(完整word版)2019高三语法专题(1)成分分析—长难句分析
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高中英语长难句看不懂?句子成分超详细讲解,一文搞定!什么叫句子成分呢?句子的组成成分叫句子成分。
在句子中,词与词之间有一定的组合关系,按照不同的关系,可以把句子分为不同的组成成分。
句子成分由词或词组充当。
现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种,即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。
英语的基本成分有七种:主语(subject)、谓语(predicate)、表语(predicative)、宾语(object)、定语(attribute)、状语(adverbial) 和补语(complement)。
英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。
掌握这五种基本句型,是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。
英语五种基本句型列式如下:一:SV(主+谓)二:SVP(主+系+表)三:SVO(主+谓+宾)四:SVoO(主+谓+间宾+直宾)五:SVOC(主+谓+宾+宾补)基本句型S V (主+谓)主语:可以作主语的成分有名词(如boy),主格代词(如you),动词不定式,动名词等。
主语一般在句首。
注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家!谓语:谓语由动词构成,是英语时态、语态变化的主角,一般在主语之后。
不及物动词(vi.)没有宾语,形成主谓结构,如:We come.此句型的句子有一个共同特点,即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。
这类动词叫做不及物动词,后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。
S│ V(不及物动词)1. The sun │was shining.太阳在照耀着。
2. The moon │rose. 月亮升起了。
3. The universe │remains. 宇宙长存。
4. We all │breathe, eat, and drink. 我们大家都呼吸、吃和喝。
5. Who │cares? 管它呢?6. What he said │does not matter. 他所讲的没有什么关系。
7. They │talked for half an hour. 他们谈了半个小时。
高考英语阅读长难句分析纵观历年高考英语试题,可以发现阅读文章中出现了许多结构复杂的句子。
不难理解,命题者在句子难度上大做文章,无非是想通过增加句子长度和使用复杂结构来打断和干扰考生正常的阅读习惯和思维方式,从而达到考查考生综合阅读能力的目的。
下面我们来了解长难句最常见的形式。
1、带有较多成分的简单句。
如:,the toothpaste marketer,Having chosen family television programs and women’s magazinesfor instance,must select the exact television programs and stations as well as the specific women magazines to be used.例如,决定选择家庭电视节目和妇女杂志后,牙膏经销商还必须挑选出要用的确切的电视节目和电视台,以及那些具体的妇女杂志。
在这个有30多个词的简单句中,______________短语用作时间状语,不定式to be used 修饰的不仅是_______________,而且还修饰__________________________. exact television 同时修饰______________和______________两个词,这在翻译中可以看出来。
插入语____________把主语和谓语分隔开了。
2、含有多个简单句的并列句。
如:In the 1970s he was a surgeon at Yale,had a wonderful wife and five beautiful children,but he was terribly unhappy.在20世纪70年代,他在耶鲁当外科医生,有位出色的太太和5个漂亮的孩子,但他那时过得却很不开心。
在第二个并列句中,即在had前面省略了_______ ________.Discrimination(歧视) isn’t their only concern;almost everyone testing positive for the gene(基因) develops symptoms(症状) during middle age,and doctors can do Huntington’snothing to help.担心受到歧视并不是他们唯一的忧虑,几乎所有遗传性亨廷顿病基因检测呈阳性的人在中年时症状都会显现出来,而医生对此却无能为力。
英语长难句结构分析(含2019年高考全国1-3卷长难句)英语中句子最基本的句式只有五种,其他各种句式都是由这五种基本句式转换而来。
五种基本句式如下:1主语+谓语(不及物动词)2主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语3主语+系动词+表语4主语+谓语(及物动词)+间接宾语+直接宾语5主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语+宾语补足语此外还有特殊句式如there be-, 强调句,倒装句等。
