用于通信的额外的空间维数并产生自由度增益，利用这些额外的自由度可以将若干数据流在空间上多路复用至MIMO信道中，从而带来容量的增加：采用n副发射天线和接受天线的这类MIMO 信道的容量正比于n。

过去一度认为在基站采用多幅天线的多址接入系统允许若干个用户同时与基站通信，多幅天线可以实现不同用户信号的空间隔离。

20世纪90年代中期，研究人员发现采用多幅发射天线和接收天线的点对点信道也会出现类似的效应，即使当发射天线相距不远时也是如此。

只要散射环境足够丰富，使得接受天线能够将来自不同发射天线的信号分离开，该结论就成立。

我们已经了解到了机会通信技术如何利用信道衰落，本章还会看到信道衰落对通信有益的另一例子。

将机会通信与MIMO技术提供的性能增益的本质进行比较和对比是非常的有远见的。

机会通信技术主要提供功率增益，改功率增益在功率受限系统的低信噪比情况下相当明显，但在宽带受限系统的高信噪比情况下则很不明显。

英文资料Ultra-Wideband Systems for Data CommunicationsG. Racherla, J.L. Ellis, D.S. Furuno, S.C. LinGeneral Atomics, Advanced Wireless Group10240 Flanders Ct. San Diego CA 92121WebsitABSTRACTUltra-Widebandt (UWB) is a radio transmission scheme that uses extremely low power pulses of radio energy spread across a wide spectrum of frequencies. UWB has several advantages over conventional continuous wave radio communications including potential support for high data rates, robustness to multipath interference and fading. We present an overview of UWB technology and its use in data communications and networking. We look at design considerations for UWB based networks at various layers of the protocol stack.1.INTRODUCTIONUltra-Wideband [1-6]一also known as baseband or impulse radio一is a carrier-free radio transmission that uses narrow, extremely low power pulses of radio energy spread across a wide spectrum of frequencies. UWB has recently gained a great deal of interest due to the recent Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Report and Order which allocates the UWB band一7.5 GHz of unlicensed spectrum for indoor and outdoor communication applications. UWB communications are required to have a -10 dB fractional bandwidth of more than 20% or a -10 dB bandwidth of more than 500 MHz [7]. It is important to note that the FCC has not defined a specific modulation scheme to be used. UWB systems offer the promise of high data rate, low susceptibilityto multipath fading, high transmission security low prime power requirements, low cost, and simple design [1,2,5,6].UWB has been used in military applications for the past several years for ground-penetrating precision radar applications and secure communications [3,8]. For the past few years, UWB has been developed for commercial applications [1,2,5,6]. With the recent FCC [7] report and order for theuse of UWB technology, there has been an added impetus to this endeavor. Other notable UWB applications include collision avoidance radar, tagging/identification; geolocation [9] and data communications in personal area networks (PAN) and local area network (LAN) environments.There are several future challenges to the wide adoption of UWB for wireless data communications including the infancy of the technology in the commercial arena, lack of reliablechannel models, the early stages of standardization effort and lack of low-cost system on chip (SoC) implementations. In this paper, we look at UWB technology for data communications and inside a UWB physical (PHY) layer characteristics. We also briefly introduce other related wireless standards such as 802.11 [10], 802.15.3 [11-13] Bluetooth [14], HomeRF [15] and HIPERLAN [16] and present a brief synopsis of the regulatory effort worldwide with special emphasis on the FCC. We also present the design considerations for UWB based data networking.2.ULTRA-WIDEBAND TECHNOLOGYThe basic waveform that employed in a UWB system is an approximation to an impulse, such as that shown in Fig. 1. The short duration of the pulse is associated with large inherent bandwidth; hence, the nomenclature "Ultra-Wideband". Typical attributes of UWB waveforms are summarized in Table 1.Fig. 1. UWB waveform example.The high spectral content of the UWB waveform gives rise to one of the primary advantages UWB operation for communications where a UWB system is robust against multipath fading[17] and narrowband interference [18]. In multipath fading, where the transmitted radio frequency (rt) signal can reflect off objects in its transmission path and can cause destructive interferences at the receiver, a loss of reception can occur. ThisTable 1: Characteristics of Typical UWB SystemsFractional Bandwidth > 20%Pulse Width 0.1-2 asPulse Repetition Frequency 1 kHz-2 GHzAverage Transmitted Power<1mWeffect is particularly problematic indoors where there are many reflecting surfaces. In the frequency domain, multipath is shown as frequency selective fading. Because UWB communications systems spreads the transmitted data over a broad frequency band if destructive interference occurs at a specific frequency, whether due to multipath or narrowband interference, the information can still be recovered over the good frequencies.UWB implementations can provide low complexity, low cost solutions [19], thus enabling vast deployments of the technology. A critical component that reaffirms a low cost solution is noting that UWB signals, being carrier-less, have greater simplicity over narrowband transceivers and require smaller silicon die sizes [20]. UWB can be designed to achieve very high bit rates while still achieving low power consumption, a feature set which will be exploited by the consumer electronics industry [21]. UWB schemes can further be designed to be very scalable in terms of complexity, bit rate, power consumption, and range.UWB technology can support many applications. Different UWB modulation schemes offer different advantages for communication, radar, and precisiongeo-location applications. UWB technology, which operates between 3.1 and 10.6 GHz, intrinsically offers an efficient reuse of precious spectrum by operating stealthily at the noise floor [22]. This UWB system operates at low power, to be compliant with operating under FCC Part 15 emissions, across a wide range of frequencies. As a spread spectrum technology, UWB offers a low probability of intercept and a low probability of detection [8]. Thus, it is particularly well suited for covert military or sensitive usage seenarios [8]. Because UWB signals have extremely short bursts in time (e.g., durations of 1 ns or less) they are suited for precision geo-location applications. Though UWB intrinsically offers the above-mentioned features, application optimization and improvements on these characteristics are left to specific designs and implementations, most notably by careful consideration of modulation schemes.2.1. UWB System Design ConsiderationsSeveral considerations are needed when designing a PAN. First, low power design is necessary because the portable devices within the network are battery powered. Second, high data rate transmission is crucial for broadcasting multiple digi\tal audio and video streams: Lastly, low cost is a prerequisite to broadening consumer adoption. In addition to these criteria, the UWB system designer must address synchronization and coexistence. Capturing and locking onto these short pulses make synchronization a non-trivial task. Coexisting peacefully with other wireless systems without interference is important;In