2019高考英语阅读理解说明文答题方法
1.文体概述
说明文是用平实的语言客观地解说事物、阐明事理，给人以知识的文体。它通过对实体事物(如仪器、产品、自然环境)的解说，或对抽象事理(如概念、原理、定律)的阐释，使人们对事物的形态、特征、构造、性能、种类、成因、功能等有所了解，或对事理的特点、来源、演变、异同等有所认识，从而获得有关的知识。说明文实用性很强，它包括广告、说明书、内容提要、规则章程、解说词、科学小品等。
2.说明文题材
题材涉及科技、社会和文化生活等各个领域。如：介绍科学领域的最新成果、机器的制造过程、产品工艺流程或使用说明、工程项目的规划、社会经济发展过程中出现的新生事物、生物的生存状况、自然或社会现象产生的原因和解决办法、人文地理知识等。
3.说明顺序
时间顺序(如事物的发展变化)、空间顺序(如建筑结构)、逻辑顺序(如因果、现象与本质)。
4.说明方法
为了把事物的本质特征说清楚，或者把事理阐述明白，常用下列说明方法：举例子、作比较、分类别、析因果、列数字、作诠释、打比方、下定义、列图表、作引用、作假设、对比说明相异、类比说明相似等。
5.结构特点
1)总体叙述+细节或过程说明+概括评述；
2)现象或变化+细节或原因阐述+引发的后果和相关启示。
6.语言特点
高考英语阅读理解中的说明文多为科普知识方面的题材，文中常包含有结构复杂、句意深奥的长句难句。因学术性强、抽象度高，解题的难度相对较大。7.说明文阅读理解的特征
英语说明文与其它文体一样，文章所涉及的内容不外乎以下几个方面，即Who →What→When→Where→How→Why。
1) Who：问的是这篇文章的主体是谁？（即所要说明和描述的人或事物）
2) What：问的是主体做了什么事情？（即主体表现出的特性、功能和用途）
3) When和Where：是在何时何地发生的？（即何时何地所表现出的特性、功能和用途）
4) How：通过什么方式表现出来的？
5) Why：这种特性功能用途的原因是什么？
8.阅读方法
阅读说明文的关键是：抓住说明对象的本质特征。阅读时须注意：
1) 注意说明的顺序，了解文章的结构，把握文章的脉络。
2) 在阅读过程中划出长难句的主干成分(主谓宾)、标出关键词、有的可边看边画草图或结构、流程图。
知识点1：说明文之科普知识篇
1.考点描述
科普类文章是高中阅读理解中的难点题材，其取材密切联系当前经济和科技等方面的变化，以介绍某一科学现象居多。并且每年高考都有所涉及，每五篇阅读文章至少有一篇是科普文章，以体现英语语言的实用性，同时也增加了试题的难度。因此，同学们在平时的学习中一定要对此引起高度的重视。
2.材料特点
1)文章中词汇的意义比较单一、稳定、简明，不带感情色彩，具有单一性和准确性的特点。这类文章通常不会出现文学英语中采用的排比、比喻、夸张等修辞手法，一词多义的现象也不多见。
2)句子结构较复杂，语法分析较困难。为了描述一个客观事物，严密地表达自己的思想，作者经常会使用集多种语法现象于一体的长句。
3)常使用被动语态，尤其是一些惯用被动句式。
3.命题形式
科普类阅读的主要命题形式有事实细节题、词义猜测题、推理判断题以及主旨概括题等，其中推理判断题居多。
1、专题特点：
高考英语阅读理解中的说明文多为科普知识方面的题材，文中常包含有结构复
初中中考语文说明文阅读专题训练训练试题及解析 一、中考语文说明文阅读专题训练 1．阅读下文，完成下列小题。 鳖鱼是海洋系统的“整容师” ①鳖鱼是海洋中的庞然大物，也是食肉类的凶猛鱼类，号称“海中狼”。可是，最近它被贴上了“整容师”的标签，因为它可以改变海洋中很多鱼的眼睛和尾鳍的尺寸。听到这些，你是否感到十分惊讶呢？ ②原来，在海洋系统中，许多小鱼都有着较大的眼睛和有力的尾鳍，帮助它们及时发现并快速躲避鲨鱼的攻击和吞食。尤其在鲨鱼出没捕食的低光环镜下更加如此：一定尺寸的尾鳍可以保证鱼类突然加速游动，以此来远离鲨鱼的追捕。但是，在2018年1月，西澳大利亚大学等研究机构人员的最新研究发现，近年来由于人类对鲨鱼的大量捕杀，导致多种鲨鱼濒临灭绝。鲨鱼数量的减少，使得其他鱼类的生存得到了暂时的和平安稳，导致它们的形态也正在发生明显的改变，如：眼睛变小，尾鳍变小。因此，鲨鱼就成了海洋系统里的“整容师”。 ③研究人员对澳大利亚西北海域罗利沙洲和斯科特礁两个珊瑚礁系统中7种不同的鱼类专门进行了对比分析。这两个珊瑚礁有着相似的自然环境，但不同的是，罗利沙洲禁止捕鱼，鲨鱼数量比较稳定，而斯科特礁允许对鲨鱼进行商业捕捞，且已经持续了一百多年。研究人员分别在两个珊瑚礁海域进行了采样捕捞，并测量出了所捕捞鱼的体长、体宽、眼部和尾鳍大小。结果发现，与罗沙洲的鱼类相比，斯科特礁同种鱼类的眼睛尺寸小46%，尾尺寸小4%。 ④研究人员解释说，人类捕捞鲨鱼使其数量减少，会造成一系列生态后果，小鱼的眼睛及尾鳍尺寸等发生变化仅仅是一个方面，其实，鲨鱼数量的减少还在悄悄地影响着其他海洋生态系统。 ⑤首先，鲨鱼数量的大幅度减少，那些体弱多病，基因突变导致畸形的鱼，就不会及时被消灭，进化过程中的优胜劣汰也不能更好地延续下去。那些没有被吃掉的弱鱼，病鱼就会一直繁殖下去，直到基因退化，这不利于种群的健康发展，对整个海洋生物多样性，优化性将是一个致命打击。 ⑥其次，鲨鱼数量的大幅度减少，将使海洋生态环境无法正常维持，水质环境会进一步恶化。因为，鲨鱼是海洋系统名副其实的“清道夫”。它可以通过清理腐烂的大型海洋动物尸体，来净化海洋生态环境。 ⑦由此看来，鲨鱼在保持海洋生态系统平衡中扮演了至关重要的角色，称它为海洋系统的“整容师”一点儿也不过分。 （1）鲨鱼在保持海洋生态系统平衡中发挥了哪些方面的作用？ （2）有文章第③段中画线句子除了列数字以外，还运用了哪种说明方法？有何作用？（3）“其实，鲨鱼数量的减少还在悄悄地影响着其他海洋生态系统。”为什么用“悄悄”一词？ 【答案】（1）①可以改变海洋中鱼的眼睛和尾鳍的大小。②维护海洋生态平衡，有利于种群的健康发展。③净化海洋生态环境，改善水质。 （2）作比较。通过斯科特礁鱼类和罗利沙洲鱼类的比较，准确地说明了鲨鱼对海洋中许多