但是在真实的语言环境中,句子结构远非这么简单。
复杂主语、复杂宾语、复杂介词短语,还有各种复杂的定语和状语等修饰成分让句子变得异常复杂。
高考阅读理解、完型填空和语法填空经常出现结构复杂的长难句,影响考生对语篇文段的理解。
另外,新高考将包括两个写作题:读后续写(概要写作)和应用文写作。
在评分标准中把“尽力使用较复杂语法结构”视为是否得高分的标准之一。
因此,学会分析长难句显得格外重要。
一个句子之所以成为长难句,就是因为句子各部分成分和结构复杂,具体说就是句中出现了复杂主语、复杂宾语、复杂修饰语(介词短语、非谓语动词、定语和状语)以及各种从句等。
下面分类解析:一、复杂主语包括下列情形:含有连词如and, both...and..., either...or..., neither...nor..., not only...but (also), as well as;非谓语动词做主语;主语从句充当主语;同位语结构做主语等。
如:Those who were highest in status in high school, as well as those least liked in elementary school,are “most likely to engage(从事) in dangerous and risky be havior.”(2019高考全国Ⅰ卷阅读理解D) (as well as 连接those who...与those least liked ...做主语)The gunners like to describe what they do as character-building, but we know that to wound an animal and watch it go through the agony(痛苦) of dying can make nobody happy. (动词不定式to do结构做主语)Connecting to the community(社区)as you freely give your time, money, skills, or servicesprovides a real joy. (2019高考全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解B) (-ing形式做主语)Dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy, but we can’t forget that deep relationships wouldn't even exist if it weren’t for casual conversation. (2018全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解D) (-ing形式做主语)What you need is a great teacher who lets you make mistakes. (2019高考全国Ⅰ卷阅读理解B) (主语从句充当主语)Shackleton,a onetime British merchant-navy officer who?had got to within 100 miles of the South Pole in 1908,?started?a business...(2016全国甲卷阅读理解D) (同位语结构做主语)二、主谓之间被介词短语、定语从句或非谓语动词分隔Mr. Robbins, together with his wife and children, is leaving London for Paris.Frank Hurley, a confident and gifted Australian photographer who knew the Antarctic,was hired to make the images, most of which have never before been published.(2016全国新课标甲卷阅读理解D)According to the report's key findings, “the proportion(比例) who say they ‘never’ or ‘hardly ever’ read for fun has gone from 8 percent of 13-year-olds and 9 percent of 17-year-olds in 1984 to 22 percent and 27 percent respectively today.”(2018全国卷Ⅱ阅读C)三、复杂表语包括非谓语动词、表语从句等。
高考英语长难句分析与基础语法知识点突破在高考英语中,长难句的理解和基础语法知识点的掌握对于取得高分至关重要。
很多同学在面对复杂的长难句时感到困惑,对基础语法的运用也不够熟练,这直接影响了阅读理解、写作等多个板块的得分。
接下来,让我们深入探讨一下高考英语中的长难句分析和基础语法知识点的突破方法。
一、长难句分析长难句之所以让同学们感到头疼,主要是因为它们通常包含较多的修饰成分、从句以及复杂的句式结构。
要攻克长难句,首先要学会划分句子成分。
(一)找出句子的主干句子的主干通常包括主语、谓语和宾语。
例如,“The book that I bought yesterday is very interesting” 这个句子中,“The book”是主语,“is”是谓语,“interesting”是表语。
而“that I bought yesterday”则是一个定语从句,用来修饰先行词“book”。
(二)分析从句高考英语中常见的从句有定语从句、宾语从句、状语从句等。
