Materials science and engineering, an introductionChapter 12 Structures and properties of ceramics
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应力应变测试
什么是应力应变测试?
应力应变测试是一种用于评估材料或结构在受到外部力作用下的性能和可靠性的方法。通过施加不同的力或应变,并测量材料或结构的响应,可以获得有关其性能和行为的重要信息。这些信息对于设计和优化材料和结构非常重要。
应力应变测试基于材料或结构在受到外部力作用下的弹性变形和塑性变形的原理。通过施加一定大小的力或应变,可以观察材料或结构在不同载荷下的应力应变关系,从而确定其弹性模量、屈服强度、断裂强度等性能指标。
应力应变测试的方法
1. 拉伸测试
拉伸测试是最常用的应力应变测试方法之一。它通过施加拉伸力来应用应变,测量材料在不同负荷下的应变和应力。在拉伸测试中,逐渐增大载荷,直到材料发生断裂为止。 未知驱动探索,专注成就专业
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拉伸测试可以用于评估材料的强度、延伸性、断裂韧性等性能。通过绘制应力应变曲线,可以确定材料的屈服点、最大应力点和断裂点。
2. 压缩测试
压缩测试是将作用力施加在材料或结构上,使其在压缩方向上产生应变的测试方法。通过测量材料在不同载荷下的应变和应力,可以评估材料的抗压强度和变形性能。
压缩测试常用于评估材料的稳定性和抗压性能。通过绘制应力应变曲线,可以确定材料的屈服点和最大应力点。
3. 弯曲测试
弯曲测试是将材料或结构放置在两个支撑点之间,施加弯曲力以产生应变的测试方法。通过测量材料在不同载荷下的应变和应力,可以评估材料的强度、刚度和韧性。
弯曲测试常用于评估材料在受到弯曲力作用时的性能和可靠性。通过绘制应力应变曲线,可以确定材料的弹性模量、屈服点和断裂点。 未知驱动探索,专注成就专业
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如何进行应力应变测试?
进行应力应变测试需要准备以下设备和工具:
1. 电子拉伸试验机:用于施加拉伸力和测量应变和应力。
2. 压缩试验机:用于施加压缩力和测量应变和应力。
3. 弯曲试验机:用于施加弯曲力和测量应变和应力。
常用元素及化合物
HydrogenH氢LithiumLi锂SodiumNa钠PotassiumK钾
MagnesiumMg镁CalciumCa钙
AluminumAl铝CarbonC碳SiliconSi硅TinSn锡
LeadPb铅CopperCu铜ZincZn锌MercuryHg汞
NitrogenN氮PhosphorusP磷
OxygenO氧SulfurS硫FluorineF氟ChlorineCl氯
NeonNe氖ArgonAr氩IronFe铁ManganeseMn锰
BromineBr溴SilverAg银
GoldAu金
常见二元化合物
常见的二元化合物有卤化物,氧化物,硫化物,氮化物,磷化物,碳化物,金属
氢化物等,命名时需要使用后缀-ide,如:fluoride,chloride,bromide,iodide,
oxide,sulfide,nitride,phosphide,carbide,hydride;OH-的名称也是用后缀-ide:hydroxide。
非最低价的二元化合物还要加前缀,如O22-:peroxide,O2-:superoxide。举例:
NaF:sodiumfluoride,AlCl3:aluminiumchloride,Mg2N3:magnesiumnitride,Ag2S:silversulfide,CaC2:calciumcarbide,Fe(OH)2:iron(II)
hydroxide。
基本的盐
正盐:根据化学式从左往右分别读出阳离子和阴离子的名称。如FeSO4:iron(II)sulfate,KMnO4:potassiumpermanganate。
酸式盐:同正盐的读法,酸根中的H读做hydrogen,氢原子的个数用前缀表示。
如NaHCO3:sodiumhydrogencarbonate,NaH2PO3:sodiumdihydrogenphosphate。
实验室常用仪器
烧杯beaker烧瓶flask
1 / 12 Video 1— Why study the course? Hello and welcome to “Introduction to Materials”. Strictly speaking, the name of this course should be an Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering. In this course, we are going to talk about fundamental knowledge related to materials science and engineering. 本课程是介绍材料科学与工程基础知识的入门课程,用中英双语来讲授。旨在培养学生构建完整的材料加工-结构-性能-应用的材料知识体系和思维模式,实现材料学科知识与专业英语应用能力的同步提升。 译文: 大家好!欢迎学习《材料导论》课程。严格地讲,《材料导论》这门课程应该称为《材料科学与工程导论》。本课程将介绍材料科学与工程的基础知识。 I am Zhao jing, joining me in teaching this course are our teaching team. We all come from Beijing University of Chemical Technology. 译文: 我叫赵静,我们是来自北京化工大学的一个教学团队,将负责讲授这门课程。 Before you choose any MOOC to start learning it, you probably need to convince yourself by finding the answers to the 2 / 12 following questions. 1. Why should I learn this course? 2. Am I suitable to learn this course? 3. Who are going to teach this course? 