习作： 世上最爱你的人就是你的父母。可是，在生活中，有没有你不理解父母或者父母不理解你的时候？让我们这次习作的机会、和他们交流、沟通吧！ 你可以从以下几个方面考虑习作的内容： 你曾经有过不理解父母的时候，但通过一些事情，体会到了父母的爱； 你可以对父母提出一些建议，比如，请他们改进教育方法，或劝说他们改掉不好的习惯； 你想和父母说的其他心里话。 不论些什么，都要敞开心扉，写出你最想对爸爸妈妈说的话，表达自己的真情实感。写完以后，读给爸爸妈妈听，和他们交换意思。 【范文】 父母的爱 俗话说：母爱如水，父爱如山。我的爸爸妈妈就是这样的。 有一天深夜，我翻来覆去睡不着。妈妈用手轻轻地抚摸着我的额头，“哎呀！发烧了。”她说完穿好衣服，背起我向医院跑去。由于天气十分寒冷，我连打几个喷嚏，妈妈听见了，连忙把自己的衣服脱下来，披在我的身上。“终于到了医院。”妈妈边说边擦掉留在额头上的汗珠。可是，门诊里没有医生只有护士，住院部却有医生而无护士，所以诊断得到住院部，打针得到门诊部。两处相距甚远，妈妈不得不背着我两边跑。一会儿挂号，一会儿交医药费。看着妈妈忙碌的身影，我心想：我的好妈妈，可把你累坏了。等病好了之后，我一定听你的话。终于挨到凌晨，妈妈仍然守护着我。一夜的操劳，妈妈脸色变黄了，眼睛深陷下去，布满了血丝。她用手摸了摸我的额头，脸上露出了舒心的笑容。我知道我的烧已退了。 母亲很温和，而父亲却很严厉。 上次，我正和“QQ女狭”在聊天。爸爸看见后，说：“马上就期末考试了，怎么还聊天？”“明天还可以复习嘛！”我反驳道。爸爸的脸立刻变青了“今天有今天的事，明天有明天的事，快点复习。”接着，爸爸看着我，又说了一句：“考完后，我来看你的分数。”我腾地跳下电脑椅，迅速拿起语文书复习去了。 我的爸爸、妈妈以不同的方式呵护我，关心我。
（英语）高三英语阅读理解解析版汇编 一、高中英语阅读理解 1．阅读理解 In America, parents tend to encourage their children to develop their potential (潜能) to the fullest extent. Fathers and mothers frequently teach their children both ambition and the confidence necessary to work toward their goals. American parents are always active in concentrating on what their kids can do, not what they can't. As a result, millions of American boys and girls grow up hoping to become actors and athletes, diplomats and doctors. Many of them even want to become president. American parents often encourage their children to become involved in extra activities of all types at school, such as student government, sports and music. They believe that only through taking part in these activities can their children become mature young adults. As we all know, school work is important. But parents should realize that the social skills their children learn from natural conversations with each other are as important as schoolwork and the skills they will need in the future work. What's more important in their work is that their children should have a sound knowledge of physics or the ability to communicate effectively. As a rule, Chinese parents don't educate their children about the same kind of ambition and confidence as Americans do, nor do they encourage the same level of participation in extra activities. Children are typically advised to study hard and pass exams. They have to spend a lot of time in doing much schoolwork every day. It is a great waste of time to do so. Now more and more Chinese parents have recognized that they should pay attention to developing the potential of their children. I hope that leaders in Chinese educational circles should