定语从句通常用来修饰名词或代词,如“The man who is standing there i s my teacher” 中,“who is standing there”就是一个定语从句,修饰先行词“man”。
宾语从句在句子中作宾语,比如“I don't know what he is doing” ,“what he is doing”就是宾语从句。
状语从句则用来表示时间、地点、原因、条件等,像“If it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home” 这里的“If it rains tomorrow”就是一个条件状语从句。
(三)理清修饰成分修饰成分包括形容词、副词、介词短语等。
它们的作用是对句子的主干进行补充和说明。
比如,“The girl in the red dress is my sister” 中,“in the red dress”是一个介词短语,作后置定语,修饰“girl”。
高考英语阅读理解长难句解析详解第一节:找谓语,定主语一般情况下,一个谓语形式的动词对应其动作的发出者(主语),我们能够依照谓语动词的意义来确定其主语。
而且,若是一个句子中出现两个或两个以上的谓语形式的动词,则该句能够是并列句或复合句(并列谓语动词的情况除外)。
如Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment ---although no one had proposed to do so and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning.【简析】此句中的谓语形式的动词及其对应的主语有:ordered--he; (should) not be used ---federal--funds;hadwas opposed --he; proposed --- no one;asked--he (asked 前面有and, 说明 asked 与前面某个谓语动词并列,依照逻辑意义 asked应与ordered 并列 )。
这一句的骨干为“he ordered... asked ....”,“Declaring that...作状”语。
句意:他宣布自己反对使用这种非同平常的蓄牧生殖技术来克隆人类,并命令严禁联邦政府基金用于做此类试验——尽管还没有人建议这么做——他还请一个普林斯顿大学校长Harold Shapiro 为首的独立专家组在90 天内向白宫报告关于拟定有关克隆人的国家政策的建议。
第一节、句子的成分(词性)1谓语1)谓语的成分Your mother must (be)very beautiful情态动词不能做谓语一定要具备时态有时态的实意动词(主谓宾结构)或系动词(主系表结构)充当谓语。
2)一句话当中能不能多?绝对不能,一句话当中只能有一个动词的存在,并且充当谓语,多余的动词全部都要变成非谓语动词。
独立主格(主语不一致)-分词作状语()谓语只能是动词;动词只能做谓语,所以,我们需要把一句话当中所有不做谓语的动词全部变成不是动词,把动词变成不是动词,在动词后加v-ing主动,v-ed被动,to do目的,这三个有一个共同的名字叫非谓语动词,非谓语动词可以在句子中充当所有成分,除了谓语一句话当中有多个动词,选意思最重要的那个动词充当句子的谓语一句话当中只能有一个动词充当谓语,其他动词要变成非谓语动词3)一句话当中动词能不能少?(句子必须具备主谓)绝对不能,当一句话当中需要动词而又没有动词的时候,永远都加be动词,并且be动词没有意思。
非谓语动词充当主语时谓语动词用单数谓语的总结:一句话当中有且只能有一个有时太的实意动词或系动词的存在,并且充当谓语。
2主语1)主语的成分名词、代词(只替代名词的出现)、非谓语动词、从句(引导词加句子)2)主语能不能少?绝对不能,那一句话没有主语时应该怎么办呢?A.加it作为主语:必须和天气温度时间有关系哦B.There be“有”be=exist,remain,seem-有C.被动作文中所有用人称代词打头的句子,都可以考虑写成被动。
以下三种情况没有被动:a)当动词的后面有介词的时候,这个动词没有被动b)所有的系动词都没有被动c)当have翻译成有的时候,have没有被动D.人称代词不到万不得已千万不要用人称代词I、You、We如果有梦想,就应该会成功If there seems a dream,glories are supposed to be attained 3宾语1)宾语的成分名词、代词、非谓语动词、从句4表语1)表语的成分名词、代词、非谓语动词、从句、形容词、介词短语四、简单句在写作中的使用1.所有写不来的单词都可以写成自己会的词汇,反正老师也不知道我想表达的意思2.所有不来的长难句暂时先写成简单句,一定要保证语法正确越来越多的大学生自杀,这个事实表明我们应该关注这个话题了An increasing amount of university students killed themselves ,so we should care about the problem作业:第一章全部看一遍,15个练习题做完第一章练习题的后面第二节并列句一、什么是并列句?并列句:就是在两个句子中间加个连词二、常见的连词1.平行关系:and、not only…but alsoSimilarly、equally、likewise、at the same time2.转折关系:but、yet、while、whereasHowever、nevertheless、conversely、unfortunately、by contrast、on the contrary3.递进(顺承)关系:thenBesides、furthermore、moreover、additionally、subsequently4.因果关系:for;soThus、therefore、as a result、consequently5.选择关系:orAlternatively三、并列句在写作中的使用:写作中只要上下句之间有逻辑关系就一定要用逻辑关系词逻辑关系词:连词、副词、介词短语“,”不能连接两个句子,当使用副词,介词短语不能连接两个句子连词和其他的逻辑关系词的区别在于:连词的前面有没有“。