particular, one needs to pay attention to the 802.1 la wireless LANs that operate in the 5 GHz ISM bands.At the physical layer, additional challenges lie in the transceiver and antenna design. At the transmitter, pulse shaping is required to produce flat and wideband emission in the desired frequency bands. Although new integrated circuits provide less expensive forms of integration, the pulses can be affected by the parasitics from the component and packaging [23]. To accommodate the high data rates, tradeoffs between high and low pulse repetition frequency (PRF) and modulation schemes must be considered. The low PRF system with higher modulation (more bits per symbol) may require a more complex receiver, while the high PRF system with lower modulation may lead to performance degradation for delay spread in the channel. Finally, traditional antenna designs gear towards narrow band systems. To avoid dispersion at the receiver, the new wideband antennas need phase linearity and a fixed phase center [23].3. UWB STANDARDIZATION ANDREGULATORY EFFORTSThere are several standards bodies presently considering, at some level, UWB technologies. The standards body most advanced in the consideration of UWB is study group "a" of IEEE 802.15.3, which was formed in November 2001 [11-13]. A serious effort is well underway to define a UWB channel model, and numerous UWB tutorials have been given. Many hallway conversations talk to a physical layer standard being ratified in 2004 (though there is no formal knowledge or position on this) and will accompany the soon to be approved 802.15.3 Medium Access Control (MAC) which supports quality of service (QoS) for real-time multimedia applications [12]. The technical requirements presently call for bit rates of 110 to 200 Mbps at ranges up to 10 m, with the option to achieve 480 Mbps possibly at shorter distances. The powerconsumption requirement is presently set at 100 to 250 mW with lOe 5 bit error rate at the top of the physical layer. Complexity/cost are presently expected to be comparable to Bluetooth and the physical layer is required to support four collocated piconets. Coexistence is presently crucial (e.g., IEEE 802.1 la) and the ability to scale the technology is key to a long lasting and widely adopted standard. These technical requirements come from documents that are still being revised; additionally, it is not possible to predict if proposals may fall short of meeting some of the desired requirements.The United States FCC issued a report and order in the early part of 2002. This landmark decision to permit UWB operation in the 3.1 to 10.6 GHz spectrum under Part 15 emis- sion limits, with some additional restrictions, has catalyzed development and standardization processes as is evident by the sheer number of entities (companies, academic and government institutions) associated with UWB and through the serious efforts of the IEEE 802.15.3 group. The FCC carefully chose the frequency band of operation to be above 3.1 GHz to avoid interfering with GPS and other life critical systems. Furthermore, the FCC ruled that emissions below Part 15 would pro-vide for peaceful coexistence, the ability to have narrowband and UWB systems collocated on a non-interfering basis, because unintentional emissions from devicessuch as laptops are also limited to Part 15 rules. This ruling makes it possible to have up to 15 UWB frequency bands in the 7.5 GHz allocated unlicensed spectrum [7]. Extensive efforts are being conducted throughout Europe (CEPT, ETSI, and the European Commission), Korea, and Japan (Association of Radio Industries and Businesses, and the Japanese Ministry of Telecommunications).4. NETWORKING WITH UWB SYSTEMSThere is a significant interest in the ability to perform location determination and tracking of assets and people throughout warehouses, factories, ships, hospita梦，business environments, and other buildings or structures. The ability for UWB technologies to operate within such intense multipath environments in conjunction with the ability for UWB to provide very accurate geo-location capability at low cost and long battery life justifies the increasing technological activity in this market [20].As the rf tags [24] are distributed, it is also recognized tha they can be coordinated and networked. To further reduce the cost of the transceivers, position determination can occur at networked computer terminals. Additionally, it is quite conceivable that tag complexity can be further simplified by installink transmitters that chirp periodically [8]. Just as UWB demonstrates many benefits for rf tags, the technology equally lends itself to distributed sensor networks [9]. Sensor network applications include feedback controls systems and environmental surveillance for commercial, industrial,_ and military applications.In the data communication area, UWB technology may be used to implement ad-hoc networks. An ad-hoc network [25-27] is characterized by a collection of hosts that form a network "on-the-fly". An ad-hoc network is a multi-hop wireless network wherein each host also acts as a router. Mobile TRANSPORT Ad-hoc NETworks (MANETs) [25-27] are ad-hoc networks wherein the wireless hosts have the ability to move. Mobility of hosts in MANETs has a profound impact on the topology of the network and its performance. Figure 2 illustrates how the various layers of the OSI protocol stack have to operate in order to successfully complete a communication session. We look at some of relevant design issues at the different layers for UWB-based sensor networks and MANETs.4.1. Design Issues for Layers of the Protocol StackThere are several design considerations of sensor networks setup (including rftags) [24]. The sensors typically work on batteries and need be low cost, low power, with LPI/LPD and the ability to do geo-location. All of these requirements are satisfied by a UWB PHY.The PHY layer [26,27] is a very complex layer which deals with the medium specification (physical, electrical and mechanical) for data transmission between devices. The PHY layer specifies the operating frequency range, the operating temperature range, modulation scheme, channelization scheme. channel switch time, timing, synchronization, symbol coding, and interference from other systems, carrier-sensing and transmit/receive operations of symbols and power requirements for operations. The PHY layer interacts closely with, the MAC sublayer to ensure smooth performance of the network. The PHY layer for wireless systems (such as MANETs) has special considerations to take into account as the wireless medium is inherently error-prone and prone to interference from other wireless and rf systems in the proximity. Multipath is important to consider when designing wireless PHY layer as the rf propagation environment changes dynamically with time; frequent disconnections may occur. The problem is exacerbated when the devices in the network are mobile because of