take some measures to develop the potential of their children. I am very confident about it. （1）From the passage, we know the American parents pay much more attention to . A. the social skills than Chinese parents B. their children's studying hard and well C. what their children want but they can't D. extra activities than schoolwork （2）According to the passage, Chinese parents . A. know more than American parents to educate their children B. owning ambition and confidence is necessary and important C. pay much more attention to their children's fine future D. don't encourage their children to participate in extra activities （3）From the passage, we can infer . A. American children are brave and adventurous B. American children are more active in their studies C. Chinese children have the ability to communicate effectively D. something should be done to develop the potential of the children in China （4）What's the writer's attitude towards Chinese education reform? A. Neutral. B. Indifferent. C. Positive. D. Negative. 【答案】（1）A
科目：语文年级：5、6年级课题 说明文阅读理解训练 教学目标1、复习说明方法及其作用 2、说明文语言的准确性练习及其方法 重点、难点说明文语言的准确性练习 考点及考试要求1、说明文中的词语能否换？ 2、文明文中的词语能否删？ 教学内容 知识框架 说明文语言的特点：准确性、平实性、简洁性 （1）说明文的语言要求准确和平时、简明，准确性是说明文语言的先决条件。 ①语言的准确性。表示时间、空间、数量、范围、程度、特征、性质、程序等，都要求无准确无误。如：“基本”、“大约”、“比较”、“一般”、“极个别”、“大多数”、“主要”等表修饰、限制的词语。如《中国石拱桥》中的一段：永定河上的卢沟桥，修建于……桥宽约8米，路面平坦，几乎与河面平行。每两个石拱之间有石砌桥墩，把11个石拱联成一个整体。这一段话语言的准确性表现在选用确切的词语和词组来表达上。如永定河上不能说成永定河中；石砌桥墩不能说成石堆桥墩；路面平坦不能说成道路平坦；几乎与河面平行不能说成与河面平行。★注意约数与确数（使用时取决于对事物的认识和了解是否达到全面、精确的程度） ②语言的平实性，是用明白、平实的语言对事物进行客观的反映。一是一、二是二，不夸大，不缩小，毫不含糊，清楚明白，只求辞达而已，不求雕琢粉饰。 ③语言的简洁性，是指简练、明确、不含糊，用最少的文字把意思说明白。可说可不说的话一律不说，以尽可能少的语言来承载尽可能多的信息。 （2）说明语言按风格分，有平实说明和生动说明（即：生动趣味性、准确科学性。） 说明文语言分为：准确严密、生动形象；准确严密、简明平实 （3）分析说明语言准确的典型试题： A、加点字词有何作用？ 例题：“天上的薄云，往往是天气晴朗的象征”这句话中的加点词语“往往”有什么作用或表达效果？ 答：“往往”是大多数的意思，说明了天上的薄云大多预示着天气晴朗，但也不排除特殊情况。“往往”一词体现了说明文语言的准确性。 注：“往往”是一个频率副词，频率副词还有“常常、经常、通常、总是、有时”等，分析它们都是一样的。 方法： 1、解释词语意思 2、带词解释句子（结合具体内容分析）； 3、xx词体现了说明文语言的准确性。 B、能否替换为另一个词语？ 例题：“天上的薄云，往往是天气晴朗的象征”这句话中的加点词语“往往”能否替换成“总是”，试说明理由。
I watched from a distance as the homeless man quarreled with those who did not leave money for him – the majority. I walked up to him and right on queue he asked me for a quarter. ―I’ll give you a quarter if you tell me your story.‖ He laughed, ―You’ll give me a quarter for my story?‖ I lay the quarter in front of him and corrected myself –―Nah, here’s the quarter but it would be nice to hear your story.