英语长难句构造剖析 ( 含 2019 年高考全国 1-3 卷长难句 )英语中句子最基本的句式只有五种,其余各样句式都是由这五种基本句式变换而来。
五种基本句式以下:1 主语+谓语 (不及物动词 )2 主语+谓语 (及物动词 )+宾语3主语+系动词+表语4主语+谓语 (及物动词 )+间接宾语+直接宾语5主语+谓语 (及物动词 )+宾语+宾语补足语别的还有特别句式如 there be-, 重申句,倒装句等。
可是在真切的语言环境中,句子构造远非这么简单。
复杂主语、复杂宾语、复杂介词短语,还有各样复杂的定语和状语等修饰成分让句子变得异样复杂。
高考阅读理解、完型填空和语法填空常常出现构造复杂的长难句,影响考生对语篇文段的理解。
此外,新高考将包含两个写作题:读后续写(纲要写作 )和应用文写作。
在评分标准中把“全力使用较复杂语法构造”视为能否得高分的标准之一。
所以,学会剖析长难句显得分外重要。
一个句子之所以成为长难句,就是由于句子各部分红分和构造复杂,详细说就是句中出现了复杂主语、复杂宾语、复杂修饰语 (介词短语、非谓语动词、定语和状语 )以及各样从句等。
下边分类分析:一、复杂主语包含以下情况:含有连词如 and, both...and..., either...or..., neither...nor..., not only...but (also), as well as;非谓语动词做主语;主语从句充任主语;同位语构造做主语等。
如:Those who were highest in status in high school, as well as those least liked in elementary school, are “mostlikely to engage (从事) in dangerous and risky behavior. (2019”高考全国Ⅰ卷阅读理解D) (as well as 连结those who...与those least liked ...做主语 )The gunners like to describe what they do as character-building, but we know that to wound an animal and watch it go through the agony(难过) of dying can make nobody happy. (动词不定式 to do 构造做主语 )Connecting to the community (社区) as you freely give your time, money, skills, or services provides a real joy. (2019高考全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解B) (-ing形式做主语)Dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy, but we can’t forget that deep relationships wouldn't even exist if it weren’tfor casual conversation.(2018 全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解 D) (-ing 形式做主语 )What you needis a great teacher who lets you make mistakes(2019. 高考全国Ⅰ卷阅读理解 B) (主语从句充任主语 )Shackleton,a onetime British merchant -navy officer who had got to within 100 miles of the South Pole in 1908, started a business...(2016 全国甲卷阅读理解D) (同位语构造做主语 )二、主谓之间被介词短语、定语从句或非谓语动词分开Mr. Robbins, together with his wife and children, is leaving London for Paris.Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, who lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C. , influenced the development of chopsticks.( 2016全国丙卷语法填空)Frank Hurley, a confident and gifted Australian photographer who knew the Antarctic, was hired to make the images, most of which have never before been published.(2016 全国新课标甲卷阅读理解 D)According to the report's key findings, “the proportion( 比率) who say they ‘ never ’ or ‘ hardly ever ’ readhas forgonefunfrom 8 percent of 13-year-olds and 9 percent of 17-year-olds in 1984 to 22 percent and 27 percent respectively today. (2018”全国卷Ⅱ阅读 C)The woman sitting at the desk, seeing my madness, sympathetically jumped up. (2016 全国甲卷完形填空 )三、复杂表语包含非谓语动词、表语从句等。