4. When and where can I learn this course? 译文: 在您选择任何一门慕课开始学习之前,您自己需要想通以下几个问题: 1. 我为什么要学习这门课程? 2. 这门课程适合我学吗? 3. 谁来讲授这门课程? 4. 我什么时间学和在哪里学习这门课程? I’d like to answer these questions one by one for you in today’s video of the brief introduction to Materials. The main focus of this video will be on why we should learn something about materials. 译文: 在今天这个《材料导论》课程的开篇视频里,我将逐一回答您这几个问题,并重点讲一讲为什么我们要学习材料相关知识。 First of all, let’s have a look at what are materials. 译文: 3 / 12 首先,让我们看看什么是材料。 According to American Society for Testing and Materials, i.e.: ASTM, materials are defined as these substances have properties that make them useful in structures, machines, devices, products, and systems.根据美国材料与试验协会的定义,材料是制造有用物品的物质。 译文: 根据美国材料与试验协会的定义:材料是制造构件、机器、设备、产品和系统这些有用物品的物质。 Let’s take helmets as an example. We all know that we wear helmets to protect our heads. In the meantime, the helmets should be comfortable to wear, and have light weight. Therefore, something tough such as tough ABS plastic is used to make the outer shell of the helmets, and something light and cozy such as lightweight urethane dual-density foam to make the inner liner. 所以,头盔外壳用具有抗冲击能力和高强度的韧性材料ABS塑料来做,头盔内部用质轻让人感觉柔软舒适的发泡聚氨酯来做。这些材料就是制造头盔这种有用物品的物质,所以,他们就是材料。那么制造有用物品的物质都是材料。 译文: 让我们以头盔为例。我们都知道带头盔是为了保护我们的头 4 / 12 部。同时,头盔还要质轻且带着舒适。因此,韧性材料ABS塑料来做头盔的外壳,质轻且柔软舒适的发泡聚氨酯来做头盔的内衬。 Actually, every aspect of our daily lives is influenced to one degree or another by materials. Let’s look at some examples that are familiar to us. Shenzhou-11 spacecraft successfully accomplished its human spaceflight mission, and brought the two astronauts Mr. Jing Haipeng and Mr. Chen Dong safely back to the earth. The success is greatly attributed to the proper use of the materials or materials system with great heat resistance. 在神州-11载人飞船推进舱的底部使用了多层隔热材料,正是这些隔热材料可隔离最高900℃的温度,有效抑制了发动机点火后的高温对推进舱内的影响。同样,在返回舱外表面,喷涂了特殊设计的有机热控涂层,才使返回舱在重返地球穿越大气层时,耐得了1600多度的高温。有了这些特殊的材料,神州-11载人航天才能够成功。 译文: 实际上,我们日常生活方方面面或多或少地都受到材料的影响。让我们来看一些耳熟能详的例子。神州-11载人飞船成功发射,航天员景海鹏和陈冬平安返回地球。这一成功很大程度上归功于高隔热材料或材料系统的合理使用。 Similarly, the airplanes such as Boeing 787, Airbus A380, 5 / 12 COMAC C919 could not accomplish their successful flight without the use of materials. Chinese dragon(视频展示中国蛟龙) could not successfully dive deep down to 7000 meters beneath the sea level without the proper use of materials.蛟龙号载人潜水器在海里下潜7000米,就意味着它的载人舱壳体需要承受700个大气压,这相当于14座埃菲尔铁塔重量的压力。这就要求潜水器要有特殊的结构设计和使用特殊的结构材料。所以说,有了材料,我们才能够实现“上九天揽月、下五洋捉鳖”。 译文: 同样,波音787,空客A380,国产大型客机C919的成功飞行都离不开材料的合理使用;不使用合适的材料,中国蛟龙号实现不了海下7000米的成功下潜。 Additionally, we cannot build our modern city as what it looks like today without materials. Sports equipment is also made of materials. The use of new advanced materials makes it possible for athletes to break the new world record. By using a pole made of wood, the pole vaulter achieved the best world record of 3.30metres in 1896. Using a pole made of bamboo achieved the best world record of 4.77m in 1942. Using a pole made of C-C composite, the best world record of 6.16m was achieved in 2014. 