‖ I followed his eyes to the quarter and for a brief moment I saw a glimmer of reflection. I sat down next to him and waited. ―I was in the army,‖ he said. ―I was a sniper(狙击手)and was supposed to shoot down the enemy from the distance.‖ I listened carefully to his grizzly voice as he went deeper into the story. He wore dirty old torn clothes and smelled like a dead rat left in a mouse trap. He told me how he used to hunt with his family and was really good at it. He had his own way of respecting animals by not wasting what he killed for food and not killing more than he needed. When the army came knocking on his door, he felt pride and joined up. All those years of polishing his hunting skills could now serve a larger purpose—to defend us from the bad guys. He set out to fight in Iraq. It wasn’t long before he realized his ideals and expectations were just a shadow of the truth. He became disillusioned with the killings, which he felt were of innocent people. ―I was a sniper but I never really killed anyone,‖ he said. ―One day I had to do it. They asked me to shoot this lady from the distance. I saw kids near that lady and my hands were on the trigger (扳机). Man, I was tearing up ... I couldn’t do it. She wasn’t doing anything to anyone and she was with the kids—I couldn’t see through my tears. It just didn’t make any sense to me.‖ The story goes on as he describes eventually being put into prison for 180 days for refusing to follow orders. He told me how he was black listed so that he couldn’t get a job. All the rights we take for granted were taken away from him. Why? Here was a man who was being punished—and for what? For refusing to kill the lady? For being a hero? ―I have no regrets,‖ the homeless man said. ―I may be homeless now, but I never killed that lady. I never killed anyone in the army. It didn’t feel right. I didn’t go there to do that. I went there to save people.‖ He continued, ―I can live with being homeless—that’s okay. But I wouldn’t be able to live with killing innocent people.‖ On that lonely Friday night, I met a hero. It just never occurred to me that a hero could be a smelly old man left on streets. 1. It can be learned from the passage that the homeless man_______. （） A. never killed animals B. had a strong respect for life C. deserved the punishment he received D. felt guilty about disobeying the order