英语长难句结构分析(含2019年高考全国1-3卷长难句)英语中句子最基本的句式只有五种,其他各种句式都是由这五种基本句式转换而来。
五种基本句式如下:1主语+谓语(不及物动词)2主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语3主语+系动词+表语4主语+谓语(及物动词)+间接宾语+直接宾语5主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语+宾语补足语此外还有特殊句式如there be-, 强调句,倒装句等。
但是在真实的语言环境中,句子结构远非这么简单。
复杂主语、复杂宾语、复杂介词短语,还有各种复杂的定语和状语等修饰成分让句子变得异常复杂。
高考阅读理解、完型填空和语法填空经常出现结构复杂的长难句,影响考生对语篇文段的理解。
另外,新高考将包括两个写作题:读后续写(概要写作)和应用文写作。
在评分标准中把“尽力使用较复杂语法结构”视为是否得高分的标准之一。
因此,学会分析长难句显得格外重要。
一个句子之所以成为长难句,就是因为句子各部分成分和结构复杂,具体说就是句中出现了复杂主语、复杂宾语、复杂修饰语(介词短语、非谓语动词、定语和状语)以及各种从句等。
下面分类解析:1、复杂主语包括下列情形:含有连词如and, both...and..., either...or..., neither...nor..., not only...but (also), as well as;非谓语动词做主语;主语从句充当主语;同位语结构做主语等。
如:Those who were highest in status in high school, as well as those least liked in elementary school,are “most likely to engage (从事) in dangerous and risky behavior.”(2019高考全国Ⅰ卷阅读理解D) (as well as 连接those who...与those least liked ...做主语)The gunners like to describe what they do as character-building, but we know that to wound an animal and watch it go through the agony(痛苦) of dying can make nobody happy. (动词不定式to do结构做主语)Connecting to the community(社区)as you freely give your time, money, skills, or services provides a real joy. (2019高考全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解B) (-ing形式做主语)Dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy, but we can’t forget that deep relationships wouldn't even exist if it weren’t for casual conversation. (2018全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解D) (-ing形式做主语)What you need is a great teacher who lets you make mistakes. (2019高考全国Ⅰ卷阅读理解B) (主语从句充当主语)Shackleton,a onetime British merchant-navy officer who had got to within 100 miles of the South Pole in 1908, started a business...(2016全国甲卷阅读理解D) (同位语结构做主语)2、主谓之间被介词短语、定语从句或非谓语动词分隔Mr. Robbins, together with his wife and children, is leaving London for Paris.Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, who lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C., influenced the development of chopsticks.( 2016全国丙卷语法填空)Frank Hurley, a confident and gifted Australian photographer who knew the Antarctic,was hired to make the images, most of which have never before been published.(2016全国新课标甲卷阅读理解D)According to the report's key findings, “the proportion(比例) who say they ‘never’ or ‘hardly ever’ read for fun has gone from 8 percent of 13-year-olds and 9 percent of 17-year-olds in 1984 to 22 percent and 27 percent respectively today.”(2018全国卷Ⅱ阅读C)The woman sitting at the desk, seeing my madness,sympathetically jumped up. (2016全国甲卷完形填空)3、复杂表语包括非谓语动词、表语从句等。