handoffs and new route establishment. It should be noted that there is a concerted effort by several UWB companies muster supportfor a UWB-based high data rate PITY in the IEEE 802.15.3 working group.The data link layer consists of the Logical Link Control (LLC) and the MAC sub layers. The MAC sublayer is responsible for channel access and the LLC is responsible for link maintenance, framing data unit, synchronization, error detection and possible recovery, and flow control. The MAC sublayer tries to gain access to the shared channel to prevent collision and distortion of transmitted frames with frames sent by the MAC sublayers of other nodes sharing the medium. TheMAC sublayer in sensor networks and MANETs needs to be power-aware, self-organizing and support mobility and handoffs.The network layer of such networks should perform routing so as to minimize power and the number of node hops in the route. In some cases, flooding/gossiping may be required to increase chances of the packets reaching the destination. Data aggregation/fusion may be used for. data-centric routing [24] in the network layer. The network layer needs to allow for route maintenance and updates for fast changing network topology.The transport layer is responsible for the end-to-end integrity of data in thenetwork. The transport layer performs multiplexing, segmenting, blocking, concatenating, error detection and recovery, flow control and expedited data transfer. In the MANET environment, the mobility of the nodes will almost certainly cause packets to be delivered out of order and a significant delay in the acknowledgements is to be expected as a result. Retransmissions are very expensive in terms of the power requirements. Transport protocols for MANETs and sensor networks need to focus on the development of feedback mechanisms that enable the transport layer to recognize the dynamics of the network and adjust its retransmission timer, window size and perform congestion control with more information on the network.Fig. 2. Issues at each layer of the protocol stackThe application layer needs support for location-based services, network management, task assignment, query and data dissemination for sensor networks and possible MANETs.5. RELATED TECHNOLOGIESIn order to better understand UWB-based technologies, we look at some related technology standards. More information on these technologies can be found in Ref. 27.5.1. BluetoothBluetooth [14] is a short-range radio technology standard originallyintended as a wireless cable replacement to connect portable computers, wireless devices, handsets and headsets. Bluetooth devices operate in the 2.4 GHz ISM band. Bluetooth uses the concept of a piconet which is a MANET with a master device controlling one or several slave devices. Bluetooth also allow scatternets wherein a slave device can be part of multiple piconets. Bluetooth has beed designed to handle both voice and data. traffic.5.2. HIPERIANl1 and HIPERIANIlHIPERLAN/I and HIPERLAN/2 [16] are European wireless LAN (WLAN) standards developed by European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI). HIPERLAN/1 is a wireless equivalent of Ethernet while HIPERLAN/2 has architecture based on wireless Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM). Both the standards use dedicated frequency spectrum at -5 GHz. HIPERLAN/I provides a gross data rate of 23.5 Mb/s and net data rate of more than 18 Mb/s while HIPERLAN/2 provides gross data rates of 6/16/36154 Mb/s and a maximum of 50 Mb/s net data rate. Both standards use 10/100/1000 mW of transmit power and have a maximum range of 50 m. Also, the standards provide isochronous and asynchronous services with support for QoS. However, they have different channel a-ss and modulation schemes.5.3. IEEE 802]]This IEEE family of wireless Etherdet standards is primarily intended for indoor and in-building WLANs. There are several varities of this standard. The current available versions are the 802.1 la, 802.11b and 802.llg (emerging draft standard) with other versions which are starting to show on the horizon [10]. The 802.11 standards support ad-hoc networking as well as connections using an access point (AP). The standard provides specifications of the PHY and the MAC layers. The MAC specified uses CSMA/CA for access and provides service discovery and scanning, link setup and tear down, data fragmentation, security, power management and roaming facilities. The 802.1 la PHY is similar to the HIPERLAN/2 PHY. The PHY uses OFDM and operates in the 5 GHz UNII band. 802.1 la supports data rates ranging from 6 to 54 Mbps. 802.11 a currently offers much less potential for rf interference than other PHYs (e.g., 802.11b and 802.11g) that utilize the crowded 2.4 GHz ISM band. 802.11 a can support multimedia applications in densely populated user environments.' The 802.11b standard, proposed jointly by Harris and Lucent Technologies, extends the 802.11 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) PHY to provide 5.5 and 11 Mb/s data rates.5.4. IEEE 802.75.3The emerging draft standard [11-13] defines MAC and PHY (2.4 GHz) layer specifications for a Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN). The standard is based on the concept of a piconet which is a network confined to a 10 m personal operating space (POS) around a person or object. A WPAN consists of one or more collocated piconets. Each piconet is controlled by a piconet coordinator (PNC) and may consist of devices (DEVs). The 802.15.3 PHY is defined for 2.4 to 2.4835 GHz band and has two defined channel plans. It supports five different data rates (11 to 55 Mb/s). The base uncoded PHY rate is 22 Mb/s5.5. HomeRFHomeRF [15] working group was formed to develop a standard for wireless data communication between personal computers and consumer electronics in a home environment. The HomeRF standard is technically solid, simple, secure, and is easy to use. HomeRF networks provide a range of up to 150 ft typically enough for home networking. HomeRF uses Shared Wireless Access Protocol (SWAP) to provide efficient delivery of voice and data traffic. SWAP uses a transmit power of up to 100 mW and a gross data rate of 2 Mb/s. It can support a maximum of 127 devices per network. A SWAP-based system can work as an ad-hoc network or as a managed network using a connection point6. CONCLUSIONIn this paper, we presented an overview of UWB technology and its characteristics and advantages over conventional, continuous wave transmissions. We presented how UWB is well suited for several applications like sensor networks and MANETs. UWB technology has garnered a lot of interest among vendors who are looking at standardizing the use of the technology in various forums including IEEE.中文翻译超宽带系统的数据通信G. Racherla, J.L. Ellis, D.S. Furuno, S.C. LinGeneral Atomics, Advanced Wireless Group10240 Flanders Ct.San Diego CA 92121E-mail: {gopal.racherla, jason.ellis, susan.lin,超宽带（UWB）是一种在宽频谱范围内使用超低功耗传播无线脉冲能量的无线电传输方案。