2.（2011·浙江宁波市）“绿色”浅层地温能 ①你听说过“浅层地温能”吗？它是蕴藏在地表以下一定深度（一般小于200米）范围内岩土体、地下水和地表水中，一般低于25℃的热能。浅层地温能的来源以太阳辐射为主，还有一小部分来自地心热量。 ②我们的地球可以称得上是一个巨大的热库，它的资源量非常丰富，其内部的总热能约为地球储存的全部煤炭所蕴含能量的1.7亿倍，具有经济价值的浅层地温能大约是现在全球能源消耗总量的45万倍。据专家测算，我国地处北纬30°～42°的许多城市，地下近百米深度内，土壤中每年可采集的浅层地温能能量是目前国内发电装机容量的3750倍，地下水中每年可采集的浅层地温能能量也有2亿千瓦。 ③浅层地温能是一种清洁无污染的能源。这种能源的开发利用只需消耗少量的电能，就可以提取大量的能量，也不向大气排放二氧化碳等气体，对外界环境影响极小。由于浅层地温能资源无处不在，人们可以就近利用，就地取（排）热，为建筑物供暖或制冷，而地下水的水质、水量不发生任何变化。与传统能源相比，可节省大量运输、传输和存放成本。 ④可见，浅层地温能具有众多的优点，开发利用浅层地温能已是社会发展的必然趋势。现在的问题是，我们该如何利用这种比人类体温还要低很多的能源呢？科技人员采用了“热泵”原理。“热泵”和“水泵”类似。大家熟悉“水泵”吧，它是一种利用管道将水从低位抽到高位的机械，只不过“热泵”传递的是热能。我们居住的室内环境和地层土壤中的温度一般情况下具有一定的温差。冬季时，我们利用热泵可以把地下的热能“抽”出来，供给室内采暖；夏季时，再把室内的热能“取”出来，排放到地下储存起来。这样，可以通过自然和人工等补给方式，保持地温能量的动态平衡，使浅层地温能得以长期循环利用。无论是冬季还是夏季，水都是传递热能的载体，被加热后以便用来储存热量。由于电流只是用来传热，而不是用来产生热，因此热泵只需消耗较少的能量便可以提供较多的能量，通常情况下热泵每消耗1000瓦的能量，就可以得到4000瓦以上的能量。 ⑤浅层地温能在过去一直被人们忽视，但随着地球能源的大量消耗，能源危机日渐凸现，浅层地温能的开发利用将会越来越受到国际社会的重视。（根据《百科知识》等有关资料综合编写而成） 11.从文章内容看，“浅层地温能”有哪几方面的优点？请简要列举。（3分） 12.下列说法中不符合文意的一项是（）（3分） A.浅层地温能的主要来源是太阳辐射。 B.地球内部的总热能约为地球储存的全部煤炭所蕴含能量的1.7亿倍。 C.我们居住的室内环境和地层土壤中的温度通常情况下具有一定的温差。 D.热泵每消耗1000瓦的能量，就可以得到4000瓦的能量。 13.文中第④段介绍“热泵”时为什么要从“水泵”说起？（2分）
植物也唱《好汉歌》 ◇力夫 ①以描写行侠仗义的英雄好汉著称的我国四大名著之一《水浒传》被改编成电视连续剧播出以后，它的主题歌——《好汉歌》因简洁、生动地颂扬了好汉精神而立即流传开来：“大河向东流/天上的星星参北斗哇/生死之交一碗酒啊/说走咱就走/你有我有全都有哇/水里火里不回头哇/路见不平一声吼啊/该出手时就出手/风风火火闯九州……” ②也许让你想象不到的是，不但是人们爱唱《好汉歌》，就连一些植物也爱唱《好汉歌》，只不过它们不是用歌喉“唱”，而是用自己的行动“唱”。不信，你仔细听—— ③植物懂得情感，有自己的喜怒哀乐，这已经被科学研究所证实。科学家通过细致的研究还发现，植物还有建立在情感基础之上的“价值观念”，如一些植物在行为中就体现出了明显的“仁爱”精神。 ④有一种原野灌木就“见利”而不忘“仁爱”。我们知道，灌木本身就是依靠扩展自己的庞大的根系来汲取水分的。但奇怪的是，当这种原野灌木的根部在土壤中深入或扩散时，快要到达“邻居”的根的地界后，便立即停止扩张。而且这种相遇并不是直接碰面，它们能够在一定的距离范围内相互识别出对方。连植物都懂得和平共处，相互尊重邻居的生存空间，不蓄意侵犯同伴的领地，这对那些为争夺领土而打打杀杀的人类来说无疑是一种嘲讽。 ⑤植物讲“仁爱”已经够稀奇了，但科学家还发现，一些植物还很讲“义气”。 ⑥如一些植物在受到侵害后，即使在“严重负伤”的情况下也不忘记给同伴发“遇险警戒”信号。中国农业大学昆虫学系教授高希武领导的课题组就发现了这个现象；他们将两株棉苗放入一个密闭玻璃容器，只对其中的一株棉苗进行啃食和机械损伤处理。在对两株棉苗和容器内的空气进行分析后，他们发现奇异现象：不但受伤的棉苗发生了防御反应，另一株没有受伤的棉苗也同样产生了防御反应。通过对植物受伤后24小时、48小时和72小时不同时间段的定量分析，他们发现，没有受伤的棉苗所产生的防御性化学物质浓度甚至高于受伤棉苗。类似的实验一共进行了三次，都验证了这一结果。这个现象表明，受伤的棉苗在抵御侵害的同时，并没有忘记“通知”同伴——“敌人来人”！ ⑦科学家还发现，植物们还相当“讲求公道”，不但敢于“鸣不平”，即便没有被逼上“绝路”也敢于为维护“公道”而“造反”。甚至在个人或同伴“权益”受到损害时，也敢于“拔刀相助”。 ⑧如土豆被人削皮时，它就会立即发出“抗议”的喊声，只是其音频人耳无法辨别罢了。如果你把西红柿的植株放在卧室里过夜，又忘了给它浇水，它就会用释放“清醒剂”的方式向你提出“抗议”，“警告”你不要再睡懒觉，快起来给它“喂水”。 ⑨科学家们认为，植物的一系列“好汉行为”不断被发现本身就说明以往人类对他们的认识还比较肤浅，包括植物与植物、植物与人类进行信息联络的通讯技术在内的许许多多未解之谜，都有待人们进一步去破解，人类对于植物情感世界的研究也还应该更深入、更广泛。 （选自《青少年科技博览》2010年12期） 1.“类似的实验一共进行了三次，都验证了这一结果”一句中黑体的“这一结果”指什么？ 2. 请简要概括，植物的“好汉行为”包括哪些现象？
