MIT-SCIENCE-Lectures-rec11 (2)

14.123 Lectures 1-2, Page 3
Introduction
• Economics is about explaining and predicting choice. • It is assumed that economic agents choose their most desirable alternative among the set of feasible ones. – Interpret it “as if”, not necessarily “deliberate”. – “This morning I took the shuttle to MIT because this was the best possible way to come in.” Discuss. • Desirability is represented by preferences and/or utility. – Attitudes may be expressed over outcomes never experienced (Would you prefer to be Superman or Spiderman?).
14.123 Lectures 1-2, Page 6
Utility Representation
• DEF. Utility fcn u : X → represents if u(x) ≥ u(y) x y. • THM: If u represents , then is complete and transitive. ■ Follows from the same properties of ≥ on real numbers. ■ • THM: If X is finite and is complete and transitive, then there exists a utility function that represents . ■ u(x) = |{y∈X : xy}|: # of alternatives that x beats weakly.■ • THM: If X is countable and is complete and transitive, then there is a utility function with a bounded range that represents . ■ X ≡ {x1,x2,…}. Let u(x-1)=0, u(x0)=1. For all n=1,2,…, set u(xn) = [max{u(xk)|xnxk,n>k} + min{u(xk)|xkxn,n>k}]/2 .■

选择性必修其次册UNIT 1 SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTS Ⅰ.阅读理解Jose Hernandez made his dream of becoming an astronaut a reality and he did so despite unbelievable difficulties.“I was working in a field near Stockton，and I heard on my radio that Franklin Chang-Diaz had been selected for the Astronaut Corps，”said Jose，who was a senior in high school at the time.“I was already interested in science and engineering，”Jose remembered.“But that was the moment I said，‘I want to fly in space.’”As one of four children in a migrant(移民)farming family from Mexico，Jose—who didn’t learn English until he was 12 years old—spent much of his childhood traveling with his family from Mexico to southern California each March，then working northward to the Stockton area by November，picking strawberries and cucumbers at farms along the route.They would then return to Mexico for Christmas and start the cycle all over again in the spring.“Some kids might think it would be fun to travel like that，”Jose laughed.“But we had to work.”After graduating from high school，Jose was admitted into the University of the Pacific.In 1987，he accepted a full-time job with Lawrence National Laboratory.In 2001，Jose joined the Johnson Space Centre，where he came face-to-face with Franklin Chang-Diaz.“We actually had common experiences—a similar upbringing，the same language issues.That built up my confidence.Any barriers that existed，he had already overcome them，”Jose smiled.“Now it’s my turn！”“NASA rejected me not once，not twice，not three times but 11 times.It wasn’t until the 12th time that I got selected，”he said.Jose was selected as part of the 19th class of astronauts in 2004.He circled the globe 217 times but remains a down to Earth guy. Jose Hernandez received the 2016 National Hispanic Hero Award and he continueshis long history in the field of engineering and space.1.What made Jose determined to be an astronaut?A.The influence of Astronaut Corps.B.The success of Franklin Chang-Diaz.C.His interest in science and engineering.D.The experience of working in the field.2.What can we learn about Jose as a child?A.He did much farm work.B.He traveled a lot for fun.C.He hated learning English.D.He obeyed his family in everything.3.How did Jose feel when he met Franklin Chang-Diaz personally?A.Inspired.B.Valued.C.Relaxed.D.Puzzled.4.What can be a suitable title for the text?A.Climb over BarriersB.Reach for the StarsC.Work the Hard WayD.Learn from Your PastPeople who regularly sleep for six hours or less each night in middle age are more likely to develop dementia (痴呆) than those who routinely manage seven hours，according to a major study into the disease.Researchers found a 30% greater risk of dementia in those who during their 50s，60s and 70s consistently had a short night’s sleep，regardless of other risk factors such as heart condition and poor mental health.Sabia，an author of the study at the University of Paris and her colleagues analyzed survey data from University College London’s Whitehall study，which launched in 1985 and followed the health and lifestyles of more than 10，000 Britishvolunteers.The French team focused on nearly 8，000 participants who self-reported their sleep patterns.During 25 years of follow-up，521 participants developed dementia，with most diagnosed in their late 70s.Writing in Nature Communications，the scientists described how those who routinely got six hours of sleep or less each night in their 50s and 60s were 30% more likely to develop dementia than those who typically managed seven hours.The study does not prove that sleeping too little causes dementia，since sleep loss itself may be one of the earliest symptoms of the disease.But some scientists believe the results strengthen evidence that continuous poor sleep may at least contribute to the disease.The first pathological changes that lead to dementia occur one to two decades before the disease becomes obvious，as sticky proteins called amyloid build up in the brain.When the 1985 Whitehall study first assessed the sleep of volunteers who later developed dementia，this process had probably not started.This meant that if they were sleeping too little，it was unlikely to have been caused by dementia-related brain changes.