考试与评价高考英语长难句解析泉州实验中学廖荣堂摘要:在英语学习中,特别是考试中,长难句的学习和理解至关重要㊂长难句牵涉的语法比较多,主要有句子成分㊁并列句㊁复合句㊁谓语㊁非谓语和特殊结构等㊂本文就长难句的分析步骤和分析方法作个探讨㊂关键词:长难句;步骤;方法中图分类号:G633.41+H319.3 文献标识码:B 文章编号:1672-4186(2019)13-0109-011 长难句分析步骤1)首先确定句子是简单句㊁并列句还是复合句㊂2)如果是简单句,首先确定主谓结构;接着确定宾语和宾语补足语(如果有的话);然后确定定语和状语等次要成分,即找出主语㊁谓语和宾语各自的修饰语㊂3)如果是并列句,首先找出并列连词并把全句分解为若干个分句;再回到第二步㊂4)如果是复合句,首先找出从属连词并确定出主句和从句,这时应特别注意连词省略现象和多义连词在句中的确切含义;再回到第二步㊂2 长难句分析方法2.1 找谓语㊁定主语一般情况下,一个谓语形式的动词对应其动作的发出者(主语),我们可以根据谓语动词的意义来确定其主语㊂如果一个句子中出现两个或两个以上的谓语形式的动词,这两个谓语动词又不是并列谓语,则该句是并列句或复合句(并列谓语动词的情况除外)㊂例1:The way he thought of to go abroad sounds reasona-ble.ʌ分析ɔ根据句意可知,thought of的主语是he;而sounds的主语是the way.he thought of是定语从句,to go abroad也是定语修饰the way.这句话的主干是The way sounds reasonable.属于简单句的 主+系表 句型㊂ʌ句意ɔ他想出来的出国的方法听起来有道理㊂2.2 寻关联(词)㊁辨逻辑一些长句其实是由若干分句组成的并列句或复合句㊂而这些并列句或复合句之间需要一些关联词来连接㊂如果我们找准这些关联词,就能够弄清楚句与句之间的逻辑关系,分别弄清主句的意义和从句的意义,则长句就容易对付得多了㊂例2:The team's data only went up to2007,but the re-searchers also explored what would happen if consumers re-placed old products with new electronics that serve more than one function,such as a tablet for word processing and TV vie-wing.(2018全国卷1,阅读D)ʌ分析ɔ本句是一个并列复合句,but连接两个并列句㊂but后面的主句是the researchers also explored;what前面是动词explored,说明what引导宾语从句,充当explored 的宾语,而what在宾语从句中作主语;if引导的是条件状语从句,里面包含一个that(作主语)引导的定语从句,修饰electronics.ʌ句意ɔ团队的数据只收集到了2007年,但是研究人员还是探究了如果消费者用新的电子设备取代旧产品会产生的效果,新设备不止一个功能,比如用于文字处理和电视视频的平板电脑㊂2.3 抓主干㊁去枝叶一般情况下,一个句子的主干(主语和谓语)所表达的信息为主要信息,定语(形容词㊁介词短语㊁非谓语和定从等)㊁状语㊁补语等所表达的信息为次要信息㊂例3:Data shows that kids and teens who do read fre-quently,compared to infrequent readers,have more books in the home,more books purchased for them,parents who read more often,and parents who set aside time for them to read.(2018全国卷2,阅读C)ʌ分析ɔ本句的主句是Data shows;that引导宾语从句,充当shows的宾语,从句的主干成分是kids and teens have more books and parents.从句中有三个who引导的定语从句,compared to...为过去分词短语作状语;purchased for them为过去分词短语作后置定语㊂ʌ句意ɔ数据表明,频繁阅读的孩子和青少年,与那些不经常阅读的相比,在家里有更多的书籍,购买了更多的书,父母也经常阅读,而且父母为他们留出时间阅读㊂2.4 看搭配,防分隔有时一个长句或难句是由一个或多个搭配构成,而且这些搭配中常常出现分隔(同位语㊁介词短语和从句分隔)现象㊂若受分隔现象的干扰而看不清句子的本来面目,则对句意的理解就会发生偏差㊂例4:Back in1983,two scientists,Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin,reported that young maple trees getting bitten by in-sects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get.(2017全国卷2,阅读D)ʌ分析ɔ本句是主从复合句㊂主句是two scientists re-ported,Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin是two scientists的同位语㊂第一个that引导宾语从句,getting bitten by insects是现在分词短语作后置定语修饰宾语从句的主语trees;第二个that引导定语从句,修饰smell㊂ʌ句意ɔ回到1983年,Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin这两位科学家报道说:被害虫咬的小枫树会发出一种邻近的植物能接收到的特别的气味㊂总之,在碰到长句和难句时,要根据实际情况灵活运用上述方法,在平时阅读过程中要加强对长句和难句的句法分析训练,有时要几种方法综合使用才能正确理解句意㊂参考文献:[1]杨雄.英语长难句结构分析[J].上海:华东理工大学出版社,2008.[2]王幼平.高考阅读理解长难句分类与解析[J].中学生英语,2018(6).901。