高考英语阅读理解专项训练及答案及解析 一、高中英语阅读理解 1．阅读理解 Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is gaining global popularity. According to a government white paper, TCM has been introduced in 183 countries and regions around the world. Westerners' understanding of TCM, however, may be limited to acupuncture, cupping and massage(针灸，拔罐和按摩). For instance, the purple, injury-like marks left on U. S. swimmer Michael Phelps，back from cupping for the purpose of relaxing his muscles and reducing pain became the center of attention during the Rio Olympics in 2016. As a matter of fact, Chinese herbs play a more important role in getting rid of diseases and keeping the body in good condition in the TCM treatment system than physical treatment. It is therefore disheartening to know that while 103 World Health Organization member countries have given approval to the practice of acupuncture, not many recognize Chinese herbal medicine. TCM falls far behind Western medicine owing partly to the slow development of Chinese herbs. Herbs are made into pills, powder and soup, and the kind of herbs used, their quality and quantity, and the processing of the ingredients (原材料) jointly determine the effectiveness of the prescription. Compared with Western medicine, which has standardized drug production processes and treatment methods, TCM lacks standardization, with the chemical composition and functions of its medicines being unclear and their effects being unstable. Fortunately, standardization has improved in recent decades, with an increasing number of factories producing patented TCM drugs. Another factor that has prevented the development of TCM prescription drugs is the lack of creativity. While Western medicine-making companies come up with new products every year, TCM drug producers tend to make medicines according to prescriptions handed down from the past. Chinese chemist Tu Youyou's winning the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for her research into malaria (疟疾) treatment may drive creativity to some extent in China's TCM industry. However, the current state of affairs cannot be changed within a short time. （1）Why does the author mention the example of Michael Phelps? A. Because he was injured in his swimming. B. Because cupping is a kind of important TCM treatment. C. Because westerners know a little about TCM. D. Because westerners attach great importance to TCM. （2）Why don't some member countries of WHO recognize Chinese herbal medicine? A. Because Chinese herbs can get rid of diseases. B. Because they only approve the practice of acupuncture. C. Because Western medicine is more effective. D. Because medicine made out of Chinese herbs develops slowly. （3）Compared with Western medicine, what is the weak point of TCM in Paragraph 4? A. The methods of planting herbs. B. The effectiveness of prescription. C. Lacking in standardization. D. Its stable functions.