通信工程专业英语汉英对照(A-D)2008年11月14日 星期五 21:08A安全地线=safe ground wire安全特性 security feature安装线=hook-up wire按半周进行的多周期控制=multicycle controlled by half-cycle 按键电话机=push-button telephone set按需分配多地址=demand assignment multiple access(DAMA)按要求的电信业务=demand telecommunication service按组编码=encode by groupB八木天线=Yagi antenna白噪声=white Gaussian noise白噪声发生器=white noise generator半波偶极子=halfwave dipole半导体存储器=semiconductor memory半导体集成电路=semiconductor integrated circuit半双工操作=semi-duplex operation半字节=Nib包络负反馈=peak envelop negative feed-back包络延时失真=envelop delay distortion薄膜=thin film薄膜混合集成电路=thin film hybrid integrated circuit保护比（射频）=protection ratio (RF)保护时段=guard period保密通信=secure communication报头=header报文分组 packet报文优先等级=message priority报讯=alarm备用工作方式 spare mode背景躁声 background noise倍频 frequency multiplication倍频程 actave倍频程滤波器 octave filter被呼地址修改通知 called address modified notification 被呼用户优先 priority for called subscriber本地PLMN local PLMN本地交换机 local exchange本地移动用户身份 local mobile station identity ( LMSI)本地震荡器 local oscillator比功率(功率密度) specific power比特 bit比特并行 bit parallel比特号码 bit number (BN)比特流 bit stream比特率 bit rate比特误码率 bit error rate比特序列独立性 bit sequence independence必要带宽 necessary bandwidth闭环电压增益 closed loop voltage gain闭环控制 closed loop control闭路电压 closed circuit voltage边瓣抑制 side lobe suppression边带 sideband边带非线性串扰 sideband non-linear crosstalk边带线性串扰 sideband linear crosstalk边带抑制度 sideband suppression边角辐射 boundary radiation编号制度 numbering plan编解码器 codec编码 encode编码律 encoding law编码器 encoder编码器输出 encoder output编码器总工作时间 encoder overall operate time编码效率 coding efficiency编码信号 coded signal编码约束长度 encoding constraint length编码增益 coding gain编译程序 compiler鞭状天线 whip antenna变频器 converter变频损耗 converter conversion loss变容二极管 variable capacitance diode变形交替传号反转 modified alternate mark inversion便携电台 portable station便携设备 portable equipment便携式载体设备 portable vehicle equipment标称调整率（标称塞入率） nominal justification rate (nominal stuffing rate)标称值 nominal value标称呼通概率 nominal calling probability标准码实验信号 standard code test signal (SCTS)标准模拟天线 standard artificial antenna标准频率 standard frequency标准时间信号发射 standard-time-signal emission标准实验调制 standard test modulation标准输出功率 standard power output标准输入信号 standard input signal标准输入信号电平 standard input-signal level标准输入信号频率 standard input-signal frequency标准信躁比 standard signal to noise表面安装 surface mounting表示层 presentation layer并串变换器 parallel-serial converter (serializer)并馈垂直天线 shunt-fed vertical antenna并行传输 parallel transmission并行终端 parallel terminal拨号错误概率 dialing mistake probability拨号后延迟 post-dialing delay拨号交换机 dial exchange拨号线路 dial-up line拨号音 dialing tone拨号终端 dial-up terminal波动强度（在给定方向上的） cymomotive force (c. m. f)波段覆盖 wave coverage波峰焊 wave soldering波特 baud泊送过程 Poisson process补充业务 supplementary service (of GSM)补充业务登记 supplementary service registration补充业务询问 supplementary service interrogation补充业务互连 supplementary service interworking捕捉区（一个地面接收台） capture area (of a terrestrial receiving station)捕捉带 pull-in range捕捉带宽 pull-in banwidth捕捉时间 pull-in time不连续发送 discontinuous transmission (DTX)不连续干扰 discontinuous interference不连续接收 discontinuous reception (DRX)不确定度 uncertainty步谈机 portable mobile stationC采样定理 sampling theorem采样频率 sampling frequency采样周期 sampling period参考边带功率 reference side band power参考差错率 reference error ratio参考当量 reference equivalent参考点 reference point参考结构 reference configuration参考可用场强 reference usable fiend-strength参考灵敏度 reference sensibility参考频率 reference frequency参考时钟 reference clock参考输出功率 reference output power残余边带调制 vestigial sideband modulation残余边带发射 vestigial-sideband emission操作维护中心 operation maintenance center (OMC)操作系统 operation system (OS)侧音消耗 sidetone loss层2转发 layer 2 relay (L2R)插入组装 through hole pachnology插入损耗 insertion loss查号台 information desk差错控制编码 error control coding差错漏检率 residual error rate差分脉冲编码调制（差分脉码调制） differential pulse code modulation (DPCM)差分四相相移键控 differential quadrature phase keying (DQPSK)差分相移键控 differential phase keying (DPSK)差模电压，平衡电压 differential mode voltage, symmetrical voltage差拍干扰 beat jamming差频失真 difference frequency distortion长期抖动指示器 long-term flicker indicator长期频率稳定度 long-term frequency stability场强灵敏度 field intensity sensibility场效应晶体管 field effect transistor (FET)超长波通信 myriametric wave communication超地平对流层传播 transhorizon tropospheric超地平无线接力系统 transhorizon radio-relay system超高帧 hyperframe超帧 superframe超大规模集成电路 very-large scale integrated circuit (VLSI)超再生接收机 super-regenerator receiver车载电台 vehicle station撤消 withdrawal成对不等性码（交替码、交变码）paired-disparity code (alternative code, alternating code)承载业务 bearer service城市交通管制系统 urban traffic control system程序设计技术 programming technique程序设计环境 programming environment程序优化 program optimization程序指令 program command充电 charge充电率 charge rate充电效率 charge efficiency充电终止电压 end-of charge voltage抽样 sampling抽样率 sample rate初级分布线路 primary distribution link初始化 initialization处理增益 processing gain传播时延 propagation delay传播系数 propagation coefficient传导干扰 conducted interference传导杂散发射 conducted spurious emission传递函数 transfer function传递时间 transfer time传声器 microphone传输保密 transmission security传输层协议 transport layer protocol传输集群 transmission trunking传输结束字符 end of transmission character传输媒体 transmission medium传输损耗 transmission loss传输损耗 （无线线路的） transmission loss (of a radio link)传输通道 transmission path传输信道 transmission channel传真 facsimile, FAX船舶地球站 ship earth station船舶电台 ship station船舶移动业务 ship movement service船上通信电台 on-board communication station ,ship communication station船用收音机 ship radio串并变换机 serial to parallel (deserializer)串并行变换 serial-parallel conversion串话 crosstalk垂直方向性图 vertical directivity pattern唇式传声器 lip microphone磁屏蔽 magnetic shielding次级分布线路 secondary distribution link猝发差错 burst error猝发点火控制 burst firing control存储程序控制交换机 stored program controlled switching system D大规模集成电路 large scale integrated circuit (LSI)大信号信躁比 signal-to-noise ratio of strong signal带成功结果的常规操作 normal operation with successful outcome 带宽 bandwidth带内导频单边带 pilot tone-in-band single sideband带内谐波 in-band harmonic带内信令 in-band signalling带内躁声 in-band noise带通滤波器 band-pass filter带外发射 out-of-band emission带外功率 out-of-band power带外衰减 attenuation outside a channel带外信令 out-band signalling带状线 stripline单边带发射 single sideband (SSB) emission单边带发射机 single side-band (SSB) transmitter单边带调制 single side band modulation单边带解调 single side band demodulation单边带信号发生器 single side band signal generaltor单端同步 single-ended synchronization单工、双半工 