句子成分分析(综合运用)目标:依据句子成分,学会分析长难句背景:一些复杂的长难句一方面是制约考生快速理解文意、准确解题的“拦路虎”,另一方面又是彰显考生写作功底的“走秀台”,在某种程度上来说,对长难句的分析与掌握已成为区分考生成绩优劣的“分水岭”。
其实,长难句并不可怕,在正确划分句子成分的基础上,运用一定的“拆分”技巧,化繁为简、化长为短,其意立马显现。
所以,无论是从学语法的角度,还是从英语综合素养的角度,都有必要学会这个方法。
Part 1:知识点详解一、长难句的常见形式1.复合句这些句子往往较长,一个从句套着另一个从句,环环相扣,使得学生搞不清楚整个句子结构。
其实,不管句子有多长、多复杂,它只由两部分构成,即主干和修饰成分。
主干是整个句子的骨架,主要指主谓宾结构(如:I want a ticket.)或主系表结构(如:The man is a teacher.)。
而修饰成分在句中只起修饰或补充主干的作用,它既可以是单词,也可以是短语,更常见的则是从句,尤其是定语从句和状语从句。
一般来说,复合句中的从句都是很常见的,学生比较熟悉的,但很多时候不少考生分不清单词、短语和从句之间的相互关系,这样会导致整个句子分析混乱。
这时,学生应通过仔细分析,将每个修饰成分划出来,找出句子的主干,这样整个句子结构就清晰了。
[例1]What Winter knows of the 19 yearold who saved his life is only that he died in a car accident and that his family was willing to honor his wishes and donate his organs for transplantation (移植).[分析]此句的主语为“What Winter knows of the 19yearold who saved his life”,是一个主语从句,其中主语从句里面又包含了一个由who引导的定语从句;is为主干句的系动词,后面的that引导两个并列的表语从句。
[点津]分析长难句时找出主干句的谓语是至关重要的一步。
[例2]Pasteur discovered that heating the wine gently for a few minutes after it had fermented (发酵) would kill off the yeast (酵母菌) that was left in the wine, with the result that the wine would remain fresh for much longer.[分析]此句的主语为Pasteur,谓语是discovered,第一个that引导的是宾语从句。
在宾语从句中after引导状语从句,第二个that引导定语从句。
第三个that 引导同位语从句。
[点津]that在长难句里面用得非常多,所以正确理解that引导的不同从句非常重要。
2.分隔结构为了调整语气和增加补充信息,更主要的是为了平衡句子结构,避免头重脚轻,使语意严密,结构紧凑,可将语法关系密切的两个句子成分用其他语法成分分隔开来,这就是所谓的分隔结构。
高考试题中出现较多的是插入语、用破折号插入的新话题或补充信息。
此外,还有一些句子成分(一般是定语)过长而出现后置,也可以看作是插入现象,只不过它只是句子原有成分位置的调整,没有新增信息。
[例3]The idea of returning to the basics in the classroom — a notion (概念,观点) which, incidentally (顺便说一下), has been quietly supported for years by many respected teachers — is finally gaining some currency (流行) with school administrators (管理者).[分析]两个破折号中间的内容是对前面的补充说明。
[点津]分析长难句时务必注意这些非限制性修饰成分,它们打断了原来的行文逻辑,插入补充了一些额外的信息。
3.成分省略在英语句子中,用词简洁是一条重要的修辞原则。
省略主要是为了避免重复,突出关键词并使上下文紧密连接。
成分省略一般和从句相结合,一正一反,使句子富于变化,增强表现力。
例如在以than, as引导的比较状语从句中,一些成分往往被省略,而这会给理解带来一定的影响,而且这类句子出现频率较高,考生需要熟记。
[例4]I look forward to seeing these views taken further, and to their being challenged by the other participants.[分析]and后省略了重复成分look forward,读题时应将被省去的部分补全理解。
[点津]补充完整省略成分,才能正确理解语境。
4.改变语序改变语序主要针对倒装句式。
这种打破相对固定的常规语序的做法,或是为了强调句子表达的重心,或是强调一种表达语气,如虚拟语气、否定语气等。