用质轻、高强的碳纤维撑杆,李纳德·拉维莱涅才能 6 / 12 打破原苏联运动员布勃卡保持了20多年的6米的撑杆跳世界纪录。Therefore,Materials, specially advanced materials, have been used to make shark-skin like swimsuit, vault poles, golf poles, and bicycles, etc. (所以,有了材料,特别是有了先进材料,才能生产出鲨鱼皮泳衣和碳纤维做的球拍、跳杆、高尔夫球杆和自行车等)。所以,借助先进材料制作的体育器材或装备,体育健将们才能够不断刷新世界纪录。 译文: 另外,没有材料,我们的现代化城市也不会是现在的模样。体育器材也是由材料制成的。使用新的先进的材料才能使运动员们不断刷新世界纪录。用木材做的撑杆,撑杆跳运动员在1896年实现了3.30米的世界纪录;使用竹子做的撑杆,1942年实现了4.77米世界纪录;使用碳-碳复合材料做成的撑杆,2014年实现了6.16米的最好世界纪录。所以,有了材料,特别是有了先进材料,才能生产出鲨鱼皮泳衣、撑杆、高尔夫球杆和自行车等。 Furthermore, the beautiful clothes and the footwear we wear are made of different polymeric materials. Aseptic packaging materials have been used to keep the food fresh for a longer period of time. Materials have also been used as carriers to control the release of fertilizers and pesticides to a specified target at desirable rates for a predetermined period of time, so 7 / 12 the reduced amount of fertilizers and pesticides could be used. The pesticide residues thus can be minimized to meet the requirement of food safety. The cozy houses where we live in, the high-speed railways we take and the fashion cars we drive are all highly dependent on the proper use of materials. 材料使我们的衣着鲜亮多彩,使我们的食品保质保鲜,使我们的居住环境更加舒适,使我们的出行更加便利;材料还可延长农药和化肥的药效和降低施用量,使我们吃的食物更加安全。 译文: 还有,我们穿的漂亮衣服和鞋子是用不同的高分子材料制成的;无菌包装材料使食品的保质期更长。材料还可以用做载体材料,控制化肥和农药按照预期的速率和时间周期释放到指定靶标,大大降低了化肥和农药的使用量,极大地降低了农药残留量以满足食品安全的要求。我们居住的舒适房屋,我们出行乘坐的高铁和驾驶的时髦汽车都高度依赖于材料的合理使用。 Advanced materials such as functional materials or smart materials have contributed more to our lives. The smart materials have the ability to respond to the environmental changes such as the changes in temperature, pH value, moisture, and glucose concentration, etc. Biomaterials are one
材料科学基础英文版
Material Science Fundamentals。
Material science is an interdisciplinary field that explores the properties of materials
and their applications in various industries. It combines elements of physics, chemistry,
engineering, and biology to understand the behavior of materials at the atomic and
molecular levels. This English version of the material science fundamentals aims to
provide a comprehensive overview of the key concepts and principles in this field.
1. Introduction to Material Science。
Material science is concerned with the study of materials and their properties. It
encompasses the discovery, design, and development of new materials, as well as the
investigation of existing materials for specific applications. The field is essential for the
advancement of technology and innovation in various industries, including aerospace,