simplex, halfduplex单工操作 simplex operation单工无线电话机 simplex radio telephone单呼 single call单频双工 single frequency duplex单频信令 single frequency signalling单相对称控制 symmetrical control (single phase)单相非对称控制 asymmetrical control (single phase)单向 one-way单向的 unidirectional单向控制 unidirectional control单信道地面和机载无线电分系统 SINCGARS单信道无绳电话机 single channel cordless telephone单信号方法 single-signal method单音 tone单音脉冲 tone pulse单音脉冲持续时间 tone pulse duration单音脉冲的单音频率 tone frequency of tone pulse单音脉冲上升时间 tone pulse rise time单音脉冲下降时间 tone pulse decay time单音制 individual tone system单元电缆段（中继段） elementary cable section (repeater section)单元再生段 elementary regenerator section (regenerator section)单元增音段，单元中继段 elementary repeater section当被呼移动用户不回答时的呼叫转移 call forwarding on no reply (CFNRy)当被呼移动用户忙时的呼叫转 calling forwarding on mobile subscriber busy (CFB)当漫游到原籍PLMN国家以外时禁止所有入呼 barring of incoming calls when roaming outside the home PLMN country (BIC-Roam)当前服务的基站 current serving BS当无线信道拥挤时的呼叫转移calling forward on mobile subscriber not reachable (CENRc)刀型天线 blade antenna导频 pilot frequency导频跌落pilot fall down倒L型天线 inverted-L antenna等步的 isochronous等幅电报 continuous wave telegraph等权网（互同步网） democratic network (mutually synchronized network)等效比特率 equivalent bit rate等效地球半径 equivalent earth radius等效二进制数 equivalent binary content等效全向辐射功率 equivalent isotropically radiated power (e.i. r. p.)等效卫星线路躁声温度 equivalent satellite link noise temperature低轨道卫星系统 LEO satellite mobile communication system低气压实验 low atmospheric pressure test低时延码激励线性预测编码 low delay CELP (LD-CELP)低通滤波器 low pass filter低温实验 low temperature test低躁声放大器 low noise amplifier地-空路径传播 earth-space path propagation地-空通信设备 ground/air communication equipment地波 ground wave地面连线用户 land line subscriber地面无线电通信 terrestrial radio communication地面站（电台） terrestrial station第N次谐波比 nth harmonic ratio第二代无绳电话系统 cordless telephone system second generation (CT-2)第三代移动通信系统 third generation mobile systems点波束天线 spot beam antenna点对地区通信 point-area communication点对点通信 point-point communication点至点的GSM PLMN连接 point to point GSM PLMN电报 telegraphy电报电码 telegraph code电波衰落 radio wave fading电池功率 power of battery电池能量 energy capacity of battery电池容量 battery capacity电池组 battery电磁波 electromagnetic wave电磁波反射 reflection of electromagnetic wave电磁波饶射 diffraction of electromagnetic wave电磁波散射 scattering of electromagnetic wave电磁波色射 dispersion of electromagnetic wave电磁波吸收 absorption of electromagnetic wave电磁波折射 refraction of electromagnetic wave电磁场 electromagnetic field电磁发射 electromagnetic field电磁辐射 electromagnetic emission电磁干扰 electromagnetic interference (EMI)电磁感应 electromagnetic induction电磁环境 electromagnetic environment电磁兼容性 electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)电磁兼容性电平 electromagnetic compatibility level 电磁兼容性余量 electromagnetic compatibility margin 电磁脉冲 electromagnetic pulse (EMP)电磁脉冲干扰 electromagnetic pulse jamming电磁敏感度 electromagnetic susceptibility电磁能 electromagnetic energy电磁耦合 electromagnetic coupling电磁屏蔽 electromagnetic shielding电磁屏蔽装置 electromagnetic screen电磁骚扰 electromagnetic disturbance电磁噪声 electromagnetic noise电磁污染 electromagnetic pollution电动势 electromotive force (e. m. f.)电话机 telephone set电话局容量 capacity of telephone exchange电话型电路 telephone-type circuit电话型信道 telephone-type channel电离层 ionosphere电离层波 ionosphere wave电离层传播 ionosphere propagation电离层反射 ionosphere reflection电离层反射传播 ionosphere reflection propagation电离层散射传播 ionosphere scatter propagation电离层折射 ionosphere refraction电离层吸收 ionosphere absorption电离层骚扰 ionosphere disturbance电流探头 current probe电路交换 circuit switching电屏蔽 electric shielding电视电话 video-telephone, viewphone, visual telephone 电台磁方位 magnetic bearing of station电台方位 bearing of station电台航向 heading of station电文编号 message numbering电文队列 message queue电文格式 message format电文交换 message switching电文交换网络 message switching network电文结束代码 end-of-message code电文路由选择 message routing电小天线 electronically small antenna电信管理网络 telecommunication management network (TMN)电信会议 teleconferencing电压变化 voltage change电压变化持续时间 duration of a voltage change电压变化的发生率 rate of occurrence of voltage changes电压变化时间间隔 voltage change interval电压波动 voltage fluctuation电压波动波形 voltage fluctuation waveform电压波动量 magnitude of a voltage fluctuation电压不平衡 voltage imbalance, voltage unbalance电压浪涌 voltage surge电压骤降 voltage dip电源 power supply电源电压调整率 line regulation电源抗扰性 mains immunity电源持续工作能力 continuous operation ability of the power supply电源去耦系数 mains decoupling factor电源骚扰 mains disturbance电子干扰 electronic jamming电子工业协会 Electronic Industries Association (EIA)电子系统工程 electronic system engineering电子自动调谐 electronic automatic tuning电子组装 electronic packaging电阻温度计 resistance thermometer跌落试验 fall down test顶部加载垂直天线 top-loaded vertical antenna定长编码 block code定期频率预报 periodical frequency forecast定时 clocking定时超前 timing advance定时电路 timing circuit定时恢复（定时抽取） timing recovery (timing extration)定时截尾试验 fixed time test定时信号 timing signal定数截尾试验 fixed failure number test定向天线 directional antenna定型试验 type test动态频率分配 dynamic frequency allocation动态信道分配 dynamic channel allocation动态重组 dynamic regrouping动态自动增益控制特性 dynamic AGC characteristic抖动 jitter独立边带 independent sideband独立故障 independent fault端到端业务 teleservice短波传播 short wave propagation短波通信 short wave communication短路保护 short-circuit protection短期抖动指示器 short-term flicker indicator短期频率稳定度 short-term frequency stability短时间中断（供电电压） short interruption (of supply voltage)段终端 section termination对称二元码 symmetrical binary code对地静止卫星 geostationary satellite对地静止卫星轨道 geostationary satellite orbit对地同步卫星 geosynchronous satellite对讲电话机 intercommunicating telephone set对空台 aeronautical station对流层 troposphere对流层波道 troposphere duct对流层传播 troposphere propagation对流层散射传播 troposphere scatter propagation多次调制 multiple modulation多点接入 multipoint access多电平正交调幅 multi-level quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)多分转站网 multidrop network多服务器队列 multiserver queue多工 multiplexing多工器 nultiplexer多功能系统 MRS多级处理 multilevel processing多级互连网络 multistage interconnecting network多级卫星线路 multi-satellite link多径 multipath多径传播 multipath propagation多径传播函数 nultipath propagation function多径分集 multipath diversity多径时延 multipath delay多径衰落 multipath fading多径效应 multipath effect多路复接 multiplexing多路接入 multiple access多路信道 multiplexor channel多脉冲线性预测编码 multi-pulse LPC (MPLC)多频信令 multifrequency signalling多普勒频移 Doppler shift多跳路径 multihop path多信道选取 multichannel access (MCA)多信道自动拨号移动通信系统multiple-channel mobile communication