这些句子往往和一些副词、连词相关,有明显的标志。
[例5]The professor marched into the lecture hall, placed upon his desk a large jar (罐子) filled with dried beans (豆), and invited the students to guess how many beans the jar contained.[分析]此句正常语序为:placed a large jar filled with dried beans upon his desk ...[点津]还原为正常语序是理解语境的关键所在。
二、长难句的突破策略1.结构分析法所谓结构分析法,就是通过语法分析,迅速弄清句子的结构,把握住句子的基本框架。
基本步骤是:首先,判断该句是简单句、并列句还是复合句;然后,找出句子的核心成分,分清主语和谓语,再分清句子的附属成分。
方法一:较复杂单句的处理方法——找主谓语,即找主干成分较复杂单句在高考试卷中经常出现,所以应引起同学们的足够重视。
①However, many scientists who specialize in ageing are doubtful about it and say the human body is just not designed to last past about 120 years.[分析]此句的主语为“many scientists”,主语后跟一个由who引导的定语从句。
主句有两个谓语,即are doubtful和say, say后面又接了一个宾语从句。
①Some companies have made the manufacturing of clean and safe products their main selling point and emphasize it in their advertising.[分析]此句的主语为“Some companies”,句中有两个谓语,即have made和emphasize。
①At the press of a button, a microcomputer locks all other floors chute (道) doors and sets the recycling container turning until the right box comes under the chute.[分析]此句的主语为“a microcomputer”,也有两个谓语,即locks 和sets。
方法二:并列复合句的处理方法——找并列连词①The hot sun had caused the dough (面团) to double in size and fermenting yeast made the surface shake and sigh as though it was breathing.①Miss Germaine’s mother looked anxious through the wedding and Mr. Cordell’s parents are reported to be less than delighted.[分析]第①句中的and和第①句中的and都是并列连词,各自连接两个并列单句。
方法三:主从复合句的处理方法——找从属连词Whereas a woman’s closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage, it wasn’t unusual to hear a man say he didn’t know his friend’s marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa.[分析]Whereas引导了一个从句,即“a woman’s closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage”,而“it wasn’t unusual to hear a man say”为主句,其中it为形式主语,真正的主语为不定式。
“he didn’t know his friend’s marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa”为省略从属连词that 的宾语从句,从句中又含有not ... until引导的时间状语从句,时间状语从句所在的主、从句中又各含有一个宾语从句:“his friend’s marriage was in serious trouble” (省略连接词that);与“if he could sleep on the sofa” (从属连词if)。
方法四:并列和主从复合句并存的处理方法1.先读懂并列复合句,再看主从复合句If you ask people to name one person who had the greatest effect on the English language, you will get answers like “Shakespeare” “Samuel Johnson”,and “Webster”,but none of these men had any effect at all compared to a man who didn’t even speak English — William, the Conqueror.[分析]首先找到并列连词but,推知:If you ask ... “Webster”为but连接的第一分句,“none of these men ... the Conqueror”为第二分句;第一分句中含if引导的条件状语从句,从句中又含有who引导的定语从句;第二分句中含who引导的定语从句。