“It strengthens the evidence that poor sleep in middle age could cause or worsen dementia in later life，”said Dr.Liz Coulthard，a consultant senior lecturer in dementia neurology.“It makes sense to take measures to improve sleep such as going outside during daylight hours to help maintain the natural rhythms that promote good sleep，avoiding too much alcohol or caffeine，particularly before bed，and finding a bedtime routine that works for you.”5.What risk factor for dementia does the passage focus on?A.Sleep loss.B.Age.C.Poor mental health.D.Heart condition.6.How did French scientists get the research findings?A.By making a comparison.B.By monitoring sleep patterns.C.By interviewing British volunteers.D.By analyzing previous survey data.7.In what tone do the scientists talk about the research?A.Casual.B.Doubtful.C.Negative.D.Cautious.8.What is the purpose of the last paragraph?A.To give examples.B.To collect proofs.C.To offer suggestions.D.To present arguments.Ⅱ.完形填空It was just a typical morning of an ordinary workday.I was at the __1__，on my way to the lab where I was a postdoctoral fellow.But something began to __2__ inside me as I watched the people around me—headphones hanging from their ears，__3__ cast down，unsmiling faces.They looked unhappy.And I realized that I was one of them.Suddenly，I could no longer __4__ with my work life and booked a one-way ticket to fly home.Over the years，I had grown more __5__due to the pressure of finishing my Ph.D.Those who could have been partners became competitors I disliked and the effect of this competition was exactly the __6__ of what I had hoped for.I began to feel lonely and __7__.I became less and less productive in my scientific work.I __8__ my breaking point that day at the bus stop.I had to end this.I emailed my professors，explaining that I had put the __9__ first and myself second for too long.Shortly after I got back home，I started to receive some emails from my workmates—I guessed they expected me to join them again soon.After a few __10__ asking how I was，in the emails many expressed their stress of academic life.Vulnerable researchers were __11__ their heads out of their shells (壳)，seeking help.It occurred to me that we all __12__ sometimes，and our vulnerability (脆弱) seemed so much alike that I __13__ myself from all that had bothered me for days.Actually it can be a __14__ game，instead of one where one side gains while the other side loses.Working withothers and asking for help doesn’t make my contributions __15__：it means we can all succeed.1.A.cafe shop B.bookstoreC.supermarketD.bus stop2.A.awaken B.tackleC.settleD.disappear3.A.nose B.eyesC.neckD.arms4.A.go B.continuebineD.exchange5.A.mature B.academicpetitiveD.positive6.A.output B.alternativeC.caseD.opposite7.A.inspired B.lostC.pureD.guilty8.A.spotted B.markedC.hitD.set9.A.evaluation B.adaptationprehensionD.occupation10.A.jokes B.linesC.callsD.accounts11.A.sticking B.standingC.bringingD.figuring12.A.choke B.urgeC.sufferD.hesitate13.A.discouraged B.bannedC.freedD.prevented14.A.brand-new B.non-controversialC.so-calledD.win-win15.A.unimportant B.improperC.irregularD.illogicalⅢ.语法填空(2024·山东省潍坊市高三二模)Doctors in the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine have followed the meal-time habits of more than 500 people for six years，1.____________(find) weight change is most affected by the size and 2.____________(frequent) of meals rather than the interval (间隔) from first to last meal.It challenges the popular trend of intermittent fasting (禁食) 3.____________ a useful weight loss strategy. Intermittent fasting，also referred to as time-restricted feeding，is a dietary strategy where all meals 4.____________(consume) during a short window of time each day.These windows can extend from 6 to 10 hours，resulting in a person essentially fasting for up to 18 hours each day.The idea reveals 5.____________ is no link between the time of a person’s eating window each day and weight changes.“Based on other studies that have come out，including 6.____________(we)，we are starting to think timing of meals most likely doesn’t produce 7.____________ instant impact on weight loss，”said doctor Bennett.“What does matter，however，is the total number of medium and large meals a person eats over the day.” It suggests simply eating smaller meals，less frequently，is 8.____________ ultimately leads to weight loss.All of this doesn’t mean intermittent fasting strategies won’t help.But what does seem increasingly clear is that the weight loss benefits occasionally 9.____________(see) with these eating strategies may be primarily driven by a reduced caloric intake.It doesn’t mean you can simply eat all you want in a short window each day and still expect 10.____________(lose) weight.选择性必修其次册UNIT 1Ⅰ.【语篇解读】本文是记叙文。