system with automatic dialing多优先级 multiple priority levels多帧 multiframe多址呼叫 multiaddress call多址联接 multiple access多重时帧 multiple timeframe多用户信道 multi-user channel通信工程专业英语汉英对照(E-H)2008年11月14日 星期五 21:09E额定带宽 rated bandwidth额定射频输出功率 rated radio frequency output power额定使用范围 rated operating range额定音频输出功率 rated audio-frequency output power额定值 rated value爱尔兰 erlang恶意呼叫识别 malicious call identification (MCI)耳机（受话器） earphone耳机额定阻抗 rated impedance of earphone二十进制码 binary-coded decimal (BCD) code二十进制转换 binary-to-decimal conversion二十六进制转换 binary-to-hexadecimal conversion二进制码 binary code二进制频移键控 binary frequency shift keying (BFSK)二进制数 binary figure二频制位 binary digit(bit)二频制 two-frequency system二维奇偶验码 horizontal and vertical parity check code二线制 two-wire system二相差分相移键控 binary different phase shift keying (BDPSK)二相相移键控 binary phase shift keying (BPSK)F发报机 telegraph transmitter发射 emisssion发射（或信号）带宽 bandwidth of an emission (or a signal)发射机 transmitter发射机边带频谱 transmitter sideband spectrum发射机额定输出功率 rated output power of transmitter发射机合路器 transmitter combiner发射机冷却系统 cooling system of transmitter发射机启动时间 transmitter attack time发射机效率 transmitter frequency发射机杂散躁声 spurious transmitter noise发射机之间的互调 iner-transmitter intermodulation发射机对答允许频（相）偏transmitter maximum permissible frequency(phase) deviation 发射类别 class of emission发射频段 transmit frequency band发射余量 emission margin发送 sending发送响度评定值 send loudness rating (SLR)繁忙排队/自动回叫 busy queuing/ callback反馈控制系统 feedback control system反射功率 reflection power反射卫星 reflection satellite反向话音通道 reverse voice channel (RVC)反向控制信道 reverse control channel (RECC)泛欧数字无绳电话系统 digital European cordless telephone 方舱 shelter方向性系数 directivity of an antenna防爆电话机 explosion-proof telephone set防潮 moisture protection防腐蚀 corrosion protection防霉 mould proof仿真头 artificial head仿真耳 artificial ear仿真嘴 artificial mouth仿真天线 dummy antenna放大器 amplifier放大器线性动态范围 linear dynamic range of amplifier放电 discharge放电电压 discharge voltage放电深度 depth of discharge放电率 discharge rate放电特性曲线 discharge character curve非等步的 anisochronous非归零码 nonreturn to zero code (NRZ)非均匀编码 nonuniform encoding非均匀量化 nonuniform quantizing非连续干扰 discontinuous disturbance“非”门 NOT gate非强占优先规则 non-preemptive priority queuing discipline 非受控滑动 uncontrolled slip非线性电路 nonlinear circuit非线性失真 nonliear distortion非线性数字调制 nonlinear digital modulation非占空呼叫建立 off-air-call-set-up (OACSU)非专用控制信道 non-dedicated control channel非阻塞互连网络 non-blocking interconnection network分贝 decibel (dB)分辨力 resolution分布参数网络 distributed parameter network分布式功能 distributed function分布式数据库 distributed database分别于是微波通信系统 distributed microwave communication system分布式移动通信系统 distributed mobile communication system 分布路线 distribution link分段加载天线 sectional loaded antenna分机 extension分集 diversity分集改善系数 diversity improvement factor分集间隔 diversity separation分集增益 diversity gain分集接收 diversity reception分接器 demultiplexer分频 frequency division分散定位 distributed channel assignment分散控制方式 decentralized control分散式帧定位信号 distributed frame alignment signal分同步（超同步）卫星 sub-synchronous (super-synchronous) satellite分谐波 subharmonic分组交换 packet switching分组码 block code分组无线网 packet radio network分组循环分散定位 block cyclic distributed channel assigment 分组组装与拆卸 packet assembly and disassembly封闭用户群 closed user group (CUG)峰包功率 peak envelop power峰值 peak value峰值-波纹系数 peak-ripple factor峰值包络检波 peak envelop detection峰值功率 peak power峰值功率等级（移动台的） peak power class (of MS)峰值检波器 peak detector峰值限制 peak limiting蜂窝手持机 cellular handset蜂窝系统 cellular system缝隙天线 slot antenna服务基站 serving BS服务访问点 service access point (SAP)服务弧 service arc服务可保持性 service retainability服务可得到性 service accessibility服务提供部门 service provider服务完善性 service integrity服务小区 serving cell服务易行性 service operability服务支持性 service supportability服务质量 quality of service服务准备时间 service provisioning time符号率 symbol rate幅度检波 amplitude detection幅度量化控制 amplitude quantized cntrol幅度失真 amplitude distortion幅度调制 amplitude modulation (AM)幅频响应 amplitude-frequency response幅相键控 amplitude phase keying (APK)辐射 radiation辐射单元 radiating element辐射方向图 radiation pattern辐射干扰 radiated interference辐射近场区 radiating near-field region辐射能 radiant energy辐射强度 radiation intensity辐射区 radiated area辐射实验场地 radiation test site辐射效率 radiation efficiency辐射源（电磁干扰） emitter (of electromagnetic disturbance)辐射杂散发射 radiated spurious emission辐射阻抗 radiation impedance俯仰角 pitch angle负极 negative electrode负离子 negative ion负荷容量（过荷点） load capacity (overload point)负逻辑 negative logic负码速调整（负脉冲塞入） negative justification (negative pulse stuffing)负载调整率 load regulation负阻放大器 negative resistance amplifier负阻效应 negative resistance effect负阻振荡 negative resistance oscillation附加符号 additional character附加位 overhead bit复合音 complex sound复接器 multiplexer复节-分接器 muldex复接制 multiple connection system复位 reset复用转接器 transmultiplexer复帧 multiframe副瓣 minor lobe副瓣电平 minor level覆盖区（一个地面发射台的） coverage area (of a terrestrial transmitting station)G概率 probability概率分布 probability distribution概率信息 probabilistic information概率译码 probabilistic decoding干扰 interference干扰参数 interference parameter干扰限值 limit of interference干扰信号 interfering signal干扰抑制 interfering suppression干扰源 interfering resource干线 trunk line感应近场区 reactive near-field region港口操作业务 port operation service港口电台 port station港口管理系统 harbor management system港口交通管理系统 harbor traffic control system高[低]电平输出电流 high (low)-level output current高[低]电平输出电压 high (low)-level output voltage高波 high-angle ray高层功能 high layer function高层协议 high layer protocol高级数据链路控制规程 high level data link control (HDLC) procedure高级通信业务 advanced communication service高级研究计划署 Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)高级移动电话系统 Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS)高频放大器 high frequency amplifier高频提升 high frequency boost高频增益控制 high frequency gain control高斯信道 Gauss channel (AWG)高斯最小频移键控 Guassian minimum shift keying (GMSK)高频制频率时的发射频偏 transmitting frequency deviation of high frequency高通滤波器 highpass filter高温高湿偏置试验 high temperature high humidity biased testing (HHBT)高温功率老化 burning高温试验 high temperature test告警接收机 warning receiver告警指示信号 alarm indication signal (AIS)戈莱码 Golay code戈帕码 Goppa codes格码调制 trellis codes modulation schemes (TCM)隔离放大器 isolation amplifier个人数字助理 personal digital assistant (PDA)个人电台 personal station (PS)个人电台系统 personal radio system个人识别号码 personal identification number (PIN)个人通信 personal communications个人通信网 personal communication networks (PCN)个人携带电话 personal