说明文阅读题姓名 1、菊花 ①俗云：“赏菊之趣在于赏花。”菊花的颜色五彩缤纷，以黄、红、白、紫为主。黄的如“黄昏弄月”，金光灿烂，华贵雍容；红的像“金背大红”，绚丽夺目，热情奔放；白的有“白西施”，淡妆素裹，清洁怡雅；紫的是“紫玉莲”，苍劲有力，凝重浑厚。还有一种叫“绿牡丹”的，花呈绿色，青翠欲滴，恰似碧玉，煞是名贵。另有“墨荷”的黑紫堪称花中一绝；更有那“碧玉勾盆”，粉碧兼备，娇而不艳；“凤凰振羽”，红黄相间，娇娆多姿。各种颜色，应有尽有，令人眼花缭乱，目不暇给。 ②菊花的花形也是千姿百态，风貌迥异。这是由于花瓣的千姿百态所致。瓣分挂瓣、匙瓣、平瓣、管瓣四种。每一种又有内曲、反卷、龙爪、毛刺等形态。各种花瓣以一定规律进行组合，形成一种保持机体均衡、疏密相间的参差美，并由此构成了龙、凤、狮、虎四种栩栩如生的优美造型：龙类若舞若飞，潇洒俊逸，花儿内部短瓣紧抱，外部长瓣飘洒，像“龙盘蛇舞”；凤类亭亭玉立，婀娜多姿，花儿内部花瓣疏松或紧密内抱，外部花瓣自然下垂，如“天女散花”；狮类威武雄壮，魁伟挺秀，花儿大部分为匙状花瓣，且长短不一，相互重叠，排列参差，变化多姿，如“醒狮图”；虎类则刚劲沉稳，充盈丰满，舌状花瓣回心而抱，呈层瓦复叠状，似虎爪捕食，如虎啸长天。 ③菊花不仅娇艳多姿，而且用途广泛。不仅它的花序是一味名贵中药材，其嫩茎、叶、根亦可供药用。此外，还能做成各种精美的佳馔，如菊花肉、菊花羹、菊花酒、菊花糖等。这些菊花食品不仅香味俱佳，而且营养丰富。再者，杭菊还是驰名中外的清凉茶饲料。至于那自古就有“虫见愁”之称的除虫菊，则是效力极高的天然杀虫剂。菊花还有保护环境、净化大气的奇异功能，被人们赞为“空气的卫士”。 ④菊花既有很高的观赏价值，又有广泛的实用价值，确是一种值得大力发展的珍贵花卉。 1、本文说明的对象是什么？
初中中考语文说明文阅读专题训练训练含答案 一、中考语文说明文阅读专题训练 1．说明文阅读 二十四节气的来历 ①中国的二十四节气诞生于数千年前，不仅融天文、地理、历法、气象、农事、养生等多门学同于一体，而且还蕴含着以德修身的深刻内涵，以其强大的生命力，渗透到中华民族发展的每一个历史阶段，指导人们进行农事活动。 ②节气表明地球在轨道上的位置，也就是太阳在黄道上的位置。中国古代先民们是如何测定节气的呢?这要从我们非常热悉的计时工具——“表”和“圭”说起。 ③表，最早诞生于中国。数千年前，我们的祖先们在地面上立一根八尺长的竹竿来测量日影，这根竹竿最初就称为“表”。 ④“圭”本是指测量土地的标准尺子，后来把测量日影的工具也称为“圭”。圭和表的结合，就构成了一种非常重要的天文仪器“圭表”。1276年，元代杰出的天文学家郭守敬在河南登封建造了一座观星台，它是中国现存最早的古代天文台。整个观星台就相当于一个量日影的圭表。 ⑤古人利用圭表观测天象，将每年白天最短的那天，叫“日短至”，又称“冬至”;白天时间最长的那天，叫“日长至”，又称“夏至”。在春秋两季各有一天，昼夜时间长短相等，把这天分别称为“春分”和“秋分”。 ⑥在此基础上，诞生了完整的二十四节气。用今天的天文学来解释，地球轨道投影到太阳系模型上形成的坐标系，为黄道坐标系。黄经，将这个坐标系的横轴，以春分为起点，自西向东度量，分360度，共有二十四个等份，每份15度，为一个节气。基本规律是：每月两节不变更，最多相差一两天。上半年是6日和21日，下半年是8日和23日。 ⑦古人将每月的第一个节气称为“节”，每月的第二个节气称为“气”。“节”和“气”交替出现，各历时15天左右，如：在4月份有清明和谷雨两个节气。二十节气中，反映四季变化的节气有：立春、立夏、立秋、立冬、春分、秋分、夏至、冬至8个节气；反映气候变化的有：小暑、大暑、处暑、小寒、大寒5个节气；反映天气现象的有：雨水、谷雨、白露、寒露、霜降、小雪、大雪7个节气；反映物候现象的有：惊蛰、清明、小满、芒种四个节气；可以毫不夸张地说，二十四节气传统历法的关键和核心。 ⑧二十四节气是中华祖先馈赠给每一位子孙后代珍贵礼物，拥抱它，就是拥抱我们自己的生命质量与智慧命运。 （1）下列说法与原文意思相符合的一项是（） A.古人用圭和表测量土地的长度，从而推算出二十四节气的长短。 B.郭守敬在河南登封建造的观星台，是历史上最早记录节气变化的天文台。 C.春分和秋分，其实就是把春季和秋季平分的那几天。 D.二十四节气能反映四季的变化、温度的变化、天气现象和物候现象。 （2）下科说法正确的一项是（） A.第①②段说明了中国节气文化的特征。 B.第④段通过下定义和举例子来说明节气。 C.第⑦段“各历时15天左右”中的“各”去掉后，表达的意思有改变。
高考英语阅读理解练习题及答案及解析 一、高中英语阅读理解 1．阅读理解 I was born on the 17th of November 1828, in the village of Nam Ping, which is about four miles southwest of the Portuguese Colony (殖民地) of Macao, and is located on Pedro Island lying west of Macao, from which it is separated by a channel of half a mile wide. As early as 1834, an English lady, Mrs. Gutzlaff, wife of a missionary to China, came to Macao. Supported by the Ladies' Association in London