The Teaching Company 美国最著名的大学教育课程制作公司之一，专门聘请世界一流大学的顶尖级教授讲授大学程度的各种课程，并推出课程的磁带，录像带，CD，DVD和学习手册，因注重学术性，教育性和娱乐性，符合终身学习的时代观念，在业界享有盛誉。

由它推出的课程简称为TTC course。

这家教育公司应该是美国生产教育类产品的公司中最为厉害的一家了，从它所聘请到的授课教师背景就能看出这一点来，美国高校有50万教授，为它所挑中的人选有5000人，可谓百里挑一，可以说是美国高校中的精英力量，许多教授在各自校园中都获得过“教师奖”，这种头衔对于一个教授的授课能力来讲是很大的一种肯定。

主页的左侧全是关于所授课程的介绍，人文、艺术、宗教学科及社会科学的课程占了比较大的比例。

原帖作者：myoung麻省理工、台湾国立交通大学、斯坦福大学、TTC课程和耶鲁大学的优秀开放课程资源，以及一小部分中科院研究生课程VeryCd资源索引。

麻省理工 (MIT)麻省理工开放课程主页：/courses/一.理学院*生物学(Biology)1.MIT开放课程：生物学导论 MIT OpenCourse:7.012 Introduction to Biology课程链接：/topics/2829182/*化学(Chemistry)1.MIT开放课程：固态化学导论 MIT OpenCourse:Introduction to Solid State Chemistry课程链接：/topics/2828243/*物理学(Physics)1.麻省理工电磁学视频课程 MIT--Physics--Electricity andMagnetism--Video Lectures课程链接1：/topics/2807625/课程链接2：/topics/2807625/2.美国麻省理工之经典力学 classical mechanics课程链接：/topics/2745060/*脑与认知科学(Brain and Cognitive Sciences)1.MIT开放式课程:心理学导论2004秋季学期 MIT OpenCourseWare,9.00 Introduction to Psychology,Fall 2004课程链接：/topics/65161/二.工程学院*电机工程与计算机科学(Electrical Engineering and Computer Science)1. MIT计算机科学及编程导论 MIT Introduction to Computer Science and Programming课程链接：/topics/2830263/2.MIT算法导论 MIT Introduction to Algorithms课程链接1：/topics/2812654/课程链接2：/topics/87348/3.数字通信原理 Principles of Digital Communications-MIT课程链接：/topics/2829316/三：高中开放式课程1.哥德尔，埃舍尔，巴赫：一次心灵太空漫游 Godel, Escher, Bach: A Mental Space Odyssey课程链接：/topics/2834837/斯坦福大学 (Stanford)斯坦福开放课程主页：/see/courses.aspxStanford Engineering Everywhere：斯坦福大学的“Stanford Engineering Everywhere ”免费提供学校里最受欢迎的工科课程，给全世界的学生和教育工作者。

the introduction and thesis; the first or last paragraphs of the essays/chapters;
headings and subheadings;
the conclusion and summaries; the first sentence or the last sentence of each paragraph;
Unit 2 Searching for Information
2 Scanning and skimming
Tips for scanning and skimming
Skimming:
the title and subtitles;
the abstract (if there is one);
definition of a term, the effect of a phenomenon);
search thesis statements and topic sentences in paragraphs for the information you want to gain;
use the knowledge of the essay organization (such as causeeffect, comparison-contrast, problem-solution) to find what you are looking for;
highlighted texts such as words in bold or italic text;
graphs, tables or diagrams.
Unit 2 Searching for Information