handy phone (PHP)个人移动性 personal mobility个体接收（在卫星广播业务中） individual reception 跟踪保持电路 track and hold circuit跟踪带宽 tracking bandwidth更改地址插入 changed address interception工科医用（的） ISM工科医用频段 ISM frequency band工业干扰 industrial interference工作最高可用频率 operational MUF工作比 duty cycle工作范围 working range工作频率范围 operating frequency range工作站 work station (WS)工作周期 cycle of operation公共分组交换网 public packet switched network公共耦合点 point of common coupling (PCC)公开密匙体制 public key system公路交通管制系统 highway traffic control system公用数据网 public data network公众陆地移动电话网 public land mobile network (PLMN)功能键 function key功能群，功能群令 function group, function grouping 功率合成 power synthesis功能控制报文 power control message功率控制电平 power control level功率谱密度 power spectrum density功率损耗 power loss功率因子 power factor供电系统阻抗 supply system impedance共道抑制 co-channel suppression共道信令 co-channel signalling共模电压，不平衡电压 common mode voltage, asymmetrical voltage 共模电流 common mode current共模转换 common code conversion共模干扰 common code interference共模抑制比 common code rejection ratio (CMRR)共模增益 common mode gain共模阻抗 common code impedance共信道再用距离 co-channel re-use distance贡献路线 contribution link固定电台 fixed station固定基地电台 fixed base station固定信道指配 fixed channel assignment固态发射机 solidstate transmitter固有可靠性 inherent reliability固有频差 inherent frequency error故障 fault故障安全 fault safe故障保护 fault protection故障弱化 failsoft故障修复 fault correcting故障原因 fault cause故障准则 fault criteria挂机信号 hang-up signal管理中心 administration center (ADC)广播控制信道（BCCH）划分 BCCH allocation (BA)广播寻呼系统 broadcast paging system广域网 wide area network (WAN)归零码 return to zero code (RZ)归一化的偏置 normalized offset规程 protocol规范 specification规则脉冲激励编码 regular-pulse excitation (RPE)规则脉冲激励长时预测编码 regular-pulse excitation LPC (RPE-LPC)轨道 orbit国际标准 international standard国际单位制 international system of units国际电报电话咨询委员会 CCITT国际电工委员会 IEC国际电信联盟 ITU国际互连网 Internet国际民航组织 ICAO , international civil aviation organization 国际通信卫星组织 INTERAT国际海事卫星组织 INMAR-SAT国际无线电干扰特别委员会 CISPR国际无线电干扰委员会 CCIR国际移动识别码 international mobile station equipment identity (IMEI)国际移动用户识别码 international mobile subscriber identity(IMSI)国际原子时间 international automatic time (TAI)国家标准 national standard国家信息基础结构 national information infrastructure (NII)过充电 overcharge过滤带 transition band过放电 overdischarge过荷保护电路 overload protecting circuit过荷分级控制 overload control category过荷控制 overload control过调制 overmodulation过流保护 overcurrent protection过压保护 overvoltage protectionH海岸地球站 coast earth station海岸电台 coast station海事卫星通信 maritime satellite communications汉明距离 Hamming distance汉明码 Hamming code汉明重量 Hamming weight航空地球站 aeronautical earth station航空电台 aeronautical station航空器地球站 aircraft earth station航空器电台 aircraft station航空移动业务 aeronautical mobile service航天器（宇宙飞船） spacecraft毫米波 millimeter wave黑格巴哥码 Hagelbarger code恒比码 constant ratio code恒步的 homochronous恒流电源 constant current power supply恒温恒湿试验 constant temperature and humid test恒压充电 constant voltage charge恒压电源 constant voltage power supply恒电磁波小室 transverse electromagnetic wave cell (TEM cell)喉式传声器 throat microphone后瓣 back hole厚模电路 thick-film circuit呼叫 call呼叫支持 call hold (HOLD)呼叫存储 call store呼叫等待 call waiting (CW)呼叫改发 call redirection呼叫建立 call establishment呼叫建立时间 call set-up time呼叫接通率 percept of call completed呼叫控制信号 call control signal呼叫清除延时 call clearing delay呼叫释放 call release呼叫序列 calling sequence呼叫转移 call transfer (CT)呼救 distress call呼救系统 distress system呼损率 percept of call lost呼通概率 calling probability互补金属氧化物半导体集成电路complementary MOS integrated circuit (COMOS-IC)互连 interworking互连的考虑 interworking consideration互连功能 interworking function (IWF)互调 intermodulation互调产物（一个发射台的） intermodulation products (of a transmitting stastion)互调抗扰性 intermodulation immunity互调失真 intermodulation distortion互通性 interoperability互同步网 mutually synchronized network话路输入电平 voice circuit input level话路输入电平差异 voice circuit input level difference话务量 telephone traffic话音活动检测 voice activity detection (VAD)话音激活 voice exciting话音激活率 speech activity话音数字信令 speech digit signalling话音突发 speech spurt环境试验 environment test环境系数 environment factor环境应力筛选 environment stress screening (ESS)环境躁声 ambient noise环路传输 loop transmission环路高频总增益 loop RF overall gain环路可锁定最底（最高）界限角频率loop lockable minimum (maximum) margin angular frequency 环路滤波器比例系数 loop filter proportion coefficient环路躁声带宽 loop noise bandwidth环路增益 loop gain环路直流总增益 loop DC overall gain环路自然谐振角频率 loop natural resonant angular frequency 环形波 ring wave环形混频器 ring mixer环行器 circulator环行延迟 rounding relay恢复 recovery恢复规程 restoration procedure汇接交换 tandem switching汇接局 tandem office会话（在电信中） conversation (in telecommunication)会话层 session layer会议电话 conference telephone混合ARQ hybrid ARQ混合差错控制 hybrid error control (HEC)混合分集 hybrid diversity混合集成电路 hybrid integrated circuit混合扩频 hybrid spread spectrum混合路径传播 mixed-path propagation混合信道指配 hybrid channel assignment混频器 mixer混频器的寄生响应 mixer spurious response活动模式 active mode“或”门 OR gate“或非”门 NOR gate通信工程专业英语汉英对照(I-L)2008年11月14日 星期五 21:11J机壳辐射 cabinet radiation机载电台 aircraft station基本传输损耗（无线线路的） basic transmission loss (of a radio link)基本接入 basic access基本业务（GSM的） basic service (of GSM)基本越区切换规程 basic handover procedure基本最高可用频率 basic maximun usable frequency基波（分量） fundamental (component)基波系数 fundamental factor基带 baseband基地（海岸）（航空）设备 base (coast)(aeronautical) equipment 基地电台 base station (BS)基站控制器 base station controller (BSC)基站识别码 base station identity code (BSIC)基站收发信台 base transceiver station (BTS)基站系统 base station system (BSS)基站区 base station area基准条件 reference condition基准阻抗 reference impedance奇偶校验码 parity check code奇偶校验位 parity bit激活 activation吉尔伯特码 Gilbert code级联码 concatenated code即时业务 demand service急充电 boost charge急剧衰落 flutter fading集成电路 integrated circuit集成电路卡 integrated circuit card集群电话互连 trunked telephone connect集群电话互连器 trunked telephone connector集群基站 trunked base station集群效率 trunking efficiency集群移动电话系统 trunked mobile communication system集体呼叫 group call集体接收（在卫星广播业务中） community reception集中控制方式 centralized control集中式帧定位信号 bunched frame alignment signal计费信息 advice of charge计算机病毒 computer virus计算机辅助测试 computer-aided test (CAT)计算机辅助工程 computer-aided engineering (CAE)计算机辅助管理 computer-aided management (CAM)计算机辅助教学 computer-aided instruction (CAU)计算机辅助设计 computer-sided design (CAD)寄生反馈 parasitic feedback寄生调制 parasitic modulation寄生振荡 parasitic oscillation加密 encipherment加密保护 encipherment protection加密方案 encipherment scheme加权（互同步）网 hierarchic (mutually synchrohous) network。

毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译文献、资料中文题目：无线通信基础文献、资料英文题目：文献、资料来源：文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：专业：通信工程班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期： 2017.02.14毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译外文出处无线通信基础(Fundamentals ofwireless communications by DavidTse)附件：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文附件1：外文资料翻译译文7．mimo：空间多路复用与信道建模本书我们已经看到多天线在无线通信中的几种不同应用。

在第3章中，多天线用于提供分集增益，增益无线链路的可靠性，并同时研究了接受分解和发射分解，而且，接受天线还能提供功率增益。

在第5章中，我们看到了如果发射机已知信道，那么多采用多幅发射天线通过发射波束成形还可以提供功率增益。

在第6章中，多副发射天线用于生产信道波动，满足机会通信技术的需要，改方案可以解释为机会波束成形，同时也能够提供功率增益。

章以及接下来的几章将研究一种利用多天线的新方法。

我们将会看到在合适的信道衰落条件下，同时采用多幅发射天线和多幅接收天线可以提供用于通信的额外的空间维数并产生自由度增益，利用这些额外的自由度可以将若干数据流在空间上多路复用至MIMO信道中，从而带来容量的增加：采用n副发射天线和接受天线的这类MIMO信道的容量正比于n。

过去一度认为在基站采用多幅天线的多址接入系统允许若干个用户同时与基站通信，多幅天线可以实现不同用户信号的空间隔离。

20世纪90年代中期，研究人员发现采用多幅发射天线和接收天线的点对点信道也会出现类似的效应，即使当发射天线相距不远时也是如此。

只要散射环境足够丰富，使得接受天线能够将来自不同发射天线的信号分离开，该结论就成立。

我们已经了解到了机会通信技术如何利用信道衰落，本章还会看到信道衰落对通信有益的另一例子。

将机会通信与MIMO技术提供的性能增益的本质进行比较和对比是非常的有远见的。

毕业设计（论文）外文参考资料及译文译文题目: TD-SCDMA与WCMA网络优化分析3G network optimization 学生姓名：学号：专业：通信工程所在学院:龙蟠学院指导教师：职称：讲师2011年 12 月 1 日说明:要求学生结合毕业设计（论文）课题参阅一篇以上的外文资料，并翻译至少一万印刷符（或译出3千汉字）以上的译文。

译文原则上要求打印(如手写，一律用400字方格稿纸书写），连同学校提供的统一封面及英文原文装订,于毕业设计（论文）工作开始后2周内完成，作为成绩考核的一部分.3G network optimization摘自TD-SCDMA无线网络优化原理及方法One, the basic process of 3G network optimizationOperators aim is to build a profitable network, they are very concerned about the network construction, expansion and upgrade in the process of investment cost and its final performance, but the expansion，upgrade costs and network performance is a pair of contradiction. Construction cost budget and control can get relatively accurate numerical，but the performance of the network is composed of many subjective and objective factors. On one hand, the network capacity expansion，upgrading and upgrades to existing users can guarantee the normal use，on the other hand, it also can provide competitive new business，and makes further expansion，upgrading and upgrades can be carried out smoothly。

CDMA versus TDMATerm Paper :DTEC 6810Submitted by:Sabareeshwar Natarajan.Fall 2006DTEC 6810Communication TechnologyCDMA Vs TDMA in travel:Both GSM and CDMA can be found across United States, which doesn’t mean that it doesn’t matter which technology we choose. When we travel domestically it is possible that we reach areas where digital service is not available. While traveling between places it is possible that we reach certain rural areas were only analog access is offered. CDMA handsets offer analog capabilities which the GSM don’t offer. Another difference between GSM and CDMA is in the data transfer methods. GSM’s high-speed wireless data technology, GPRS (General Packet Radio Service), usually offers a slower data bandwidth for wireless data connection than CDMA’s high-speed technology, which has the capability of providing ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) with speeds as much as 144Kbps.GSM’s benefits over the CDMA in domestic purpose are that GSM uses SIM card that identifies a user and stores the information in the handset. The SIM card can be swapped between handsets, which enable to move all the contacts to the new handset with ease. CDMA can have this flexibility with their own service that stores data on the operator’s datab ase. This service allows the user to swap data’s between two handsets with a little trouble, but the advantage is it can be done when the handset is even lost but in GSM technology, when a handset is lost, SIM card is also lost with it.When it comes for international roaming handsets with GSM is far better than CDMA handsets because GSM is used in most the markets across the globe. Users using tri-band or quad-band can travel to Europe, India and most of Asia and still can use their cell phone. CDMA does not have this multiband capability, thus cannot be used multiple countries with ease.Differences between CDMA and TDMA:CDMA technology claims that its bandwidth is thirteen times efficient than TDMA and forty times efficient than analog systems. CDMA also have better security and higher data and voice transmission quality because of the spread spectrum technology it uses, which has increased resistance to multipath distortion. The battery life is higher in TDMA compared to CDMA because CDMA handsets transmit data all the time and TDMA does not require constant transmission. CDMA has greater coverage area when compared to TDMA. Though, when it comes to international roaming TDMA is better than CDMA. CDMA is patented by Qualcomm, so an extra fee is paid to Qualcomm. When it comes to United States and Canada market size for CDMA is larger than GSM’s market size but worldwide the market size for GSM is far bigger both in the number of subscribers and coverage ,than CDMA.Conclusion:From the comparisons made above we cannot say that TDMA is better than CDMA or vice versa. The main advantage of the CDMA is that, in the single detection method it is more flexible than TDMA or joint detection. CDMA is said to have higher capacity than TDMA. But in the future GSM can be extended by an optional CDMA component in order to further increase the capacity. Finally, it does not matter whether which one is better CDMA or TDMA right now. It can be only found out with the evolution of these technologies. When going for a cell phone the user should choose the technology according to where they use it. For users who travel abroad it is better to go with GSM handsets. For the users in United States CDMA is better than TDMA because of the coverage we can get at rural areas where digital signals cannot be transmitted.CDMA与TDMA学期论文：6810 DTEC提交：sabareeshwar纳塔拉詹。