for the promotion of female education in India and the East, she immediately took up the work of starting a girls' school for Chinese girls, which was soon followed by the opening of a boys' school. Mrs. Gutzlaff's comprador(买办) happened to come from my village and was actually my father's friend and neighbor. It was through him that my parents heard about Mrs. Gutzlaff's school and it was doubtlessly through his influence and means that my father got me admitted into the school. It has always been a mystery to me why my parents should put me into a foreign school, instead of a traditional Confucian school, where my big brother was placed. Most certainly such a step would have been more suitable for Chinese public opinion, taste, and the wants of the country, than to allow me to attend an English school. Moreover, a Chinese belief is the only avenue in China that leads to political promotion, influence, power and wealth. I can only guess that as foreign communication with China was just beginning to grow, my parents hoped that it might be worthwhile to put one of their sons to learning English. In this way he might become an interpreter and have a more advantageous position to enter the business and diplomatic world. I am wondering if that influenced my parents to put me into Mrs. Gutzlaff's School. As to what other sequences it has eventually brought about in my later life, they were entirely left in the hands of God. （1）How was the author admitted to Mrs. Gutzlaff's school? A. Through his father's friend's help. B. Through his own efforts to exams. C. Through his father's request. D. Through Mrs. Gutzlaff's influence. （2）Why did the author's parents put him into an English school？ A. An English school was more influential. B. Foreign trade with China was developing fast. C. It met with Chinese public opinion. D. He could become a successful interpreter. （3）What did the author think of his parents' decision to put him into an English school? A. It was skeptical. B. It was mysterious. C. It was thoughtful. D. It was wonderful.【答案】（1）A （2）D （3）B 【解析】【分析】本文是一篇记叙文，小时候父亲送作者去英语学校而不是中文学校，并分析了具体原因。 （1）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“Mrs. Gutzlaff's comprador(买办) happened to come from my village and was actually my father's friend and neighbor. It was through him that my parents heard about Mrs. Gutzlaff's school”可知，作者是通过父亲朋友的帮助进入到Mrs.